1.INTRODUCTION TO CHANDIGARH Since Punjab was divided into two parts, the capital was left in Pakistan therefore Punjab in India required new capital The first master plan for the new capital was assigned to American engineer and planner Albert Mayer. He worked on the master plan with his closest assistant, Matthew Nowicki, until the latter died in a plane crash in 1950. His duties were to take the form of architectural control. Le Corbusier was approached by Punjab government and the prime minister of India Chandigarh is a bold experiment in modern civic design Maxwell fry, Jane drew and Pierre Jeanerette were also involved in the team of architects When le Corbusier assumed control of the Chandigarh project in 1951, however the design of the city had already been devised by the New York firm of Mayer, whittles, and glass who received a contract for the master plan of Chandigarh in 1950 The birth of Chandigarh has not influenced only the north west region but the whole country in the matters of architecture and urban planning. Jawaharlal Nehru, decided to build a new city Chandigarh as a capital for the state Punjab after Lahore was lost to Pakistan. He had envisioned this city to mark Indias entry into the modern world , would represent Indias clean break from the colonial rule of the British. INTRODUCTION

2. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION It was bound by two seasonal choes, or rivulets, the Patiala Rao and the Sukhna in the north-west and the south-east respectively. It extends in the northeast right up to the foothills of the shivaliks. The region experiences extremes in the climate. The temperature could rise to 45 degrees in summer and drop to freezing point in winter. The direction of the prevalent winds is southeast to the northwest in summer and northwest to the southeast in winter. FACTS ABOUT CHANDIGARH Union Territory: Chandigarh Capital: Chandigarh Language: Punjabi Area: 114 km2 (Manimajra and Burail) Elevation: 350 m LOCATION 3. A need for the capital Rehabilitating refugees A rich cultural legacy like Lahore A vision of the future A centre for governance HISTORY BEHIND CHANDIGARH JAWARLAL NEHRU SAID : Let this be a new town, symbolic of freedom of India unfettered by the traditions of the past. An expression of the nations faith in the future SITE SELECTION Mountainous region Central location Natural drainage Sufficient water supply Shivalik hills Moderate climate The site was the sub mountainous area of the Ambala district about 150 miles north of New Delhi. The area was a flat, gentle sloping plain of agriculture land dotted with grooves of mango trees , consisting of 59 villages DERIVING THE NAME : CHANDIGARH' Chandigarh derives its name from the deity Chandi the goddess of power & garh the fort . gave the city its name "Chandigarh The City Beautiful". The gently sloping plains on which Chandigarh exist was in the past, when the Himalayas were young, a wide lake ringed by a marsh. The fossil remains found at the site testify to a large variety of aquatic and amphibian life. Some 8000 yrs. ago Chandigarh was home to the Harappan's. Their stone implements, ornaments, and copper arrow heads unearthed during the excavations in the 1950s and 1960s testify this. HISTORY, NAME & SITE 4. When India became independent, it was found that there were native no trained professionals on city planning. Political leaders hired American architects- Matthew Nowicki, and Albert Mayer to plan the city. The project was handed over to Le Corbusier in the year 1951 by Jawaharlal Nehru. Le Corbusier led a team that consisted of a French architect Pierre Jeanerette, Englishmen Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew and about twenty Indian architects and developed a new project. EVOLVING CHANDIGARH PLAN 5. ALBERT MAYER : THE MASTER PLAN EVOLVING CHANDIGARH PLAN Mayer was the first one to get the Chandigarh project Matthew Nowicki was invited to join the staff assembled to plan Chandigarh. His duties were to take the form of architectural control. Mayer was thrilled with the prospect of planning a brand-new city, and he accepted the assignment although it offered him a modest fee of $30,000 for the entire project. His brief was to prepare a master plan for a city of half a million people, showing the location of major roads and areas for residence, business, industry, recreation and allied uses. He was also to prepare detailed building plans for the Capitol Complex, City Centre, and important government facilities and architectural controls for other areas. Mayer stated that he was trying to create something that really applies to what we have talked about much but which has been at best done in a limited way in Radbubn, the greenbelt towns and baldwin hills. The basic aim, stated Mayer, was a beautiful city. The master plan which Albert Mayer produced for Chandigarh assumes a fan-shaped outline, spreading gently to fill the file the site between the two river beds. The provincial govt. Buildings are located the upper edge of the city within a fork in one of the rivers, while the central business district occupies an area near the centre. a curving network of main roads surrounds the residential superblocks, each of which contains a central area of parkland. Two larger parks may be seen stretching through the city. The flatness of the site allowed almost complete freedom in creating street layout and it is of interest to note that the overall pattern deliberately avoids a geometric grid in favour of a loosely curving system. The death of Nowicki necessitated the selection of a new architect for Chandigarh. It was the minister of planning who suggested le-Corbusier and who also recommended the inclusion of Pierre Jeanerette whom he termed a good detail man. 6. The flatness of the site allowed almost complete freedom in creating street layout and it is of interest to note hat the overall pattern deliberately avoids a geometric grid in favor of a loosely curving system. Drawings showing Mayers master plan and neighbourhood unit on top and Le Corbusiers plan and Sector below. The provincial govt. Buildings are located the upper edge of the city within a fork in one of the rivers, while the central business district occupies an area near the center. A curving network of main roads surrounds the residential superblocks, each of which contains a central area of parkland EVOLVING CHANDIGARH PLAN 7. MASTER PLAN : LE CORBUSIER In 1951 it was given to le Corbusier Le Corbusier requested the assistance of his cousin Pierre Jeanerette. Jeanerette eventually agreed to live on the site as his representative and chief architect. Le Corbusier could then visit India twice a year for a month at a time (he came to the site 22 times). Thus, Jeanerette, together with Fry and Drew, as senior architects working in India for a period of three years and assisted by a team of 20 idealistic young Indian architects, would detail the plan and Le Corbusier could concentrate on major buildings. In Chandigarh, le Corbusier system of self supporting neighbourhood unit known as a sector has worked very well Sector which is introverted in character communicates only at 4 junctions with the adjoining neighbourhood units All the houses open up inside Grid planning is done Chandigarh planning was done in an manner that everything was easily clear about the routes and sectors 7 vs road system is used The roads are classified as v1 ,v2 ,v3V7 Le- Corbusier was responsible for the general outlines of the master plan and the creation of the monumental buildings, while Pierre Jeanerette, Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew were charged with the task of Developing the neighbourhood sectors with their schools, shopping bazaars, and the tracts of government housing. In the program presented to the architects,13 categories of houses were specified , each corresponding to a level of government employment. MASTER PLAN 8. MASTER PLAN : LE CORBUSIER Basic framework of the master plan and its components - the Capitol , City Centre, university, industrial area, and a linear parkland - as conceived by Mayer and Nowicki were retained by Le Corbusier. The restructured master plan almost covered the same site and the neighbourhood unit was retained as the main module of the plan. The Super block was replaced by now what is called the Sector covering an area of 91 hectares, approximately that of the three-block neighbourhood unit planned by Mayer. The City Centre, the railway station and the industrial areas by and large retained their original locations. However, the Capitol , though still sited at the prime location of the north- eastern tip of the plan, was shifted slightly to the northwest. Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh as analogous to human body, with a clearly defined Head (the Capitol Complex, Sector 1), Heart (the City Centre Sector-17), Lungs (the leisure valley, innumerable open spaces and sector greens), Intellect (the cultural and educational institutions), Circulatory system (the network of roads, the 7Vs) and Viscera (the Industrial Area) MASTER PLAN 9. Post war Garden city Le Corbusier modular system Analogous to human body Headcapitol (place of power) Heart the city centre Stomachthe commercial area Armsuniversity and Industrial zone Lungsleisure valley ,open spaces Arteriesnetwork of roads CONCEPT 10. An integrated system of seven road types. Pathways for cyclists Roads intersected at right angles forming a grid. Hierarchy of movement. Residential areas segregated from the traffic. ROAD SYSTEM An integrated system of seven road types V-1--Fast roads connecting Chandigarh to other towns V-2--arterial roads V-3 --Fast vehicular roads V-4 --Meandering shopping streets V-5 --Sector circulation roads V-6 --Access roads to houses V-7 --footpaths and cycle tracks Buses will ply only on V-1, V-2, V-3 and V-4 roads. 11. THREE DISCIPLINES The discipline of money Le Corbusier once remarked that India has the treasures of a proud culture, but her coffers are empty. And throughout the project the desire for grandness was hampered by the need for strict economy. In working up his designs, le Corbusier consulted the program for each building as given in the budget and then prepared the initial project. The discipline of technology Available in quantity, however, was good clay stone and sand, and, above all human labour. The materials of which Chandigarh has been constructed are rough concrete in the capitol complex and the central business district and for most of the city, especially in housing, locally produced brick. The discipline of climate Besides the administrative and financial regulations there was a law of the sun in India. The architectural problem consists; first to make shade, second to make a current of air[to ventilate],third to control hydraulics. DISCIPLINES FOLLOWED WHILE PLANNING 12. PLAN OF THE CITY V1 connects Chandigarh to other cities V2 are the major avenues of the city e.g. Madhya Marg etc. V3 are the corridors streets for vehicular traffic only V4..v7 are the roads within the sectors Chandigarh has been planned on the scientific principles and to apprise the coming generation of these principles The main feature of this edict are its- Human scale Self sufficient sectors Roads system Areas of special interest Architectural control Corbusiers conceptual sketch showing the v-road system ROAD SYSTEM 13. THE SITE PLAN Here the secretariat building is treated as a horizontal platform like the plain of Chandigarh itself, carrying on its roof the provincial assembly hall rising in a parabolic arch, a form echoing the distant hills As a response to the sun, the capitol complex can be interpreted as an interlaced array of sun breakers Inspiration from unite It lies in the foot of shivalik hills just next to artificial lake Governors palace was supposed to be in the site but the idea was abandoned The capitol area was designed as the great pedestrian plaza with motor traffic separated into sunken trenches leading to parking areas Although the site is very big, it is not designed with allowance for expansion SITE PLAN 14. 1.Inspecting the site,1951. 2.Building roads, 1951. 3.Ministers bungalow, sec-2,1956. 4.Nursery school, sector -16,1956 1.Town hall & state library, sec-17,1961. 2.Polytechnique for men, sec-26,1961. 3.Gandhi Bhavan, sec-14,1966. 4.Administration building, sec-14.1966. Drawings showing the realisation of the first phase of Chandigarh from 1951-66. PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT 15. THE SECTOR Taking Chandigarh as an example, we may see at once the democratic idea which allows us to devote an equal care to housing all classes of society to seek new social groupings, new patterns of education and public welfare, and made more possible by practical application of the scientific idea which through industrialism, gives us such benefits as piped water, electricity and cheap transport. Each sector is designated by number, the capital complex being number 1,with the remaining sectors numbered consecutively beginning at the north corner of the city. At present there are 30 sectors in Chandigarh, of which 24 are residential. The sectors at the upper edge of the city are of abbreviated size. In all type of housing ,partly because of the glazing expense, partly to keep out sun. As the most economical and readily available material for building at Chandigarh was locally made brick, this became the material of construction. The flat roof was employed throughout in Chandigarh housing because of its usefulness as a sleeping area 70% of the building would be private in all the sectors. Residential lots ranging in dimensions from 75 sq. Yards to 5000 sq. yards. This is because the capitol complex is contained within the boundaries of sector 3 extended to its full dimensions. THE SECTOR 16. THE SECTOR In its first phase Chandigarh was organized in 30sectors. The sector was conceived as an autonomous unit including housing as well as all service needed for everyday life: schools, artisans, shops, leisure. 17. The basic planning of the city is a sector: to accommodate 3,000 to 25,000 persons. 30 sectors in Chandigarh 24 are residential. The sectors surrounded by high speed roads bus stops every 400m. The main principle of the sector is that never a door will open on the surrounding of fast vehicular road. The size of the sector is based on the concept of no pedestrian need to walk for more than 10min . THE SECTOR 18. The primary module of citys design is a Sector, a neighbourhood unit of size 800 meters x 1200 meters. Each SECTOR is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centres and places of recreations and worship. The population of a sector varies between 3000 and 20000 depending upon the sizes of plots and the topography of the area. View of typical Roads and Round-a-bouts in the city NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN 19. HIERARCHY OF GREEN AREAS & BUILDING TYPOLOGIES 1.City Level Public Green Space with Artificial Water Body 2.Free- Flowing Green Space, connecting the entire site 3.Semi-Private Green Areas for neighbourhood pockets 4.Private Green Areas for Residential Units The Basic Building Typology is observed as extremely Rectilinear with similar proportions. In both the developments the smaller individual Residential Units are arranged around central common Green Spaces, although the shapes are different. 20. The city landscape plan of the first phases, showing the leisure valley & the swaths of green spaces that also act as flood control The growth of Chandigarh 1966-96, starting with sectors 1 & 2 in phase 1, & currently consisting of 86 sectors THE SECTOR 21. CHANDIGARH :THE PRESENT SCENARIO Each sector is designated by number, the capital complex being number 1,with the remaining sectors numbered consecutively beginning at the north corner of the city. Drawings showing sector 22 with its shopping district running across the sector. 22. THE CAPITOL COMPLEX The area of the greatest symbolic significance in Chandigarh was the capitol complex , which in its final form was based on the design of a grate cross axis The most important group of the buildings constituting the capitol- right, the parliament, left, in the background, the secretariat In the foreground, the pool of the palace of justice The artificial hills in the front of the secretariat have not been created and laid out in accordance with Corbusiers conceptions Although the scene is harmonious in effect, there are still missing the buildings that belong here ,such as , for instance, the towers of shadows 1.Parliament 2.Secretariat 3.Governors Palace 4.High Court 5.Truncated Pyramid 6.Monument for the victims 7.Open Hand CAPITOL COMPLEX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23. SECRETARIAT ASSEMBLY HALL HIGH COURT GOVERNORS PALACE OPEN HAND Here the secretariat building is treated as a horizontal platform like the plain of Chandigarh itself, carrying on its roof the provincial assembly hall rising in a parabolic arch, a form echoing the distant hills As a response to the sun, the capitol complex can be interpreted as an interlaced array of sun breakers It lies in the foot of shivalik hills just next to artificial lake Governors palace was supposed to be in the site but the idea was abandoned The capitol area was designed as the great pedestrian plaza with motor traffic separated into sunken trenches leading to parking areas Although the site is very big, it is not designed with allowance for expansion CAPITOL COMPLEX 24. THE SECRETARIAT The first design for the secretariat presents the building as a tall thin slab carrying a surface brise soleil divided by a central horizontal band The design which was accepted established the building form as a long ,horizontal concrete slab The secretariat, the longest building in Chandigarh, 254m long, and 42m high forms the administrative centre, with ministerial offices grouped in the centre and offices for employees arranged on either side The building was completed in 1958 The building is composed of six ,eight storey blocks separated by expansion joints The central pavilion, block 4, contains the offices of the ministers The rough concrete again interposes in the fenestration of the two main facades ; more than 2000 units of unique design Approach to the building is through roadways below ground level to a large parking area in front of the central block, and a floor is left open at this level to form an entrance hall Block 1 and 2 rises directly from the ground Block 3,4 and part of 5 face on the excavated area of the parking lot and have the lower storey open between pilotis. For the rest part of block 5 and whole of 6 the level goes till plaza height, and lower portion of these blocks are left open to a height of two stories The top of the building is developed as a roof garden containing the service blocks and cafeteria for employees The plastic emphasis is given to the building by free standing exterior ramps enclosed in rough concrete walls For supplementary communication within the building , each of six blocks is equipped with interior stairways and limited elevator service Horizontal circulation is by means of a central corridors For ministers block the bay size is increased and the column is thickened THE SECRETARIAT 25. THE SECRETARIAT FREE FACADE RAMP ENCLOSURE ROUGH CONCRETE FINISH SQUARE WINDOWS PROJECTED PORTICOS SMALL ENTRANCE BIG ENTRANCE 26. THE HIGH COURT An entire structure has resulted in the use of double roof The upper roof cantilevered out of the office block in the manner of parasol shading the lower roof, arch form restricted to underside of parasol roof The space between the two roofs is left open to enable currents of air to move between the flat roof of the office block and the underside of the parasol roof which slopes towards centre in the form of rows of arches In the plan the building took the form of abbreviated l shaped with long faade facing the capitol plaza to contain court rooms The building is a rectilinear frame within which the interior functions are defined The eight court rooms are identically expressed on the main faade and separated from the larger high court by a monumental columned entrance rising the height of the building Building rises directly from the earth & the main faade is defined by a full height concrete brise soleil It is the visual drama of the piers rising sixty feet from the ground to meet the heavy outward thrust of the roof which creates the focal emphasis of the present plan On the main faade the deep fixed concrete brise soleil gives a strong and scale less pattern to the building It is the concrete screen which gives the main faade its overall unity Behind the brise soleil , the windows of the court rooms are of fixed glass, but between are narrow vertical spaces containing shutters which open & close on hinges It is noted that the orientation of the high court is such that the main faade faces north west , and this does not receive direct sunlight The rough concrete of the building is treated in variety of manners for much of the surface including the underside of the parasol roof and the exterior side walls , the mass of sheet metal characterize the surface In portions of the interior and on the ramps , wooden boards have been inserted within the metal forms to give the concrete surface the impress of their jointed pattern, while other surfaces, including those of massive entrance piers are finished with gunnite cement. THE HIGH COURT 27. THE HIGH COURT It consists of an L-shaped block framed by a concrete that in the shape of arches, and that somehow establishes an reference to the covers of the havelis in Mughal architecture. This space between the double cover offers a smooth ventilation in the summer and protection during the rainy season. The building contains 8 high courts and a supreme court . Le Corbusier devised a set of outdoor terraces, which now are used as warehouses. 28. PARASOL ROOF FORMING ARCHES DOUBLE ROOF GAP LEFT BETWEEN TWO ROOFS FULL HT. ENTRANCE ROUGH CONCRETE FINISHED RAMP REAR VIEW DOUBLE ROOF APPROACHED THROUGH ROADS COLORED MASSIVE PILLARS ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES 29. THE ASSEMBLY HALL The assembly was conceived as a rectilinear structure It is square in plan with a monumental portico facing the main plaza On the lateral facades both the portico and the office block would be defined by solid end walls The large chamber is in hyperbolic form of the cooling tower with an average thickness of 15 cms. The small council chamber are in rectilinear frame The upper portion of the tower is extending above the roof line An assembly chamber is 128 ft. in diameter at its base and rises to 124 ft. at its highest point This tower was designed to insure the natural light, ventilation and proper acoustics Of all buildings of the capitol complex , the assembly is the most intricate in plan Separate circulation accommodation of all groups is provided Employing a system of individual entrances, stairways, lifts and ramp a complete segregation of members is provided There are two separate galleries for men and women in council chamber THE ASSEMBLY HALL 30. ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Parasol roof Forming arches Double roof Gap left between Two roofs Colored massive pillars Full height entrance Approached through roads Rough concrete finished ramp The entrance lobby is paved with whitish flag stone set in the rows of varying widths New scheme for painting the columns and portico walls in bright contrasting colors The inside wall to the left of the piers was to be black The adjacent pillar painted green The centre pier would be yellow The right hand pillar is red And the remaining portico wall is primary blue The grate entrance hall of the high court is also been found in lacking protection during the monsoon season The narrow curving ramp at the end of the entrance hall, which forms the main vertical circulation is exposed The horizontal circulation, consisting of open corridors on the rear facade ,is also ineffectively sheltered ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES 31. SECTOR -17: CITY CENTRE The city centre consists of different squares tied together by broad avenues. At the present time, when this centre is still devoid of any sort of vegetation, the unshaded open areas can be quite unpleasant. This sector-17 is virtually uninhabited, but it is enlivened during the daytime by the many shops, bazaars, restaurant, cafes, banks and department stores. There is doubt that at present the city centre still looks like an experiment. The urban circulation here is in sharp contrast to the oriental bazaar streets, the narrow alleys full of noise and plunged in shadow. Of all the cities of India , only Chandigarh can claim to be an absolutely modern town , untouched by the tradition of the past, as Jawaharlal Nehru so aptly remarked . The execution of the buildings for the city centre was assigned to different architects. Pierre Jeanerette conscientiously supervised and organized the schemes determined by le Corbusier. The plans can vary as required, but must respect a sufficiently large open surface along the facades as anti-glare protection. CITY CENTRE 32. LEISURE VALLEY A green sprawling space extending north-east to south-west along a seasonal river let gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the lungs of the city. This valley houses the series of fitness trails, amphitheatre and spaces for open-air exhibition. Rock garden designed by Nek Chand in 1957 . LEISURE VALLEY 33. SUKHNA LAKE The club house- north of the capitol no additional structures were to be erected, in order not to impede the view of the Himalaya. This was an express condition laid down by le Corbusier. The club house was however necessity. Le Corbusier designed a complex lying 3 meters beneath road level, so that the house is scarcely visible from the promenade. The causeway- Chandigarh is surrounded by the rivers Patiala and Manimajra, which carry water only during the monsoon season. The reinforced concrete construction is simple and plain, and its severe lines harmonize entirely with the natural setting. At all other times of the year they are dry. During the hot months of may and June, enormous amounts of dust used to blow into the city. Trees and shrubs were planted as a protective zone along these rivers, so that the city is now free of the inconvenience of this flying sand. One of these rivers has been dammed. In 1955 the water boulevard was extended in the shape of a causeway, or dam, the retaining wall being more than 20 meters high and 4 kilometres long. This dam, with its width on top of 24meters, thus yielded a promenade. The artificial lake created behind the dam has modified the climate of the city. SUKHNA LAKE 34. POSITIVE & NEGATIVE HIGHLIGHTS POSITIVE HIGHLIGHTS First modern architecture of Indian city planning. Each sector satisfies the necessities of human needs. Separate roads for pedestrian, bicycle and heavy vehicles. Visually powerful. Open spaces in front of shopping centres. Buildings designed as triple storied shop cum flats. Shops on ground floor. Residence on upper floor Continuous verandah in front of the shop. Shop protected from rain and sun. As a covered walkway for the customers. NEGATIVE HIGHLIGHTS City not planned according to Indian tradition and culture. Roads being similar to each other creates confusion. Brutal concrete gives a rough look. City not planned for lower income people. Existence of slums around the city. Large open spaces in front of the city centre makes people lost in those places.