_________________________________________’s
Science Milestone Study Guide
Mnemonics, Clues, and Silly Sentences:
STANDARD S8P1: Students will investigate the scientific view of the
nature of matter.
A. Distinguish between atoms and molecules.
Label each picture as an atom or a molecule:
An atom is _____________________________________________.
A molecule is ___________________________________________.
B. Describe the difference between pure substances and mixtures.
Label each picture as a PS or a M:
1. What is a pure substance?
2. What is a mixture?
3. How can you tell the difference between a PS and a M?
C. Describe the movement of particles in solid, liquid, gas and plasma
states.
Solve each riddle below to decide which state of matter it is describing:
1. My particles spread wide and far, they will fill any space from room to
jar. I am a _____________.
2. My particles hold a specific shape, held in real tight and can’t escape.
I am a _______________.
3. I slip and slide and have a flow, into many shapes I can go. I am a
_________________.
4. Super charged and I have a zing, I make up the stars and even
lightning. I am a ___________________.
D. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter as
physical or chemical.
Label each property as P (physical) or C (chemical)
_______ boiling Point ________ melting Point
_______ density ________ combustibility
_______ reactivity ________ ability to rust
_______ malleability ________ solubility
_______flammability ________ compressibility
E. Distinguish between changes in matter as physical or chemical.
Identify each picture as a P (physical) change or a C (chemical) change.
F. Recognize that there are more than 100 elements and some have
similar properties as shown on the Periodic Table of Elements.
Use the information from the periodic table square to fill in the chart
below:
Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Type of Element
Properties
Examples:
Name Symbol Atomic
Number
Atomic
Mass
Number of
Protons
Number of
Neutrons
Number of
Electrons
Mn 25
Iron 30
27
Copper
30
Always remember:
Atomic Number is the smaller of the two numbers. It tells you how many
protons an atom has, and also tells you how many electrons in a neutral
atom. Atomic Mass is MASSIVE and it tells you the number of protons
PLUS the number of neutrons. To get the number of neutrons subtract the
atomic number from the atomic mass (big # - small #)
G. Identify and demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter.
The Law of Conservation of Matter States: Matter can not be
___________ or ______________.
Remember that the amount of matter on the LEFT of an equation must
equal the amount of matter on the RIGHT of an equation.
1.
Fe
56 g
S
32 g
FeS
____g
STANDARD S8P2: Students will be familiar with the forms and
transformations of energy
A. Explain energy transformation in terms of the Law of Conservation
of Energy.
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
Label each picture with the transformation(s) of energy that take place.
B. Explain the relationship between potential and kinetic energy.
Potential energy is:
Kinetic Energy:
Explain how potential and/or kinetic energy are working in each of the
pictures below:
C. Compare and contrast the different forms of energy and their
characteristics.
STANDARD S8P3: Students will investigate the relationship between
force, mass, and the motion of objects.
A. Determine the relationship between velocity and acceleration.
Velocity:
Acceleration:
Use the graph to answer the question:
A. Velocity is increasing, so the
car is accelerating.
B. Velocity is decreasing, so the car is
accelerating.
C. Velocity is increasing, so the car is
not accelerating.
D. Velocity is decreasing, so the car
is not accelerating.
Identify each unit as a unit of Acceleration (A), Velocity (V),
Distance (D) or Time (T)
_____18 m/s ______8 mi ______ 42 s
_____16 m/s/s ______2 m ______ 122 min
_____ 50 cm/min ______ 20 s ______ 8 m/s/s
Type of Energy Characteristics Examples
Heat
Light
Electricity
Mechanical
Motion
potential
Sound
B. Demonstrate the effort of balanced and unbalanced forces on an
object in terms of gravity, inertia and friction.
Gravity:
Inertia:
Friction:
Calculate the net force in each scenario below:
Direction of motion:
_____________
______________
______________
______________
______________
Place a star inside the boxes that are UNBALANCED
C. Demonstrate the effect of simple machines on work.
Simple machines make work ________________ but not _______.
Explain which simple machine(s) you can use in each situation and how
it will help make work easier:
1. Putting a motorcycle into the back of a trailer.
2. Lifting a flag to the top of the flagpole.
3. Moving dirt from the front yard to the backyard.
4. Attaching two boards together.
5. Splitting a log in half.
6. Cutting paper.
7. Lifting a car to change the tire.
8. Moving from the bottom floor of the house to the top floor.
9. Opening a can of peaches.
10. Cutting a piece of cheese.
STANDARD S8P4: Students will explore the wave nature of sound and
electromagnetic radiation.
A. Identify the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical
waves.
Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves:
Characteristics of Mechanical Waves:
B. Describe how the behavior of light waves is manipulated causing
reflection, refraction, diffraction, and absorption.
Label each scenario as reflection, refraction, diffraction or
absorption.
______________ 1. Your black shirt heats up when you are outside
in the sun.
______________2. You see your face looking back at you in a puddle
______________3. Your legs look broken when you sit with them
dangling in the pool water.
_____________4. Light comes through the slightly open window
shades.
_____________5. The bouncing back of light rays causes this.
_____________6. Light energy is transferred to a chloroplast.
_____________7. Light goes around an obstacle.
_____________8. Light bends when it goes from air to liquid
C. Explain how the human eye sees objects and colors in terms of
wavelengths.
Explain why a sheet of white paper appears white:
Explain why a green leaf on a plant appears green:
An apple appears red because:
We see objects because:
Explain why we can’t see objects or colors in the dark:
D. Describe how the behavior of waves is affected by a medium (such
as air, water, solids). Fill in the blanks below to make the paragraph
true.
Sound waves travel fastest in a ________________ because the
particles are closer together. Sound waves can also travel through
____________ and ____________.
E. Relate the properties of sound to everyday experiences.
1. Explain why you can hear an echo in an empty room?
2. What can you do to reduce echoes in a theater or recording studio?
3. Why does a siren change pitch when a police car passes you?
4. This phenomenon is called the _________ effect.
5. Draw a diagram of the _____________ effect below:
F. Diagram the parts of a wave and explain how the parts are
affected by changes in amplitude and pitch.
Label the parts of the transverse wave:
Label the parts of the longitudinal wave:
Increasing amplitude increases the _____________ of the sound.
Decreasing amplitude decreases the ____________ of the sound.
Decreasing frequency decreases the ____________ of the sound.
Increasing frequency increases the _____________ of the sound.
Match the wave to the description:
Waves only transfer ________________.
The electromagnetic spectrum is made of:
An acronym to help me remember this from longest to shortest
wavelength:
Uses for electromagnetic waves:
A B C
D
______1. Which wave would produce the softest sound?
______2. Which wave would produce the loudest
sound?
_____3. Which sound would produce the sound with
the highest pitch?
_____4. Which sound would produce the sound with
the lowest pitch?
C. Investigate and explain that electric currents and magnets can
exert force on each other.
1. How can you use the materials below to make a magnet?
2. How can you make the electromagnet stronger?
3. Draw magnets attracting and magnets repelling and label the poles:
4.How is magnetism used to create electricity?
S8P5: Students will recognize characteristics of gravity, electricity,
and magnetism as major kinds of forces acting on nature.
A. Recognize that every object exerts gravitational force on every
other object and that the force exerted depends on how much
mass the objects have and how far apart they are.
On Earth you have a mass of 140 kg. In space you will have a mass of
________ kg. Your mass is ________________.
Your weight changes depending on the force of _____________. The
moon has 1/6 the gravity of Earth. If you weigh 120 lbs on Earth, what
would you weigh on the moon?
B. Demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of a series and
parallel circuit and how they transfer energy.
Label the circuits as series or parallel and answer the questions:
1. 2.
Type of circuit:
_______________
Advantages/Uses:
Disadvantages:
STANDARD S8P1: Students will investigate the scientific view of the
nature of matter.
A. Distinguish between atoms and molecules.
Label each picture as an atom or a molecule:
An at-
om is the smallest unit of a chemical compound that retains the proper-
ties of that chemical/element.
A molecule is the smallest unit of a compound (two or more atoms of a
substance)
B. Describe the difference between pure substances and mixtures.
Label each picture as a PS or a M:
1. What is a pure substance? A substance made of only ONE kind of
particle. Elements and compounds are pure substances.
2. What is a mixture? Two or more substances PHYSICALLY combined
3. How can you tell the difference between a PS and a M? A mixture can
be physically separated. A pure substance can not. A mixture has
two or more kinds of particles. Only elements and compounds are
pure substances.
C. Describe the movement of particles in solid, liquid, gas and plasma
states.
Solve each riddle below to decide which state of matter it is describing:
1. My particles spread wide and far, they will fill any space from room to
jar. I am a GAS
2. My particles hold a specific shape, held in real tight and can’t escape.
I am a SOLID
3. I slip and slide and have a flow, into many shapes I can go. I am a
LIQUID
4. Super charged and I have a zing, I make up the stars and even
lightning. I am a PLASMA
D. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter as
physical or chemical.
Label each property as P (physical) or C (chemical)
_______ boiling Point ________ melting Point
_______ density ________ combustibility
_______ reactivity ________ ability to rust
_______ malleability ________ solubility
_______flammability ________ compressibility
E. Distinguish between changes in matter as physical or chemical.
Identify each picture as a P (physical) change or a C (chemical) change.
Atom Molecule Atom Molecule
PS M PS M
P
P
C
P
C
P
C
C
P
P
C
C C p p
p
F. Recognize that there are more than 100 elements and some have
similar properties as shown on the Periodic Table of Elements.
Use
the
in-
Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Type of Element
Shiny, malleable,
hard, good con-
ductors of electric-
ity and heat
Do not conduct heat or
electricity very well,
brittle, little to no luster
Have properties of
both metals and
nonmetals, brittle,
fair conductors,
metallic appear-
ance
Properties
Examples: Gold, silver, iron,
platinum, sodium
(Na)
Hydrogen, helium, oxy-
gen, carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Boron, silicon, ger-
manium, arsenic,
antimony, telluri-
um
Name Symbol Atomic
Number
Atomic
Mass
Number of
Protons
Number of
Neutrons
Number of
Electrons
Manga-
nese
Mn 25 55 25 30 25
Iron Fe 26 56 26 30 26
Cobalt Co 27 59 27 32 27
Copper Cu 29 64 29 35 29
Zinc Zn 30 65 30 35 30
Always remember:
Atomic Number is the smaller of the two numbers. It tells you how many
protons an atom has, and also tells you how many electrons in a neutral
atom. Atomic Mass is MASSIVE and it tells you the number of protons
PLUS the number of neutrons. To get the number of neutrons subtract the
atomic number from the atomic mass (big # - small #)
G. Identify and demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter.
The Law of Conservation of Matter States: Matter can not be created or
destroyed.
Remember that the amount of matter on the LEFT of an equation must
equal the amount of matter on the RIGHT of an equation.
1.
Fe
56 g
S
32 g
FeS
88 g
coefficient reactants
yields
products subscripts
STANDARD S8P2: Students will be familiar with the forms and
transformations of energy
A. Explain energy transformation in terms of the Law of Conservation
of Energy.
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
Label each picture with the transformation(s) of energy that take place.
B. Explain the relationship between potential and kinetic energy.
Potential energy is: STORED ENERGY, The energy of position
Kinetic Energy:
The energy of motion
Explain how potential and/or kinetic energy are working in each of the
pictures below:
Mechanical kinetic energy brings the rollercoaster
up to the top of the hill, it turns into potential ener-
gy (GPE) and is converted back to kinetic energy as
the coaster goes back down the hill
As the batter waits for the pitch there is potential
energy, it is converted into kinetic energy. Also the
chemical energy of food is converted into thermal
energy inside the body.
Potential energy (GPE) at the top of the hill, kinetic
energy as the person falls off of the hill.
As the bow is drawn elastic potential energy is
stored. As the arrow is released the EPE is convert-
ed into kinetic energy.
The chemical energy in the gasoline is converted
into thermal, light and kinetic energy.
Energy can not be created or destroyed, it can change form/
be transformed.
Mechanical
to electrical
Electrical to
thermal
Electrical to
thermal and
electromagnetic
(light)
Electrical to
mechanical
Electrical to
sound
Electrical to
sound and
EM
Electrical to
thermal and
EM
C. Compare and contrast the different forms of energy and their
characteristics.
STANDARD S8P3: Students will investigate the relationship between
force, mass, and the motion of objects.
A. Determine the relationship between velocity and acceleration.
Velocity: The speed of an object in a given direction. MUST include
the direction! Units are measured in distance/time Direction. Exam-
ple: meters/second West.
Acceleration: The rate at which velocity changes over time. ALSO: a
change in direction! If you turn but do not change your speed, you
are still accelerating. Acceleration can be speeding up OR slowing
down
Use the graph to answer the question:
A. Velocity is increasing, so the car
is accelerating.
B. Velocity is decreasing, so the car is
accelerating.
C. Velocity is increasing, so the car is
not accelerating.
D. Velocity is decreasing, so the car
is not accelerating.
Identify each unit as a unit of Acceleration (A), Velocity (V),
Distance (D) or Time (T)
V 18 m/s W D 8 mi T 42 s
A 16 m/s/s D 2 m T 122 min
V 50 cm/min N T 20 s A 8 m/s/s
Type of Energy Characteristics Examples
Heat Flows from a hotter area to a
colder area. CAN travel as in-
frared waves through empty
space. CAN travel through a
medium.
Light Travels as electromagnetic
waves. CAN travel through
empty space (via radiation).
CAN travel through a medium
as well.
Electricity Flow of electrons from nega-
tive to positive. Travels through
materials that are electrical
conductors (metals)
Mechanical
Motion
The sum of potential and
kinetic energy. When a wind-
mill is turning is an example.
potential The energy of position, stored
energy. Can be elastic poten-
tial or gravitational potential.
Sound Associated with a vibration or
disturbance in a medium.
MUST have a medium, travels
as longitudinal waves. Is a
mechanical wave.
STANDARD S8P4: Students will explore the wave nature of sound and
electromagnetic radiation.
A. Identify the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical
waves.
Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves:
Can travel through a medium or through empty space (via radiation). Con-
sists of alternating electric and magnetic fields. Drawn as transverse
waves. Higher frequency-more energy.
Characteristics of Mechanical Waves: NEED a medium to travel, can not
travel through empty space. Include sound waves, waves in a slinky, and
earthquake waves
B. Describe how the behavior of light waves is manipulated causing
reflection, refraction, diffraction, and absorption.
Label each scenario as reflection, refraction, diffraction or
absorption.
1. Your black shirt heats up when you are outside in the
sun.
2.You see your face looking back at you in a
puddle
3. Your legs look broken when you sit with them dangling
in the pool water.
4. Light comes through the slightly open window shades.
5. The bouncing back of light rays causes this.
6. Light energy is transferred to a chloroplast.
7. Light goes around an obstacle.
8. Light bends when it goes from air to liquid
C. Explain how the human eye sees objects and colors in terms of
wavelengths.
Explain why a sheet of white paper appears white: All wavelengths of light
in the visible light spectrum are reflected back to your eye.
Explain why a green leaf on a plant appears green: Wavelengths of green
light are reflected back to your eye.
An apple appears red because: Wavelengths of red light are reflected
back to your eye.
We see objects because: Light reflects off of the objects and is inter-
preted by our brains.
Explain why we can’t see objects or colors in the dark: There is no light to
reflect off of objects back to our eyes.
D. Describe how the behavior of waves is affected by a medium (such
as air, water, solids). Fill in the blanks below to make the paragraph
true.
Sound waves travel fastest in a SOLID because the particles are closer
together. Sound waves can also travel through LIQUID and GASES.
Sometimes sound and light diffracts, reflects, or refracts when it en-
counters different obstacles.
absorption
reflection
refraction
diffraction
reflection
absorption
diffraction
refraction
E. Relate the properties of sound to everyday experiences.
1. Explain why you can hear an echo in an empty room? The sound reflects
off of the smooth walls and there is nothing to absorb sound.
2. What can you do to reduce echoes in a theater or recording studio?
Add soft panels or soft furniture to absorb sound.
3. Why does siren change pitch when a police car passes you?
The change in wavelength as the siren moves towards you.
4. This phenomenon is called the Doppler effect.
5. Draw a diagram of the Doppler effect below:
F. Diagram the parts of a wave and explain how the parts are
affected by changes in amplitude and pitch.
Label the parts of the
transverse wave:
1. amplitude
2. Crest
3. Wave height
4. Wavelength
5. trough
Label the parts of the longitudinal wave:
1. compression
2. Rarefaction
3. wavelength
Increasing amplitude increases the LOUDNESS of the sound.
Decreasing amplitude decreases the LOUDNESS of the sound.
Decreasing frequency decreases the PITCH of the sound.
Increasing frequency increases the PITCH of the sound.
Match the wave to the description:
Waves only transfer ENERGY.
The electromagnetic spectrum is made of:
RADIO, MICROWAVE, INFRARED, VISIBLE LIGHT, ULTRAVIOLET,
X-RAY, GAMMA RAY
An acronym to help me remember this from longest to shortest
wavelength:
Uses for electromagnetic waves:
Transmit information (radio, micro) heat food (micro, infrared) treat
cancer ( gamma) take pictures of bones (x-ray) see (visible light)
A B C
D
C. 1. Which wave would produce the softest sound?
D. 2. Which wave would produce the loudest sound?
A. 3. Which sound would produce the sound with the
highest pitch?
B. 4. Which sound would produce the sound with the
lowest pitch?
B. Demonstrate the effort of balanced and unbalanced forces on an
object in terms of gravity, inertia and friction.
Gravity: The force of attraction between two objects, depends on mass
and distance
Inertia: An object in motion will remain in motion, an object at rest will
remain at rest UNLESS acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Friction: The resistance to motion of one object moving against another
object. Increased roughness=increased friction.
Calculate the net force in each scenario below:
Direction of motion:
Left (or West)
Right (or East)
Right (or East)
No Motion
No Motion
Place a star inside
the boxes that are UNBALANCED
C. Demonstrate the effect of simple machines on work.
Simple machines make work EASIRE but not LESS>
Explain which simple machine(s) you can use in each situation and how
it will help make work easier:
1. Putting a motorcycle into the back of a trailer. Inclined plane as a
ramp to roll the motorcycle up rather than lifting it.
2. Lifting a flag to the top of the flagpole. Pulley to pull the flag up.
3. Moving dirt from the front yard to the backyard. Wheelbarrow
uses inclined plane
4. Attaching two boards together. Screw
5. Splitting a log in half. Wedge (axe blade)
6. Cutting paper. Scissors (Lever and wedge)
7. Lifting a car to change the tire. Jack (Lever)
8. Moving from the bottom floor of the house to the top floor. Stairs
(inclined plane)
9. Opening a can of peaches. Can opener (lever, wedge and screw)
10. Cutting a piece of cheese. Knife (wedge)
40 N
60 N
2 N
0 N
0 N
C. Investigate and explain that electric currents and magnets can
exert force on each other.
1. How can you use the materials below to make a magnet?
2. How can you make the electromagnet stronger?
3. Draw magnets attracting and magnets repelling and label the poles:
4.How is magnetism used to create electricity?
S8P5: Students will recognize characteristics of gravity, electricity,
and magnetism as major kinds of forces acting on nature.
A. Recognize that every object exerts gravitational force on every
other object and that the force exerted depends on how much
mass the objects have and how far apart they are.
On Earth you have a mass of 140 kg. In space you will have a mass of 140
kg. Your mass is constant.
Your weight changes depending on the force of gravity. The moon has 1/6
the gravity of Earth. If you weigh 120 lbs on Earth, what would you weigh
on the moon? 20 lbs
B. Demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of a series and
parallel circuit and how they transfer energy.
Label the circuits as series or parallel and answer the questions:
1. 2.
Type of circuit:
Series Circuit
Advantages/Uses:
Burglar alarm
Disadvantages:
If one light goes out,
They all go out, lights get dimmer
as you add loads
Increase the number of wraps of the wire or increase the current (more or
stronger batteries)
Moving magnet through a coil of wire (stator) can generate
electricity.
Parallel Circuit
Wiring in homes. All other lights stay on if
there is a break in the circuit (branches)