1. THE BASIS OF PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY Eka Andriyani, S.Pd.,
M.Hum
2. So far, we have known the difference between Phonetics and
Phonology. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds; whereas
Phonology is the study of sound patterns. In other words, phonetics
concerned with describing the speech sounds (the physical and
articulatory aspects) that occur in a language; phonology focuses
on the study of rules and organization of sound units in the
language.
3. International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA) provides the user with a universally accepted symbol
for each of the speech sounds. The IPA is phonetic, not phonemic in
design. In other words, a particular symbol is used to represent
the pronunciation of a speech sound, not to describe a change in
meaning.
4. Phonetics has been created to give you a thorough
understanding of pronunciation of a language. Phonetics will help
you improve your English accent, your listening skills, and your
ability to communicate effectively with others. A. PHONETICS
5. In this chapter, it will be explained why spoken English
(British or American) are so different to written English.
6. Let us begin by looking at the following British English
phonetic chart: NOTE: The symbols in the chart were developed by
the International Phonetic Association as a standardized of
representing the sounds of spoken language. i: u: e e : : : e a a p
b t d t d k g f v s z m n h l r w j
7. The full IPA chart has over 160 symbols representing all of
the distinct sounds of all the worlds languages. British English
IPA chart uses 44 of the IPA symbols, consists of 12 vowels, 24
consonants, and 8 diphthongs. Each symbol in the chart represents a
distinct sound in English. It is important that you can distinguish
between each of the different sounds on the chart and that you can
accurately reproduce them. This ability will help you to better
understand English pronunciation, and will also help you if you
need to look up the pronunciation of any English word in a
dictionary.
8. SOUNDS or LETTERS? Some of the symbols in the IPA chart
match the letters of the alphabet and have their usual English
sound values. That is the letter of the alphabet and the sound
represented by the IPA symbol are always the same. However, there
are some other consonant letters of the alphabet have no set sound
value and may be represented by several of the IPA symbols.
9. Take the words cat /kt/ and key /ki:/, for instance. Both
begin with a different consonant letter. k is one of those
consonants that are always pronounced the same /k/; while c is one
of the consonants that have no set sound value. Its sound can
change depending on the word in which it is found. In the case of
the word cat /kt/, c is also pronounced as /k/, but it is not
pronounced the same in the word chair /te(r)/.
10. Cat becomes /kt/ Key becomes /ki:/ Chair becomes /te(r)/
The IPA allows you to write down the actual sound of the word.
Phonetic symbols, which represent sounds (not the letters) of the
alphabet, are normally written between forward slashes (/ /). Any
symbol you see written between forward slashes, represents a sound,
not a letter of the alphabet.
11. IPA Charts (Rev. 2005)
12. A. CONSONANTS Note: Pulmonic consonants are consonants
produced by air pressure from the lungs, as opposed to ejective
(sudden production of a plosive sound followed by a puff of air),
implosive (a weakened production of a plosive sound without a puff
of air), and click consonants.
13. Based on the places of articulator
14. B. VOWELS
15. C. DIPHTHONGS
16. D. OTHER SYMBOLS
17. E. DIACRITICS
18. SUPRASEGMENTAL S
19. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES Another way of describing the sounds
of English is by specifying the distinctive features of which they
are composed. We may regard a feature as a phonetic property that
can be used to classify sounds. A set of features that can be used
for classifying the sounds of English will be shown in the table of
English segments. When a feature can be used to classify sounds in
terms of two possibilities in this way, it is said to be a binary
feature. Features are binary in nature meaning the feature is
either present (+) or absent (-).
20. Distinctive Features Vocalic Consonantal High Back Low
Anterior Coronal Round Tense Voice Continuant Nasal Strident
Sonorant Interrupted Distributed Lateral Chomsky and Halle (1968)
proposed the use of 17 features to describe phonemes. These
features include:
21. Distinctive Feature Summary Chart Vocalic A voiced phoneme
produced with an open vocal tract. (vowels, /r/, /l/) Consonantal
Phonemes produced with a constriction/stricture of the vocal tract.
(all consonants except /h/) High Phonemes made with a raised tongue
position. (/k/, /i/) Back Phonemes made with a retracted tongue
position. (/:/, /g/ Low Phonemes produced with a low tongue
position. (//, /h/) Anterior Phonemes produced when the point of
constriction is anterior (placed before) to the point of
constriction for the (//, /l/, /z/). Coronal Phonemes produced with
the tongue blade in a raised position. (//, //t/) Round Phonemes
produced with the lips in a rounded position. (/o/, /w/) Tense
Phonemes produced with tension in the muscles. (/i/, /u/) Voice
Phonemes produced with the vibration of the vocal folds. (/z/, /v/)
Continuant Phonemes produced in a steady state. (//, /s/) Nasal
Phonemes produced when air is emitted directly through the nasal
cavity. (/n/, /m/) Strident Phonemes produced when air is forced
through a small opening causing friction. (/f/, /v/) Sonorant
Phonemes produced when the airstream is unimpeded (not obstructed)
by any structure in the nasal or oral cavity. (/m/, /l/)
Interrupted Phonemes produced when the airstream is completely
occluded (obstructed) at some point during the production. (/p/,
/b/) Distributed Phonemes produced when the constriction is
extended through the vocal tract. (//, //) Lateral A phoneme
produced when the air stream is emitted laterally. (/l/)
22. BRITISH VOWELS PHONETIC CHART:
23. p b t d k g m n f v s z h t d (w) j w l Bilabial Labio-
dental Dental Alveolar Palato- alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive Nasal Fricative Approximant Lateral Approximant Affricate
BRITISH CONSONANTS PHONETIC CHART: Note: // is transcribed in broad
transcription as /r/.
24. AMERICAN VOWELS PHONETIC CHART:
25. p b t d k g m n f v s z h j l Bilabial Labio- dental Dental
Alveolar Post- alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive Nasal
Fricative Approximant Lateral Approximant AMERICAN CONSONANTS
PHONETIC CHART:
26. ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS PHONETIC CHART:
27. B. PHONOLOGY The phone is the basic unit of phonology. This
single speech sound can take the form of either a phoneme (the
target) or the allophone (individual variations of the target).
Phonological rules for a particular language dictate both the
phonemes and allophones used by the language and the acceptable
syllable structures (phoneme/allophone combinations).
28. Basic patterns used in monosyllabic words are:
Consonant-vowel (CV) as in the word tea [ti:]. Vowel-consonant (VC)
as in the word at [t]. Consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) as in the
word sin [sn]. Consonant-consonant-vowel-consonant (CCVC) as in the
word stop [stp]. Consonant-vowel-consonant-consonant (CVCC) as in
the word sand [snd]. (Other patterns and rules will be discussed in
the next chapters).
