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Market Structures

[EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

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Page 1: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Market

Structures

Market

Structures

Page 2: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

The Degree of CompetitionThe Degree of Competition

• Classifying markets– number of firms

– freedom of entry to industry

– nature of product

– nature of demand curve

• The four market structures– perfect competition

– monopoly

– monopolistic competition

– oligopoly

• Classifying markets– number of firms

– freedom of entry to industry

– nature of product

– nature of demand curve

• The four market structures– perfect competition

– monopoly

– monopolistic competition

– oligopoly

Page 3: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Features of the four market structuresFeatures of the four market structures

Page 4: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Features of the four market structuresFeatures of the four market structures

Page 5: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Features of the four market structuresFeatures of the four market structures

Page 6: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Features of the four market structuresFeatures of the four market structures

Page 7: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Features of the four market structuresFeatures of the four market structures

Page 8: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Features of the four market structuresFeatures of the four market structures

Page 9: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

The Degree of CompetitionThe Degree of Competition

• Classifying markets– number of firms– freedom of entry to industry– nature of product– nature of demand curve

• The four market structures– perfect competition– monopoly– monopolistic competition– oligopoly

• Structure conduct performance

• Classifying markets– number of firms– freedom of entry to industry– nature of product– nature of demand curve

• The four market structures– perfect competition– monopoly– monopolistic competition– oligopoly

• Structure conduct performance

Page 10: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Perfect CompetitionPerfect Competition

• Assumptions

– firms are price takers

– freedom of entry

– identical products

– perfect knowledge

• Short-run equilibrium of the firm

– price, output and profit

• Assumptions

– firms are price takers

– freedom of entry

– identical products

– perfect knowledge

• Short-run equilibrium of the firm

– price, output and profit

Page 11: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Pasar Persaingan Sempurna

Page 12: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Struktur Pasar Pasar

Interaksi antara penjual dan pembeli terhadap barang dan jasa tertentu

Pasar KompetitifSuatu pasar terdapat penjual dan pembeli

yang memperdagangkan produk identik, sehingga masing-masing dari mereka akan menjadi penerima harga

Page 13: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Struktur Pasar

Struktur pasar adalah dengan melihat pasar yang berdasarkan pada:1. Ciri-ciri barang yang dihasilkan2. Banyak tidaknya perusahaan3. Mudah tidaknya perusahaan baru

menjalankan kegiatan produksi4. Besarnya kekuasaan suatu perusahaan di

dalam pasar

Page 14: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Makna Kompetisi atau Persaingan Pasar Persaingan Sempurna

mempunyai karakteristik sbb: Terdapat banyak penjual & pembeli di

pasar. Barang yang ditawarkan penjual umumnya

sama. Perusahaan mudah untuk keluar dan

masuk pasar.

Page 15: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Makna Kompetisi atau Persaingan

Berdasarkan karakteristik, Pasar Persaingan Sempurna mempunyai hasil: Setiap tindakan pembeli & penjual tidak

memiliki dampak terhadap harga pasar. Masing-masing pembeli & penjual harus

menerima harga apa adanya.

Page 16: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Makna Kompetisi atau Persaingan

Pasar Persaingan Sempurna adalah suatu pasar yang mana terdapat banyak pembeli dan penjual yang memperdagangkan produk identik, sehingga masing-masing mereka akan menjadi penerima harga.

Page 17: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Makna Kompetisi atau Persaingan

Pembeli dan Penjual harus menerima harga yang ditentukan pasar disebut sebagai penerima harga (price takers).

Page 18: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Pendapatan Perusahaan Kompetitif

Pendapatan Total suatu perusahaan adalah harga (selling price) dikali

jumlah yang terjual (quantity sold).

TR = (P X Q)

Page 19: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Pendapatan Total adalah berbanding lurus atau bersifat proporsional

dengan kuantitas output.

Pendapatan Perusahaan Kompetitif

Page 20: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Pendapatan Rata-rata adalah total pendapatan dibagi dengan kuantitas

produk yang terjual.

Pendapatan Perusahaan Kompetitif

Page 21: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Dalam pasar persaingan sempurna, pendapatan rata-rata sama dengan harga suatu barang.

Average revenue=Total revenue

Quantity

=(Price Quantity)

Quantity

=Price

Pendapatan Perusahaan Kompetitif

Page 22: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Pendapatan Marjinal adalah perubahan total pendapatan yang bersumber dari penjualan produk

tambahan sebanyak satu unit.

MR =TR/ Q

Pendapatan Perusahaan Kompetitif

Page 23: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Total Revenue = price X quantityTotal Revenue = price X quantity

Average Revenue = priceAverage Revenue = price

Marginal Revenue = priceMarginal Revenue = price

Persaingan Sempurna

Illustrasi....

Page 24: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

ProductProductpriceprice

(average(averagerevenue)revenue)

TotalTotalrevenuerevenue

MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$131$131 00 $ 0$ 0]

QuantityQuantitydemandeddemanded

(sold)(sold)

.

Page 25: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

ProductProductpriceprice

(average(averagerevenue)revenue)

TotalTotalrevenuerevenue

MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$131$131 131131

00 11

$ 0$ 0131131

$131$131]

QuantityQuantitydemandeddemanded

(sold)(sold)

Page 26: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

ProductProductpriceprice

(average(averagerevenue)revenue)

TotalTotalrevenuerevenue

MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$131$131 131131131131

00 11 22

$ 0$ 0131131262262

] $131$131131131]

QuantityQuantitydemandeddemanded

(sold)(sold)

Page 27: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

ProductProductpriceprice

(average(averagerevenue)revenue)

TotalTotalrevenuerevenue

MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$131$131 131131131131131131

00 11 2233

$ 0$ 0131131262262393393

] $131$131131131131131

]]

QuantityQuantitydemandeddemanded

(sold)(sold)

Page 28: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

ProductProductpriceprice

(average(averagerevenue)revenue)

TotalTotalrevenuerevenue

MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$131$131 131131131131131131131131

00 11 223344

$ 0$ 0131131262262393393524524

] $131$131131131131131131131

]]]

QuantityQuantitydemandeddemanded

(sold)(sold)

2828

Page 29: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

ProductProductpriceprice

(average(averagerevenue)revenue)

QuantityQuantitydemandeddemanded

(sold)(sold)TotalTotal

revenuerevenueMarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$131$131 131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

$ 0$ 0131131262262393393524524655655786786917917

104810481179117913101310

] $131$131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131

]]]]]]]]]

Page 30: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Pendapatan Total, Rata-rata, & Marjinal bagi Perusahan Kompetitif

Quantity(Q)

Price(P)

Total Revenue(TR=PxQ)

Average Revenue(AR=TR/ Q)

Marginal Revenue(MR= )

1 $6.00 $6.00 $6.002 $6.00 $12.00 $6.00 $6.003 $6.00 $18.00 $6.00 $6.004 $6.00 $24.00 $6.00 $6.005 $6.00 $30.00 $6.00 $6.006 $6.00 $36.00 $6.00 $6.007 $6.00 $42.00 $6.00 $6.008 $6.00 $48.00 $6.00 $6.00

QT R /

Page 31: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Maksimalisasi Laba Perusahaan Kompetitif

Tujuan utama perusahaan kompetitif adalah maximize profit.Artinya perusahaan akan menghasilkan kuantitas yang memaksimalkan perbedaan antara pendapatan total dan biaya total.

Page 32: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Maksimalisasi Laba: Sebuah Contoh Numerik

Price(P)

Quantity(Q)

Total Revenue(TR=PxQ)

Total Cost(TC)

Profit(TR-TC)

Marginal Revenue(MR= )

Marginal CostMC=

0 $0.00 $3.00 -$3.00$6.00 1 $6.00 $5.00 $1.00 $6.00 $2.00$6.00 2 $12.00 $8.00 $4.00 $6.00 $3.00$6.00 3 $18.00 $12.00 $6.00 $6.00 $4.00$6.00 4 $24.00 $17.00 $7.00 $6.00 $5.00$6.00 5 $30.00 $23.00 $7.00 $6.00 $6.00$6.00 6 $36.00 $30.00 $6.00 $6.00 $7.00$6.00 7 $42.00 $38.00 $4.00 $6.00 $8.00$6.00 8 $48.00 $47.00 $1.00 $6.00 $9.00

QT R / QT C /

Page 33: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

P = AR = MR

P=MR1

MC

Maksimalisasi Laba Perusahaan Kompetitif...

Kuantitas0

Biayadan

Pendapatan

ATC

AVC

QMAX

Perusahaan memaksimalkan laba melalui produksi dengan kuantitas yang mana biaya marjinal = pendapatan marjinal

MC1

Q1

MC2

Q2

Page 34: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Maksimalisasi Laba Perusahaan Kompetitif

Maksimalisasi Laba terjadi pada saat kuantitas di mana pendapatan marjinal sama dengan biaya marjinal.

Page 35: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Maksimalisasi Laba Perusahaan Kompetitif

Apabila MR > MC menaikkan Q

Apabila MR < MC menurunkan Q

Apabila MR = MC Laba adalah maksimal.

Page 36: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Keuntungan MaksimumKeuntungan Maksimum JJangka angka PendekPendek

Perusahaan akan menghadapi Perusahaan akan menghadapi 1. Untung (atau)1. Untung (atau)2- Rugi kurang dari fixed costnya 2- Rugi kurang dari fixed costnya

Apakah akan Berproduksi?Apakah akan Berproduksi?Berapa besar yg akan diproduksi?Berapa besar yg akan diproduksi?Apakah untung atau rugi?Apakah untung atau rugi?

Pertanyaan PentingPertanyaan Penting

Page 37: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

3737

Pendekatan Pendekatan Total Revenue-Total CostTotal Revenue-Total Cost

Page 38: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

3838

Pendekatan Pendekatan Total Revenue-Total CostTotal Revenue-Total Cost

Page 39: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

3939

Pendekatan Pendekatan Total Revenue-Total CostTotal Revenue-Total Cost

Page 40: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

4040

Pendekatan Pendekatan Total Revenue-Total CostTotal Revenue-Total Cost

Page 41: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030 4141

Pendekatan Pendekatan Total Revenue-Total CostTotal Revenue-Total Cost

Page 42: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

$ 0$ 0131131262262393393524524655655786786917917

104810481179117913101310

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcostTotalTotal

revenuerevenue ProfitProfit

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

Price: $131Price: $131

4242

Pendekatan Pendekatan Total Revenue-Total CostTotal Revenue-Total Cost

Page 43: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

$ 0$ 0131131262262393393524524655655786786917917

104810481179117913101310

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcostTotalTotal

revenuerevenue ProfitProfit

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

Price: $131Price: $131

- $100- $100- 59- 59

- 8- 8+ 53+ 53

+ 124+ 124+ 185+ 185+ 236+ 236+ 277+ 277+ 298+ 298+ 299+ 299+ 280+ 280

4343

Pendekatan Pendekatan Total Revenue-Total CostTotal Revenue-Total Cost

Page 44: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

$ 0$ 0131131262262393393524524655655786786917917

104810481179117913101310

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcostTotalTotal

revenuerevenue ProfitProfit

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

Price: $131Price: $131

- $100- $100- 59- 59

- 8- 8+ 53+ 53

+ 124+ 124+ 185+ 185+ 236+ 236+ 277+ 277+ 298+ 298+ 299+ 299+ 280+ 280

Berapa profit Berapa profit maksimumnya?maksimumnya?

4444

Pendekatan Pendekatan Total Revenue-Total CostTotal Revenue-Total Cost

Page 45: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

$ 0$ 0131131262262393393524524655655786786917917

104810481179117913101310

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcostTotalTotal

revenuerevenue ProfitProfit

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

Price: $131Price: $131

- $100- $100- 59- 59

- 8- 8+ 53+ 53

+ 124+ 124+ 185+ 185+ 236+ 236+ 277+ 277+ 298+ 298+ 299+ 299+ 280+ 280

4545

Pendekatan Pendekatan Total Revenue-Total CostTotal Revenue-Total Cost

Page 46: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

$ 0$ 0131131262262393393524524655655786786917917

104810481179117913101310

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcostTotalTotal

revenuerevenue ProfitProfit

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

Price: $131Price: $131

- $100- $100- 59- 59

- 8- 8+ 53+ 53

+ 124+ 124+ 185+ 185+ 236+ 236+ 277+ 277+ 298+ 298+ 299+ 299+ 280+ 280

Grafik....Grafik....

4646

Pendekatan Pendekatan Total Revenue-Total CostTotal Revenue-Total Cost

Page 47: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Profit Maximization, Pure Competition

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Quantity

$

4747

TCTCTRTRTRTRMaximum Maximum economic economic profit $299profit $299

Break-even point (normal profit)Break-even point (normal profit)

Break-even pointBreak-even point

Page 48: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Pendekatan Total Revenue -Total Cost

Profit = TR - TC Grafik: profit maksimum selisih TR &

TC yg terbesar Break Even Point TR = TC

Page 49: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

9090808070706060707080809090

110110130130150150

]]]]]]]]]]

MarginalMarginalcostcost

Price =Price =MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$ 131$ 131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131

BagaimanaBagaimana jika jika

perusahaan perusahaan berprod. 1 berprod. 1

unit?unit?

Pendekatan Pendekatan Marginal Revenue-Marginal CostMarginal Revenue-Marginal Cost

Page 50: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

9090808070706060707080809090

110110130130150150

]]]]]]]]]]

MarginalMarginalcostcost

Price =Price =MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$ 131$ 131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131

Bagaimana Bagaimana unit yg unit yg kedua?kedua?

.

Pendekatan Pendekatan Marginal Revenue-Marginal CostMarginal Revenue-Marginal Cost

Page 51: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

9090808070706060707080809090

110110130130150150

]]]]]]]]]]

MarginalMarginalcostcost

Price =Price =MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$ 131$ 131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131

Bagaimana Bagaimana unit yg ke unit yg ke

9?9?

Pendekatan Pendekatan Marginal Revenue-Marginal CostMarginal Revenue-Marginal Cost

Page 52: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

9090808070706060707080809090

110110130130150150

]]]]]]]]]]

MarginalMarginalcostcost

Price =Price =MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$ 131$ 131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131

Bagaiman Bagaiman unit yg ke unit yg ke

10?10?

Pendekatan Pendekatan Marginal Revenue-Marginal CostMarginal Revenue-Marginal Cost

Page 53: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

9090808070706060707080809090

110110130130150150

]]]]]]]]]]

MarginalMarginalcostcost

Price =Price =MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$ 131$ 131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131

9 unit 9 unit adalah adalah

profit maxprofit max

Pendekatan Pendekatan Marginal Revenue-Marginal CostMarginal Revenue-Marginal Cost

Page 54: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

TotalTotalcostcost

00 11 2233445566778899

1010

TotalTotalproductproduct

TotalTotalfixedfixedcostcost

TotalTotalvariablevariable

costcost

$ 100$ 100 100100 100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

$ 0$ 09090

170170240240300300370370450450540540650650780780930930

$ 100$ 100190190270270340340400400470470550550640640750750880880

10301030

9090808070706060707080809090

110110130130150150

]]]]]]]]]]

MarginalMarginalcostcost

Price =Price =MarginalMarginalrevenuerevenue

$ 131$ 131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131131

TC=880TC=880TRTR =9 X 131=9 X 131

=1179=1179ProfitProfit=1179-880=1179-880=299=299 Grafik....

Grafik....

Grafik....

Grafik....

Pendekatan Pendekatan Marginal Revenue-Marginal CostMarginal Revenue-Marginal Cost

Page 55: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 2 4 6 8 10

Output

Bia

ya &

Pe

nd

ap

ata

n

MCMC

ATCATC

AVCAVC

AFCAFC

9

131131

MR = MCMR = MCSolusi Solusi

OptimumOptimum

Page 56: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 2 4 6 8 10

Output

Bia

ya &

Pen

dapa

tan MCMC

ATCATC

AVCAVC

AFCAFC

9

131131

97.7897.78

lihatlihatATCATC

Page 57: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 2 4 6 8 10

Output

Bia

ya &

Pen

dapa

tan MCMC

ATCATC

AVCAVC

AFCAFC

9

Profit = 9 X (131 - 97.78) = 299131131

97.7897.78

Page 58: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Keputusan Jangka Pendek Perusahaan Untuk Tutup

Tutup (shutdown) mengacu pada keputusan jangka pendek untuk tidak berproduksi selama periode tertentu karena kondisi pasar.

Keluar (Exit) mengacu pada keputusan jangka panjang untuk meninggalkan pasar sama sekali.

Page 59: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Keputusan Jangka Pendek Perusahaan Untuk Tutup

Perusahaan mempertimbangkan biaya tertanam (sunk costs) bila memutuskan jika memutuskan untuk keluar, tapi mengabaikannya jika memutuskan untuk tutup.

Sunk costs adalah biaya yang sudah dikeluarkan dan tidak dapat ditarik kembali.

Page 60: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Keputusan Jangka Pendek Perusahaan Untuk Tutup

Perusahaan akan tutup jika pendapatan yang dapat diperolehnya dari berproduksi lebih kecil ketimbang biaya variabel produksinya.

Tutup jika TR < VC

Tutup jika TR/Q < VC/Q

Tutup jika P < AVC

Page 61: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Keputusan Jangka Pendek Perusahaan Untuk Tutup...

Kuantitas

ATC

AVC

0

Biaya

MC

Jika P < AVC, Tutup.

Jika P > AVC, Tetap berproduksi Dlm jk pendek.

Jika P > ATC, Tetap berproduksi.

Kurva Penawaran Jangka Pendek Perusahaan

Page 62: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Keputusan Jangka Pendek Perusahaan Untuk Tutup

Bagian dari kurva biaya marjinal yang terletak di atas kurva biaya variabel rata-rata merupakan kurva penawaran jangka pendek.

Page 63: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Keputusan Jangka Panjang Perusahaan Untuk Keluar Masuk Pasar

Dalam jangka panjang, perusahaan akan keluar dari pasar jika pendapatan yang diperoleh dari produksi lebih kecil daripada total biaya yang dikeluarkan.

Keluar jika TR < TC

Keluar jika TR/Q < TC/Q

Keluar jika P < ATC

Page 64: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Keputusan Jangka Panjang Perusahaan Untuk Keluar Masuk Pasar

Perusahaan akan memasuki pasar jika menguntungkan (profitable).

Masuk jika TR > TC

Masuk jika TR/Q > TC/Q

Masuk jika P > ATC

Page 65: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Kurva Penawaran Jangka Panjang Perusahaan Kompetitif...

Kuantitas

MC

ATC

AVC

0

Biaya

Masuk Jika P > ATC

Keluar jika P < ATC

Page 66: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Kurva Penawaran Jangka Panjang Perusahaan Kompetitif

Kurva penawaran jangka panjang perusahaan kompetitif merupakan bagian dari kurva biaya marjinal yang terletak di atas kurva total biaya rata-rata.

Page 67: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Kurva Penawaran Jangka Panjang Perusahaan Kompetitif...

Kuantitas

MC

ATC

AVC

0

BiayaKurva Penawaran Jk Panjang Perusahaan

Page 68: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Kurva Penawaran Jangka Pendek & Jangka Panjang Perusahaan

Kurva Penawaran Jangka Pendek Bagian dari kurva biaya marjinalnya

yang terletak di atas kurva biaya variabel rata-rata.

Kurva Penawaran Jangka Panjang Bagian dari kurva biaya marjinal yang

terletak di atas kurva total biaya rata-rata.

Page 69: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Profit

Q

Menghitung Laba Perusahaan Kompetitif Secara Grafis...

Kuantitas0

Harga

P = AR = MR

ATCMC

P

ATC

Kuantitas yg dapat memaksimalkan laba

a. Perusahaan dengan laba

Page 70: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Loss

Menghitung Laba Perusahaan Kompetitif Secara Grafis...

Kuantitas0

Harga

P = AR = MR

ATCMC

P

QRugi-Kuantitas yg dpt meminimumkan laba

ATC

b. Perusahaan dengan Rugi

Page 71: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

PersPersaingan aingan Sempurna dan EfisiensiSempurna dan Efisiensi

Efisiensi ProduktifEfisiensi Produktif

Page 72: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Efisiensi ProduktifEfisiensi Produktif

Produksi pd minimum ATCProduksi pd minimum ATC

PersPersaingan aingan Sempurna dan EfisiensiSempurna dan Efisiensi

Page 73: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Efisiensi ProduktifEfisiensi Produktif

Efisiensi AllokatifEfisiensi AllokatifProduksi pd minimum ATCProduksi pd minimum ATC

PersPersaingan aingan Sempurna dan EfisiensiSempurna dan Efisiensi

Page 74: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Efisiensi ProduktifEfisiensi Produktif

Efisiensi AllokatifEfisiensi Allokatif

harga = MCharga = MC

Produksi pd minimum ATCProduksi pd minimum ATC

PersPersaingan aingan Sempurna dan EfisiensiSempurna dan Efisiensi

Page 75: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Harga = MCHarga = MC Nilai terakhir dari unit yg dibeli Nilai terakhir dari unit yg dibeli adalah sama dengan opportunity cost adalah sama dengan opportunity cost dari masyarakat untuk memproduksi dari masyarakat untuk memproduksi bbarangarang t tersebut.ersebut.

Price > MCPrice > MC Underallocation Underallocation

Price < MCPrice < MC OverallocationOverallocation

Price = MCPrice = MC Yg diinginkanYg diinginkan ( (“just right”)“just right”)

PersPersaingan aingan Sempurna dan EfisiensiSempurna dan Efisiensi

Page 76: [EM-Sofyan] Market Structure

Efisiensi ProduktifEfisiensi Produktif

Efisiensi AllokatifEfisiensi Allokatif

harga = MCharga = MC

Produksi pd minimum ATCProduksi pd minimum ATC

Efisiensi DinamisEfisiensi Dinamis

resources secara cepat meresponresources secara cepat merespon perubahan selera, perubahan selera,

PersPersaingan aingan Sempurna dan EfisiensiSempurna dan Efisiensi