POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROLIV. COURSE CONTENT: JNTUH SYLLABUS UNIT – I Economic Operation of Power Systems-1 Optimal operation of Generators in Thermal Power Stations, - heat

EEE IV Yr II Sem Page 1

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND

CONTROL

Subject Code : A70320

Regulations : R15 - JNTUH

Class : IV Year B.Tech EEE I Semester

Department of Electrical and Electronics and Engineering

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL (A70320) COURSE PLANNER

I.OBJECTIVE OVERVIEW:

This subject deals with the Economic operation of power systems, Hydro thermal scheduling

and modeling of turbines, generators and automatic controllers. It emphasizes on single area

and two area load frequency control and reactive power control.


II.PRE REQUISITES:

The knowledge of following subjects is essential to understand the subject:

1. Power Systems basics

2. Modeling basics and Scheduling

3. Basics of reactive power and frequency control

I. COURSE OBJCTIVE:

1 To know about economic operation of power systems, Hydro and Thermal system

scheduling

2 To understand modeling of turbines generators and automatic controllers

3 To infer frequency and reactive control for single area and two area systems

II. COURSE OUTCOMES:

At the end of the course the student will be able to:

S. No Description Bloom’s taxonomy level

1 Understand operation and control of power systems Knowledge, Understand

(Level 1)

2

Knowing thorough knowledge on economic

operation of power systems, scheduling of hydro-

thermal power plants.

Knowledge, Understand

(Level 1, Level 2)

3 Model the power system components like turbine,

Governor and excitation systems.

Knowledge, Apply

(Level 2, Level 3)

4 Understand the necessity single area load frequency

and reactive power control

Apply, Evaluate

(Level 3, Level 5)

5

Apply shunt and series compensation of

transmission lines in real world electrical

applications

Apply, Analyze, Evaluate

(Level 3, Level 4, Level 5)

III.HOW PROGRAM OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED

Program Outcomes Level Proficiency assed by

PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the

knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering

specialization to the solution of complex

engineering problems.

2 Assignments,

Mock tests

PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review

research literature, and analyze complex

engineering problems reaching substantiated

conclusions using first principles of

mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering

sciences.

2 Assignments,

Mock tests

EEE IV Yr I Sem Page 3

PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design

solutions for complex engineering problems

and design system components or processes

that meet the specified needs with appropriate

consideration for the public health and safety,

and the cultural, societal, and environmental

considerations.

2 Assignments,

Mock tests

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex

problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of

experiments, analysis and interpretation of

data, and synthesis of the information to

provide valid conclusions.

2 Assignments,

Mock tests

PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply

appropriate techniques, resources, and modern

engineering and IT tools including prediction

and modeling to complex engineering

activities with an understanding of the

limitations.

2 Assignments,

Mock tests

PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning

informed by the contextual knowledge to

assess societal, health, safety, legal and

cultural issues and the consequent

responsibilities relevant to the professional

engineering practice.

- -

PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand

the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental

contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of,

and need for sustainable development.

- -

PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit

to professional ethics and responsibilities and

norms of the engineering practice.

- -

PO9 Individual and team work: Function

effectively as an individual, and as a member

or leader in diverse teams, and in

multidisciplinary settings.

- -

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on - -


complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at

large, such as, being able to comprehend and

write effective reports and design

documentation, make effective presentations,

and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Project management and finance:

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

the engineering and management principles

and apply these to one’s own work, as a

member and leader in a team, to manage

projects and in multidisciplinary

environments.

1 Assignments,

Mock tests

PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for,

and have the preparation and ability to engage

in independent and life-long learning in the

broadest context of technological change.

2 Assignments,

Mock tests

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None

III. HOW PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED

Program Specific Outcomes Level Proficiency assed by

PSO1 Talented to analyze, design and

implement electrical & electronics

systems and deal with the rapid pace

of industrial innovations and

developments

2 Assignments,

Internships, Projects

PSO2 Skillful to use application and

control techniques for research and

advanced studies in Electrical and

Electronics engineering domain

3 Assignments,

Projects

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None

IV. COURSE CONTENT:

JNTUH SYLLABUS

UNIT – I Economic Operation of Power Systems-1

Optimal operation of Generators in Thermal Power Stations, - heat rate Curve – Cost Curve –

Incremental fuel and Production costs, input-output characteristics, Optimum generation

allocation with line losses neglected. Optimum generation allocation including the effect of

transmission line losses – Loss Coefficients, General transmission line loss formula.


UNIT II Hydrothermal Scheduling

Optimal scheduling of Hydrothermal System: Hydroelectric power plant models, scheduling

problems-Short term hydrothermal scheduling problem

UNIT – III Modeling

Modeling of Turbine: First order Turbine model, Block Diagram representation of Steam

Turbines and Approximate Linear Models.

Modeling of Governor: Mathematical Modeling of Speed Governing System – Derivation

of small signal transfer function.

Modeling of Excitation System: Fundamental Characteristics of an Excitation system,

Transfer function, Block Diagram Representation of IEEE Type-1 Model

UNIT –IV Single Area & Two-Area Load Frequency Control

Necessity of keeping frequency constant. Definitions of Control area – Single area control –

Block diagram representation of an isolated power system – Steady state analysis – Dynamic

response – Uncontrolled case. Load frequency control of 2-area system: uncontrolled case

and controlled case, tie-line bias control. Load Frequency Controllers: Proportional plus

Integral control of single area and its block diagram representation, steady state response –

Load Frequency Control and Economic dispatch control.

UNIT – V Reactive Power Control

Overview of Reactive Power control – Reactive Power compensation in transmission systems

– advantages and disadvantages of different types of compensating equipment for

transmission systems; load compensation – Specifications of load compensator,

Uncompensated and compensated transmission lines: shunt and Series Compensation

(Qualitative treatment).

GATE SYLLABUS: Economic operation, system stability concepts, swing curves and equal

area criterion

ESE SYLLABUS: Types of Power Stations, Hydro, Thermal and Nuclear Stations. Pumped

storage plants. Economics and operating factors. State stability of power systems. Equal area

criterion.

V.LESSON PLAN-COURSE SCHEDULE:

Lecture

No.

Week

No. TOPIC

Course learning outcomes Reference

UNIT-1

1

1

Introduction to Economic

operation of power systems-1

Know about economic

concepts

Book 1 & 3

2 optimal operation of

generators in thermal power

stations

understand about optimal

operations of power plants

3 Heat rate curve & cost curve, Distinguish Heat rate curve

& cost curve,

4 Incremental fuel & production

costs

Analyze different cost

approaches


5

2

Optimum generation

allocation with line losses

neglected

Understanding optimum

allocation of power

generation

6 Introduction to Economic

operation of power systems-2

Know economic

characteristics of power

system

7 Optimum generation

allocation

Identify optimum allocation

of power generation

8 Including the effect of

transmission line losses

Outline the effect the line

losses

9

3

General transmission line loss

formula

Apply line loss formula

10 Problems --

11 Review of Unit-I --

12 Mock Test – I --

UNIT – 2

13

4

Introduction to optimal

scheduling of hydro thermal

system

Tell what is the optimal

scheduling

Book 2 & 3

14 Hydro electric power plant

models

Recall hrydo-thermal plant

models

15 Scheduling problems Apply scheduling problems

16 Short term hydro thermal

scheduling

Apply short term scheduling

problems

Bridge Class -1 --

17

5

Short term hydro thermal

scheduling

Apply short term scheduling

problems

18 Problems Solve the problems



Bridge Class - 2 --

21

6

Problems Solve the problems



24 Revision --

Bridge Class - 3 --

UNIT – 3


25

7

Introduction to modeling of

turbines

Develop model for turbines

Book 3, 4 &

6

26 and automatic controllers,

First order turbine model

Analyze turbines models

27 Block diagram representation

of steam turbines

Construct block diagram

models

28 Approximate linear models,

Modeling of governor

Analyze linear models for

governor

Bridge Class - 4 --

29

8

Mathematical modeling of

speed governing system

Develop mm model for

speed governor

30 Derivation of small signal

transfer function

Analyze small signal transfer

function

31 Revision --

32 Revision --

Bridge Class - 5 --

I Mid Examinations (Week 9)

UNIT – 3 Contd.

33

10

Modeling of Excitation

systems

Study the excitation system

model

Book 3, 4 &

6

34 Fundamental characteristics

of an Excitation system,

Transfer function

Understand characteristics

and develop transfer

function.

35 Problems Solve model problems


Bridge Class - 6 --

UNIT – 4

37

11

Introduction to Single area

load frequency control

Understand the single area

‘f’ controller

Book 3 & 4

38 Necessity keeping frequency

constant

Know the facts about

constant f

39 Single area control

40 Block diagram representation

of an Isolated system

Develop block diagram

approach for isolated

systems

Bridge Class - 7 --

41 12

Steady state analysis of

single area system

Analyze sss for 1-area

systems


42 Dynamic response Know the dynamic response

43 Uncontrolled case Study the uncontrolled case

44 problems Solve model problems

Bridge Class - 8 --

45

13

Introduction to Two area load

frequency control

Study two area ‘f’ control

concepts

46 Block Diagram representation

of two area system

Develop BD representation

for 2-area systems


48 Revision --

Mock Test - II --

UNIT – 5

49

14

Introduction to reactive power

control

Extend Q control concepts

Book 2, 3 &

4

50 Overview of Reactive power

control

Apply Q control theory to

real world

51 Reactive power compensation

in transmission systems

Know the concept of Q

compensation

52 Advantages and

disadvantages of different

types of compensating

equipment for transmission

system

Distinguish the types of

compensations for

transmission lines

Bridge Class - 9 --

53

15

Load compensation &

Specifications of load

compensator

Understand the Load

compensators

54 Types of transmission lines List the types of Tr/lines

55 Uncompensated transmission

lines , Compensated

transmission lines

List and Distinguish b/w

compensated and

uncompensated lines

56 Shunt and series

compensation

Develop shunt and series

compensation

Bridge Class -10 --

57

16

Problems Solve model problems




Bridge Class - 11 --


61

17

Revision --

62 Revision --

63 Revision --

64 Revision --

Bridge Class - 12 --

II Mid Examinations (Week 18)

SUGGESTED BOOKS:

TEXT BOOK:

1. Power system Operation and control, Dr K Uma Rao, Wiley India Pvt Ltd

2. Power System Analysis, operation and control, Abhijit Chakarbarti, Sunita Halder

REFERENCES:

3. Operation and control in power system, PSR Murthy, BS Publications. 4. Power systems stability and control, Prabha Kundur 5. Modern power system analysis, I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari, Tata McGraw-Hill Company.

6. Power system operation and control, S.Sivanagaraju, G. Srinivasan, Pearson

V. MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF

PROGRAM OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:

VI. QUESTION BANK: (JNTUH)

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS:

UNIT-I

Short Answer Questions

S.No

Question Blooms

Taxonomy

Level

Course

Outcome

1 What is load curve? Knowledge 1

2 What is daily load curve? Apply 1

3 Assume any relevant data and notation, derive the Understand 1

Cou

rse

Ou

tcom

es

Program Outcomes (PO)

Program

Specific

Outcomes

(PSO)

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

CO1 3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 3 2 3

CO2 2 3 2 3 2 - - - - - 1 2 1 2

CO3 2 3 2 3 2 - - - - - 3 3 3 2

CO4 3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 2 2 2

CO5 2 3 2 3 2 - - - - - 1 3 1 2

Avg 2.5 2.8

2.16

2.67

2.16

- - - - - 1.8 2.5 1.83 2

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) -:None


transmission loss formula

4 What is Maximum demand? Knowledge 1

5 Define incremental fuel cost Knowledge 1

Long Answer Questions

S.No

Question Blooms

Taxonomy

Level

Course

Outcome

1 Explain the various factors that affect optimum operation

to be considered in

Knowledge 1

2 allocating generators of different power stations, neglect

line losses

Evaluate 1

3 Explain how the incremental production cost of a thermal

power station can be determined.

Evaluate 1

4 Explain input – output characteristics of thermal power

stations.

Analyze 1

5 Define in detail cost curve of thermal stations. Analyze 1

6 Explain production cost and incremental fuel cost. Analyze 1

7 Explain in detail about incremental heat rate curve and

cost curve.

Knowledge 1

8 Write the expression for hourly loss of economy resulting

from error incremental

Evaluate 1

9 cost representation Knowledge 1

10 Discuss about the optimum generator allocation without

line losses

Knowledge 1

11 Explain with neat diagram the physical interpretation of

Co-ordination equation

Analyze 1

12 Discuss the general problem of economic operation of

large inter connected area

Knowledge 1

UNIT-2


S.No

Question Blooms

Taxonomy

Level

Course

Outcome

1 Define spinning reserve in hydro power plants Knowledge 1

2 Explain load demand? Apply 1

3 Define load scheduling Understand 1

4 What is co-ordination equation? Knowledge 1

5 What is an incremental fuel cost and what are its units? Knowledge 1


S.No

Question Blooms

Taxonomy

Level

Course

Outcome


1 Explain about spinning reserve in hydro power plants. Knowledge 1

2 Explain about Co-ordination in hydro thermal system. Evaluate 1

3 A system consists of two plants connected by a tie line and

a load is located at plant 2 .when 100MW are transmitted

from plant 1, a loss of 10MW takes place on the tie-line.

Determine the generation schedule at both the plants and

the power received by the load when λ for the system is Rs

25 per megawatt hour and the incremental fuel costs are

given by the equations: 𝑑𝐹1

𝑑𝑃1= 0.03 𝑃1 + 17𝑅𝑠/𝑀𝑊ℎ𝑟

𝑑𝐹2

𝑑𝐹2= 0.06𝑃2 + 19 𝑅𝑠/𝑀𝑊ℎ𝑟

Evaluate 1

4 Using dynamic programming method, how do you find the

most economical?

Analyze 1

5 Combination of the units to meet a particular load

demand?

Analyze 1

6 Derive the co-ordination equation for the optimal

scheduling of hydro thermal interconnected power plants.

Analyze 1

UNIT-3


S.No

Question Blooms

Taxonomy

Level

Course

Outcome

1 Explain turbine model with block diagram Knowledge 1

2 Draw the block diagram of a power system showing the

governor, turbine and

Apply 1

3 Synchronous generator, indicating their transfer functions. Understand 1

4 Explain Turbine models? Knowledge 1

5 Transfer function of excitation system? Knowledge 1

6 Block diagram representation of IEEE Type 1 model? Understand 1


S.No

Question Blooms

Taxonomy

Level

Course

Outcome

1 Derive the transfer function of speed governing system? Knowledge 1

2 Explain the necessity of maintaining a constant frequency

in power system operation

Evaluate 1

3 Two generators rated 100MW and 400MW are operating

in parallel. The drop characteristics of their governors are

Evaluate 1


2% and 4% respectively from no-load to full load,

Assuming that the generators are operating at 50Hz at no-

load, how would a load of 500MW be shared between

them? What will be the system frequency at this load?

Assume free governor operator.

a. Without proportional plus integral controller and

b. With proportional plus integral control

4 Explain the state-space model of synchronous machine Analyze 1

5 Explain the block diagram representation of turbines? Analyze 1

6 Explain the mathematical modeling of speed governing

systems?

Analyze 1

7 Explain fundamental characteristics of an excitation

system?

Knowledge 1

8 Explain transfer function of excitation systems? Evaluate 1

9 Explain IEEE representation of Type 1 model of

excitation system?

Knowledge 1

UNIT-4


S.No

Question Blooms

Taxonomy

Level

Course

Outcome

1 What is flat frequency control Knowledge 1

2 Explain about control area and control area error Apply 1

3 Explain how the tie-line power deviation can be

unincorporated in two-area system Block diagram.

Understand 1

4 What are the features of the dynamic response of a two

area system for step load disturbances?

Knowledge 1

5 What are the considerations in selecting the frequency

bias parameters

Knowledge 1


S.No

Question Blooms

Taxonomy

Level

Course

Outcome

1 A 500 MW generator has speed regulation of 4%. If the

frequency drops by 0.12Hz with unchanged reference,

determine the increase in turbine power. Also find by how

much the reference power setting be changed if the turbine

power remain unchanged.

Knowledge 1

2 Explain in detail the importance of load frequency

problem.

Evaluate 1

3 A 100MVA synchronous generator operates on full load at

a frequency of 50Hz. The load is suddenly reduced to 50

MW. Due to time log in governor system, the steam value

Evaluate 1


begins to close after 0.4 seconds. Determine the change in

frequency that occurs in this time. Given the initial

constant H = 5 KW – Sec/KVA of generator rating.

4 Two generators of rating 100MW and 200MW are

operating with drop characteristic of 6% from no-load to

full load. Determine the load shared by each generator, if a

load of 270MW is connected across the parallel

combination of these generators.

Analyze 1

5 A generator in single area load frequency control has the

following parameters:

Total generator capacity = 2500MW

Normal operating load = 1500MW

Inertia constant = 5KW – Seconds per KVA; load

damping constant,

B = 1%; frequency, f = 50Hz; and speed regulation, R =

2.5Hz/PU MW. If there is a 1.5% increase in the load, find

the frequency drop

a) Without governor control

b) With governor control

Analyze 1

6 Two power stations A and B operate in parallel. They are

inter-connected by a short Transmission line. The station

capacities are 100MW and 200MW respectively. The

Generators ‘A’ and ‘B’ have speed regulations of 3% and

2% respectively. Calculate the output of each station and

load on the interconnection

Analyze 1

7 What the advantages are of inter connected operation of

power system? Explain.

Knowledge 1

8 Two areas of a power system network are inter connected

by a tie-line, whose capacity is 500MW, operating at a

power angle of. If each area has a capacity of 5000MW

and the equal speed regulation of 3Hz/puMW, determine

the frequency of oscillation of the power for step change

in load. Assume that both areas have the same inertia

constants of H = 4 Sec.

Evaluate 1

9 What are the features of the dynamic response of a two

area system for step load disturbances?

Knowledge 1

10 What are the considerations in selecting the frequency bias

parameters?

Knowledge 1

11 Explain in detail in selecting frequency bias parameters? Analyze 1

UNIT-5


S.No

Question Blooms

Taxonomy

Level

Course

Outcome


1 What are the functions of control center? Knowledge 1

2 What is the function of system monitoring? Apply 1

3 Define SCADA system? Understand 1

4 What are the states of power system? Knowledge 1

5 Define state estimation? Knowledge 1


S.No

Question Blooms

Taxonomy

Level

Course

Outcome

1 Obtain the dynamic response of lead frequency controller

with integral control action in single area frequency

control.

Knowledge 1

2 Explain the optional design of load frequency control

problem. What are limitations of optional control theory in

designing the load frequency control problem?

Evaluate 1

3 What is the necessity frequency constant? Evaluate 1

4 Explain about the losses that occur due to VAR flow in

power system

Analyze 1

5 Explain how the generators act as VAR sources in a power

network

Analyze 1

6 Write short notes on compensated and un-compensated

transmission lines

Analyze 1

7 Explain briefly about the shunt and series compensation of

transmission systems.

Knowledge 1

8 Describe in detail off load and on load top changing

transformers

Evaluate 1

9 Discuss in detail about the generation and absorption of

reactive power in power system components.

Knowledge 1

10 Write short notes on compensation techniques. Knowledge 1

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:

JNTUH:

UNIT-1

1. Resistance switching is normally employed in ( )

a. all air blast breakers b. bulk oil breakers

c. minimum oil breakers d. air blast circuit breakers Ans. a

2. Which material is used in controlling chain reaction in a nuclear reactor ( )

a. Thorium b. Heavy water

c. Boron d. Beryllium Ans b

3. Equality constraints are ( )

a. Generator constrains b. Current constraints

c. magnetic constraints d. none of the above Ans a

4. Heat rate curve is defined as ( )


a. Fuel i/p to the power o/p b.Power o/p to the fuel i/p

b. Both d.none of the above Ans a

5. Optimal operation of generator is ( )

a.To maximize the total cost b.To minimize the total cost

c. Both d.all the above Ans c

UNIT-2

1. The inductance of a power transmission line increases with ( )

a. decrease in line length

b. increase in diameter of conductor

c. increase in spacing between the phases conductors

d. increase in load current carried by the conductors Ans c

2. The selection of size of conductors for a distributor in a distribution system is

governed by ( )

a. Corona loss b. Temperature

c. Radio interference d. Voltage drop Ans c.

3. Operation of the system the having ( )

a. Hydro b.Thermal

c.both d.none Ans.c

4. The hydroelectric project consists of ( )

a. body of water impounded by a dam b. body of water impounded by a

station

c.both d.All of the above Ans.a

5. The water level bay is influenced by flow out of the ( )

a.reservoir b.dam

c.hydroplant d.none Ans: b UNIT-3

1. A Buchholtz relay is used for ( )

a. Protection of a transformer against all internal faults

b. Protection of a transformer against external faults

c. Protection of a transformer against both

d. Protection of induction motors Ans a

2. The transient stability of the power system can be effectively improved by ( )

a.Excitation control b.Phase shifting transformer c.Single pole switching of circuit

breakers d.Increasing the turbine valve opening Ans a

3. A medium heads( )

a. francis turbine b. Kaplan turbine

c. both d. all of the above Ans.a

4. Propeller turbine is used ( )

a.low heads b.medium heads

c.high d.all the above Ans.a

5. Impulse turbine is used to ( )

a.high heads b.medium heads

c.high d.all the above Ans.a

UNIT -4


1. In load flow analysis, the load connected at a bus is represented as ( )

a. Constant current drawn from the bus

b. Constant impedance connected at the bus

c. Voltage and frequency dependent source at the bus

d. constant real and reactive drawn from the bus Ans c

2. The insulation impedance level of a 400 kv Ehv overhead transmission line is

decided on the basis of ( )

a. lightning over voltages b.switching over voltages

c. corona inception voltage d.radio and TV interference Ans c

3. In the single area case we could thus represent the frequency deviations by the ( )

a. single variable b.two variable

c. three variable d.four variable Ans.a

4. Power transmitted form the area 1 is equation ( )

a. a.power equation b.torque

c. c.current d.all Ans.a

5. All quantities other than frequency are in( )

a.p.u b.apm d.volt d.ohm Ans.a

UNIT -5

1. The main criterion for selection of the size of a distribution for a radial distribution

system is ( )

a. Voltage b.Corona loss c.Temperature d.Capital cost Ans a

2. In order to have a lower cost of electrical energy generation ( )

a. the load factor and diversity factor should be low

b. the load factor and diversity factor should be high

c. the load factor should be high and diversity factor should be low

d. the load factor and diversity factor should be high Ans d

3. Two power plants A and B are inter connected by a ( )

a. long line b.short line c.both d.none Ans d

4. Over a long distance having ( )

a. Additional losses b.large size

c. small size d.all the above Ans: b

5. Shunt capacitors ( )

a. fixed capacitor is connected across aload

b. at a consumers premises c.both d.none Ans.c GATE

1. Resistance switching is normally employed in ( )

a. all air blast breakers b.bulk oil breakers

c. minimum oil breakers d.air blast circuit breakers

2. Which material is used in controlling chain reaction in a nuclear reactor ( )

a. Thorium b.Heavy water c.Boron d.Beryllium

3. The inductance of a power transmission line increases with ( )

a. decrease in line length

b. increase in diameter of conductor

c. increase in spacing between the phases conductors


d. increase in load current carried by the conductors

4. The selection of size of conductors for a distributor in a distribution system is governed by

( )

a. Corona loss b.temperature

b. radio interference d.voltage drop

5. A Buchhoz relay is used for ( )

a. protection of a transformer against all internal faults

b. protection of a transformer against external faults

c. protection of a transformer against both

d. protection of induction motors

6. The transient stability of the power system can be effectively improved by ( )

a. Excitation control

b. phase shifting transformer

c. single pole switching of circuit breakers

d. increasing the turbine valve opening

7. In load flow analysis, the load connected at a bus is represented as ( )

a. Constant current drawn from the bus

b. Constant impedance connected at the bus

c. Voltage and frequency dependent source at the bus

d. Constant real and reactive drawn from the bus

8. The insulation impedance level of a 400 KV EHV overhead transmission line is decided on

the basis of ( )

a. lightning over voltages b.switching over voltages

c. corona inception voltage d.radio and TV interference

9. The main criterion for selection of the size of a distribution for a radial distribution

system is ( )

a. voltage b.Corona loss c.temperature d.capital cost

10. In order to have a lower cost of electrical energy generation ( )

a. the load factor and diversity factor should be low

b. the load factor and diversity factor should be high

c. the load factor should be high and diversity factor should be low

d. the load factor and diversity factor should be high

a. 0.447 lag b. 0.707 lag c. 0.894 lab d. 1

GATE KEY: 1. d 2.b 3.c 4.d 5.a 6.a 7.d 8.a 9.a 10.d 11.b

WEBSITES:

1. www.eng.fsu.edu.in

2. www.scribd.com

3. http://nptelonlinecourses.iitm.ac.in

EXPERT DETAILS:

1. Dr. Shankar Ram, Professor, JNTUH

2. Dr. K. Bhaskar, Asst. Professor, JNTUH.

3. Dr. PV Balasubrahmanyam, Rtd. Director, CPRI, Bangalore.

JOURNALS:

1. IEE Transaction on Power systems

2. IEEE Transaction on Electronic Devices (ISSN: 0018-9383)


3. IEEE Transaction on Power semiconductor drives

4. Journal of Electronic Testing (ISSN: 0923-8174)

LIST OF TOPICS FOR STUDENT SEMINARS:

1. Optimal operation of generators in Thermal power stations

2. Optimal generation allocation including the effect of transmission line losses

3. Hydroelectric power plant models

4. Modeling of Excitation system

5. Necessity of frequency constant

6. Block diagram representation of an isolated power system

7. Load frequency control of two-area system

8. Proportional plus integral control of single area and its block diagram representation

CASE STUDIES / SMALL PROJECTS

1. Load frequency control and Economic dispatch control

2. Overview of Reactive power control

3. Reactive power compensation in transmission system

4. Specifications of load compensator

5. Uncompensated and compensated transmission lines

6. Shunt and series compensation

7. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of compensating equipment for

transmission systems

8. General transmission line loss formula

Documents

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROLIV. COURSE CONTENT: JNTUH SYLLABUS UNIT – I Economic Operation of Power Systems-1 Optimal operation of Generators in Thermal Power Stations, - heat