Sulfur and Phosphorous

7/28/2019 Sulfur and Phosphorous

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The Ef fec ts o f Phosphorus , Su l fu ra n d F e rrite C o n t e n t o n W e l d C r a c k i n gof Type 309 Stain less SteelThe ferrite level that prevents cracking is found to be dependent

on impurity level wherein, for low P + S, little or no ferrite is requiredto preven t cracking wh ile, with ferrite conten ts greater than

Ferrite Num bers 13 to 14, large amoun ts of P and Scan be accommod ated without cracking

By J. A. BROOKS A N D F. J . LAMBERT, JR.

ABSTRACT. The var ia t ion in we ldcracking of d i f ferent heats of Type 309sta in less steel is rev iewed. Data arep r e s e n t e d wh i c h s h o w t h e c o m b in e def fec t s o f phosphorus p lus su l f u rleve l and fe r r i t e con ten t on we ldc rack ing . The da ta demons t ra te t ha tchemis t r y spec i f i ca t ions more res t r ic t i ve t han the cur ren t A ISI spec i f i ca t ionare requ i red to ensure c rack - f ree au to -g e n e o u s we ld s .I n t r o d u c t i o n

As po in ted ou t by Lund in e t al.,1 t h econs t ruc t ion o f nuc lear power reac to rsus ing la rge amounts o f aus ten i t i csta in less steels has renewed interest inthe sub jec t o f f e r r i t e and we ld m ic ro f issur ing. The po ten t ef fect of severalpercen t f e r r i t e in reduc ing c rack inghas been known fo r years 2 a n dresu l t ed in t he deve lopment o f anumber o f d iagrams, such as tha tp u b l i s h e d b y Schaeffler,3 and laterrev ised by DeLong et al.,4 w h i c hpred ic t s we ld fe r r i t e con ten t f r omc h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n .

Th e r e l a t i o n s h ip b e t we e n f e r r i t econ ten t and we ld c rack ing has led tot h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c o d e s wh i c hrequ i re we ld f e r r i t e above a spec i f iedm in im u m le v e l i n a n a t t e m p t t o e l im i na te c rack ing . However , in some casesd e s ig n e r s wo u ld l i k e t o m in im iz e , o re l iminate, fer r i te for reasons such asprevent ing t rans fo rmat ion o f de l t afe r r i t e to s igma phase , o r exc lud in gmagn et ic phases , f o r exam ple , incons t ruc t ing hardware fo r super c o n

duc t iv i t y . The re fo re , con f l i c t s o f t e nar ise be tween the des igner and w e l d ing eng ineer .L u n d in a n d c o - wo r k e r s 1 d e t e r m i n e dt h e m in im u m f e r r i te c o n t e n t r e q u i r e dto e l im ina te we ld f i ssur ing o f severa lAISI 300 ser ies a l loy wire f i l ler metalsa n d t h o r o u g h l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e m i c ro f issures o f " f i ssure bend" t es tsamples. In their s tudy they d id notcons ider t he e f f ec t o f impur i t y e le ments wh ich can a l t e r t he re la t ionsh ipb e t we e n f e r r i t e c o n t e n t a n d c r a c k in g .Th is re la t ion was , however , c lear lyshown by one o f t he p resen t au thorsfo r h igh n i t roge n, h igh manganesestainless steels.5 I n b o t h we ld w i r ef i l le r meta ls and wrought mater ia l ,phosphorus and su l f u r leve ls in par t i cu la r can vary cons iderab ly , and havea s ign i f i can t e f fec t on w e ld c rack ing .Impu r i t y leve ls in wr ou gh t mater ia lcannot be ignored , s ince c rack ing can

Paper based on information included inpresentation made under title of "Effects ofImpurities on the Weldability of Electro-formed Nickel" in a session sponsore d bythe Wrought Nickel Alloys Subcommitteeof the W elding R esearch Counc il at theAW S 57th Annual Meeting held in St. Louis,Missouri, during May 10-14, 7976.

/. A. BRO OKS is with the Materials Developme nt Division, Sandia Laboratories,Livermore, California, and F. I. LAMBERT,JR., now retired, was with the UnionCarbide Corp., Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge,Tennessee.

resu l t in au togeneous we lds o r t heroot pass of mult ip le pass welds.The purpose of th is paper is tod e m o n s t r a t e t h e im p o r t a n c e o f(P + S) con ten t in t he re la t ion sh ipb e t we e n we ld c r a c k in g a n d f e r r i t ec o n t e n t o f a u t o g e n o u s l y we ld e d A I S I309 aus teni t ic s ta in less steel , one oft he a l loys s tud ied by Lund in .Ma t e r i a l a n d T e s t i n g

Stud ies were conduc ted on 42di f ferent heats of Type 309 austeni t ics ta in less s tee l wh ich con ta ined var iousphosphorus and su l f u r leve ls . Theheat chemis t r ies a re shown in Tab le 1 .A l loys 1 t o 16 we re p ro du ced f rom 1 kg(2 .2 lb ) vac uum i nd uc t ion me l ted(VIM) heats, a l loys 17 to 40 were f rom1.8 kg (4 lb) VIM heats, and alloys 41and 42 were f rom commerc ia l hea ts .A l l m a t e r i a l wa s h o m o g e n i z e d a n d h o trolled to 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) thick str ip.These st r ips were annealed at 1010 C(1850 F) , a i r cooled, p ick led, andf in ished w i th a l igh t co l d - ro l l pass .A l l expe r imen ta l hea ts we re m adef rom h igh pur i t y s ta r t ing mater ia l w i t ht h e m a in a l l o y i n g e le m e n t s b a la n c e dto p rov ide a range in f e r r it e c on ten twh e n we ld e d . Ho we v e r , i t wa s i n tended tha t a l l hea ts shou ld be w i th inthe commerc ia l A ISI spec i f i ca t ions h o w n i n Ta b le 2 . W h e n t h e a l l o wa b lechemis t r y range o f t he Type 309 s ta in less steel is p l ot ted o n the De Lon gDiagram 6 (Fig. 1), i t is easily seen thatau togeneous GTA we lds in t h is a l loycou ld exh ib i t f e r r i t e leve ls f rom fe r r i t e

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Table 1 -

Heat12345678910111213141516171819202122

2324252627282930313233343536373839404142

Chemistries of

Cr21.721.621.721.721.722.422.322.722.723.222.021.922.421.722.022.722.222.021.921.922.122.121.921.924.023.723.623.823.923.523.623.625.124.925.024.925.124.824.624.722.622.6

Type 309 Stainless

N i15.014.915.014.814.914.213.914.313.914.313.713.313.613.313.513.714.014.314.314.314.214.314.614.214.014.214.314.214.114.314.414.314.114.214.214.214.014.314.514.313.714.36

M n1.441.481.761.541.441.431.471.581.411.441.501.771.451.681.451.551.751.741.741.741.581.581.611.601.551.561.521.541.531.601.601.591.581.621.631.601.561.601.671.601.561.50

Steel Heats Studied, Wt-%

Si.69.75.73.73.66.71.72.68.79.67.71.54.74.53.65.56.70.70.72.71.71.73.70.70.71.72.74.73.72.71.71.71.71.70.71.71.73.73.72.71.55.44

C.075.077.078.076.082.072.048.093.046.067.062.027.100.029.100.026.043.043.041.040.051.057.059.060.054.048.051.050.054.061.074.063.049.045.067.050.049.050.068.061.06.056

P.002.043.041.039.018.058.040.042.028.018.058.043.041.031.041.018.010.015.016.021.025.020.036.004.015.015.021.028.030.034.031.037.020.021.035.030.048.044.058.051.013.025

S.003.024.033.022.013.029.027.023.027.011.031.027.023.017.013.012.005.010.010.015.024.032.033.039.009.018.018.024.043.045.052.053.015.024.024.030.044.053.054.052.007.025

Nheat

.007

.006

.006

.006.007

.006

.006

.056

Nw e l d.026.016.140.023.031.026.025.022.022.050.026.032.020.037.029.023.012.010

.014.012

.016

.013

.017

.110

F.N.'*1201.91.06951276.5967.541286.56.56.57.06.54.55.51514131414.51210.511.5~2018.51718- 2 0

17.514.516.596.5

Crackra t ing1, 1444334432, 34143, 4411, 11, 11, 22, 24, 44, 34, 44, 41, 11 , 11, 11, 11, 13, 23, 33, 21, 11, 11, 11, 11 , 11, 11 , 11, 21, 14, 4

"F.N.-Ferrite Number calculated from the DeLong Diagram using nitrogen of weld analysis, or 0.020 if not analyzed.

nu mb er* (F.N. ) = 0 to F.N. > 18 de pend ing upon hea t chemis t r y .A weld test was establ ished 7 tode te rm ine the c rack ing sens i t i v i t y o fthe 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) thick sheet.St r ips, each 100 mm w id e by 200 m ml o n g , (3 15 /6x7' /s i n . ) we r e we ld e d e n d -to -end to a s tandard Type 304L s ta in less steel str ip of equal size. The testwas per fo rm ed by mak ing a series o ffus ion passes s ide by s ide a long thele n g t h o f t h e c o m b in e d s t a n d a r d a n dtest specimen st r ips. The standardType 304L stainless steel str ip was usedto help detect any sutb le changes inwe ld p a r a m e t e r s o r we ld t e c h n iq u ewh ic h m a y e f f e c t we ld b e a d g e o m e t r y*Ferrite content is reported in ferritenumbe r as preferred by the WeldingResearch Councilsee "Technical Note:Calibration Procedure for Instruments toMeasure the Delta Fe rrite Content of Au stenit ic Stainless Steel Weld Metal" by W. T.DeLong, Welding Journal, 52 (2), Feb. 1973,Research Suppl., pp. 69-s to 72-s.

ot test results.The samples, secured in a seamwe ld in g u n i t , we r e we ld e d w i t h t h efo l lowing parameters : 30 A, 8 V, 610m m / m in t r a v e l s p e e d w i t h a r g o nsh ie ld ing . Tw e lve to s ix teen w e ldpasses we re usu al ly ma de unless th etest p iece proved to be very cracksensi t ive, in which case the test wasterminated ear ly . This test was per f o rmed tw ice on each tes t pane l . I f t hetes t spec imen showed no v is ib le

Table 2AISI Specification for Type309S'"' Stainless Steel, W t-%

cNiCrM nSiPS

0.080 (max)12.00-15.0022.00-24.001.0-2.01.00 (max)0.04 (max)0.03 (max)

"S = low carbon grade.

cracks, the back s ide of the w el d w aspa in ted w i th dye penet ran t and thet o p s id e w i t h a d e v e lo p e r wh i c h c o u ldeas i ly de tec t t he th rough th icknesscracks. A qual i tat ive rat ing of 1-4 wasestabl ished: (1) no cracks, (2) no morethan two c racks , (3 ) more than twocracks, and (4) the dye check was notneeded s ince i t was possib le to seeth rough c racks .

The rat ings for each heat are shownin Tab le 1 . A com ple ted test sp ec im enwhich p roved to be very c rack -sens i t ive is sh ow n in Fig. 2. Al l cracks w erecente r l ine in na tu re and in somesevere cases exte nde d the tota l len gthof the test specimen. A sect ion of testp l a t e s h o w in g t h e we ld g e o m e t r y a n dspacing is show n in Fig. 3.The we ld f e r r i t e con ten t was ca lcula ted f rom the DeLong Diagram s ince

the spec imens a re much too th in f o rmagne gage read ings . When ava i lab le ,t he n i t rogen ana lys is f rom the ac tua lwe lds were used in t hese ca lcu la t ionssince in some cases n i t rogen was

140-s I M A Y 1978


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CONSTITUTION DIAGRAM FOR STAINLESS STEEL WELD METAL b r W i l l i a m T . D . tongrevised January, 1973

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25CHROMIUM EQUIVALENT = '/.Cr + %Mo + 1.5 X "/.Si + 0.5 X */.CbFig. 7DeLong Diagram showing calculated ferrite levels of welds within the Type 309 stainless steel comp osition range of T able 2 and 0.05%maximum N

absorbed du r ing we ld ing . Th is can beseen in Table 1 by compar ing the heatanalysis wi th the n i t rogen analysis o fthe we ld me ta l . The ef fect o f n i t roge np ick-up du r ing we ld ing has beendiscussed by Long and DeLong. 8A nitrogen level of 0.02% was usedfo r fe r r i t e p red ic t i on when the we ldmeta l ana lysis was not ava i lab le . As acheck be tween p red ic ted and ac tua lfe r r i t e con ten t , the fe r r i t e con ten t was

est imated for welds o f f ive a l loys usingthe l i ne i n te rcep t techn ique . Scann inge lec t ron microg raphs a t X3000 w e r eused to clear ly d ist ingu ish the f inefe r r i t e morpho logy.The measured and ca l cu la ted va luesare shown in Table 3 . As shown, fa i ragreement existed for a l l welds exceptheat 9 , w hic h had a mea sured ferr i teco nten t o f 6% (F.N. 6) , but a ca lcu la tedvalue of 10.7% (F.N.12). As discussed

la ter, w eld test beha vior o f th is heatwas more typical of 6 F.N. than 12F.N.Resul ts and Discuss ion

In th is study on ly pho sph orus andsu l fu r con ten t were cons ide red ins tudy ing the crack ing behav io r eventhough other e lements such as si l iconand carbon can have an ef fect .

' 309 Ht. 42 304-309

Fig. 2Weld test sheet after dye penetrant inspection

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Fig. 3Top surface of weld test sheet showing sections of two test runs. Each testincludes 12-14 GTA weld passes

However , phosphorus and su l fu r a rekno wn to be the most d e t r im en ta limpur i t i es common to th i s t ype a l l oy ,and s i l i con was in ten t i ona l l y he ldconstan t at a nom inal range of- 0 . 7 % .Using "Relat ive Potency Factor" ca l cu la t i ons p roposed by Bor land 9 an dd iscussed by Cannon ico , e t al.,'" su l fu rin i ron is pred icted to be m uc h m orede t r imen ta l than phosphorus i nfo rming low me l t i ng eu tec t i cs respon

s ib le fo r c rack ing . However , f romseveral studies discussed by Borlandand Younger,11 bo th e lemen ts seem toexh ib i t app rox ima te l y the same po ten cy i n p roduc ing crack ing . Thus, phosphorus and su l fu r were cons ide red tohave equal e f fects on cracking and thesum of P + S was used fo r com par ingthe heats in th is study. However, a tlow leve ls, the detr im en ta l e f fects o fsu l fur are l ike ly to be reduced by thefo rma t ion o f manganese su l f i de . 5

Table 3Measured and Calculated Valuesof Weld Ferrite ContentFerrite

H e a tn u m b e r459

1114

CalF.N.1.91.0128.810.5

c u la t e d %1.91.010.78.29.6

M e a s u r e d ,%1.31.666.57.5

The re la t i onsh ip fou nd be twe en(P + S) co nte nt and ferr i te num ber onwe ld crack ing is sho wn g raph ica l l y i nFig. 4. The data can be separated in tothree reg ions:1. A reg ion where cracking issevere.2. A reg ion marg ina l i n c rack ingresistance wh ere a smal l am ou nt o fc rack ing resu l ted .3 . A reg ion w here no crack ingo c c u r r e d .Figure 4 dem onstra tes that fo r verylow levels of P + S l i t t le o r no fer r i tewas requ i red to p reven t c rack ing .How eve r, as P + S leve l increased theferr i te content a lso had to beincreased to resist weld cracking. Atlow ferr i te leve ls, for each 0.01%increase in P + S co nte nt , an increaseof about 4 F.N. was req ui red to m ain ta in the same cracking resistance. At

1 *

on+

.100.090.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010

Weld Cracking ( rating 2,3-3-4. )Q Marginally Crack Sensitive) rating 1,2-2,2)O No Cracking! rating 1 )

Cracking

: 8

i- **

o

' o/ // // // /

/ / J I/ N. / O/ t

/ 4* 7/ #f7 o// o' 0 oN O C R A C K I N G

Q o

o oo

o

o

8 10 12Ferrite Number (F.N.)

14 16 18 20Fig. 4Weld test results showing the relationship between (P + Sj content, F.N. and weld cracking. Ratings correspond to thoseshown in Table 1. Heat 9 measured 6 F.N.-see text

142-s I M AY 1978


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f e r r i t e number g rea te r t han about13-14 , high levels o f P + S w erea c c o m m o d a t e d w i t h o u t w e l d c r a c k ing .He a t 9 e x h ib i t e d m o r e we ld c r a c k in gthan e xpe cted us ing Fig. 4. The l inein te rcep t t echn ique ind ica ted an ac tua l f e r r i t e con ten t o f F .N. 6 wh ichwo u ld b e i n m u c h b e t t e r a g r e e m e n twi th we ld resu l t s t han the ca lcu la tedvalue of 12. A l ike ly ex pla na t ion is thatin t h is hea t more n i t rogen was p icked-u p d u r i n g we ld in g t h a n i n d i c a t e d b ythe chemica l ana lys is wh ich sampled1-2 cm- . N i t rogen p ick -up dur ingwe ld ing o f 0 .09% ra ther t han theassumed value of 0.02% w o u ld resul t inthe observed d isc repancy in measuredand ca lcu la ted fe r r i t e leve ls . As shownin Tab le 1, large n i t rog en increasesactual ly d id occur in several of thew e l d s .The resu l t s f r om th is s tudy demonst rate that two choices are avai lable toensure c rack - f ree we lds :1. Ensure that suf f ic ient fer r i te isp r o d u c e d i n t h e we ld d e p o s i t t opreven t c rack ing a t t he max imumP + S level wh ic h can ex is t .2. O r , r e d u c e t h e a l l o wa b le P + Slevel such that less fer r i te is require d tomain ta in t he same c rack ingresis tance.The la t t e r case wou ld be morea t t rac t ive where la rge amounts o ff e r r i t e may be de te r imenta l t o o ther

propertiesfor e x a m p le , wh e r e f e r r it emay t ransform to s igma. In e i ther case,a s p e c i f i c a ti o n w i t h d i f f e r e n t c h e m is t r y l im i t s t han those a l lowed in manywro ug ht a l loy spec i f i ca t ions is re qu i red to guaran tee crack f r e e we ld s .This is espe cia l ly t rue for the mo reh igh ly a l loyed t ype o f chemis t r y o f t he

AISI 300 series stainless steels.I t wou ld be expec ted tha t t he re la t i o n s h ip b e t w e e n w e ld c r a c k in g , P + Slevel , and fe r r i t e con ten t may bed e p e n d e n t u p o n w e l d i n g c o n d i t i o n sand cons t ra in t . However , t he resu l t sf rom th is s tudy a re in good agreementwi th t hose o f Lund in e t a / .1 in thatbo th s tud ies show tha t f e r r i t e numbero f about 4 is requ i red to p reven tcrack ing at a P + S = 0.02 level in theType 309 sta in less steel chemist ryrange. Ho w e v e r , t h is s tu d y e m p h a s i z e sthe fact that the fer r i te level that wi l lp reven t c rack ing is very dep end entu p o n im p u r i t y l e v e l .S u m m a r y

Th e c o m b in e d e f fe c t s o f p h o s p h o rus p lus sul fur level and fer r i tecon ten t on we ld c rack ing o f Type 309Sstain less steel were studied. The fer r i televe l t ha t p reven ted c rack ing wasf o u n d to b e v e r y d e p e n d e n t u p o nimpur i t y leve l .For very lo w levels of P + S, l i t t l e orno fe r r i t e was requ i red to p reven tc rack ing . A t low leve ls o f bo th f e r r i t eand P + S an increase of 0.01% P + Srequired an increase of ~ 4 F.N. toma in ta in t he same c rack ing res is tance .However , f o r f e r r i t e con ten ts g rea te rthan F.N. 13-14 large amounts of phosp h o r u s a n d s u l f u r c o u ld b e a c c o m m o d a t e d w i t h o u t c r a c k in g .

AcknowledgmentsW e w is h t o a c k n o w le d g e t h e e x p e r imental ass is tance of both D. Clarkand A. Salmi of SLL, and Bil ly Crossf rom O ak Ridge , Y-12 p lan t . Therev iew o f t he manuscr ip t by D.Daw son and M. M ot e is g rea t ly apprec ia ted .

References1. Lundin, C. D., DeLong, W. T., andSpond, D. F., "Ferrite-Fissuring Relationshipin Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metals,"Welding Journal, 54 (8), A ug , 1975, ResearchSuppl., pp. 241-s to 246-s.2. Borland, ). C, and Younger, R. N.,"Some Aspects of Cracking in Welded Cr-Ni Austenitic Steels," British Welding lour-nal, Vol. 7, 1960, pp. 22-59.3. Schaeffler, A. L., "Co ns titu tio n Dia grams for Stainless Steel Weld Metals,"Metal Progress, 56, Nov. 1949, pp. 680 and680-b.4. DeLong, W. T., Ostrom, G. A., andSzumachowski, E. R., "Measurement andCalculation of Ferrite in Stainless-SteelWeld Metal , " Welding Journal, 35 (11),Nov. 1956, Research Suppl., pp. 526-s to533-s.5. Brooks, |. A., "Weldability of High N,High Mn Austenitic Stainless Steel," We/din g lournal, 54 (6), lune 1975, ResearchSuppl., pp. 189-s to 195-s.6. DeLong, W. T., "Ferrite in Austenitic

Stainless Steel Weld Metal," We/d/ng your-nal, 54 (7), July 1974, Research Suppl., pp.273-s to 286-s.7. Lam bert, Jr., F. J.,UnpublishedUnionCarbide, Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge,Tenn.8. Long, G )., and DeLong, W. T., "TheFerrite Content of Austenitic Stainless SteelWeld Metal , " Welding Journal, 52 (7), July1973, Research Suppl., pp. 281-s to 297-s.9. Borland, J. C , "Suggested Explanationof Hot Cracking in Mild and Low Alloy SteelWelds," Welding Research Abroad, Vol.VIM, No. 2 (Feb. 1962), pp. 73-87.10. Cano nico, D. A., Savage, W . F., Werner, W. )., and Goodwin, G. M., "Effects ofMinor Elements on Weldability of Incoloy800," Effects of M inor Eleme nts on theWeldability of High-Nickel Alloys, WeldingResearch Council Symposium, 1969. pp. 68-92.

11. Borland, |. C, and Younger, R. N.,"Some Aspects of Cracking in Welded Cr-Ni Austenitic Steels," British Welding Jour-nal, Vo l. 7, 1960, pp. 22-59.

PVRC/MPC Task Group on Fracture ToughnessProperties for Nuclear ComponentsFinal Report

This publ icat ion, dated October 1977, was sponsored jo int ly by the Metal Proper t ies Counci l , Inc. and theWeld ing Research Counc i l .The four repor t s in t h is 292-page monograph summar ize severa l years work on the ana lys is andapp l ica t ion o f f r ac tu re mechan ics per fo rmed under t he ju r isd ic t ion o f t he Task Group. The t i t les o f t herepor ts are:1. PVRC-MPC Proposed In i t ia l Program on Frac tu re Toughness Proper t ies o f Nuc lear ComponentsM a t e r i a l - Re p o r t t o USAEC.2. Crack Ar res t Ana lys is and Tes t ing fo r Nuc lear Component Mater ia ls .3 . E las t ic P las t ic Ana lys is f o r Nuc lear Component Mater ia ls .4. I ns t rumented Prec racked Charpy Tes t ing fo r Med ium St reng th Nuc lear Pressure Vesse l S tee ls . Par t

ITest Procedure , Par t IIRound Robin Tes t Program.The p r ice o f t he monograph is $25 per copy. Discount p r ices : 5 t o 20 cop ies , 20% d iscount ; 20 to 50cop ies , 33V3% d iscount ; over 50 cop ies , 50% d isc ount . O rders sh ou ld be sen t w i t h p aym ent t o t he W eld ingResearch Counci l , Uni ted Engineer ing Center , 345 East 47th St . , New York, NY 10017.

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I F Y O U B U YF I L L E R W I F I A L SY O U 'D B E T T E RB U Y T M SF I R S T .

f

This s ingle comprehensive source prov idesanswers to many inquir ies concerning f i l lermetals and their c lassif ications.ConsideraPly expanded over the 1971edition, it l ists classifications from 12 newfi l ler metals specif ications and containsover 5,000 brand name entr ies arrangedunder 587 classif ication designations.These charts also contain an index of thenames and addresses of the f i l ler metalsuppl iers who prov ided the in format ion thatis listed in the charts. It is the latest andmost comprehensive cross reference offi l ler metals and their classificationsavailable in the United States.

AWS A5 .0 -78Fi l ler Meta l Comparison Charts160 pages/S12.00 ea.

r~ ~ lAmerican Welding Society2501 N. W. 7th StreetMiami, Florida 33125Please send me the fol low ing . of AWS(quantity)A5.0-78, Fi l ler Metal Comparison Charts at $12.00 ea.Send check or money order Total $(Add 4% Sales tax for orders being delivered in Florida)

{Please print)COMPANY NAME_

A M E R I C A N W E L D I N G S O C I E T Y A D D R E S S .CITY_ . STATE .

144-s | MA Y 1978

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