Six Most Common Elements of Living ThingsCarbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Biological MoleculesA.K.A – Organic Compounds
• Organic – Containing Carbon
• Inorganic – Not containing Carbon• Ex: Ca, NaCl, Mg
4 Classes of Biological Molecules
•Carbohydrates•Lipids•Proteins•Nucleic Acids
Carbon is KingCarbon is the main component of biological
molecules
Carbon can form 4 bonds with other atoms
Carbon can form double and triple bonds
The more bonds that exist between 2 atoms, the stronger the bond is…..therefore, the stronger the molecule.
Biomolecules Definitions
•Monomer: A single subunit of a polymer
•Polymer: A compound made of many monomers bonded together
•Macromolecule: A large complex molecule
*A polymer is a macromolecule
CarbohydratesStructure•Contain the elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)
• The ratio is 1:2:1. Example C6H12O6
• C6H12O6 – carbohydrate monomermonosaccharide, glucose, simple sugarsugar names end in -ose
• Monosaccharides as polymers are disaccharides or polysaccharides
Carbohydrates are created by the joining of glucose molecules by glycosidic bonds.
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
Carbohydrate Formation
CarbohydratesFunction
• Carbohydrates are a key source of energy in cells
• Form structural components in cells and tissues
Examples
• Glycogen - Energy storage molecule in animal cells• Starch - Energy storage molecule in plant cells• Cellulose – component of cell walls in plant cells
cannot be digested by humans
Lipids
Contains the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Structure
Glycerol backbone
3 Fatty Acids
A fat E
Lipid Examples and Their Functions
Lipids are nonpolar (balanced charges) molecules
They are insoluble in water
Lipids vary in examples and their functions
• Fats – for long term energy storage and insulation
• Phospholipids – components of cell membranes
• Waxes – protection and insulation
• Steroids – cholesterol (structural) and hormones (varied functions)
Lipids - FatsFats is an example of a lipid that can be found in food
Saturated Fats: Have no double bonds in the fatty acid tails. All carbons are “saturated” with hydrogen.
•Solid at room temperature•Ex: butter, cream, cheese, fatty
meats, lard
Unsaturated Fats: Have one or more double bonds in the fatty acid tails. Carbons are unsaturated with hydrogen
•Liquid at room temperature•Ex: oils
ProteinsStructure
• Contains the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur
• Polymer of amino acids subunits
• 20 amino acids (similar structure, but different “R” group)
•Proteins are oftenreferred to aspolypeptides
Protein Formation
Proteins are created by the joining of amino acids by peptide bonds.
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
Order of amino acids determines the type and function of the protein
Protein Structure
Folding of protein determines the shape – 4 levels
Proteins: Examples and Functions•Keratin – structural component of outer layer or skin
(epidermis), hair and nails
•Collagen – in connective tissue found in tendons, ligaments, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels and the intestines
•Antibodies – proteins that identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
•Hemoglobin – protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells
•Actin and Myosin – proteins involved in muscle contraction
•Enzymes – proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions
Nucleic AcidsStructure•Contains the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorous
•A polymer of nucleotides
Five nitrogenous bases•Adenine (A)•Thymine (T)•Guanine (G)•Cytosine (C)•Uracil (U)
**Order of the bases determines the sequence of nucleic acid
Nucleic Acids - ExamplesTwo Types
• DNA – stores genetic information
•A,T, C, G
• RNA – assists in translation of genetic information from DNA to protein
•A, U, G, C
Nucleic Acid Formation
Nucleic acids are created by the joining of nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds.
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)