Looking into the Future
Tracy Watkin
Video Modelling
Introduction
Theory
Process
Where to Next?
Introduction
Clip 1
YouTube
Google Maps :Street View
Theory
What is Video Modelling?
Evidence Base
Social Cogni7ve Learning Theory
The Power of Video Modelling
What is Video Modelling?
“A method of teaching in which an individual learns a behaviour or a skill by watching a video recording of someone – the model – demonstrating that behaviour or skill.” Research Autism
Evidence Based Intervention
• over 50 studies • 160 participants • positive benefits
• 9 studies supporting video modelling
• 50 studies • mixed in vivo and video
modelling • established
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Production
4. Motivation
Bandura 1986: cognitive and behavioural changes acquired by observing and imitating a model
The Power of Video Modelling Individual with ASD Video Modelling
Visual learners
Highly motivated by technology
Require structure
Acquire skills through repetition
Attention to detail
Triad /dyad of Impairments
Exceptional memory and echolalia
Anxiety in social situations
Visual medium
Technology based
Step by step instructions
Can be replayed across settings
Target skills can be highlighted
Social, communication, rigidity of thought, sensory
Learning through imitation
Eliminates social pressures
The Process
Plan
Create
Show
Follow Up
My Experience of Video Modelling
Video Modelling Process Stage 1: Plan
Identify clearly defined targets
Collect baseline data for target skills Sample 1
Conversation Skills
Sample 1 Results
Collect baseline data for target skills Sample 2
Play Choices
Sample 2 Results
Break the task into steps to be videoed
Prepare Scripts
Select video equipment
Video Modelling Process Stage 2: Create
Select a form of video modelling
Video Modelling:1982 Steinborn and Knapp
Video Self Modelling: 1991 Dowrick
Point of View Modelling: 2000, Schreibman et al.
Video Prompting: 2005, Sigafoos et al.
Select and prepare models/actors
known adult peer
sibling
the learner
Make a simple 3-5 minute video
Gain consent from models or parents
Use materials from the real task Preview and edit adding verbal or written prompts
Clip 2
Video Modelling Process Stage 3: Show
Select and check viewing equipment
Clip 3
Explain the steps in the target skill
Prompt learner to attend to the video
Clip 4
Schedule regular viewings
Video Modelling Process Stage 4: Follow Up
• Record observations and frequency of viewing
• Collect post intervention data • If no progress:
ü Increase viewing frequency ü Simplify video ü Additional prompts ü Check correct steps are included ü Check prerequisite skills ü Increase task performance reinforcement
Clip 5
• Fade the video • Evaluate intervention
Where to next?
Applica7on
Training
Commercial Resources
Application 1. Language and Communication:
• responses to questions • spontaneous requests • initiation of conversations
Gelbar et al. 2012
Application 2. Social Skills Interventions
• social initiations • unprompted
play with a peer
• turn taking
Application 3. Behaviour Modification
• off task behaviours • knowledge of
classroom rules • restorative behaviours
in the home
Application 4. Task Instruction
• putting clothes away
• making a sandwich
• unpacking school bag
Training
Training
• Research articles
Teaching Exceptional Children
Vol 43, No.6
Commercial Resources
Aim High, Ki Runga Rawa
Clip 6
For people without disabilities, technology makes things easier. For people with disabilities, technology makes things possible.”
IBM Training Manual - 1991
References Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundation of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Clinical and Social Psychology, 4, 359-373. Bellini, S., & Akullian, J. (2007). A meta-analysis of video modeling and video self-modeling interventions for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Exceptional Children, 73, 264-284. Buggey, T., Hoomes, G., Sherberger, M. E., & Williams, S. (2011). Facilitating social initiations of preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder using video self-modeling. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 26(1), 25-36. Corbett, B. A., & Abdullah, M. (2005). Video modelling: Why does it work for children with autism? JEIBI, 2(1), 2-8. Coyle, C., & Cole, P. (2004). A videotaped self-modelling and self-monitoring treatment program to decrease off-task behaviour in children with autism. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 29(1), 3-15. Dowrick, P. W. (1991). Feedforward and self modeling. In P. W. Dowrick, Practical Guide to Using Video in Behavioural Sciences (pp. 109-126). New York: Wiley. Retrieved from http://www.creating-futures.org/downloads/pdf/Feedforwarding.pdf Ganz, J. B., Earles-Vollrath, T. L., & Cook, K. E. (2011). Video modeling: A visually based intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. Teaching Exceptional Children, 43(6), 8-19.
References Gelbar, N. W., Anderson, C., McCarthy, S., & Buggey, T. (2012). Video self-modeling as an intervention strategy for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Psychology in the Schools, 49(1), 15-22. LaCava, P. (2013). Video modeling: An online training module. Kansas City: University of Kansas, Special Education Department. Columbus, OH: In Ohio Center for Autism and Low Incidence (OCALI), Autism Internet Modules. Retrieved April 2014, from http://www.autisminternetmodules.org/mod_view.php?nav_id=1414 MacDonald, R., Sacramone, S., Mansfield, R., Wiltz , K., & Ahearn, W. H. (2009). Using video modeling to teach reciprocal pretend play to children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analaysis, 42(1), 43-55. ModelMe Kids. (2014, August). Retrieved from http://www.modelmekids.com/ National Autism Center. (2009). National Standards Project. Massachusetts. Retrieved April 2014, from http://www.nationalautismcenter.org/pdf/NAC%20Standards%20Report.pdf Nikopoulos, C., & Keenan, M. (2006). Video modelling and behaviour analysis: A guide for teaching social skills to children with autism. London & Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley. NPDC on ASD. (n.d.). Evidence-based practice: Video modeling. Retrieved April 2014, from The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders: http://autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/content/video-modeling
References http://autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/content/video-modeling Ogilvie, C. R. (2011). Step by step: Social skills instruction for students with autism spectrum disorder using video models and peer mentors. Teaching Exceptional Children, 43(6), 20-26. Rayner, C. (2010). Video-modelling to improve task completion in a child with autism. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 13(3), 225-230. Rayner, C. (2011b). Teaching students with autism to tie a shoelace knot using video prompting and backward chaining. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 14(6), 339-347. Reagon, K. A., Higbee, T. S., & Endicott, K. (2006). Teaching pretend play skills to students with autism spectrum disorder using video modeling with a sibling as model and play partner. Education and Treatment of Children, 29(3), 1-12. Research Autism. (2014). Video modelling and autism. Retrieved April 2014, from Research Autism: http://www.researchautism.net/interventions/101/video-modelling-and-autism Shukla-Mehta, S., Miller, T., & Callahan, K. J. (2010). Evaluating the effectiveness of video instruction on social and communication skills training for children with autism spectrum disorders: A review of the literature. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 25(1), 23-36. Smith, K. H. (2010). Teaching social skills to children with autism using video-modeling: A component analysis. Alabama. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/tracyw/Downloads/KSmith-diss-FINAL%20(1).pdf Steinborn, M., & Knapp, T. (1982). Teaching an autistic child pedestrian skills. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 13, 347-351.
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viewing-the-windows-live-movie-maker-timeline/ • http://www.screencastsonline.com/ios/show/0143/ • http://autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/sites/autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/files/
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giveaway/ • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzYFBZPaaoc • http://www.modelmekids.com/ • http://www.changecards.org/change-theory/social-cognitive-theory • http://www.nationalautismcenter.org/ • http://www.researchautism.net/ • http://autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/content/evidence-based-practices • http://masseyuniversity.mrooms.net/ • http://www.autismnz.org.nz/conference_2014 • http://www.pitenglish.com/en/months