EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 1
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND
CONTROL
Subject Code : A70320
Regulations : R15 - JNTUH
Class : IV Year B.Tech EEE I Semester
Department of Electrical and Electronics and Engineering
BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (A70320) COURSE PLANNER
I.OBJECTIVE OVERVIEW:
This subject deals with the Economic operation of power systems, Hydro thermal scheduling
and modeling of turbines, generators and automatic controllers. It emphasizes on single area
and two area load frequency control and reactive power control.
EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 2
II.PRE REQUISITES:
The knowledge of following subjects is essential to understand the subject:
1. Power Systems basics
2. Modeling basics and Scheduling
3. Basics of reactive power and frequency control
I. COURSE OBJCTIVE:
1 To know about economic operation of power systems, Hydro and Thermal system
scheduling
2 To understand modeling of turbines generators and automatic controllers
3 To infer frequency and reactive control for single area and two area systems
II. COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
S. No Description Bloom’s taxonomy level
1 Understand operation and control of power systems Knowledge, Understand
(Level 1)
2
Knowing thorough knowledge on economic
operation of power systems, scheduling of hydro-
thermal power plants.
Knowledge, Understand
(Level 1, Level 2)
3 Model the power system components like turbine,
Governor and excitation systems.
Knowledge, Apply
(Level 2, Level 3)
4 Understand the necessity single area load frequency
and reactive power control
Apply, Evaluate
(Level 3, Level 5)
5
Apply shunt and series compensation of
transmission lines in real world electrical
applications
Apply, Analyze, Evaluate
(Level 3, Level 4, Level 5)
III.HOW PROGRAM OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED
Program Outcomes Level Proficiency assed by
PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the
knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
2 Assignments,
Mock tests
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review
research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated
conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
2 Assignments,
Mock tests
EEE IV Yr I Sem Page 3
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design
solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes
that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety,
and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
2 Assignments,
Mock tests
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex
problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
2 Assignments,
Mock tests
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply
appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction
and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
2 Assignments,
Mock tests
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning
informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
- -
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand
the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of,
and need for sustainable development.
- -
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit
to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
- -
PO9 Individual and team work: Function
effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
- -
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on - -
EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 4
complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at
large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations,
and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance:
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles
and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
1 Assignments,
Mock tests
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for,
and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the
broadest context of technological change.
2 Assignments,
Mock tests
1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None
III. HOW PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED
Program Specific Outcomes Level Proficiency assed by
PSO1 Talented to analyze, design and
implement electrical & electronics
systems and deal with the rapid pace
of industrial innovations and
developments
2 Assignments,
Internships, Projects
PSO2 Skillful to use application and
control techniques for research and
advanced studies in Electrical and
Electronics engineering domain
3 Assignments,
Projects
1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None
IV. COURSE CONTENT:
JNTUH SYLLABUS
UNIT – I Economic Operation of Power Systems-1
Optimal operation of Generators in Thermal Power Stations, - heat rate Curve – Cost Curve –
Incremental fuel and Production costs, input-output characteristics, Optimum generation
allocation with line losses neglected. Optimum generation allocation including the effect of
transmission line losses – Loss Coefficients, General transmission line loss formula.
EEE IV Yr I Sem Page 5
UNIT II Hydrothermal Scheduling
Optimal scheduling of Hydrothermal System: Hydroelectric power plant models, scheduling
problems-Short term hydrothermal scheduling problem
UNIT – III Modeling
Modeling of Turbine: First order Turbine model, Block Diagram representation of Steam
Turbines and Approximate Linear Models.
Modeling of Governor: Mathematical Modeling of Speed Governing System – Derivation
of small signal transfer function.
Modeling of Excitation System: Fundamental Characteristics of an Excitation system,
Transfer function, Block Diagram Representation of IEEE Type-1 Model
UNIT –IV Single Area & Two-Area Load Frequency Control
Necessity of keeping frequency constant. Definitions of Control area – Single area control –
Block diagram representation of an isolated power system – Steady state analysis – Dynamic
response – Uncontrolled case. Load frequency control of 2-area system: uncontrolled case
and controlled case, tie-line bias control. Load Frequency Controllers: Proportional plus
Integral control of single area and its block diagram representation, steady state response –
Load Frequency Control and Economic dispatch control.
UNIT – V Reactive Power Control
Overview of Reactive Power control – Reactive Power compensation in transmission systems
– advantages and disadvantages of different types of compensating equipment for
transmission systems; load compensation – Specifications of load compensator,
Uncompensated and compensated transmission lines: shunt and Series Compensation
(Qualitative treatment).
GATE SYLLABUS: Economic operation, system stability concepts, swing curves and equal
area criterion
ESE SYLLABUS: Types of Power Stations, Hydro, Thermal and Nuclear Stations. Pumped
storage plants. Economics and operating factors. State stability of power systems. Equal area
criterion.
V.LESSON PLAN-COURSE SCHEDULE:
Lecture
No.
Week
No. TOPIC
Course learning outcomes Reference
UNIT-1
1
1
Introduction to Economic
operation of power systems-1
Know about economic
concepts
Book 1 & 3
2 optimal operation of
generators in thermal power
stations
understand about optimal
operations of power plants
3 Heat rate curve & cost curve, Distinguish Heat rate curve
& cost curve,
4 Incremental fuel & production
costs
Analyze different cost
approaches
EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 6
5
2
Optimum generation
allocation with line losses
neglected
Understanding optimum
allocation of power
generation
6 Introduction to Economic
operation of power systems-2
Know economic
characteristics of power
system
7 Optimum generation
allocation
Identify optimum allocation
of power generation
8 Including the effect of
transmission line losses
Outline the effect the line
losses
9
3
General transmission line loss
formula
Apply line loss formula
10 Problems --
11 Review of Unit-I --
12 Mock Test – I --
UNIT – 2
13
4
Introduction to optimal
scheduling of hydro thermal
system
Tell what is the optimal
scheduling
Book 2 & 3
14 Hydro electric power plant
models
Recall hrydo-thermal plant
models
15 Scheduling problems Apply scheduling problems
16 Short term hydro thermal
scheduling
Apply short term scheduling
problems
Bridge Class -1 --
17
5
Short term hydro thermal
scheduling
Apply short term scheduling
problems
18 Problems Solve the problems
19 Problems Solve the problems
20 Problems Solve the problems
Bridge Class - 2 --
21
6
Problems Solve the problems
22 Problems Solve the problems
23 Problems Solve the problems
24 Revision --
Bridge Class - 3 --
UNIT – 3
EEE IV Yr I Sem Page 7
25
7
Introduction to modeling of
turbines
Develop model for turbines
Book 3, 4 &
6
26 and automatic controllers,
First order turbine model
Analyze turbines models
27 Block diagram representation
of steam turbines
Construct block diagram
models
28 Approximate linear models,
Modeling of governor
Analyze linear models for
governor
Bridge Class - 4 --
29
8
Mathematical modeling of
speed governing system
Develop mm model for
speed governor
30 Derivation of small signal
transfer function
Analyze small signal transfer
function
31 Revision --
32 Revision --
Bridge Class - 5 --
I Mid Examinations (Week 9)
UNIT – 3 Contd.
33
10
Modeling of Excitation
systems
Study the excitation system
model
Book 3, 4 &
6
34 Fundamental characteristics
of an Excitation system,
Transfer function
Understand characteristics
and develop transfer
function.
35 Problems Solve model problems
36 Problems Solve model problems
Bridge Class - 6 --
UNIT – 4
37
11
Introduction to Single area
load frequency control
Understand the single area
‘f’ controller
Book 3 & 4
38 Necessity keeping frequency
constant
Know the facts about
constant f
39 Single area control
40 Block diagram representation
of an Isolated system
Develop block diagram
approach for isolated
systems
Bridge Class - 7 --
41 12
Steady state analysis of
single area system
Analyze sss for 1-area
systems
EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 8
42 Dynamic response Know the dynamic response
43 Uncontrolled case Study the uncontrolled case
44 problems Solve model problems
Bridge Class - 8 --
45
13
Introduction to Two area load
frequency control
Study two area ‘f’ control
concepts
46 Block Diagram representation
of two area system
Develop BD representation
for 2-area systems
47 Problems Solve model problems
48 Revision --
Mock Test - II --
UNIT – 5
49
14
Introduction to reactive power
control
Extend Q control concepts
Book 2, 3 &
4
50 Overview of Reactive power
control
Apply Q control theory to
real world
51 Reactive power compensation
in transmission systems
Know the concept of Q
compensation
52 Advantages and
disadvantages of different
types of compensating
equipment for transmission
system
Distinguish the types of
compensations for
transmission lines
Bridge Class - 9 --
53
15
Load compensation &
Specifications of load
compensator
Understand the Load
compensators
54 Types of transmission lines List the types of Tr/lines
55 Uncompensated transmission
lines , Compensated
transmission lines
List and Distinguish b/w
compensated and
uncompensated lines
56 Shunt and series
compensation
Develop shunt and series
compensation
Bridge Class -10 --
57
16
Problems Solve model problems
58 Problems Solve model problems
59 Problems Solve model problems
60 Problems Solve model problems
Bridge Class - 11 --
EEE IV Yr I Sem Page 9
61
17
Revision --
62 Revision --
63 Revision --
64 Revision --
Bridge Class - 12 --
II Mid Examinations (Week 18)
SUGGESTED BOOKS:
TEXT BOOK:
1. Power system Operation and control, Dr K Uma Rao, Wiley India Pvt Ltd
2. Power System Analysis, operation and control, Abhijit Chakarbarti, Sunita Halder
REFERENCES:
3. Operation and control in power system, PSR Murthy, BS Publications. 4. Power systems stability and control, Prabha Kundur 5. Modern power system analysis, I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari, Tata McGraw-Hill Company.
6. Power system operation and control, S.Sivanagaraju, G. Srinivasan, Pearson
V. MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF
PROGRAM OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:
VI. QUESTION BANK: (JNTUH)
DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS:
UNIT-I
Short Answer Questions
S.No
Question Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1 What is load curve? Knowledge 1
2 What is daily load curve? Apply 1
3 Assume any relevant data and notation, derive the Understand 1
Cou
rse
Ou
tcom
es
Program Outcomes (PO)
Program
Specific
Outcomes
(PSO)
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 3 2 3
CO2 2 3 2 3 2 - - - - - 1 2 1 2
CO3 2 3 2 3 2 - - - - - 3 3 3 2
CO4 3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 2
CO5 2 3 2 3 2 - - - - - 1 3 1 2
Avg 2.5 2.8
2.16
2.67
2.16
- - - - - 1.8 2.5 1.83 2
1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) -:None
EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 10
transmission loss formula
4 What is Maximum demand? Knowledge 1
5 Define incremental fuel cost Knowledge 1
Long Answer Questions
S.No
Question Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1 Explain the various factors that affect optimum operation
to be considered in
Knowledge 1
2 allocating generators of different power stations, neglect
line losses
Evaluate 1
3 Explain how the incremental production cost of a thermal
power station can be determined.
Evaluate 1
4 Explain input – output characteristics of thermal power
stations.
Analyze 1
5 Define in detail cost curve of thermal stations. Analyze 1
6 Explain production cost and incremental fuel cost. Analyze 1
7 Explain in detail about incremental heat rate curve and
cost curve.
Knowledge 1
8 Write the expression for hourly loss of economy resulting
from error incremental
Evaluate 1
9 cost representation Knowledge 1
10 Discuss about the optimum generator allocation without
line losses
Knowledge 1
11 Explain with neat diagram the physical interpretation of
Co-ordination equation
Analyze 1
12 Discuss the general problem of economic operation of
large inter connected area
Knowledge 1
UNIT-2
Short Answer Questions
S.No
Question Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1 Define spinning reserve in hydro power plants Knowledge 1
2 Explain load demand? Apply 1
3 Define load scheduling Understand 1
4 What is co-ordination equation? Knowledge 1
5 What is an incremental fuel cost and what are its units? Knowledge 1
Long Answer Questions
S.No
Question Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
EEE IV Yr I Sem Page 11
1 Explain about spinning reserve in hydro power plants. Knowledge 1
2 Explain about Co-ordination in hydro thermal system. Evaluate 1
3 A system consists of two plants connected by a tie line and
a load is located at plant 2 .when 100MW are transmitted
from plant 1, a loss of 10MW takes place on the tie-line.
Determine the generation schedule at both the plants and
the power received by the load when λ for the system is Rs
25 per megawatt hour and the incremental fuel costs are
given by the equations: 𝑑𝐹1
𝑑𝑃1= 0.03 𝑃1 + 17𝑅𝑠/𝑀𝑊ℎ𝑟
𝑑𝐹2
𝑑𝐹2= 0.06𝑃2 + 19 𝑅𝑠/𝑀𝑊ℎ𝑟
Evaluate 1
4 Using dynamic programming method, how do you find the
most economical?
Analyze 1
5 Combination of the units to meet a particular load
demand?
Analyze 1
6 Derive the co-ordination equation for the optimal
scheduling of hydro thermal interconnected power plants.
Analyze 1
UNIT-3
Short Answer Questions
S.No
Question Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1 Explain turbine model with block diagram Knowledge 1
2 Draw the block diagram of a power system showing the
governor, turbine and
Apply 1
3 Synchronous generator, indicating their transfer functions. Understand 1
4 Explain Turbine models? Knowledge 1
5 Transfer function of excitation system? Knowledge 1
6 Block diagram representation of IEEE Type 1 model? Understand 1
Long Answer Questions
S.No
Question Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1 Derive the transfer function of speed governing system? Knowledge 1
2 Explain the necessity of maintaining a constant frequency
in power system operation
Evaluate 1
3 Two generators rated 100MW and 400MW are operating
in parallel. The drop characteristics of their governors are
Evaluate 1
EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 12
2% and 4% respectively from no-load to full load,
Assuming that the generators are operating at 50Hz at no-
load, how would a load of 500MW be shared between
them? What will be the system frequency at this load?
Assume free governor operator.
a. Without proportional plus integral controller and
b. With proportional plus integral control
4 Explain the state-space model of synchronous machine Analyze 1
5 Explain the block diagram representation of turbines? Analyze 1
6 Explain the mathematical modeling of speed governing
systems?
Analyze 1
7 Explain fundamental characteristics of an excitation
system?
Knowledge 1
8 Explain transfer function of excitation systems? Evaluate 1
9 Explain IEEE representation of Type 1 model of
excitation system?
Knowledge 1
UNIT-4
Short Answer Questions
S.No
Question Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1 What is flat frequency control Knowledge 1
2 Explain about control area and control area error Apply 1
3 Explain how the tie-line power deviation can be
unincorporated in two-area system Block diagram.
Understand 1
4 What are the features of the dynamic response of a two
area system for step load disturbances?
Knowledge 1
5 What are the considerations in selecting the frequency
bias parameters
Knowledge 1
Long Answer Questions
S.No
Question Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1 A 500 MW generator has speed regulation of 4%. If the
frequency drops by 0.12Hz with unchanged reference,
determine the increase in turbine power. Also find by how
much the reference power setting be changed if the turbine
power remain unchanged.
Knowledge 1
2 Explain in detail the importance of load frequency
problem.
Evaluate 1
3 A 100MVA synchronous generator operates on full load at
a frequency of 50Hz. The load is suddenly reduced to 50
MW. Due to time log in governor system, the steam value
Evaluate 1
EEE IV Yr I Sem Page 13
begins to close after 0.4 seconds. Determine the change in
frequency that occurs in this time. Given the initial
constant H = 5 KW – Sec/KVA of generator rating.
4 Two generators of rating 100MW and 200MW are
operating with drop characteristic of 6% from no-load to
full load. Determine the load shared by each generator, if a
load of 270MW is connected across the parallel
combination of these generators.
Analyze 1
5 A generator in single area load frequency control has the
following parameters:
Total generator capacity = 2500MW
Normal operating load = 1500MW
Inertia constant = 5KW – Seconds per KVA; load
damping constant,
B = 1%; frequency, f = 50Hz; and speed regulation, R =
2.5Hz/PU MW. If there is a 1.5% increase in the load, find
the frequency drop
a) Without governor control
b) With governor control
Analyze 1
6 Two power stations A and B operate in parallel. They are
inter-connected by a short Transmission line. The station
capacities are 100MW and 200MW respectively. The
Generators ‘A’ and ‘B’ have speed regulations of 3% and
2% respectively. Calculate the output of each station and
load on the interconnection
Analyze 1
7 What the advantages are of inter connected operation of
power system? Explain.
Knowledge 1
8 Two areas of a power system network are inter connected
by a tie-line, whose capacity is 500MW, operating at a
power angle of. If each area has a capacity of 5000MW
and the equal speed regulation of 3Hz/puMW, determine
the frequency of oscillation of the power for step change
in load. Assume that both areas have the same inertia
constants of H = 4 Sec.
Evaluate 1
9 What are the features of the dynamic response of a two
area system for step load disturbances?
Knowledge 1
10 What are the considerations in selecting the frequency bias
parameters?
Knowledge 1
11 Explain in detail in selecting frequency bias parameters? Analyze 1
UNIT-5
Short Answer Questions
S.No
Question Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 14
1 What are the functions of control center? Knowledge 1
2 What is the function of system monitoring? Apply 1
3 Define SCADA system? Understand 1
4 What are the states of power system? Knowledge 1
5 Define state estimation? Knowledge 1
Long Answer Questions
S.No
Question Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1 Obtain the dynamic response of lead frequency controller
with integral control action in single area frequency
control.
Knowledge 1
2 Explain the optional design of load frequency control
problem. What are limitations of optional control theory in
designing the load frequency control problem?
Evaluate 1
3 What is the necessity frequency constant? Evaluate 1
4 Explain about the losses that occur due to VAR flow in
power system
Analyze 1
5 Explain how the generators act as VAR sources in a power
network
Analyze 1
6 Write short notes on compensated and un-compensated
transmission lines
Analyze 1
7 Explain briefly about the shunt and series compensation of
transmission systems.
Knowledge 1
8 Describe in detail off load and on load top changing
transformers
Evaluate 1
9 Discuss in detail about the generation and absorption of
reactive power in power system components.
Knowledge 1
10 Write short notes on compensation techniques. Knowledge 1
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
JNTUH:
UNIT-1
1. Resistance switching is normally employed in ( )
a. all air blast breakers b. bulk oil breakers
c. minimum oil breakers d. air blast circuit breakers Ans. a
2. Which material is used in controlling chain reaction in a nuclear reactor ( )
a. Thorium b. Heavy water
c. Boron d. Beryllium Ans b
3. Equality constraints are ( )
a. Generator constrains b. Current constraints
c. magnetic constraints d. none of the above Ans a
4. Heat rate curve is defined as ( )
EEE IV Yr I Sem Page 15
a. Fuel i/p to the power o/p b.Power o/p to the fuel i/p
b. Both d.none of the above Ans a
5. Optimal operation of generator is ( )
a.To maximize the total cost b.To minimize the total cost
c. Both d.all the above Ans c
UNIT-2
1. The inductance of a power transmission line increases with ( )
a. decrease in line length
b. increase in diameter of conductor
c. increase in spacing between the phases conductors
d. increase in load current carried by the conductors Ans c
2. The selection of size of conductors for a distributor in a distribution system is
governed by ( )
a. Corona loss b. Temperature
c. Radio interference d. Voltage drop Ans c.
3. Operation of the system the having ( )
a. Hydro b.Thermal
c.both d.none Ans.c
4. The hydroelectric project consists of ( )
a. body of water impounded by a dam b. body of water impounded by a
station
c.both d.All of the above Ans.a
5. The water level bay is influenced by flow out of the ( )
a.reservoir b.dam
c.hydroplant d.none Ans: b UNIT-3
1. A Buchholtz relay is used for ( )
a. Protection of a transformer against all internal faults
b. Protection of a transformer against external faults
c. Protection of a transformer against both
d. Protection of induction motors Ans a
2. The transient stability of the power system can be effectively improved by ( )
a.Excitation control b.Phase shifting transformer c.Single pole switching of circuit
breakers d.Increasing the turbine valve opening Ans a
3. A medium heads( )
a. francis turbine b. Kaplan turbine
c. both d. all of the above Ans.a
4. Propeller turbine is used ( )
a.low heads b.medium heads
c.high d.all the above Ans.a
5. Impulse turbine is used to ( )
a.high heads b.medium heads
c.high d.all the above Ans.a
UNIT -4
EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 16
1. In load flow analysis, the load connected at a bus is represented as ( )
a. Constant current drawn from the bus
b. Constant impedance connected at the bus
c. Voltage and frequency dependent source at the bus
d. constant real and reactive drawn from the bus Ans c
2. The insulation impedance level of a 400 kv Ehv overhead transmission line is
decided on the basis of ( )
a. lightning over voltages b.switching over voltages
c. corona inception voltage d.radio and TV interference Ans c
3. In the single area case we could thus represent the frequency deviations by the ( )
a. single variable b.two variable
c. three variable d.four variable Ans.a
4. Power transmitted form the area 1 is equation ( )
a. a.power equation b.torque
c. c.current d.all Ans.a
5. All quantities other than frequency are in( )
a.p.u b.apm d.volt d.ohm Ans.a
UNIT -5
1. The main criterion for selection of the size of a distribution for a radial distribution
system is ( )
a. Voltage b.Corona loss c.Temperature d.Capital cost Ans a
2. In order to have a lower cost of electrical energy generation ( )
a. the load factor and diversity factor should be low
b. the load factor and diversity factor should be high
c. the load factor should be high and diversity factor should be low
d. the load factor and diversity factor should be high Ans d
3. Two power plants A and B are inter connected by a ( )
a. long line b.short line c.both d.none Ans d
4. Over a long distance having ( )
a. Additional losses b.large size
c. small size d.all the above Ans: b
5. Shunt capacitors ( )
a. fixed capacitor is connected across aload
b. at a consumers premises c.both d.none Ans.c GATE
1. Resistance switching is normally employed in ( )
a. all air blast breakers b.bulk oil breakers
c. minimum oil breakers d.air blast circuit breakers
2. Which material is used in controlling chain reaction in a nuclear reactor ( )
a. Thorium b.Heavy water c.Boron d.Beryllium
3. The inductance of a power transmission line increases with ( )
a. decrease in line length
b. increase in diameter of conductor
c. increase in spacing between the phases conductors
EEE IV Yr I Sem Page 17
d. increase in load current carried by the conductors
4. The selection of size of conductors for a distributor in a distribution system is governed by
( )
a. Corona loss b.temperature
b. radio interference d.voltage drop
5. A Buchhoz relay is used for ( )
a. protection of a transformer against all internal faults
b. protection of a transformer against external faults
c. protection of a transformer against both
d. protection of induction motors
6. The transient stability of the power system can be effectively improved by ( )
a. Excitation control
b. phase shifting transformer
c. single pole switching of circuit breakers
d. increasing the turbine valve opening
7. In load flow analysis, the load connected at a bus is represented as ( )
a. Constant current drawn from the bus
b. Constant impedance connected at the bus
c. Voltage and frequency dependent source at the bus
d. Constant real and reactive drawn from the bus
8. The insulation impedance level of a 400 KV EHV overhead transmission line is decided on
the basis of ( )
a. lightning over voltages b.switching over voltages
c. corona inception voltage d.radio and TV interference
9. The main criterion for selection of the size of a distribution for a radial distribution
system is ( )
a. voltage b.Corona loss c.temperature d.capital cost
10. In order to have a lower cost of electrical energy generation ( )
a. the load factor and diversity factor should be low
b. the load factor and diversity factor should be high
c. the load factor should be high and diversity factor should be low
d. the load factor and diversity factor should be high
a. 0.447 lag b. 0.707 lag c. 0.894 lab d. 1
GATE KEY: 1. d 2.b 3.c 4.d 5.a 6.a 7.d 8.a 9.a 10.d 11.b
WEBSITES:
1. www.eng.fsu.edu.in
2. www.scribd.com
3. http://nptelonlinecourses.iitm.ac.in
EXPERT DETAILS:
1. Dr. Shankar Ram, Professor, JNTUH
2. Dr. K. Bhaskar, Asst. Professor, JNTUH.
3. Dr. PV Balasubrahmanyam, Rtd. Director, CPRI, Bangalore.
JOURNALS:
1. IEE Transaction on Power systems
2. IEEE Transaction on Electronic Devices (ISSN: 0018-9383)
EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 18
3. IEEE Transaction on Power semiconductor drives
4. Journal of Electronic Testing (ISSN: 0923-8174)
LIST OF TOPICS FOR STUDENT SEMINARS:
1. Optimal operation of generators in Thermal power stations
2. Optimal generation allocation including the effect of transmission line losses
3. Hydroelectric power plant models
4. Modeling of Excitation system
5. Necessity of frequency constant
6. Block diagram representation of an isolated power system
7. Load frequency control of two-area system
8. Proportional plus integral control of single area and its block diagram representation
CASE STUDIES / SMALL PROJECTS
1. Load frequency control and Economic dispatch control
2. Overview of Reactive power control
3. Reactive power compensation in transmission system
4. Specifications of load compensator
5. Uncompensated and compensated transmission lines
6. Shunt and series compensation
7. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of compensating equipment for
transmission systems
8. General transmission line loss formula