Lecture Slides 01 01-EvidenceEvolution1-Slides

7/31/2019 Lecture Slides 01 01-EvidenceEvolution1-Slides

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Whatisevolu-on?

MohamedNoor


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Classicexample:

Pepperedmoth

1848 Nearlyallmothswerepeppered

Industrialrevolu0onpollu0on Treesblackened,lichensdied

1895 98%ofmothsblackIndustrialmelanism


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Isevolu-onbynaturalselec-o

justatheory ? Letsimaginethatyoureworkingwithapopula0onofs

TypeA:runrandomly TypeB:fearasphaltAverage: 1offspring 2offspring

Start: A:1 B:1 5%

Gen1:

Gen2:

Gen3:


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Whyisthisconten-oustoth

generalpublic?

Thinkabouttheseques0onsforaminute Arethereholesintheevidenceforevolu0on? Doesitapplytohumans?


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ImageCredits,Unit1-1 Skull(fromSedlecOssuary,Kostnice),29GonzoCarles,CCby-SA2.,www.flickr.com Evolu0onofExpression!,28kabils,CCby2.,www.flickr.com Pepperedmoth,27Mar0nowsky,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org GreatSmogof1952,1952N.T.Stobbs,CCby-SA2.,en.wikipedia.org Squirrelonroad,TomoJesenicnik,www.photoxpress.com


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Acceptanceofevolu-

anywhyitsimportanMohamedNoor


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1925

Historyhasatendency

torepeatitself

ScopesMonkeyTrial(Tennessee,USA) July1,1925,BethlehemGlobeEvolu0ontrialopen

prayer;JudgehasaBible

July21,1925,NYTimesScopesGuilty,Fined$1,SLawBryanisDisappointedLosesChancetoExam

andHisLong-PreparedSpeechIsUndelivered

HisEvidenceIsExpunged


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2010 s

Historyhasatendency

torepeatitself

Post-ScopesMonkeyTrial

July25,21,LivingstonParishNewsCrea0onscienSchoolsystemlooksintoteachingan0-evolu0on

June5,212,NatureSouthKoreasurrenderstocreademandsPublisherssettoremoveexamplesofevol

high-schooltextbooks

June6,212,AssociatedPressKansasheadedforanotherdebateoverevolu0on


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Evolu-on2005

USAshowsoneofthehighestratesofdisbeliefinevolu0on

USAshowsoneofthelowestratesofbeliefthatevolu0onhasoccurred

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5788/765.full


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Evolu-on2005

USAshowsoneofthehighestratesofdisbeliefinevolu0on

USAshowsoneofthelowestratesofbeliefthatevolu0onhasoccurred

2009: USA- 35%

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5788/765.full


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Whyarewes-lltalkingaboutt

FACT:Withinthescien0ficcommunity,thereisnoaboutthetruthofevolu0on.

Thereisnocontroversytoteach Debatesareonlyaboutrela0veimportanceofdiffere

FACT:Evolu0onisatheoryandafact.


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Whatisascien-fic theory ?Theory-- what one or more hypotheses become once

have been verified and accepted as true.

Theory-- an explanation of a set of related observation

events based upon proven hypotheses and verified

multiple times by detached groups of researchers.


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Whatisascien-fic theory ?Theory-- what one or more hypotheses become once

have been verified and accepted as true.

Theory-- an explanation of a set of related observation

events based upon proven hypotheses and verified

multiple times by detached groups of researchers.

Gravityis justatheory Atomshaventseenem!

Germsbah,humbug!


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Appearance of Design

Species seem intricately and almost perfectly designfor living their lives.

(Coyne Chapter 1, 1st sentence)

Example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0YTBj0WHkU

http://unionid.missouristate.edu/gallery/L_reeveiana/reeveiana-lure.jpg


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Howdoesstudyingevolu-onhhumanity?


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Medicalapplica-on

An0bio0cresistance Penicillinmass-producedin1943

Credit: Research and Develo ment Division, Schenle Laboratories, Inc., Lawrencebur , Indiana


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Medicalapplica-on

An0bio0cresistance Penicillinmass-producedin1943 Firstresistantstaphstrainfound1947 195:4%ofstaphisolatesresistant 196:8%ofstaphisolatesresistant

Howdidthishappen???


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Basicevolu-onaryprincipleofnaturalse

Originalpopula0onAn0bio0cappliedResistantst

(nocompe00onforresistantstrain)


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Basicevolu-onaryprincipleofnaturalse

Originalpopula0onAn0bio0cappliedResistantst

(nocompe00onforresistantstrain)

Lesson:an0bio0cswere(andoens0llare)overprescribed


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Anotherproblemwithan-bio Humanshaveco-evolvedwithmanybacteria

SynthesizeourrequiredvitaminK Helpustoresistinvadingorganisms

An0bio0cskillthegoodstufftoo!2011 study:

Antibiotic

Relative r


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ImageCredits,Unit1-2 Publicacceptanceofevolu0onin34countries,25,fromJ.D.Miller,E.C.Sco,andS.Okamotos

ofEvolu0on(Science,11August26;vol.313,no.5788).ReprintedwithpermissionfromAAAS.

hp://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5788/765.summary

Darwinstatue,PiotrJaczewski,CCby2.,nopsa.hiit.fi Horseevolu0on,25Mcyjerry,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org Broken-raysmussel,1998-26ChrisBarnhart,UnioGallery,MissouriStateUniversity ThankstoPenicillin,1944ResearchandDevelopmentDivision,SchenleyLaboratories,Inc.,Lawre


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Whatarebasicprinciplesofevolandwhatistheevidence?

EVOLUTION h


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EVOLUTIONhas

twofundamentalprocesses Changewithinalineage Forma0onofnewlineages(splitofexis0nglineage)


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T i t t i i l f


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Twoimportantprinciplesofevo1. Muchofevolu0onarychange

wascausedbynaturalselec0on,

whichproducestheappearanceofdesign.

2. Allspeciessharecommonancestry--resultofsplingof

lineagesfromoneancestrallife

form.


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P di -


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Predic-on

IflifeoriginatedonEarthinthedistantpastand

thenevolved,weshouldsee:

Thatthefirstdetectabletracesoflife

onEarthwouldbesimpleforms

...andonlylaterwouldmorecomplexandmoremodernformsappear

No fossilrabbitsinthePrecambrianera


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Fossilevidence:earlylifesimp

CONFIRMED!


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Prediction

Ifevolu0onoccurredwithinlineages,

andthoselineagessome0messplit:

Thenweshouldbeabletofind

examplesofspeciesgradually

changinginthefossilrecordinto

newspecies/forms


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CONFIRMED

Predic-on


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Ifallcreaturesshareacommon

ancestor:

Weshouldfindtransi0onalfossilsthatconnectmoderngroupstotheir

commonancestor

Predic-on

FEATHERED DINOSAUR!


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Sinornithosaurus

millenni

CO

FEATHEREDDINOSAUR!

FEATHERED DINOSAUR!


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Als

at0m

fos

Sinornithosaurus

millenni

FEATHEREDDINOSAUR!

FEATHERED DINOSAUR!


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Als

at0m

fos

Sinornithosaurus

millenni

FEATHEREDDINOSAUR!

Missing Links?


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g

1970


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Missing Links?


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1979

Missing Links?


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1993

Missing Links?


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2000

Missing Links?


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2001

Missing Links?


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2007


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Retrodic-ons


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Retrodic-ons

Someobserva0onssupporttheideaofevolu0onandcodescent,evenifnotnecessarilypredictedaheadof0me

Retrodic-ons: ves-gial organs


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Retrodic-ons:ves-gialorgans

Vestigial hind limbs of gray whale

Retrodictions: vestigial (dead) gene


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Retrodictions: vestigial (dead) gene

Yolk sac

Genesformakingyolkproteins

GenesformakingvitaminC

Olfactoryreceptorproteins

Retrodic-ons: biogeography


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Retrodic-ons:biogeography

Manyna0vebirdsandinsects,but

lackofna=vemammals,amphibians,

andfreshwaterfishonoceanicislands

Proofthatmammalsandamph


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CANETOADINDIAN

MONGOOSE

p

CANliveinHawaii

Retrodic-ons:biogeography


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g g p y

Mostsimilarspeciestothoseon

oceanicislandsareusuallyfound

onthenearestmainland

Retrodic-ons:inefficientdesig


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g

Loopoflaryngealnervearoundao

worksfineforancestralfish-likeform,b

inefficientforhumansandespecially

Evolu=onworkedwithmaterialsavailable

producemoreefficientdesign

Fig 19in Coyne book

Image Credits Unit 1 3


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ImageCredits,Unit1-3 Geological0mescale,Thanaben,CCby-SA3.,th.wikipedia.org Horseevolu0on,25Mcyjerry,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org Sinornithosaurus,26Dinoguy2,CCby-SA1.,en.wikipedia.org ReprintedwithpermissionfromEvolu0on:TheTriumphofanIdea,byCarlZimmer.

NewYork:HarperCollinsPublishers,21.Source:ArtbyDeborahPerugi,

adaptedfromCarlBuell'scladogramfromAttheWater'sEdge,byCarlZimmer,FreePress,1998.

Rodhocetusbalochistanensis,21JohnKlausmeyer,courtesyoftheUniversityofMichiganMuseumofNaturalHistory.

Graywhaleskeleton,21VIUDeepBay,CCby2.,www.flickr.com Ves0gialbones,27JerryCoyne,reprintedwithpermission Mammalianyolksac,29JerryCoyne,WhyEvolu0onisTrue,OUPOxford Canetoad,27MichaelLinnenbach,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org Humanlaryngealnerve,29KalliopiMonoyios,WhyEvolu0onisTruebyJerryCoyne,reprintedw Giraffelaryngealnerve,21VladimirMedeyko,CCby2.,en.wikipedia.org FishLaryngealNerve,29JerryCoyne,WhyEvolu0onisTrue,OUPOxford Chris0neO'Donnell,211GageSkidmore,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org Bigandsmalldogs,211ThereseTjernstrom,CCby-SA2.,www.flickr.com


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Responsestocri-cisms

evolu-onarytheoryMohamedNoor


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FossilrecordVes0gialorgans

Biogeography

Inefficientdesign

Examplesofnaturalselec0on

inreal0me

Ves0gialgenes


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Other common cri-cisms


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Othercommoncri-cisms

Toomuchchangeforevolu0ontoexplain

Manfromabacteria???Yeahright...

Cantexplainthecomplexitywesee Halfaneyedoesntwork.

Whyisntits0llhappening? Chris0neODonnell:Whyarentmonkeyss0llevolvingintohumans?

Doesntexplainlifesorigin-deniesexistenceofGod


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Too much change...


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Toomuchchange...

Dogsdomes0catedafewthousandyearsago. Breedsweseeareonlyafewhundredyearsold. Strikingdiversity

LifeonEarthes0mated3.5billionyearsold Hardtorelatetothisnumber

Too much change...


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Toomuchchange...



Differencehowmany0mesovercoulddogbreedshav If1yearswereamillimeter...

Too much change...


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Toomuchchange...



Difference-howmany0mesovercoulddogbreedshav If1yearswereamillimeter...3.5billionis3.5km

3.5 kilometers (Manha_an


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3.5kilometers(Manha_an

Imaginewalkingthat

far,1mmata0me

2012 Google Maps

Too much complexity


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Toomuchcomplexity

IntermediatesDOexist,eveninextantspecies

Evensingle-celledEuglenahastheeyespotphotoreceptor

Whyisnts-llhappening?


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y pp g

Manyincorrectassump0onswithargument Forma0onofnewspeciesmeansdemiseofold Presumeddirec0onalityofevolu0on

Whyisn ts-llhappening?


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y pp g


Newformsmaybeadvantageousbecauseexploitdifferresources

grubeaterinsecteater

cactuseaterwoodyseed

eater

Whyisn ts-llhappening?


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y pp g


Newformsmaybeadvantageousbecauseexploitdifferresources

Nodirec0onofevolu0on Historymaynotrepeatitself

CRUCIALPOINT


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Humansdidnotevolvefromamoebaeorchimpanzeesoelsethatiscurrentlyalive.

Humansandalltheseotherspeciesshareacommona Allspecies(includinghumans)havechangedrela0veto

ancestralforms.

Nohigherbeings:Evensingle-celledanimalshaveevolvedover0me!

Doesn texplainlife sorigind i i t f G d


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deniesexistenceofGod Firstparttrue:Mostevolu0onarytheorydoesnotaemp

addresswhyorhowlifearose

Secondpartuntrue:Theresnointrinsictheismoratheiswevediscussed

Somebiologistswhosupportevolu0onarealsodevou(e.g.,FrancisCollins,NIHdirector)

Somearedevoutatheists(e.g.,RichardDawkins)

OtherMaterials


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InterviewwithJerryCoyne AuthorofWhyEvolu=onIsTrue

ImageCredits,Unit1-4


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g

Evolu0onoftheeye,26Macus78,CCby-SA3.,en.wikipedia.org JerryCoyne,JerryCoyne,allrightsreserved.

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Lecture Slides 01 01-EvidenceEvolution1-Slides