Download pptx - WASTE REDUCTION AND MINIMIZATION. CONCEPT HAS SEVERAL COMMON NAMES WASTE MINIMIZATION POLLUTION PREVENTION LOW - NON-WASTE TECHNOLOGIES CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES

WASTE REDUCTION AND MINIMIZATION

CONCEPT HAS SEVERAL COMMON NAMES

• WASTE MINIMIZATION• POLLUTION PREVENTION• LOW - NON-WASTE

TECHNOLOGIES• CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES• CLEAN PRODUCTS• WASTE REDUCTION • DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT

APPLICATIONS

• NEW PROJECTS• EXISTING PROCESSES

DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT (DFE) CONCEPTS

• ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES• SAVE MONEY

– CREATE NEW MARKETS– PRODUCT PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS– REGULATORY COMPLIANCE– REDUCE FUTURE LIABILITY RISKS– REDUCE TREATMENT COSTS– REDUCE WASTE & POLLUTION– IMPROVE COMPANY IMAGE

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY DEFINITIONS

• MULTI-DISCIPLINARY FIELD• CONSIDERS LINKAGES BETWEEN

INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND NATURAL SYSTEMS

• EVALUATES USES OF ENERGY, MATERIALS AND VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY• GENERIC DEFINITION (BY ALLENBY)

"No firm exists in a vacuum. Every industrial activity is linked to thousands of

other transactions and activities and to their environmental impacts. A large firm

manufacturing high-technology / low material products will have tens of

thousands of suppliers located all around the world and changing on a daily

basis. It may manufacture and offer for sale hundreds of thousands of individual

products to a myriad of customers, each with her or his own needs and cultural

characteristics. Each customer, in turn, may treat the product very differently, a

consideration when use and maintenance of the product may be a source of

potential environmental impact (e.g. used oil from automobiles). When finally

disposed of, the product may end up in almost any country, in a high-technology

landfill, an incinerator, beside a road, or in a river that supplies drinking water to

local populations."

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY• GENERIC DEFINITION (BY ALLENBY – CONTINUED)"Industrial Ecology is the means by which humanity can deliberately and

rationally approach and maintain a desirable carrying capacity, given continued

economic, cultural and technological evolution. The concept requires that an

industrial system be viewed not in isolation from its surrounding systems, but in

concert with them."

"One of the most important concepts of industrial ecology is that, like the

biological system, it rejects the concept of waste. Dictionaries define waste as

useless or worthless material. In nature, however, nothing is eternally discarded;

in various ways, all materials are reused, generally with great efficiency. Nature

has adopted this approach because acquiring these materials from their

reservoirs is costly in terms of energy and resources, and thus something to be

avoided whenever possible. In our industrial world, discarding materials wrestled

from the Earth System at great cost is also generally unwise. Hence, materials

and products that are obsolete should be termed residues rather than wastes,

and it should be recognized that wastes are merely residues that our economy

has not yet learned to use efficiently."

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

• EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH– IMPACT OF WATER USE ON

DEVELOPMENT– ASPECTS OF HEAVY METALS USE IN

AGRICULTURE– THE IMPACT OF MATERIALS ON

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

ISO (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDS) 14000 -VOLUNTARY

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

• OBJECTIVE IS TO SET UP AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) TO ADDRESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THEIR PROCESSES

COMPONENTS WITHIN ISO 14000• ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS (14001,14002, 14004)• ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING (14010,

14011, 14012)• EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL

PERFORMANCE (14031)• ENVIRONMENTAL LABELING (14020,

14021, 14022, 14023, 14024, 14025)• LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT (14040,

14041,14042, 14043)

OVERALL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT CONCEPT

PLAN

IMPLEMENT

CHECK

IMPROVE

STANDARDS TO BE INCORPORATED IN THE EMS

• PERFORMANCE ARE MEASURED AGAINST THE OBJECTIVES SET BY THE ORGANIZATION

CRITICAL COMPONENTS FOR EMS• EMS HAS A CORE SET OF

PLANNING ACTIVITIES THAT ENSURES A FACILITY WILL:– IDENTIFY FACILITY OPERATIONS,

PROCESSES, AND PRODUCTS THAT HAVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

– EVALUATE WHICH IMPACTS ARE SIGNIFICANT

– SET OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS FOR REDUCING NEGATIVE IMPACTS

– SELECT AND IMPLEMENT ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE IDENTIFIED TARGETS

EMS OBJECTIVES• SYSTEMIC APPLICATION PROMOTES TOP-TO-

BOTTOM INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS FUNCTIONS, BY REQUIRING:– AN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY DEFINED BY TOP

MANAGEMENT– CONSIDERATION OF OPERATING CONDITIONS AND

CONTROLS AND THEIR EFFECT UPON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

– SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF NEEDED AUTHORITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION

– PERIODIC MANAGEMENT REVIEW OF SYSTEM RESULTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

EMS OBJECTIVES• CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT IS DESIGNED TO

CONTINUALLY IMPROVE SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH:– CREATION OF SPECIFIC TIMELINES, AUTHORITIES,

AND DESIGNATED RESPONSIBILITIES FOR PLAN– EXECUTION AND ACTIVITY IMPLEMENTATION– PERIODIC COMPLIANCE AUDITS TO IDENTIFY

COMPLIANCE PROCEDURE IMPROVEMENTS– PERIODIC EMS AUDITS TO ASSESS PROGRESS

TOWARDS STATED GOALS AND IDENTIFY NEEDED SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS

– MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

EMS OBJECTIVES• CONFIRMATION OF IMPACT EMS ACTIONS ARE

VERIFIABLE, BECAUSE:– DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS ENSURE THAT

BOTH CONFORMANCE WITH THE STANDARD AND EMS PERFORMANCE CAN BE AUDITED

– THE ISO CERTIFICATION PROCESS SETS SPECIFIC STANDARDS AND PRACTICES FOR AUDITING BOTH CONFORMANCE WITH THE STANDARD AND PERFORMANCE OF THE EMS

LEVELS OF DFE APPLICATION• LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

– CRADLE TO GRAVE -ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT ANDMARKETING CYCLE

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

RAWMATERIALEXTRACTION

RAWMATERIALPREPARATION

CUSTOMERUSE

FINALDISPOSTION

PRIMARY OPPORTUNITIES IN DFE

• TYPICAL IMPACTS INVESTIGATED INCLUDE– AIR, WATER AND SOLID WASTES PRODUCED– HAZARD POTENTIAL OF WASTES AND

PROCESSES– RENEWABLE RESOURCE UTILIZATION– ENERGY EFFICIENCY

SIMPLER VERSION OF THE LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS TEMPLATE

NATURAL RESOURCES

PRODUCTDISPOSAL

PRODUCTUSE

PRODUCTMANUFACTURE

MATERIALMANUFACTURE

RAW MATERIALACQUISITION

ENERGYEMISSIONS

ENERGYEMISSIONS

ENERGYEMISSIONS

ENERGYEMISSIONS

ENERGYEMISSIONS

EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC

• GIVEN: PAPER OR PLASTIC• WANTED: DETERMINE WHICH OF THESE TWO

CONTAINERS HAS THE LEAST NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.– (a) DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY

REQUIRED AND THE QUANTITY OF AIR POLLUTION RELEASED FOR PRODUCTION OF 1000 LB PE SACKS AND THE NUMBER OF UNBLEACHED PAPER GROCERY SACKS THAT WILL HOLD THE SAME AMOUNT OF GROCERIES.

– (b) PLOT THE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AS A FUNCTION OF RECYCLE RATES FOR EACH MATERIAL.


• WANTED: (continued)– (c) SPECIFY THE RELATIVE

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THESE TWO PRODUCTS.

– (d) COMPARE THE AMOUNT OF PETROLEUM REQUIRED TO PROVIDE 10% OF THE ENERGY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ONE PAPER SACK.


• BASIS:– (1) ASSUME 2.0 PE SACKS ARE USED TO

HOLD THE SAME AMOUNT OF GROCERIES AS ONE PAPER SACK.

– (2)TABLE 1-1 AIR EMISSIONS & ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR PAPER AND PLASTIC (PE) GROCERY SACKS

– (3) TABLE 1-2 PROFILE OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FOR GROCERY SACKS (EXCLUDING FINAL DISPOSAL)


• TABLE 1-1 AIR EMISSIONS & ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

LIFE CYCLE STAGES AIR EMISSIONSoz/SACK

ENERGY REQUIREDBTU/SACK

PAPER PLASTIC PAPER PLASTIC

MATERIALS MANFACTURE + PRODUCTMANUFACTURE + PRODUCT USE

0.0516 0.0146 905 464

RAW MATERIALS ACQUISITION + PRODUCTDISPOSAL

0.0510 0.0045 724 185

EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC• TABLE 1-2 -PROFILE OF ATMOSPHERIC

EMISSIONS

POLLUTANT CATEGORY

ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS (LB) PER 10,000 SACKS

PLASTIC PAPER

0%RECYCLED

100%RECYCLED

0%RECYCLED

100%RECYCLED

PARTICULATES 0.8 0.8 24.6 2.8

NITROGEN OXIDES 2.1 1.7 9.2 8.0

HYDROCARBONS 5.8 3.2 4.9 3.9

SULFUR OXIDES 2.6 2.7 13.6 10.6

CARBON MONOXIDE 0.7 0.6 7.0 6.5

ALDEHYDES 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

OTHER ORGANICS 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2

ODOROUS SULFUR 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0ODOROUS SULFUR 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0

EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC• OTHER FACTORS

– PE MATERIAL AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ARE SATISFIED USING A NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE, OIL.

– MOST OF THE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR PAPER SACK PRODUCTION ARE MET USING WOOD WASTES.

– ASSUME 0% RECYCLE OF PLASTIC SACKS AND 1.2 lb PETROLEUM REQUIRED TO MANUFACTURE 1 lb OF PE SACK• WHERE THE HEATING VALUE OF PETROLEUM IS

20,000 BTU/lb• 1000 LB OF PE YIELDS 60,800 PE SACKS

EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC• TABLE 1-3 SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES

FOR LIFE CYCLES

ACTIVITYDESCRIPTION

PLASTIC PAPER

RAW MATERIAL ACQUISITION OIL WELL LOGGING

MATERIALMANUFACTURE

PETROCHEMICAL PLANT PAPER MILL

PRODUCTMANUFACTURE

SACK PLANT PAPER GOODS PLANT

PRODUCT USE LOADING GROCERIES LOADING GROCERIES

PRODUCT DISPOSAL CITY TRASH CITY TRASH

ACTIVITYDESCRIPTION

PLASTIC PAPER

RAW MATERIAL ACQUISITION OIL WELL LOGGING

MATERIALMANUFACTURE

PETROCHEMICAL PLANT PAPER MILL

PRODUCTMANUFACTURE

SACK PLANT PAPER GOODS PLANT

PRODUCT USE LOADING GROCERIES LOADING GROCERIES

PRODUCT DISPOSAL CITY TRASH CITY TRASH


• SOLUTION– A SIMILAR SET OF CALCULATIONS IS

COMPLETED FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT LEVELS AND FOR PE SACKS.

– RESULTS ARE SHOWN IN THE FOLLOWING TABLES AND FIGURES.NERGY REQUIREMENTS AND EMISSION RATES - BASIS 1000 lb PE SACKS

– USE DATA FROM TABLE 1-1.– AIR EMISSIONS FOR PAPER SACKS AT

SPECIFIED RECYCLE FRACTION:

EM ISS ION S

SACK S RECYCLE RATEoz

SACK

lb

oz

30400 0 0516 116

[ . ( )

EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC SOLUTION

• CALCULATION SUMMARY TABLERECYCLERATE (%)

CATEGORY

AIR EMISSION (lbs) ENERGY REQUIRED (BTU) OIL REQUIRED (lb)

60800 PESACKS

30400PAPERSACKS

60800 PESACKS

30400PAPERSACKS

60800 PESACKS

30400PAPER

SACKS(10%OF

ENERGY)

0 73 195 39 50 1973 248

0.1 71 185 38 47 1917 237

0.2 69 176 37 45 1860 226

0.3 67 166 36 43 1804 215

0.4 66 156 35 41 1748 204

0.5 64 146 34 39 1692 193

0.6 62 137 33 36 1636 182

0.7 61 127 32 34 1579 171

0.8 59 117 30 32 1523 160

0.9 57 108 29 30 1467 149

1 55 98 28 28 1411 138

RECYCLERATE (%)

CATEGORY


60800 PESACKS

30400PAPERSACKS

60800 PESACKS

30400PAPERSACKS

60800 PESACKS

30400PAPER

SACKS(10%OF

ENERGY)

0 73 195 39 50 1973 248

0.1 71 185 38 47 1917 237

0.2 69 176 37 45 1860 226

0.3 67 166 36 43 1804 215

0.4 66 156 35 41 1748 204

0.5 64 146 34 39 1692 193

0.6 62 137 33 36 1636 182

0.7 61 127 32 34 1579 171

0.8 59 117 30 32 1523 160

0.9 57 108 29 30 1467 149

1 55 98 28 28 1411 138

RECYCLERATE (%)

CATEGORY


60800 PESACKS

30400PAPERSACKS

60800 PESACKS

30400PAPERSACKS

60800 PESACKS

30400PAPER

SACKS(10%OF

ENERGY)

0 73 195 39 50 1973 248

0.1 71 185 38 47 1917 237

0.2 69 176 37 45 1860 226

0.3 67 166 36 43 1804 215

0.4 66 156 35 41 1748 204

0.5 64 146 34 39 1692 193

0.6 62 137 33 36 1636 182

0.7 61 127 32 34 1579 171

0.8 59 117 30 32 1523 160

0.9 57 108 29 30 1467 149

1 55 98 28 28 1411 138


25

30

35

40

45

50

EN

ER

GY

(B

TU

)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1RECYCLE RATE

PE

PAPER

ENERGY REQUIRED FOR GROCERY SACKS60800 PE VS. 30400 PAPER


406080

100120140160180200

EM

ISS

ION

S (

LB

)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1RECYCLE RATE

PE

PAPER

AIR EMISSIONS FOR GROCERY SACKS60800 PE VS. 30400 PAPER


0

500

1000

1500

2000

EN

ER

GY

(B

TU

)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1RECYCLE RATE

PE

PAPER

OIL USED FOR GROCERY SACKS10% OIL FOR PAPER SACK ENERGY


• RESULTS– (c) PE SACKS TEND TO GENERATE LOWER

EMISSIONS AND REQUIRE LESS ENERGY THAN PAPER SACKS,

– EXCEPT AT THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF RECYCLE. THE TYPES OF EMISSIONS ARE NOT THE SAME, WITH PE GENERATING HIGHER QUANTITIES OF HYDROCARBONS AND PAPER SACKS GENERATING MORE NOx AND MORE SO2.

– THIS ANALYSIS DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY EMISSIONS FROM DISPOSAL EITHER IN LANDFILL OR INCINERATION TO COMPLETE THE LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS.


• RESULTS– (d) FROM THE STANDPOINT OF OIL CONSUMPTION,

THE PAPER SACKS TEND TO REQUIRE LESS OIL DUE TO THE AVAILABILITY OF FUEL IN THE FORM OF WOOD WASTES.

– NOTE: AS A OPTION, CONSIDER REUSABLE GROCERY SACKS• THESE ARE MADE FROM NYLON, JUTE, COTTON

STRING, ETC.• MAY BE REUSED HUNDREDS OF TIMES• THESE REQUIRE ABOUT 10 - 20 TIMES THE

ENERGY AND GENERATE 10 - 20 TIMES THE AIR POLLUTION AS PAPER OR PE SO MUST BE USED AT LEAST 20 TIMES TO HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACT.

DFE TOOLS AND PROCEDURES

• OPPORTUNITIES WITHIN THE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES– MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION– REDUCE QUANTITIES OF PROCESS

WASTES BY WASTE SEGREGATION– REVISED CONTROL METHODS– REVISED PROCESSING METHODS– RECYCLING A MATERIAL RATHER

THAN DISPOSAL

MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION

• REDUCE TOXICITY OF PROCESS COMPONENTS– POLAROID CHANGE OF DYE -1987– REDUCED TOXICITY -REPLACED Cr(VI)

COMPOUND – REDUCED PROCESS WASTES BY 80%– IMPROVED FILM PERFORMANCE– REDUCED ANNUAL DISPOSAL COSTS BY $1

MILLION (1987$)

MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION

• NAVY REPLACEMENT OF SOLVENT FOR PAINT REMOVAL FROM PLANES WITH PLASTIC BEADS FROM HIGH PRESSURE HOSES– ELIMINATES NEED TO USE METHYLENE

CHLORIDE– ELIMINATES TOXIC WASTE AS BEADS ARE

RECYCLED– COST SAVINGS ~$24,000 PER PLANE

(1995$)

REDUCE QUANTITIES OF PROCESS WASTES BY WASTE SEGREGATION

• GENERAL JUSTIFICATIONS

RISK PROCESS METHODS

HIGHEST DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

HIGH TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

MEDIUM HIGH RECYCLING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

MEDIUM DISPOSAL OF NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE

MEDIUM LOW TREATMENT OF NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE

LOW RECYCLING OF NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE


• ACME-UNITED CONCENTRATION OF NI SALTS IN PLATING SOLUTION USING REVERSE OSMOSIS

PLATING BATH REVERSE OSMOSISUNIT

RO PUMP

RECYCLED NISOLUTION

SLUDGE


• ACME-UNITED CONCENTRATION OF NI SALTS IN PLATING SOLUTION USING REVERSE OSMOSIS– CONCENTRATED NI SALT SOLUTION RECYCLED TO

PLATING TANK– REDUCED QUANTITY OF SLUDGE PRODUCED BY

80%– REDUCED RAW MATERIALS COSTS BY 94%– SAVES AT LEAST $40,000/YEAR (1986$) FROM

REDUCTION IN WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS AND RAW MATERIALS COSTS

– CAPITAL COST FOR SYSTEM ~$62,000


• SNAP-ON TOOLS RECYCLING A RINSEWATER STREAM USING ULTRAFILTRATION AND ION EXCHANGE– REMOVED LOW-LEVEL (<1%) ISOPROPYL AMINE

CONTAMINANT FROM PAINT STREAM WITH ION EXCHANGE TO ALLOW RECYCLE OF PAINT TO PROCESS

– REDUCED LOSSES OF PAINT BY 190,000 LB/YR– ANNUAL SAVINGS IN PAINT COSTS AND SEWER

FEES OF $73,000 (1989$)– CAPITAL COST FOR PROJECT = $150,000

REVISED CONTROL METHODS

• CHEMICAL PLANT PROJECTS IN LITHUANIA– ADDITION OF CONDUCTIVITY/TDS

METER TO BOILER PLANT BLOWDOWN

– REDUCED SO2 AND NOX EMISSIONS BY 0.84 TON/YR

– REDUCED FUEL OIL CONSUMPTION BY 30 TONS/YR

– 7 MONTH PAYOUT

REVISED CONTROL METHODS

• CHEMICAL PLANT PROJECTS IN LITHUANIA– CHEMICAL PLANT PROJECTS IN

LITHUANIA (1993)– pH METER ON A MONOAMMONIUM

PHOSPHATE PROCESS– REDUCED AMMONIA TO AIR– FEWER PROCESS UPSETS– 2 MONTH PAYOUT

REVISED PROCESSING METHODS

• REVISED LIGHTING FOR AMERICAN EXPRESS OFFICES IN NEW YORK CITY– REPLACED 31,000 T12 LAMPS WITH 31,000

T8 LAMPS– REPLACED 17,000 MAGNETIC BALLASTS

WITH ELECTRONIC BALLASTS– REPLACED 58 INCANDESCENT LAMPS WITH

COMPACT FLUORESCENTS– REPLACED 239 MANUAL SWITCHES WITH

OCCUPANCY SENSORS


• REVISED LIGHTING FOR AMERICAN EXPRESS OFFICES IN NEW YORK CITY– TOTAL PROJECT COST: $710,000– SAVINGS: INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 38%

(EXCLUDING REBATE)– TOTAL ANNUAL SAVINGS $280,000– REBATES/GRANTS $450,000– ENERGY SAVINGS:

• KW REDUCTION: 519.9• LIGHTING ELECTRICITY REDUCTION 47%


• REVISED LIGHTING FOR AMERICAN EXPRESS OFFICES IN NEW YORK CITY– ANNUAL POLLUTION PREVENTED:

• CO2 5,000,000 LBS• SO235,000 LBS• NOX 12,000 LBS


• CIBA-GEIGY CORPORATION TOMS RIVER PLANT REDUCES SAMPLING AND CHARGING SOLVENT EMISSIONS FROM KETTLES IN RESINS PRODUCTION– REVISED PROCESS TO CHARGE AND

SAMPLE REACTION VESSEL– REDUCTION IN VOC EMISSIONS BY 50 TPY

(90%)– COST = $10000– SAVINGS = $50K/YR (1996$)– YIELD INCREASE OF 1 %

RECYCLING

• REFERS TO REUSE OF A MATERIAL RATHER THAN DISPOSAL

• THE IDEAL MATERIAL FOR RECYCLING– HAS UNIFORM PROPERTIES– IS AVAILABLE AT A CONSTANT RATE– IS AVAILABLE IN A QUANTITY THAT JUSTIFIES THE

NECESSARY CAPITAL EXPENDITURE– HAS LIMITED CONTAMINANTS– HAS FUEL VALUE AND CAN BE INCINERATED

WITHOUT PRODUCING HAZARDOUS WASTES

INTERNAL RECYCLING• PROCESSES THAT RECOVER AND

REUSE A MATERIAL THAT DOES NOT CHANGE FORM IN THE PROCESS

• PROCESS COOLING WATER SYSTEMS– PURPOSE OF SYSTEM IS TO PROVIDE

COOLING TO A PROCESS USING RECYCLED WATER

– WATER IS COOLED BY EVAPORATION INTO AIR

– NORMAL CONCENTRATION LEVELS ARE 6 - 7 TIMES BEFORE REPLACEMENT

PROCESS COOLING WATER SYSTEMS

DRYAIR

WET AIR

COOL H2O

HOT H2O

CIRCULATION PUMPS

PROCESS HEATEXCHANGERS

COOLINGTOWER


• WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES -CHEMICAL– PREVENT CORROSION, SCALING,

MICROBIOLOGICAL FOULING– IMPROVE HEAT TRANSFER

PROCESS COOLING WATER SYSTEMS• WATER CONSUMPTION IS THROUGH• EVAPORATION, BLOWDOWN, DRIFT

WET AIR (DRIFT &EVAPORATION)

COOL H2O

COOLINGTOWER

TO PROCESS

FILTER

MAKE-UP H2O

WASTEH2O

CHEMICALADDITION &CONTROL


• USE OF AN RO SYSTEM TO REDUCE TOTAL BLOWDOWN AND REDUCE CHEMICAL TREATMENT

• NET RECOVERY IS 70% OF THE BLOWDOWN

• FOR A UNIT WITH A 13.5 GPM BLOWDOWN, THIS SAVES ALMOST 5 MILLION GPY MAKEUP WATER


RESULTS OF ROUNIT PROCESS

Cooling TowerBlowdown (mg/L asCaCO3)

RO Concentrate(mg/L as CaCO3)

RO Permeate(mg/L as CaCO3)

Calcium 300 660 4

Magnesium 180 400 0

Sodium 262 424 32

Alkalinity 20 136 16

Sulfate 454 805 0

Chloride 268 546 20

Silica 37 69 7

INTERNAL RECYCLING

• RECOVERY OF SILVER FROM COLOR NEGATIVE FILM FIXER USING ROTATING ELECTRODE SYSTEM– SILVER IS RECOVERED ELECTROLYTICALLY– COLOR DEVELOPER IS RECOVERED USING

ION EXCHANGE– BLEACH SOLUTIONS ARE RECOVERED

USING CHEMICAL TREATMENT TO READJUST CONCENTRATIONS

INTERNAL RECYCLING

• RECOVERY OF SILVER FROM COLOR NEGATIVE FILM FIXER USING ROTATING ELECTRODE SYSTEM– TOTAL CAPITAL REQUIRED = $120K (1995$)– TOTAL VALUE OF RECOVERED MATERIALS

= $1.9 MILLION PER YEAR– WASTE REDUCTION = 1700 GPD COLOR

DEVELOPER, 19 GPD FIXER, 1200 GPD BLEACH

INTERNAL RECYCLING

• SOLVENT RECOVERY AT A SHIPYARD WITH A SMALL PACKAGED STILL– SOLVENTS - MEK, TOLUENE,

CELLUSOLVE ACETATE– EQUIPMENT COST = $4900 -

INSTALLATION COST = $8600

SOLVENT RECOVERY AT A SHIPYARD WITH A SMALL PACKAGED STILL

• ECONOMIC SUMMARYCOSTCOMPONENT

ANNUALVALUE($/YR)

UNIT VALUE($/GAL PRODUCT)

COMMENTS

RAW MATERIALS 0 0 2600 GPY FEED

UTLITLIES 3901 0.2 ELECTRICITY &WATER

LABOR 0 0 AUTOMATICOPERATION

CAPITALRELATED

2150 1.11 @25% OFINSTALLEDCAPITAL

STILL BOTTOMS 1430 0.27 DISPOSAL COSTS

TOTAL COM 3980 2.04 1950 GPY

PRODUCT VALUE 8400 4.3 NEW SOLVENTPRICE

PROFIT (BEFORETAX)

4400 2.25 PAYOUT = 1.5YEARS

REDUCEDDISPOSAL COSTS

4290 2.2 PAYOUT = 0.99YEARS

EXTERNAL RECYCLE

• INVOLVES AT LEAST TWO INSTITUTIONS USING THE SAME MATERIAL IN DIFFERENT FORMS

• MAY BE CARRIED OUT BY JOINT AGREEMENT BETWEEN ENTITIES– NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER, CARRIER

CORPORATION, MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY, INC. (MTI), AND CHEMSYSTEMS SOFTWARE - VOC MINIMIZATION

EXTERNAL RECYCLE

• VOC MINIMIZATION – DISTILLATION IS USED TO RECOVER

SOLVENTS RECYCLED FROM SMALL FACILITIES

– SOLVENTS ARE RECYCLED OR SEND TO OTHER USERS WITH LOWER PURITY SPECIFICATIONS

– SOLVENTS THAT CANNOT BE RECYCLED ARE SENT TO THE POWER COMPANY FOR INCINERATION TO PRODUCE POWER

EXTERNAL RECYCLE

SOLVENTCOLLECTION

SOLVENTDISTILLATION

SOLVENTRECYCLE

MIXEDSOLVENTS

REFINED SOLVENTS

SLUDGE

SLUDGE INCINERATION

POWERPRODUCTION

EXTERNAL RECYCLE

• ENERGY SAVINGS FOR REDUCED VOC PRODUCTION = 30 TRILLION BTU/YR

• WASTE REDUCTION = 126.5 MILLION LB OF VOC WASTE EACH YEAR

• ECONOMIC SAVINGS = ESTIMATE FOR 2010 TO BE $361 MILLION.

EXTERNAL RECYCLE

• TREATMENT, STORAGE & DISPOSAL (TSD) COMPANIES MAY BE DESIGNED TO PROCESS WASTE MATERIALS

• COMPONENTS TREATED AT A CLASS 1 FACILITY

TREATMENT, STORAGE & DISPOSAL (TSD)

• THE PREFERRED PRODUCT IS RECYCLED

• OTHER PRODUCTS ARE SENT TO DISPOSAL

• INCINERATION• LANDFILL• EFFLUENTS TO POTW


• OBJECTIVES AT RECYCLERS– SEGREGATE INCOMING MATERIALS

FOR PROCESSING/STORAGE– DEVELOP TREATMENT

TECHNOLOGIES FOR CHANGING FEEDSTOCKS

– MINIMIZE COST OF TREATMENT WITH MAXIMUM DETOXIFICATION, WHILE MINIMIZING RESIDUAL WASTES


• OBJECTIVES AT RECYCLERS– RECOVER PROCESS ENERGY TO

MINIMIZE OPERATING COSTS– STABILIZE ALL RESIDUAL SOLIDS OR

SLUDGES– PRODUCE EFFLUENTS FOR POTW

PROCESSING– PRODUCE LEGAL QUANTITIES OF

GASEOUS EMISSIONS


• TSD PROCESS AREAS

NEUTRALIZATION/INORGANICTREATMENT

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

SOLID/LIQUID SEPARATIONS VOC STRIPPER

VOC SLUDGE DISTILLATION INCINERATOR FUELSPRETREATMENT

OIL PROCESSING THERMAL DESTRUCTION

SOLID/SLUDGE STABILIZATION FINAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT


AQUEOUS ACIDWASTECOLLECTION

AQUEOUS ACIDSTORAGE

NEUTRALIZATION

BASICSOLUTION

NAT GAS

THERMALOXIDIZER

ACID VAPORSSCRUBBER

CO2 + H2O

BASE

SALT TO RECYCLE ORLANDFILL

NEUTRAL LIQUID TOPOTW

AQUEOUSBASIC WASTECOLLECTION

EXAMPLE OF TSD PROCESS -AQUEOUS ACID TREATMENT