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Whatisevolu-on?
MohamedNoor
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Classicexample:
Pepperedmoth
1848 Nearlyallmothswerepeppered
Industrialrevolu0onpollu0on Treesblackened,lichensdied
1895 98%ofmothsblackIndustrialmelanism
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Isevolu-onbynaturalselec-o
justatheory ? Letsimaginethatyoureworkingwithapopula0onofs
TypeA:runrandomly TypeB:fearasphaltAverage: 1offspring 2offspring
Start: A:1 B:1 5%
Gen1:
Gen2:
Gen3:
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Whyisthisconten-oustoth
generalpublic?
Thinkabouttheseques0onsforaminute Arethereholesintheevidenceforevolu0on? Doesitapplytohumans?
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ImageCredits,Unit1-1 Skull(fromSedlecOssuary,Kostnice),29GonzoCarles,CCby-SA2.,www.flickr.com Evolu0onofExpression!,28kabils,CCby2.,www.flickr.com Pepperedmoth,27Mar0nowsky,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org GreatSmogof1952,1952N.T.Stobbs,CCby-SA2.,en.wikipedia.org Squirrelonroad,TomoJesenicnik,www.photoxpress.com
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Acceptanceofevolu-
anywhyitsimportanMohamedNoor
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1925
Historyhasatendency
torepeatitself
ScopesMonkeyTrial(Tennessee,USA) July1,1925,BethlehemGlobeEvolu0ontrialopen
prayer;JudgehasaBible
July21,1925,NYTimesScopesGuilty,Fined$1,SLawBryanisDisappointedLosesChancetoExam
andHisLong-PreparedSpeechIsUndelivered
HisEvidenceIsExpunged
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2010 s
Historyhasatendency
torepeatitself
Post-ScopesMonkeyTrial
July25,21,LivingstonParishNewsCrea0onscienSchoolsystemlooksintoteachingan0-evolu0on
June5,212,NatureSouthKoreasurrenderstocreademandsPublisherssettoremoveexamplesofevol
high-schooltextbooks
June6,212,AssociatedPressKansasheadedforanotherdebateoverevolu0on
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Evolu-on2005
USAshowsoneofthehighestratesofdisbeliefinevolu0on
USAshowsoneofthelowestratesofbeliefthatevolu0onhasoccurred
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5788/765.full
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Evolu-on2005
USAshowsoneofthehighestratesofdisbeliefinevolu0on
USAshowsoneofthelowestratesofbeliefthatevolu0onhasoccurred
2009: USA- 35%
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5788/765.full
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Whyarewes-lltalkingaboutt
FACT:Withinthescien0ficcommunity,thereisnoaboutthetruthofevolu0on.
Thereisnocontroversytoteach Debatesareonlyaboutrela0veimportanceofdiffere
FACT:Evolu0onisatheoryandafact.
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Whatisascien-fic theory ?Theory-- what one or more hypotheses become once
have been verified and accepted as true.
Theory-- an explanation of a set of related observation
events based upon proven hypotheses and verified
multiple times by detached groups of researchers.
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Whatisascien-fic theory ?Theory-- what one or more hypotheses become once
have been verified and accepted as true.
Theory-- an explanation of a set of related observation
events based upon proven hypotheses and verified
multiple times by detached groups of researchers.
Gravityis justatheory Atomshaventseenem!
Germsbah,humbug!
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Appearance of Design
Species seem intricately and almost perfectly designfor living their lives.
(Coyne Chapter 1, 1st sentence)
Example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0YTBj0WHkU
http://unionid.missouristate.edu/gallery/L_reeveiana/reeveiana-lure.jpg
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Howdoesstudyingevolu-onhhumanity?
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Medicalapplica-on
An0bio0cresistance Penicillinmass-producedin1943
Credit: Research and Develo ment Division, Schenle Laboratories, Inc., Lawrencebur , Indiana
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Medicalapplica-on
An0bio0cresistance Penicillinmass-producedin1943 Firstresistantstaphstrainfound1947 195:4%ofstaphisolatesresistant 196:8%ofstaphisolatesresistant
Howdidthishappen???
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Basicevolu-onaryprincipleofnaturalse
Originalpopula0onAn0bio0cappliedResistantst
(nocompe00onforresistantstrain)
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Basicevolu-onaryprincipleofnaturalse
Originalpopula0onAn0bio0cappliedResistantst
(nocompe00onforresistantstrain)
Lesson:an0bio0cswere(andoens0llare)overprescribed
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Anotherproblemwithan-bio Humanshaveco-evolvedwithmanybacteria
SynthesizeourrequiredvitaminK Helpustoresistinvadingorganisms
An0bio0cskillthegoodstufftoo!2011 study:
Antibiotic
Relative r
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ImageCredits,Unit1-2 Publicacceptanceofevolu0onin34countries,25,fromJ.D.Miller,E.C.Sco,andS.Okamotos
ofEvolu0on(Science,11August26;vol.313,no.5788).ReprintedwithpermissionfromAAAS.
hp://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5788/765.summary
Darwinstatue,PiotrJaczewski,CCby2.,nopsa.hiit.fi Horseevolu0on,25Mcyjerry,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org Broken-raysmussel,1998-26ChrisBarnhart,UnioGallery,MissouriStateUniversity ThankstoPenicillin,1944ResearchandDevelopmentDivision,SchenleyLaboratories,Inc.,Lawre
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Whatarebasicprinciplesofevolandwhatistheevidence?
EVOLUTION h
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EVOLUTIONhas
twofundamentalprocesses Changewithinalineage Forma0onofnewlineages(splitofexis0nglineage)
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T i t t i i l f
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Twoimportantprinciplesofevo1. Muchofevolu0onarychange
wascausedbynaturalselec0on,
whichproducestheappearanceofdesign.
2. Allspeciessharecommonancestry--resultofsplingof
lineagesfromoneancestrallife
form.
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P di -
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Predic-on
IflifeoriginatedonEarthinthedistantpastand
thenevolved,weshouldsee:
Thatthefirstdetectabletracesoflife
onEarthwouldbesimpleforms
...andonlylaterwouldmorecomplexandmoremodernformsappear
No fossilrabbitsinthePrecambrianera
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Fossilevidence:earlylifesimp
CONFIRMED!
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Prediction
Ifevolu0onoccurredwithinlineages,
andthoselineagessome0messplit:
Thenweshouldbeabletofind
examplesofspeciesgradually
changinginthefossilrecordinto
newspecies/forms
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CONFIRMED
Predic-on
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Ifallcreaturesshareacommon
ancestor:
Weshouldfindtransi0onalfossilsthatconnectmoderngroupstotheir
commonancestor
Predic-on
FEATHERED DINOSAUR!
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Sinornithosaurus
millenni
CO
FEATHEREDDINOSAUR!
FEATHERED DINOSAUR!
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Als
at0m
fos
Sinornithosaurus
millenni
FEATHEREDDINOSAUR!
FEATHERED DINOSAUR!
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Als
at0m
fos
Sinornithosaurus
millenni
FEATHEREDDINOSAUR!
Missing Links?
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g
1970
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Missing Links?
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1979
Missing Links?
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1993
Missing Links?
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2000
Missing Links?
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2001
Missing Links?
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2007
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Retrodic-ons
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Retrodic-ons
Someobserva0onssupporttheideaofevolu0onandcodescent,evenifnotnecessarilypredictedaheadof0me
Retrodic-ons: ves-gial organs
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Retrodic-ons:ves-gialorgans
Vestigial hind limbs of gray whale
Retrodictions: vestigial (dead) gene
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Retrodictions: vestigial (dead) gene
Yolk sac
Genesformakingyolkproteins
GenesformakingvitaminC
Olfactoryreceptorproteins
Retrodic-ons: biogeography
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Retrodic-ons:biogeography
Manyna0vebirdsandinsects,but
lackofna=vemammals,amphibians,
andfreshwaterfishonoceanicislands
Proofthatmammalsandamph
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CANETOADINDIAN
MONGOOSE
p
CANliveinHawaii
Retrodic-ons:biogeography
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g g p y
Mostsimilarspeciestothoseon
oceanicislandsareusuallyfound
onthenearestmainland
Retrodic-ons:inefficientdesig
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g
Loopoflaryngealnervearoundao
worksfineforancestralfish-likeform,b
inefficientforhumansandespecially
Evolu=onworkedwithmaterialsavailable
producemoreefficientdesign
Fig 19in Coyne book
Image Credits Unit 1 3
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ImageCredits,Unit1-3 Geological0mescale,Thanaben,CCby-SA3.,th.wikipedia.org Horseevolu0on,25Mcyjerry,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org Sinornithosaurus,26Dinoguy2,CCby-SA1.,en.wikipedia.org ReprintedwithpermissionfromEvolu0on:TheTriumphofanIdea,byCarlZimmer.
NewYork:HarperCollinsPublishers,21.Source:ArtbyDeborahPerugi,
adaptedfromCarlBuell'scladogramfromAttheWater'sEdge,byCarlZimmer,FreePress,1998.
Rodhocetusbalochistanensis,21JohnKlausmeyer,courtesyoftheUniversityofMichiganMuseumofNaturalHistory.
Graywhaleskeleton,21VIUDeepBay,CCby2.,www.flickr.com Ves0gialbones,27JerryCoyne,reprintedwithpermission Mammalianyolksac,29JerryCoyne,WhyEvolu0onisTrue,OUPOxford Canetoad,27MichaelLinnenbach,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org Humanlaryngealnerve,29KalliopiMonoyios,WhyEvolu0onisTruebyJerryCoyne,reprintedw Giraffelaryngealnerve,21VladimirMedeyko,CCby2.,en.wikipedia.org FishLaryngealNerve,29JerryCoyne,WhyEvolu0onisTrue,OUPOxford Chris0neO'Donnell,211GageSkidmore,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org Bigandsmalldogs,211ThereseTjernstrom,CCby-SA2.,www.flickr.com
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Responsestocri-cisms
evolu-onarytheoryMohamedNoor
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FossilrecordVes0gialorgans
Biogeography
Inefficientdesign
Examplesofnaturalselec0on
inreal0me
Ves0gialgenes
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Other common cri-cisms
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Othercommoncri-cisms
Toomuchchangeforevolu0ontoexplain
Manfromabacteria???Yeahright...
Cantexplainthecomplexitywesee Halfaneyedoesntwork.
Whyisntits0llhappening? Chris0neODonnell:Whyarentmonkeyss0llevolvingintohumans?
Doesntexplainlifesorigin-deniesexistenceofGod
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Too much change...
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Toomuchchange...
Dogsdomes0catedafewthousandyearsago. Breedsweseeareonlyafewhundredyearsold. Strikingdiversity
LifeonEarthes0mated3.5billionyearsold Hardtorelatetothisnumber
Too much change...
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Toomuchchange...
Dogsdomes0catedafewthousandyearsago. Breedsweseeareonlyafewhundredyearsold. Strikingdiversity
LifeonEarthes0mated3.5billionyearsold Hardtorelatetothisnumber
Differencehowmany0mesovercoulddogbreedshav If1yearswereamillimeter...
Too much change...
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Toomuchchange...
Dogsdomes0catedafewthousandyearsago. Breedsweseeareonlyafewhundredyearsold. Strikingdiversity
LifeonEarthes0mated3.5billionyearsold Hardtorelatetothisnumber
Difference-howmany0mesovercoulddogbreedshav If1yearswereamillimeter...3.5billionis3.5km
3.5 kilometers (Manha_an
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3.5kilometers(Manha_an
Imaginewalkingthat
far,1mmata0me
2012 Google Maps
Too much complexity
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Toomuchcomplexity
IntermediatesDOexist,eveninextantspecies
Evensingle-celledEuglenahastheeyespotphotoreceptor
Whyisnts-llhappening?
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y pp g
Manyincorrectassump0onswithargument Forma0onofnewspeciesmeansdemiseofold Presumeddirec0onalityofevolu0on
Whyisn ts-llhappening?
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y pp g
Manyincorrectassump0onswithargument Forma0onofnewspeciesmeansdemiseofold Presumeddirec0onalityofevolu0on
Newformsmaybeadvantageousbecauseexploitdifferresources
grubeaterinsecteater
cactuseaterwoodyseed
eater
Whyisn ts-llhappening?
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y pp g
Manyincorrectassump0onswithargument Forma0onofnewspeciesmeansdemiseofold Presumeddirec0onalityofevolu0on
Newformsmaybeadvantageousbecauseexploitdifferresources
Nodirec0onofevolu0on Historymaynotrepeatitself
CRUCIALPOINT
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Humansdidnotevolvefromamoebaeorchimpanzeesoelsethatiscurrentlyalive.
Humansandalltheseotherspeciesshareacommona Allspecies(includinghumans)havechangedrela0veto
ancestralforms.
Nohigherbeings:Evensingle-celledanimalshaveevolvedover0me!
Doesn texplainlife sorigind i i t f G d
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deniesexistenceofGod Firstparttrue:Mostevolu0onarytheorydoesnotaemp
addresswhyorhowlifearose
Secondpartuntrue:Theresnointrinsictheismoratheiswevediscussed
Somebiologistswhosupportevolu0onarealsodevou(e.g.,FrancisCollins,NIHdirector)
Somearedevoutatheists(e.g.,RichardDawkins)
OtherMaterials
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InterviewwithJerryCoyne AuthorofWhyEvolu=onIsTrue
ImageCredits,Unit1-4
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g
Evolu0onoftheeye,26Macus78,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org JerryCoyne,JerryCoyne,allrightsreserved.