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Adaptation Responses to Climate Change: Dr. Wil Burns
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Adaptation Provisions of the UNFCCC & the Kyoto Protocol: Hope or Chimera for Developing States?
Dr. Wil Burns, SCU School of LawOctober 18, 2008
“Mitigation”: Defined
[A]n anthropogenic intervention to reduce the
sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse
gases. IPCC (2007)
“Adaptation”: Defined
Adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to actual or expected climatic stimuli
or their effects, which moderates harm or
exploits beneficial opportunities.IPCC (2007)
Risk of Adverse Impacts Relative to Projected Temperature Increases in the 21st Century
Projected Changes in California Temperature
UCS
2090swinter
Lower Emissions
Higher Emissions
Adaptation provisions of the UNFCCC;
Adaptation provisions of the Kyoto Protocol;
Assessment of effectiveness of adaptation responses;
The way forward
Roadmap
UNFCCC
Article 4(1)(e)[The Parties shall] cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change; develop and elaborate appropriate and integrated plans for coastal zone management, water resources and agriculture, and for the protection and rehabilitation of areas, particularly in Africa, affected by drought and desertification, as well as floods;
UNFCCC
Article 4(4)
The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall also assist the developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in meeting costs of adaptation to those adverse effects.
Obligations to Help the Vulnerable
Article 4(8)8. In the implementation of the commitments in this Article, the Parties shall give full consideration to what actions are necessary under the Convention, including actions related to funding, insurance and the transfer of technology, to meet the specific needs and concerns of developing country Parties arising from the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impact of the implementation of response measures, especially on:
(a). Small island countries;
(b). Countries with low-lying coastal areas;
(c). Countries with arid and semi-arid areas, forested areas and areas liable to forest decay;
(d). Countries with areas prone to natural disasters;
(e). Countries with areas liable to drought and desertification;
(f). Countries with areas of high urban atmospheric pollution;
(g). Countries with areas with fragile ecosystems, including mountainous ecosystems;
(h). Countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or on consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products; and
(i). Land-locked and transit countries
Obligation for Technology Transfers
Article 4(5)The developed country Parties and other developed Parties
included in Annex II shall take all practicable steps to promote,
facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access
to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other
Parties, particularly developing country Parties, to enable them
to implement the provisions of the Convention. In this process,
the developed country Parties shall support the development
and enhancement of endogenous capacities and technologies of
developing country Parties. Other Parties and organizations in a
position to do so may also assist in facilitating the transfer of
such technologies.
Obligation for Technology Funding/Transfers
Article 4(9)
The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and
special situations of the least developed countries in their
actions with regard to funding and transfer of technology.
UNFCCC
Article 3(5)
The Parties should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to sustainable economic growth and development in all Parties, particularly developing country Parties, thus enabling them better to address the problems of climate change.
Kyoto Protocol
Article 10(b)(i)
[The Parties shall]:
(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing measures . . . to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change:
(i) Such programmes would, inter alia, concern the energy, transport and industry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management. Furthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatial planning would improve adaptation to climate change;
Kyoto Protocol Article 11(2)(b)[The Parties will]:
Also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer
of technology, needed by the developing country Parties to meet
the agreed full incremental costs of advancing the implementation
of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the
Convention that are covered by Article 10 and that are agreed
between a developing country Party and the international entity or
entities referred to in Article 11 of the Convention, in accordance
with that Article.
Special Climate Change Fund
Decision 7/CP.7 (7COP, 2001):– Recognized need for additional funding above that
allocated to the climate focal area of the Global Environmental Facility and through bilateral and multilateral funding;
– Includes funding of adaptation programs that meet criteria established in decision of COP7, i.e. consistent with sustainable development; promote capacity building; focus on long-term adaptation needs in context of agriculture, water resources management, health, disaster-risk management and coastal zone management;
– Funding through voluntary contributions by industrial countries
Least Developed Countries Program
Established at UNFCCC 7th COP to support work program to assist Least Developed Countries to carry out, inter alia, preparation and implementation of National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs)
NAPAs:– Established at the 7th COP in recognition of the special needs of
LDCs;– Provides a process for LDCs to identify priority activities with
regard to adaptation to climate change;– Emphasis on mobilizing all sectors of society in identification of
key adaptation measures and linking climate challenges to those in other key conventions, including CBD and the UNCCD
GEF tasked with operating funding mechanism.
Adaptation Fund: Kyoto Protocol
Established to provide funding for particularly developing countries to assist in meeting costs of adaptation;
Unlike other funding programs under climate instruments, specific funding source provided: 2% of carbon credits earned under Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol to be allocated to Adaptation Fund;
Particular focus may be on projects that avoid deforestation, combating land degradation and desertification.
Adaptation Funding under the UNFCCC/Kyoto
Least Developed Countries Fund [operational 2001]– Total pledged: $156.7 million – Total received: $52.1 million– Total disbursed: $9.8 million
Special Climate Change Fund [operational 2005]– Total pledged: $67.3 million– Total received: $53.3 million– Total disbursed: $1.4 million
Adaptation Fund– Projection: $160-950 million through 2012, depending on volume
of transactions and market prices for carbon
Total: approximately $1.4 billion maximum
Northern Commitments to Adaptation in the South
Northern governments have not honoured the spirit of the
UNFCCC commitment. While investing heavily in adaptation
at home they have failed to support parallel investments in
developing countries. Increasingly, the world is divided
between countries that are developing a capacity to adapt to
climate change, and those that are not. In the poorest
countries, adaptation is largely a matter of self-help.
UNDP (2007)