_________________________________________’s

Science Milestone Study Guide

Mnemonics, Clues, and Silly Sentences:

Word Definition

Concepts and Facts:

STANDARD S8P1: Students will investigate the scientific view of the

nature of matter.

A. Distinguish between atoms and molecules.

Label each picture as an atom or a molecule:

An atom is _____________________________________________.

A molecule is ___________________________________________.

B. Describe the difference between pure substances and mixtures.

Label each picture as a PS or a M:

1. What is a pure substance?

2. What is a mixture?

3. How can you tell the difference between a PS and a M?

C. Describe the movement of particles in solid, liquid, gas and plasma

states.

Solve each riddle below to decide which state of matter it is describing:

1. My particles spread wide and far, they will fill any space from room to

jar. I am a _____________.

2. My particles hold a specific shape, held in real tight and can’t escape.

I am a _______________.

3. I slip and slide and have a flow, into many shapes I can go. I am a

_________________.

4. Super charged and I have a zing, I make up the stars and even

lightning. I am a ___________________.

D. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter as

physical or chemical.

Label each property as P (physical) or C (chemical)

_______ boiling Point ________ melting Point

_______ density ________ combustibility

_______ reactivity ________ ability to rust

_______ malleability ________ solubility

_______flammability ________ compressibility

E. Distinguish between changes in matter as physical or chemical.

Identify each picture as a P (physical) change or a C (chemical) change.

F. Recognize that there are more than 100 elements and some have

similar properties as shown on the Periodic Table of Elements.

Use the information from the periodic table square to fill in the chart

below:

Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Type of Element

Properties

Examples:

Name Symbol Atomic

Number

Atomic

Mass

Number of

Protons

Number of

Neutrons

Number of

Electrons

Mn 25

Iron 30

27

Copper

30

Always remember:

Atomic Number is the smaller of the two numbers. It tells you how many

protons an atom has, and also tells you how many electrons in a neutral

atom. Atomic Mass is MASSIVE and it tells you the number of protons

PLUS the number of neutrons. To get the number of neutrons subtract the

atomic number from the atomic mass (big # - small #)

G. Identify and demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter.

The Law of Conservation of Matter States: Matter can not be

___________ or ______________.

Remember that the amount of matter on the LEFT of an equation must

equal the amount of matter on the RIGHT of an equation.

1.

Fe

56 g

S

32 g

FeS

____g

STANDARD S8P2: Students will be familiar with the forms and

transformations of energy

A. Explain energy transformation in terms of the Law of Conservation

of Energy.

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

Label each picture with the transformation(s) of energy that take place.

B. Explain the relationship between potential and kinetic energy.

Potential energy is:

Kinetic Energy:

Explain how potential and/or kinetic energy are working in each of the

pictures below:

C. Compare and contrast the different forms of energy and their

characteristics.

STANDARD S8P3: Students will investigate the relationship between

force, mass, and the motion of objects.

A. Determine the relationship between velocity and acceleration.

Velocity:

Acceleration:

Use the graph to answer the question:

A. Velocity is increasing, so the

car is accelerating.

B. Velocity is decreasing, so the car is

accelerating.

C. Velocity is increasing, so the car is

not accelerating.

D. Velocity is decreasing, so the car

is not accelerating.

Identify each unit as a unit of Acceleration (A), Velocity (V),

Distance (D) or Time (T)

_____18 m/s ______8 mi ______ 42 s

_____16 m/s/s ______2 m ______ 122 min

_____ 50 cm/min ______ 20 s ______ 8 m/s/s

Type of Energy Characteristics Examples

Heat

Light

Electricity

Mechanical

Motion

potential

Sound

B. Demonstrate the effort of balanced and unbalanced forces on an

object in terms of gravity, inertia and friction.

Gravity:

Inertia:

Friction:

Calculate the net force in each scenario below:

Direction of motion:

_____________

______________

______________

______________

______________

Place a star inside the boxes that are UNBALANCED

C. Demonstrate the effect of simple machines on work.

Simple machines make work ________________ but not _______.

Explain which simple machine(s) you can use in each situation and how

it will help make work easier:

1. Putting a motorcycle into the back of a trailer.

2. Lifting a flag to the top of the flagpole.

3. Moving dirt from the front yard to the backyard.

4. Attaching two boards together.

5. Splitting a log in half.

6. Cutting paper.

7. Lifting a car to change the tire.

8. Moving from the bottom floor of the house to the top floor.

9. Opening a can of peaches.

10. Cutting a piece of cheese.

STANDARD S8P4: Students will explore the wave nature of sound and

electromagnetic radiation.

A. Identify the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical

waves.

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves:

Characteristics of Mechanical Waves:

B. Describe how the behavior of light waves is manipulated causing

reflection, refraction, diffraction, and absorption.

Label each scenario as reflection, refraction, diffraction or

absorption.

______________ 1. Your black shirt heats up when you are outside

in the sun.

______________2. You see your face looking back at you in a puddle

______________3. Your legs look broken when you sit with them

dangling in the pool water.

_____________4. Light comes through the slightly open window

shades.

_____________5. The bouncing back of light rays causes this.

_____________6. Light energy is transferred to a chloroplast.

_____________7. Light goes around an obstacle.

_____________8. Light bends when it goes from air to liquid

C. Explain how the human eye sees objects and colors in terms of

wavelengths.

Explain why a sheet of white paper appears white:

Explain why a green leaf on a plant appears green:

An apple appears red because:

We see objects because:

Explain why we can’t see objects or colors in the dark:

D. Describe how the behavior of waves is affected by a medium (such

as air, water, solids). Fill in the blanks below to make the paragraph

true.

Sound waves travel fastest in a ________________ because the

particles are closer together. Sound waves can also travel through

____________ and ____________.

E. Relate the properties of sound to everyday experiences.

1. Explain why you can hear an echo in an empty room?

2. What can you do to reduce echoes in a theater or recording studio?

3. Why does a siren change pitch when a police car passes you?

4. This phenomenon is called the _________ effect.

5. Draw a diagram of the _____________ effect below:

F. Diagram the parts of a wave and explain how the parts are

affected by changes in amplitude and pitch.

Label the parts of the transverse wave:

Label the parts of the longitudinal wave:

Increasing amplitude increases the _____________ of the sound.

Decreasing amplitude decreases the ____________ of the sound.

Decreasing frequency decreases the ____________ of the sound.

Increasing frequency increases the _____________ of the sound.

Match the wave to the description:

Waves only transfer ________________.

The electromagnetic spectrum is made of:

An acronym to help me remember this from longest to shortest

wavelength:

Uses for electromagnetic waves:

A B C

D

______1. Which wave would produce the softest sound?

______2. Which wave would produce the loudest

sound?

_____3. Which sound would produce the sound with

the highest pitch?

_____4. Which sound would produce the sound with

the lowest pitch?

C. Investigate and explain that electric currents and magnets can

exert force on each other.

1. How can you use the materials below to make a magnet?

2. How can you make the electromagnet stronger?

3. Draw magnets attracting and magnets repelling and label the poles:

4.How is magnetism used to create electricity?

S8P5: Students will recognize characteristics of gravity, electricity,

and magnetism as major kinds of forces acting on nature.

A. Recognize that every object exerts gravitational force on every

other object and that the force exerted depends on how much

mass the objects have and how far apart they are.

On Earth you have a mass of 140 kg. In space you will have a mass of

________ kg. Your mass is ________________.

Your weight changes depending on the force of _____________. The

moon has 1/6 the gravity of Earth. If you weigh 120 lbs on Earth, what

would you weigh on the moon?

B. Demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of a series and

parallel circuit and how they transfer energy.

Label the circuits as series or parallel and answer the questions:

1. 2.

Type of circuit:

_______________

Advantages/Uses:

Disadvantages:

STANDARD S8P1: Students will investigate the scientific view of the

nature of matter.

A. Distinguish between atoms and molecules.

Label each picture as an atom or a molecule:

An at-

om is the smallest unit of a chemical compound that retains the proper-

ties of that chemical/element.

A molecule is the smallest unit of a compound (two or more atoms of a

substance)

B. Describe the difference between pure substances and mixtures.

Label each picture as a PS or a M:

1. What is a pure substance? A substance made of only ONE kind of

particle. Elements and compounds are pure substances.

2. What is a mixture? Two or more substances PHYSICALLY combined

3. How can you tell the difference between a PS and a M? A mixture can

be physically separated. A pure substance can not. A mixture has

two or more kinds of particles. Only elements and compounds are

pure substances.

C. Describe the movement of particles in solid, liquid, gas and plasma

states.

Solve each riddle below to decide which state of matter it is describing:

1. My particles spread wide and far, they will fill any space from room to

jar. I am a GAS

2. My particles hold a specific shape, held in real tight and can’t escape.

I am a SOLID

3. I slip and slide and have a flow, into many shapes I can go. I am a

LIQUID

4. Super charged and I have a zing, I make up the stars and even

lightning. I am a PLASMA

D. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter as

physical or chemical.

Label each property as P (physical) or C (chemical)

_______ boiling Point ________ melting Point

_______ density ________ combustibility

_______ reactivity ________ ability to rust

_______ malleability ________ solubility

_______flammability ________ compressibility

E. Distinguish between changes in matter as physical or chemical.

Identify each picture as a P (physical) change or a C (chemical) change.

Atom Molecule Atom Molecule

PS M PS M

P

P

C

P

C

P

C

C

P

P

C

C C p p

p

F. Recognize that there are more than 100 elements and some have

similar properties as shown on the Periodic Table of Elements.

Use

the

in-

Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Type of Element

Shiny, malleable,

hard, good con-

ductors of electric-

ity and heat

Do not conduct heat or

electricity very well,

brittle, little to no luster

Have properties of

both metals and

nonmetals, brittle,

fair conductors,

metallic appear-

ance

Properties

Examples: Gold, silver, iron,

platinum, sodium

(Na)

Hydrogen, helium, oxy-

gen, carbon, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Boron, silicon, ger-

manium, arsenic,

antimony, telluri-

um

Name Symbol Atomic

Number

Atomic

Mass

Number of

Protons

Number of

Neutrons

Number of

Electrons

Manga-

nese

Mn 25 55 25 30 25

Iron Fe 26 56 26 30 26

Cobalt Co 27 59 27 32 27

Copper Cu 29 64 29 35 29

Zinc Zn 30 65 30 35 30

Always remember:

Atomic Number is the smaller of the two numbers. It tells you how many

protons an atom has, and also tells you how many electrons in a neutral

atom. Atomic Mass is MASSIVE and it tells you the number of protons

PLUS the number of neutrons. To get the number of neutrons subtract the

atomic number from the atomic mass (big # - small #)

G. Identify and demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter.

The Law of Conservation of Matter States: Matter can not be created or

destroyed.

Remember that the amount of matter on the LEFT of an equation must

equal the amount of matter on the RIGHT of an equation.

1.

Fe

56 g

S

32 g

FeS

88 g

coefficient reactants

yields

products subscripts

STANDARD S8P2: Students will be familiar with the forms and

transformations of energy

A. Explain energy transformation in terms of the Law of Conservation

of Energy.

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

Label each picture with the transformation(s) of energy that take place.

B. Explain the relationship between potential and kinetic energy.

Potential energy is: STORED ENERGY, The energy of position

Kinetic Energy:

The energy of motion

Explain how potential and/or kinetic energy are working in each of the

pictures below:

Mechanical kinetic energy brings the rollercoaster

up to the top of the hill, it turns into potential ener-

gy (GPE) and is converted back to kinetic energy as

the coaster goes back down the hill

As the batter waits for the pitch there is potential

energy, it is converted into kinetic energy. Also the

chemical energy of food is converted into thermal

energy inside the body.

Potential energy (GPE) at the top of the hill, kinetic

energy as the person falls off of the hill.

As the bow is drawn elastic potential energy is

stored. As the arrow is released the EPE is convert-

ed into kinetic energy.

The chemical energy in the gasoline is converted

into thermal, light and kinetic energy.

Energy can not be created or destroyed, it can change form/

be transformed.

Mechanical

to electrical

Electrical to

thermal

Electrical to

thermal and

electromagnetic

(light)

Electrical to

mechanical

Electrical to

sound

Electrical to

sound and

EM

Electrical to

thermal and

EM

C. Compare and contrast the different forms of energy and their

characteristics.

STANDARD S8P3: Students will investigate the relationship between

force, mass, and the motion of objects.

A. Determine the relationship between velocity and acceleration.

Velocity: The speed of an object in a given direction. MUST include

the direction! Units are measured in distance/time Direction. Exam-

ple: meters/second West.

Acceleration: The rate at which velocity changes over time. ALSO: a

change in direction! If you turn but do not change your speed, you

are still accelerating. Acceleration can be speeding up OR slowing

down

Use the graph to answer the question:

A. Velocity is increasing, so the car

is accelerating.

B. Velocity is decreasing, so the car is

accelerating.

C. Velocity is increasing, so the car is

not accelerating.

D. Velocity is decreasing, so the car

is not accelerating.

Identify each unit as a unit of Acceleration (A), Velocity (V),

Distance (D) or Time (T)

V 18 m/s W D 8 mi T 42 s

A 16 m/s/s D 2 m T 122 min

V 50 cm/min N T 20 s A 8 m/s/s

Type of Energy Characteristics Examples

Heat Flows from a hotter area to a

colder area. CAN travel as in-

frared waves through empty

space. CAN travel through a

medium.

Light Travels as electromagnetic

waves. CAN travel through

empty space (via radiation).

CAN travel through a medium

as well.

Electricity Flow of electrons from nega-

tive to positive. Travels through

materials that are electrical

conductors (metals)

Mechanical

Motion

The sum of potential and

kinetic energy. When a wind-

mill is turning is an example.

potential The energy of position, stored

energy. Can be elastic poten-

tial or gravitational potential.

Sound Associated with a vibration or

disturbance in a medium.

MUST have a medium, travels

as longitudinal waves. Is a

mechanical wave.

STANDARD S8P4: Students will explore the wave nature of sound and

electromagnetic radiation.

A. Identify the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical

waves.

Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves:

Can travel through a medium or through empty space (via radiation). Con-

sists of alternating electric and magnetic fields. Drawn as transverse

waves. Higher frequency-more energy.

Characteristics of Mechanical Waves: NEED a medium to travel, can not

travel through empty space. Include sound waves, waves in a slinky, and

earthquake waves

B. Describe how the behavior of light waves is manipulated causing

reflection, refraction, diffraction, and absorption.

Label each scenario as reflection, refraction, diffraction or

absorption.

1. Your black shirt heats up when you are outside in the

sun.

2.You see your face looking back at you in a

puddle

3. Your legs look broken when you sit with them dangling

in the pool water.

4. Light comes through the slightly open window shades.

5. The bouncing back of light rays causes this.

6. Light energy is transferred to a chloroplast.

7. Light goes around an obstacle.

8. Light bends when it goes from air to liquid

C. Explain how the human eye sees objects and colors in terms of

wavelengths.

Explain why a sheet of white paper appears white: All wavelengths of light

in the visible light spectrum are reflected back to your eye.

Explain why a green leaf on a plant appears green: Wavelengths of green

light are reflected back to your eye.

An apple appears red because: Wavelengths of red light are reflected

back to your eye.

We see objects because: Light reflects off of the objects and is inter-

preted by our brains.

Explain why we can’t see objects or colors in the dark: There is no light to

reflect off of objects back to our eyes.

D. Describe how the behavior of waves is affected by a medium (such

as air, water, solids). Fill in the blanks below to make the paragraph

true.

Sound waves travel fastest in a SOLID because the particles are closer

together. Sound waves can also travel through LIQUID and GASES.

Sometimes sound and light diffracts, reflects, or refracts when it en-

counters different obstacles.

absorption

reflection

refraction

diffraction

reflection

absorption

diffraction

refraction

E. Relate the properties of sound to everyday experiences.

1. Explain why you can hear an echo in an empty room? The sound reflects

off of the smooth walls and there is nothing to absorb sound.

2. What can you do to reduce echoes in a theater or recording studio?

Add soft panels or soft furniture to absorb sound.

3. Why does siren change pitch when a police car passes you?

The change in wavelength as the siren moves towards you.

4. This phenomenon is called the Doppler effect.

5. Draw a diagram of the Doppler effect below:

F. Diagram the parts of a wave and explain how the parts are

affected by changes in amplitude and pitch.

Label the parts of the

transverse wave:

1. amplitude

2. Crest

3. Wave height

4. Wavelength

5. trough

Label the parts of the longitudinal wave:

1. compression

2. Rarefaction

3. wavelength

Increasing amplitude increases the LOUDNESS of the sound.

Decreasing amplitude decreases the LOUDNESS of the sound.

Decreasing frequency decreases the PITCH of the sound.

Increasing frequency increases the PITCH of the sound.

Match the wave to the description:

Waves only transfer ENERGY.

The electromagnetic spectrum is made of:

RADIO, MICROWAVE, INFRARED, VISIBLE LIGHT, ULTRAVIOLET,

X-RAY, GAMMA RAY

An acronym to help me remember this from longest to shortest

wavelength:

Uses for electromagnetic waves:

Transmit information (radio, micro) heat food (micro, infrared) treat

cancer ( gamma) take pictures of bones (x-ray) see (visible light)

A B C

D

C. 1. Which wave would produce the softest sound?

D. 2. Which wave would produce the loudest sound?

A. 3. Which sound would produce the sound with the

highest pitch?

B. 4. Which sound would produce the sound with the

lowest pitch?

B. Demonstrate the effort of balanced and unbalanced forces on an

object in terms of gravity, inertia and friction.

Gravity: The force of attraction between two objects, depends on mass

and distance

Inertia: An object in motion will remain in motion, an object at rest will

remain at rest UNLESS acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Friction: The resistance to motion of one object moving against another

object. Increased roughness=increased friction.

Calculate the net force in each scenario below:

Direction of motion:

Left (or West)

Right (or East)

Right (or East)

No Motion

No Motion

Place a star inside

the boxes that are UNBALANCED

C. Demonstrate the effect of simple machines on work.

Simple machines make work EASIRE but not LESS>

Explain which simple machine(s) you can use in each situation and how

it will help make work easier:

1. Putting a motorcycle into the back of a trailer. Inclined plane as a

ramp to roll the motorcycle up rather than lifting it.

2. Lifting a flag to the top of the flagpole. Pulley to pull the flag up.

3. Moving dirt from the front yard to the backyard. Wheelbarrow

uses inclined plane

4. Attaching two boards together. Screw

5. Splitting a log in half. Wedge (axe blade)

6. Cutting paper. Scissors (Lever and wedge)

7. Lifting a car to change the tire. Jack (Lever)

8. Moving from the bottom floor of the house to the top floor. Stairs

(inclined plane)

9. Opening a can of peaches. Can opener (lever, wedge and screw)

10. Cutting a piece of cheese. Knife (wedge)

40 N

60 N

2 N

0 N

0 N

C. Investigate and explain that electric currents and magnets can

exert force on each other.

1. How can you use the materials below to make a magnet?

2. How can you make the electromagnet stronger?

3. Draw magnets attracting and magnets repelling and label the poles:

4.How is magnetism used to create electricity?

S8P5: Students will recognize characteristics of gravity, electricity,

and magnetism as major kinds of forces acting on nature.

A. Recognize that every object exerts gravitational force on every

other object and that the force exerted depends on how much

mass the objects have and how far apart they are.

On Earth you have a mass of 140 kg. In space you will have a mass of 140

kg. Your mass is constant.

Your weight changes depending on the force of gravity. The moon has 1/6

the gravity of Earth. If you weigh 120 lbs on Earth, what would you weigh

on the moon? 20 lbs

B. Demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of a series and

parallel circuit and how they transfer energy.

Label the circuits as series or parallel and answer the questions:

1. 2.

Type of circuit:

Series Circuit

Advantages/Uses:

Burglar alarm

Disadvantages:

If one light goes out,

They all go out, lights get dimmer

as you add loads

Increase the number of wraps of the wire or increase the current (more or

stronger batteries)

Moving magnet through a coil of wire (stator) can generate

electricity.

Parallel Circuit

Wiring in homes. All other lights stay on if

there is a break in the circuit (branches)