The High and Late Middle Ages

Chapter 8

Monarchs, Nobles and the ChurchDuring feudal times, monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society but had limited power. Nobles and the Church had as much—or more—power than the monarchs.

-In order to expand their power, monarchs

• set up royal courts

• organized government bureaucracies

• developed systems of taxation

• built standing armies

• strengthened ties with the middle class

-In this way, little by little over many centuries, these monarchs built the framework for modern-day nation states.

■ William of Normandy■ Expansion of royal

power: handling of land, building of castles, loyalty of vassals

■ Domesday book: a 1086 census

■ Henry II■ Common law: based

on custom and court rulings

■ Developed a grand jury■ Which cases

should be brought to trial

■ try clergy in royal courts

King John■ Enemies towards King Philip II of

France, Pope Innocent III and the English nobles

■ Magna Carta■ In 1215, a group of rebellious barons

forced King John to force a charter■ Nobles had rights■ The monarch must obey the law■ Due process of law■ Habeas corpus■ Agreed not to raise new taxes

Edward I

■The Great Council evolved■Parliament includes representatives of common people.

■ England’s legislature■ “Power of the Purse”■ A two-house system

■ House of Lords: nobles and clergy■ House of Commons: knights and middle-class

France

■ Hugh Capet (986)■ King of France■ Won support of the

Church■ Established a

hereditary throne■ Built an effective

bureaucracy: collecting taxes, royal law

Philip II● Introduced a

standing army● Filled government

positions with loyal followers

● Introduced a new national tax

Louis IX● Expanded Royal

Courts● Ended serfdom● Centralized Monarchy

Increased Royal Power over the Church.

Parliament VS Congress?How Parliament

Works in 90 seconds:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb

LTwQwXqWc

How Congress Works in 70 seconds:

Start at 43 seconds - End at 1:53

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuFR5XBY

LfU

Parliament VS Congress

1. Create a T-Chart comparing Parliament VS Congress

2. Justify which system you think is better: the parliamentary system or the congressional system? Use a minimum of 3 reasons to explain your answer.

Section 2

The Holy Roman Empire

■ Central and Eastern Europe■ Otto I of Saxony became King of

Germany■ 962: Otto crowned emperor by the pope

■ “Holy”: crowned by the pope■ “Roman”: heirs to the emperors of

Rome■ With secular and religious rulers

advancing rival claims to power, explosive conflicts erupted between monarchs and the Church.

Henry IV vs. Gregory VII

■ Who had the right to appoint and install bishops in office

■ Henry IV: since they owned fiefs, he had the right

■ Gregory VII: only the spiritual church may do so

■ 1076, Henry IV was excommunicated■ 1077, Gregory VII forgave him■ Henry put down a rebellion against him; then

forced the pope into exile

Church power reaches its heights

■ Pope Innocent III■ claimed supremacy over all other

rulers. He used the tools of excommunication and interdict to punish monarchs who challenged his power.

■ “The pope stands between God and man, lower than God, but higher than men, who judges all and is judged by no one.”

The Current Pope? Let’s research!

1. Evaluate: What role does the Pope play in today’s world? In government?

2. Justify: What are 2 main agendas Pope Francis is pursuing? Justify if you think these are valuable agendas for him to pursue.

3. Analyze: what are the different viewpoints people have on the current Pope (and why do they have those opinions)? What is your viewpoint?

Pope Francis

Section 3

The Crusades■ Began in 1096;

Christians battled Muslims for control of the Middle East

■ The Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine empire

■ 1071, the Turks controlled the Holy Land

■ Prevented Christian pilgrims from going to Jerusalem

Pope Urban II

■ Help the Byzantine empire unite with Europe

■ Fighting a losing Battle■ Christian knights captured Jerusalem in

1099■ Divided the land into four smaller states■ Crusades went on for over 200 years■ Salah al-Din, victorious Muslim leader■ Fourth Crusade was Christians against

Christians

The Impact of the Crusades

1. Christians vs. Muslims2. Religious fury against Jews3. European Economics Expand

■ Trade increased and expanded■ Cotton, sugar, and rice■ Peasants began to undermine serfdom

4. Effects on Monarchs and the Church■ Monarchs won new rights to collect taxes■ Brought Papal power to new heights

5. Marco Polo, 1271, set out for China

The Reconquista

■ To drive Muslim Moors from the Iberian peninsula

■ Christians conquer Spain■ In 1469, the creation of Spain■ Ferdinand and Isabella defeated the

Moors in 1492 at Granada■ Inquisition

■ Led by Queen Isabella against Muslims and Jews

■ Those who refused to conform to the Church teachings were burned at the stake

Section 4

Medieval Universities

• By the 1100s, schools to train the clergy had sprung up around the great cathedrals. Some of these cathedral schools evolved into the first universities.

• The first universities were in Salerno and Bologna in Italy, and then in Oxford and Paris.

• The curriculum covered the seven liberal arts: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic.

• Women were not allowed to attend the universities.

As economic and political conditions improved, the need for education expanded.

4

Europeans Acquire “New” Learning

■ Relied on the works of Aristotle and others■ Use reason to discover basic truths

■ Scholasticism: use reason to support faith■ Thomas Aquinas: Summa

theologica brought Christian faith and classical Greek philosophy

■ Use of Arabic numerals evolved

Medieval Literature

■ Latin is the written language of scholars and churchmen

■ Vernacular: everyday language; French, German, Italian

■ Dante Alighieri: Divine Comedy imaginary journey into hell and purgatory

■ Geoffrey Chaucer: Canterbury Tales band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket’s tomb

Literature, Architecture, and Art

Sculptors portrayed religious themes.

Stained-glass windows added to the splendor of Gothic churches.

The Gothic style was applied to painting and illumination, the artistic decoration of books.

Towering stone cathedrals symbolized wealth and religious devotion.

The Romanesque style reflected Roman influences. The Gothic Style was characterized by flying buttresses, or stone supports that stood outside the church.

New writings in the vernacular, or language of everyday people, captured the spirit of the times.

The epic Song of Roland (France)Dante’s Divine Comedy (Italy)Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (England)

ARTARCHITECTURELITERATURE

As economic and political conditions improved, Europeans made notable achievements in literature and the arts.

4

The Crusades VS Today?Are there similarities between the Crusades and events in modern history where religion is used to justify violent acts?

● 9/11● Suicide

Bombers● ISIS and

other terrorist groups

● Oklahoma City Bombing

ACES+C “The Crusades”

Justify whether or not the Crusades are similar to extremist Islamic violence in today’s world.

If similar, provide 3 reasons why they are similar and explain in detail.

If different, provide 3 reasons demonstrating why they are different and explain in detail.

A

C

E

S

Section 5

A Time of Crisis

■ How did the Black Death cause social and economic decline?

■ What problems afflicted the Church in the late Middle Ages?

■ What were the causes, turning points, and effects of the Hundred Years’ War?

Causes of the Black Death1) Merchant ships2) Fleas on rats3) Poor sanitation and

close cities (easily spread)

Killed an estimated 75-200 Million people!

Upheaval in the Church

■ The late Middle Ages brought spiritual crisis, scandal, and division to the Roman Catholic Church.

■ Many priests and monks died during the plague.■ Plague survivors questioned why God had spared some and

killed others.■ The Church could not provide strong leadership in desperate

times. ■ Popes lived in luxury.■ Popular preachers challenged the power of the Church.

Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453

5

The Hundred Years’ War

English rulers wanted to keep the French lands of their Norman ancestors.

French kings wanted to extend their own power in France.

In 1337, Edward III claimed the French crown.

Once fighting started, economic rivalry and a growing sense of national pride made it difficult for either side to give up.

In France, national feeling grew and kings expanded their power.

In England, Parliament gained the “power of the purse,” and kings began looking at trading ventures overseas.

The longbow and cannon made soldiers more important and knights less valuable.

Castles and knights became obsolete.

Monarchs came to need large armies instead of feudal vassals.

Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought a series of conflicts, known as the Hundred Years’ War.

CAUSES EFFECTS

5

Turning Points of the Hundred Years’ War

5

Longbow

During the early years of the war, English armies equipped with the longbow overpowered their French counterparts equipped with the crossbow. An English archer could shoot three arrows in the time it took a French archer to shoot one.

Joan of Arc

From 1429 to 1431, Joan’s successes in battle rallied the French forces to victory. French armies continued to win even after she was executed by the English.

Cannon

The cannon helped the French to capture English-held castles and defeat England’s armies. French cannons were instrumental in defeating English forces in Normandy.