Upload
mmariashp
View
63
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
EARLY COGNITIVE VIEWS OF
PERSONALITY
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGITS
Interpretation of
interpersonal events
Responses Personality
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGISTS
• PHI PHENOMENON
• ISOMORPHISM
• OPTICAL ILLUSIONS
• LAWS OF SENSORY ORGANIZATION
LAW OF PROXIMITY
Law of Similarity
Law of Continuation
Law of Closure
LAW OF PRAGNANZ (GOOD FORM)
LAW OF FIGURE/ GROUND
KURT LEWIN
• FIELD THEORY
SOLOMON ASCH
• SCHEMAS
• CONFORMITY STUDY
GEORGE KELLY
• PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY:
• OBSERVE EVENTS
• INTERPRET THEM IN OUR OWN WAY
• CONSTRUCT SYSTEMS
•CONSTRUCT SYSTEMS – HYPOTHESIS OR PATTERNS WE CREATE TO
MAKE SENSE OF OUR WORLD
PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY
•CONSTRUCT ALTERNATIVISM
THE 11 COROLLARIES
• COROLLARIES ARE PROPOSITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL POSTULATE
11 COROLLARIES
•INDIVIDUALITY
•CONSTRUCTION
•ORGANIZATION
•DICHOTOMY
•CHOICE
•RANGE
•FRAGMENTATION
•EXPERIENCE
•COMMONALITY
•MODULATION
•SOCIABILITY
REP TEST
•ROLE CONSTRUCT REPERTORY TEST : MEASURE CONSTRUCT
SYSTEMS OF INDIVIDUALS; CONSTRUCTS WE APPLY TO IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN OUR LIVES
THERAPY
• * FIXED-ROLE THERAPY
GORDON ALLPORT
• SOCIAL DIMENSION OF PERSONALITY
• SOCIAL INTERACTION REQUIRED FOR FULL EXPRESSION OF OUR PERSONALITY\
• NEUROPSYCHIC
DISPOSITIONS
• CARDINAL
• CENTRAL
• SECONDARY
FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY
THE PROPRIUMPropr ium
componentsSense of bodily Self
Sense of continuing self-identity
Self-esteem
Self-extension
Self-image
The self as a rational coper
Propriate striving
Self as knowerPropriate striving
JULIAN ROTTER
• MOTIVATION
• FOUR MAJOR SOCIAL LEARNING CONCEPTS
• BEHAVIOR POTENTIAL
• EXPECTANCY (PROPERTY OF SMTHING)
• REINFORCEMENT VALUE (IMPORTANCE;PREFERENCE)
• PSYCHOLOGICAL SITUATION
BH
Value of that
reinforcer
Expectation of
receiving a
reinforcer
The chance of the
behavior to occur in
any specific situation
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
• EXPECTANCY THAT OUR BEHAVIOR WILL LEAD TO:
• SUCCESS (HIGH FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT)
• FAILURE (LOW FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT)
•MINIMAL GOAL
• BOTH CONCEPTS CAN BE COMBINED TO MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT BEHAVIOR
• ROTTER’S LOW FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT IS SIMILAR TO ADLER'S FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
• PARENT INFLUENTIAL EARLY IN LIFE
• STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
INTERNAL –EXTERNAL CONTROL SCALE• FORCED-CHOICE 23 ITEM TEST
• LOCUS OF CONTROL OF REINFORCEMENT: PEOPLE’S BELIEFS ABOUT THE LOCATION (INTERNAL/EXTERNAL) OF CONTROLLING FORCES IN THEIR LIVES
• HIGHER SCORE = GREATER ETERNALLY ORIENTED
• LOWER SCORE= GREATER INTERNALLY ORIENTED
DEVELOPING LOCUS OF CONTROL IN CHILDHOOD
Internal
• Supportive parents
• Consistent in discipline
• Encourage success
• Accept blame for failure and credit for successes
External
• Overprotective and controlling parents
• Inconsistent in discipline
• Maintain emotional distance
• Family conflict
JR THERAPY•PSYCHOTHERAPY IS A LEARNING PROCESS ITSELF
•MALADJUSTED PEOPLE:
•LOW FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND HIGH NEED VALUE;
• AVOID OR DEFEND THEMSELVES AGAINST ACTUAL OR ANTICIPATED FAILURE
•PROJECTION AND RATIONALIZATION
•FAIL TO LEARN NEW BEHAVIORS
•LACK NECESSARY COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND SOCIAL SKILLS
ALBERT BANDURA, SOCIAL-COGNITIVE APPROACH
• INNER PROCESSES + ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES= BEHAVIOR
• ASSUMPTIONS:
•1. TRIADIC RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM
• 2. WE REPRESENT EXTERNAL EVENTS SYMBOLICALLY
• VERBAL REPR-N
• IMAGINAL REPR-N
• MUCH OF BEHAVIOR IS CONTROLLED BY ANTICIPATED OUTCOMES & MODELING
Environment
Cognition
Behavior
Past experienc
e
Desired outcome
Negative consequenc
e
No significant
Effect
BANDURA. MODELING THEORY• BASIS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING. OBSERVE & REPEAT
• BOBO DOLL STUDIES
• VERBAL MODELING CAN INDUCE BEH-S
• DISINHIBITION (RIOTS OR HATEFUL MESSAGES)
• WHETHER OR NOT WILL IMITATE DEPENDS ON THE MODEL, THE OBSERVER, AND THE REWARDS ASSOCIATED
PROCESS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
• FOUR FACTORS:
1.ATTENTION
2.RETENTION
3.MOTOR REPRODUCTION
4.MOTIVATION
•SELF-REINFORCEMENT
•SELF-EFFICACY. SOURCES OF INFO ABOUT IT:
• PERFORMANCE ATTAINMENT (PRIOR WINS)
• VERBAL PERSUASION (BEING REMINDED)
• VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES (SEEING OTHERS DO IT)
• PHYSIOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL AROUSAL
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
• HARDER TO LEARN WHEN MODELS PERFORM CONFLICTING BEHAVIOR
• CONCERNING IN MEDIA VIOLENCE: OBSERVERS MUCH LIKELY TO REPEAT AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR WHEN NO PUNISHMENT SHOWN; OBS-S BEHAVE MORE AGGRESSIVELY WHEN IDENTIFY WITH AGGR. MODEL, DEHUMANIZE THE VICTIM, WHEN INJURIES BY VICTIM ARE MINIMIZED OR SANITIZED
BANDURA. THERAPY• GOAL: ELIMINATE FEARS BY RAISING EFFICACY EXPECTATIONS
• MODELING TO ELIMINATE, MODIFY BEHAVIORS, TEACH NEW ONES, ALSO FOR FEARS AND PHOBIAS, AND ANXIETY
• TECHNIQUES:
• GUIDED PARTICIPATION MODELING
• SELF-MODELING
• COVERT MODELING
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS
•AARON BECK & ALBERT ELLIS
AARON BECK
• SCHEMAS AND AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS
• FAULTY INFORMATION PROCESSING - PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
• COGNITIVE TRIAD
Cognitive triad of
depression
Negative views of
ourselves
Poor view of life
situationDire
forecasts for the future
TYPICAL COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS•ARBITRARY
INFERENCE
•SELECTIVE ABSTRACTION
•OVERGENERALIZATION
•MAGNIFICATION
•MINIMIZATION
•PERSONALIZATION
•ABSOLUTISTIC DICHOTOMOUS THINKING