Download ppt - The Enlightenment A New Way of Thinking. I. The Enlightenment A. A time when the use of reason (logical thinking) and science were applied to political,

The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment A New Way of ThinkingA New Way of Thinking

I. The EnlightenmentI. The Enlightenment

A.A. A time when A time when the use of the use of reasonreason (logical (logical thinking) and thinking) and science were science were applied to applied to political, social political, social and economic and economic problems.problems.

B. It was a direct B. It was a direct result of result of absolutism.absolutism.

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The people of The people of Europe became Europe became

tired of the tired of the abuses of power abuses of power

by absolute by absolute monarchs. monarchs.

John Calvin Thomas Hobbes

II.II. ThinkersThinkersA. A. PhilosophesPhilosophes: (“Lovers of Wisdom”) : (“Lovers of Wisdom”)

Enlightenment thinkers who applied Enlightenment thinkers who applied methods of science to improve methods of science to improve society.society.

B. They B. They wrote wrote about about natural natural lawslaws, or , or laws that laws that govern govern human human behavior.behavior.

Thomas HobbesThomas HobbesWrote Leviathan (1651)

C.C. The best government, according to Hobbes, was one that had The best government, according to Hobbes, was one that had the absolute power of a leviathan (sea monster). the absolute power of a leviathan (sea monster).

Views & Beliefs

• Man is naturally cruel and must be controlled.

• Man gives up rights for order to enter into a social contractsocial contract – an agreement to give up man’s natural state to live in organized society.

Ideas on Gov’tIdeas on Gov’t►A powerful gov’t must ensure order A powerful gov’t must ensure order

and obedienceand obedience►An absolute monarchy An absolute monarchy

Ideas on Gov’tIdeas on Gov’t

ImpactImpact►Absolute monarchs used his ideas to Absolute monarchs used his ideas to

justify their rule. justify their rule.

ImpactImpact

John LockeJohn LockeWrote Two Treatises of Government (1690)

Views & Beliefs

•Man is naturally good & born equal

•Every man has naturalnatural rights-rights-rights belonging to all humans (life, liberty and property)

•If gov’t fails the people, they have the right to overthrow it


Ideas on Gov’tIdeas on Gov’t►Best gov’t is where leader is limited Best gov’t is where leader is limited

and is accepted by all citizens and is accepted by all citizens (democracy)(democracy)

ImpactImpact►Used as the basis for American, French Used as the basis for American, French

and Latin Revolutions in the 1700’s and Latin Revolutions in the 1700’s and for modern democracyand for modern democracy

ImpactImpact

wrote wrote the Spirit of the Spirit of Laws (1748)Laws (1748)

TheThe Baron de Baron de MontesquieuMontesquieu

Views & Beliefs►Gov’t should be separated into three Gov’t should be separated into three branches: branches: legislative, executive, and legislative, executive, and judicialjudicial..►This would prevent tyranny by each This would prevent tyranny by each branch being able to “check” the other branch being able to “check” the other two.two.


Ideas on Gov’tIdeas on Gov’t►Favored limited monarchy (studied Favored limited monarchy (studied

British, Chinese, & Native American British, Chinese, & Native American gov’t)gov’t)

ImpactImpact►Used as the basis for the structure of Used as the basis for the structure of

the American gov’t (checks and the American gov’t (checks and balances)balances)

ImpactImpact

VoltaireVoltairewrote wrote Candide (1759)Candide (1759)

Views & Beliefs

published more than 70 books about published more than 70 books about

the the right to right to free speechfree speech. .

Promoted civil rights & religious Promoted civil rights & religious tolerationtoleration

He targeted corrupted officials and He targeted corrupted officials and offended the Catholic church.offended the Catholic church.


Ideas on Gov’tIdeas on Gov’t►Enlightened monarchs were bestEnlightened monarchs were best

ImpactImpact►He helped make liberalism (the He helped make liberalism (the

philosophy that emphasizes change, philosophy that emphasizes change, freedom from tradition and individual freedom from tradition and individual rights) more popularrights) more popular

ImpactImpact

Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseauwrote wrote The Social The Social Contract (1762)Contract (1762)

Views & BeliefsPeople are naturally good but are People are naturally good but are corrupted by the inequality of society.corrupted by the inequality of society.People should give up some rights for People should give up some rights for the common good.the common good.The “general will” of the people is for The “general will” of the people is for good.good.The individual should be subordinate to The individual should be subordinate to the community.the community.



Two ViewsTwo Views►Democracy –authority given to people ORDemocracy –authority given to people OR►Communism- good of the community over Communism- good of the community over

the individualthe individual

ImpactImpact►His ideas helped spark the French His ideas helped spark the French

Revolution.Revolution.

ImpactImpact

Adam SmithAdam Smith wrote wrote The Wealth of The Wealth of

Nations (1776)Nations (1776)

Views & BeliefsThe The free market- free market- the natural the natural forces of supply and demand, forces of supply and demand, should be allowed to operate and should be allowed to operate and regulate business.regulate business. (If there is a (If there is a demand for goods, suppliers will meet it)demand for goods, suppliers will meet it)

Believed in Believed in laissez-faire-laissez-faire-allowing allowing business to operate without gov’t business to operate without gov’t interference.interference.



Any gov’t that promotes laissez-faire Any gov’t that promotes laissez-faire economicseconomics

ImpactImpact►Gave rise to capitalism and the Gave rise to capitalism and the

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution

ImpactImpact

• Wrote Wrote A A Vindication of Vindication of the Rights of the Rights of WomenWomen

• Supporter of Supporter of women’s rights women’s rights

• Argued that Argued that girls needed girls needed education as education as well as boyswell as boys

C. C. Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

► Mary Wollstonecraft’s daughter, Mary Mary Wollstonecraft’s daughter, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, would write the Wollstonecraft Shelley, would write the classic novel classic novel FrankensteinFrankenstein..

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III. Spread of IdeasIII. Spread of Ideas

A.A. The printing The printing press spread press spread Enlightenment Enlightenment ideas ideas throughout throughout Europe.Europe.

B. B. Methods of Methods of Communication:Communication:

1. Diderot’s 1. Diderot’s Encyclopedia: Encyclopedia: Political thoughts, Political thoughts, writings and ideas writings and ideas all in one place.all in one place.

2. Salons2. Salons

► Informal social gatheringsInformal social gatherings► writers, artists, philosophers exchanged writers, artists, philosophers exchanged

ideas & points of viewideas & points of view► Many women organized salons and used Many women organized salons and used

them to learn about the issues of the day.them to learn about the issues of the day.

IV. Enlightened DespotsIV. Enlightened Despots► Absolute rulers who used their power to Absolute rulers who used their power to

bring about political and social change.bring about political and social change. Frederick the Great (Prussia)Frederick the Great (Prussia) Catherine the Great (Russia)Catherine the Great (Russia) Joseph II (Austria)Joseph II (Austria)

V. Arts and Literature V. Arts and Literature

► The middle class (merchants and town officials) The middle class (merchants and town officials) influenced art and music.influenced art and music. Baroque:Baroque: A grand, bright style of art A grand, bright style of art Rococo Style:Rococo Style: Delicate Porcelain, portraits, tapestries Delicate Porcelain, portraits, tapestries Music:Music: Composers- Bach, Mozart, Handel Composers- Bach, Mozart, Handel

VI. EffectsVI. Effects Enlightenment ideas Enlightenment ideas

inspired a belief of inspired a belief of personal freedom personal freedom and equality.and equality.

These concepts, These concepts, along with along with challenges to challenges to authority, caused a authority, caused a growth of growth of democracy.democracy.

The Enlightenment The Enlightenment would contribute to would contribute to an age of an age of revolution!revolution!