Phonetics and Phonology
Group member: Anwar Radhi Cheong Zi Hoong Lee Li Wen
Week 4
Symbols• Each symbol or character in the IPA chart
represents one fundamental sound of all languages.
• 44 phonemic symbols that represent the 26 letters of the English Language alphabet.
Transcription • two main types of transcription
Phonemic Phonetic
transcription
Phonemic
• Roach (2010) has defined phonemic transcription as a one to one identification of every speech sound into a phoneme and written with the appropriate symbol.
• For example, the word ‘put’ is transcribed as /pʊt/.
Phonetic transcription
Broad transcription
Narrow transcription
indicates the more noticeable phonetic features of an utterance or has a little more information than a phonemic transcription.
the transcription of every speech sound with more phonetic detail, either by using specific symbols or by representing some allophonic differences.
Narrow transcription • When symbols are used to narrowly transcribe
words phonetically, they are placed within square brackets [ ] as the symbols represent precise phonetic values.
• For example, the word ‘kill’ will be transcribed as [ˈkʰɪɫ] in a narrow phonetic transcription where allophonic details are given. The symbol [kʰ] indicates that it is an allophone (variant) of the phoneme /k/ which is aspirated in initial position.
Narrow transcription • Such allophonic details are not required in the
broad form of phonetic transcription. For example, the word ‘kill’ can either be transcribed as /kɪl/ or /ˈkɪl/ (with a stress mark) in phonemic transcription.
Symbol Example of word
/p/ pin = /p + ɪ + n/
/b/ bay = /b + eɪ/
/t/ to = /t + u/ or /t + ə/
/d/ do = /d + u/ or /d + ə/
/k/ key = /k + i:/
/g/ go = /g + əʊ/
/tʃ/ cheap = /tʃ + i: + p/
/dʒ/ bulge = /b + ʌ + l + dʒ /
/f/ fee = /f + i: /
/v/ veal = /v + i: + l/
Each symbol is listed on the left of the table while a word with letter(s) in bold representing the consonant sound and the phonemic transcription of the word are indicated on the right:
Consonants
Symbol Example of word
/θ/ thick = /θ + ɪ + k/
/ð/ then = /ð + e + n/
/ѕ/ so = /s + əʊ /
/z/ zoo = /z + uː /
/ʃ/ show = /ʃ + əʊ/
/ʒ/ beige = /b + eɪ + ʒ/
/h/ hi = /h + aɪ /
/m/ map = /m + æ + p/
/n/ nap = /n + æ + p/
/ŋ/ sing = /s + ɪ + ŋ/
/l/ lake = /l + eɪ+ k/
/r/ room = /r + uː + m/
/j/ yak = /j + æ + k/
/w/ win = /w + ɪ + n/
Vowels
Long vowels Short vowels
/i/=heed /ɪ/=hid
/a/=hard /ɛ/=head
/ɔ/=saw /æ/=had
/u/=who /ʌ/=mud
/ɜ/=heard /ɒ/=pod
/ʊ/=hood
/ə/=the(spoken quickly)
Monophthongs
Vowels
Symbol Example of word
/eɪ/ say
/ɔɪ/ toy
/aɪ/ high
/ʊə/ cure
/oʊ/ So
/aʊ/ How
/ɪə/ Here
/ɛə/ hair
Diphthongs
Vowels
• A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruptions (Roach, 2010).
• For example:a careful pronunciation of the word ‘our’ starts with a vowel similar to /α:/ which then glides towards the back close rounded area (as represented by the symbol /ʊ/) then ends with a mid-central vowel (schwa, /ə/ ). ‘our’ is transcribed as /aʊə/.
Triphthongs
Vowels• The triphthongs are composed of the 5 closing
diphthongs described earlier but they end with a schwa /ə/.
1. /eɪ/ + /ə / = /eɪə/ as in mayor, payer 2. /aɪ/ + /ə / = /aɪə/ as in tire, dryer 3. /ɔɪ/ + /ə / = /ɔɪə/ as in royal, loyal 4. /əʊ/ + /ə/ = /əʊə/ as in buoyant, follower 5. /aʊ/ + /ə / = /aʊə/ as in sour, flower
Vowel Space
Examples of Articulations of Long Vowels
Examples of Articulations of Short Vowels
Dipthongs
Consonants (plosives)
Alveolar Articulation Velar ArticulationBilabial Articulation
• All six plosives can occur at the beginning of a word ( initial position), between other sounds (medial position) and at the end of a word (final position).
Bilabial Alveolar Velar
Voiceless p t k
Voiced b d g
Place of Articulation
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