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MOTIVATION CONCEPTS
NEED FOR SELF - ACTUALIZATION
ESTEEM NEEDS
LOVE NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS
ABRAHAM MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Existence Needs Relatedness Needs Growth Needs
The different needs do not exist in a rigid hierarchy. It is not necessary for the lower level needs to be completely satisfied for the higher level needs to appear
An individual may focus on all the three needs simultaneously
CLAYTON ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY
THEORY X & THEORY Y
THEORY X THEORY Y
People are lazy & irresponsible
Dislike work need and direction &
Will work hard only when they are pushed or threatened with punishment
Are willing to work hard when the right conditions exist i.e., work is as good as play
Have a psychological need to work & seek achievement & responsibility
Can be motivated to work hard by providing them with interesting & challenging jobs, encouraging greater participation & developing good relations.
FREDRICK HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR MODEL
MOTIVATORS HYGIENE
Authority & responsibility
Advancement opportunities
Recognition & appreciation
Work itself Achievement
Company policy & administration
Supervision Salary Interpersonal relations Working conditionsCRITICISM Methodological Methodology Overall satisfaction not
measured Assumptions not tested
McClelland's THEORY OF NEEDS
Needs & limitations characteristics
Need for achievement (nAch)
Need for power (nPow) Need for affiliation (nAff)
LIMITATIONS Difficulty in measuring
needs Time consuming &
expensive Not practical
Moderate risks Feedback Personal responsibility Entrepreneurial Matches their ability Internal locus of control
Cognitive Evaluation Theory Goal Setting Theory Self – Efficacy Theory Reinforcement Theory Equity Theory Expectancy Theory The relationship between the different theories of
motivation & global implications
MODERN THEORIES OF MOTIVATION