ALTRUST

UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION OUNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION OKARA CAMPUSKARA CAMPUS

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ALTRUIST SoftWare:ALTRUIST SoftWare:

BS-Botany 3BS-Botany 3rdrd Semester (M). Semester (M).

Class: Introduction To Computer.Class: Introduction To Computer.

Iram Shamim Aslam , Roll No: 1015.Iram Shamim Aslam , Roll No: 1015.

Submitted To: Sir Inam Ul Haq.Submitted To: Sir Inam Ul Haq.

University Of Education Okara Campus.University Of Education Okara Campus.1111


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Table Of Content:Table Of Content:

IntroductionIntroduction Theories of AltruistTheories of Altruist Kin Selection In HumanKin Selection In Human Kin selection in ActionKin selection in Action ConclusionConclusion ReferenceReference


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Altruism.Altruism.

AltruismAltruism refers to an individual acting in a way that refers to an individual acting in a way that will decrease its own survival chances, but improve will decrease its own survival chances, but improve the survival chances of another individual. the survival chances of another individual.

The Darwinian perspective emphasising ‘The Darwinian perspective emphasising ‘survival of survival of the fittest’the fittest’ gave the impression that selfishness was gave the impression that selfishness was the norm.the norm.

Pioneering work involving the study of animals living Pioneering work involving the study of animals living in social groups in fact revealed that co-operation and in social groups in fact revealed that co-operation and altruism are just as ‘natural’ as selfishness. altruism are just as ‘natural’ as selfishness.

If co-operation and altruism have evolved, then they If co-operation and altruism have evolved, then they must have some adaptive benefits, researchers have must have some adaptive benefits, researchers have analysed the conditions under which adaptations for analysed the conditions under which adaptations for engaging in such behaviour can be expected to engaging in such behaviour can be expected to evolve. evolve.


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Theories of AltruismTheories of Altruism.. 1. Kin Selection1. Kin Selection (Proposed by (Proposed by Hamilton, 1964Hamilton, 1964).). By helping relatives to reproduce (even at the cost By helping relatives to reproduce (even at the cost

to your own reproductive success) then your shared to your own reproductive success) then your shared genes can spread. Assisting a close relative thereby genes can spread. Assisting a close relative thereby increases one’s ‘increases one’s ‘Inclusive Fitness’Inclusive Fitness’. .

Using mathematical modelling, Hamilton showed Using mathematical modelling, Hamilton showed that an altruistic gene can spread through the that an altruistic gene can spread through the population if it causes an individual to help a population if it causes an individual to help a relative, whenever the cost to the individual is offset relative, whenever the cost to the individual is offset by the reproductive benefit gained by the receiver. by the reproductive benefit gained by the receiver.

‘‘Hamilton’s Rule’ = r B>cHamilton’s Rule’ = r B>c where where rr=coefficient of relatedness, =coefficient of relatedness, BB = benefit to = benefit to

the recipient, the recipient, cc = cost to the giver. = cost to the giver.


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Kin Selection in Humans.Kin Selection in Humans. Studies amongst diverse human populations Studies amongst diverse human populations

consistently support the existence of kin selection, consistently support the existence of kin selection, some examples (cited in some examples (cited in Barrett et al., 2002Barrett et al., 2002) are as ) are as follows: follows:

Food sharing is more common amongst close Food sharing is more common amongst close relatives.relatives.

Political alliances between kin are more stable than Political alliances between kin are more stable than those formed between distantly related, or unrelated those formed between distantly related, or unrelated individuals and involve less preconditions. individuals and involve less preconditions.

The passing on of wealth to lineal descendants The passing on of wealth to lineal descendants (excluding spouses) is far more common than giving (excluding spouses) is far more common than giving to less closely related or unrelated individuals.to less closely related or unrelated individuals.

Close relatives are preferentially sought out in times Close relatives are preferentially sought out in times

of need and such help is less likely to be reciprocalof need and such help is less likely to be reciprocal..


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Kin Selection in Kin Selection in Action.Action.

Ground squirrels do not give an alarm call every Ground squirrels do not give an alarm call every time a predator approaches. They only do so when time a predator approaches. They only do so when there is a large proportion of their relatives within there is a large proportion of their relatives within earshot (earshot (Sherman, 1977Sherman, 1977). ).

Vampire bats are much more likely to share their Vampire bats are much more likely to share their food with relatives than with non-relatives food with relatives than with non-relatives ((Wilkinson, 1990Wilkinson, 1990). ).

This theory explained the most puzzling phenomena This theory explained the most puzzling phenomena - that of the sterile insects - by a genetic quirk they - that of the sterile insects - by a genetic quirk they are more related to their sisters than to their are more related to their sisters than to their mothers or daughters (mothers or daughters (Trivers & Hare, 1976Trivers & Hare, 1976).).


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Conclusion:Conclusion:

It is concluded that it is a free PC software It is concluded that it is a free PC software package for simulating evolution in structured package for simulating evolution in structured populations. Includes models for group populations. Includes models for group selection, group territoriality, Wright's shifting selection, group territoriality, Wright's shifting balance model of punctuated equilibria and balance model of punctuated equilibria and speciation.speciation.


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Reference:Reference:

www.evostudies.org/Modules/neave-lects/03-www.evostudies.org/Modules/neave-lects/03-altruismaltruism. .

www.www.altruistsaltruists.org/e5 .org/e5 www.powershow.com/view/.../www.powershow.com/view/.../ALTRUISMALTRUISM.com.com