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Cognitive View of Personality. Beck. Cognition plays a significant role in personality and psychopathology Cognition Forms Automatic Thoughts Processing Errors Schema (core beliefs). Beck. Basic model Thinking Causes Feeling/Behavior - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Cognitive View of Personality
Cognition plays a significant role in personality and psychopathology
Cognition Forms◦ Automatic Thoughts◦ Processing Errors◦ Schema (core beliefs)
Beck
Basic model◦ Thinking Causes Feeling/Behavior
It’s not events that disturb us, it is what we think about these events.
Beck
AutomaticThoughts
EventsSchema
EmotionsBehavior
Others’Behavior
Distortions
BECK’S MODEL
AutomaticThoughts
EventsSchema
EmotionsBehavior
Others’Behavior
Distortions
BECK’S MODEL Bandura
Reciprocal
Determinism
Personal Factors
Overt Behavior
The Environment
AutomaticThoughts
EventsSchema
EmotionsBehavior
Others’Behavior
Distortions
BECK’S MODEL Pavlov
NS-CS
UCR - CR
UCS?UCS?
UCS?
AutomaticThoughts
EventsSchema
EmotionsBehavior
Others’Behavior
Distortions
BECK’S MODEL Pavlov
CS
CR
AutomaticThoughts
EventsSchema
EmotionsBehavior
Others’Behavior
Distortions
BECK’S MODEL Skinner SA
SB
SCNS-CS
UCR - CR
UCS?
AutomaticThoughts
EventsSchema
EmotionsBehavior
Others’Behavior
Distortions
BECK’S MODELSA
SB
SCNS-CS
UCR - CR
UCS? Beck’sUniquePiece
AutomaticThoughts
EventsSchema
EmotionsBehavior
Others’Behavior
Distortions
BECK’S MODELAn Application “A look”
I can’t do this Mind Reading
Anxiety, FearVisible nervousnessAvoidance
incompetence
Closer observation
Almost always believed Spontaneous Simple rules that worked in past Idiosyncratic Persistent and self-perpetuating Different from public statements Repeat habitual themes Learned
Characteristics of Automatic Thoughts
Distortions Filtering
◦ tunnel vision
tendency to look at only one element of a situation
positives are discounted negatives are counted
Polarized thinking◦ black and white thinking◦ Splitting
Distortions
Overgeneralization◦ conclusion based on a single event or piece of evidence
includes global labels for people and places◦ e.g., jerk, stupid, etc.◦ contains a grain of truth◦ ignores all contrary evidence
Distortions
Mind Reading◦ you assume you know how others are
thinking◦ then you make a judgment about them ◦ you make assumptions about how others are
reacting to you
Distortions
Catastrophizing◦ imagines the worst possible outcome
Distortions
Magnifying/Minimizing◦ blow things out of proportion (or opposite)◦ words: “huge, impossible, overwhelming”
Distortions
Personalization◦ constant comparing yourself to others◦ relate everything to yourself◦ person is a causal factor (when not)
Distortions
Shoulds◦ operating from a list of inflexible rules◦ applies to self and others◦ deviation from rules is bad◦ judging and finding fault
Distortions
Magical Reasoning
◦ Thinking will make it happen
Distortions
Emotional Reasoning
◦ I feel it, therefore it is true.
Distortions
Schema◦ mental structures that guide behaviour◦ influences what we see and remember◦ sometimes called rules or beliefs◦ a product of previous learning
Schema
Orders the world Promotes efficiency Reduces the amount of info we need to process Usually adaptive
Schemas
About things About procedures About ourselves About others
Types of Schema
Cognitive Personality “Styles”
Schema and Behavior
love autonomy and indepedence keep their own counsel cautious and perceptive stand up for themselves alert to criticism high premium on loyalty
The Vigilant Style
are comfortable being alone are independent even-tempered, calm, unsentimental are stoic (indifferent to pain and pleasure) not driven by sexual needs unswayed by praise or criticism
The Solitary Style
rich inner life few close relationships eccentric do their own thing have an expanding reality drawn to abstract and speculative thinking keen observers of others
The Idiosyncratic Style
Nonconforming like challenge and dares Independent, tend to be persuasive like to keep moving may be hell-raisers and mischief makers courageous and bold no regrets (i.e., live in the present)
The Adventurous Style
always be romantically attached to someone
intense, emotionally active and reactive uninhibited, spontaneous, high energy open-minded skilled at distancing themselves from reality
when it is painful or harsh
The Mercurial Style
live in an emotional world, rich imaginations tell entertaining stories, like attention pay a lot of attention to appearance seductive, engaging and charming, get involved in relationships quickly eagerly respond to new ideas and
suggestions from others
The Dramatic Style
believe in themselves expect to be treated well by others ambitious, interest in politics, competitive identify with people of rank and stature have fantasies of greatness are self-aware and poised
The Self-Confident Style
likes the familiar deeply concerned about what others think cautious in dealing with others, polite best in scripted settings value privacy
The Sensitive Style
dedicated in relationships prefer the company of one or more don't like to be alone, good teamplayers tend to be deferent promote harmony and considerate find meaning in attachments with others
The Devoted Style
hardworking, individuals of conscience (like to do the right thing), like to do things
the right way perfectionists, persevering, ordered,
detailed prudent (i.e., thrifty, careful, cautious) to accumulate things (i.e., pack rat)
The Conscientious Style
Albert Ellis
George Kelly
Other Cognitive Types