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Inventions and Discoveries by Scientist - A to Z List

dding Machine, 1642. Inventor : Blaise Pascal (France

623-62). Earliest commercial machine invented ! "illiam

#rro#$hs (%.&.) in &t. 'o#is, isso#ri in 1*.



ddressograph, 1+3. Inventor : .&. #ncan (%.&.)

an#act#red in /hica$o, Illinois.

rplane, 1+03. Inventors: rville "ri$ht (11-1+4) and

l#r "ri$ht (16-1+12), (%.&.) itt! a5, 7orth /arolina.

rship (non-ri$id), 1*2. Inventor : enri 8iard (France

2*-2). &team-9o5ered 9ro9eller le5 over Paris (1*2).

rship (rigid), 1+00. Inventor : 8ra Ferdinand von e99elin

erman!) (13- 1+1). Bodensee.

ntiseptic, 16. Inventor : r. ose9h 'ister (En$land).

rc Lamp, 1+. Inventor : /.F. Br#sh (%.&.) (14+-1+2+)

eveland, hio.



rgon, 1+4. iscoverers : &ir "illiam ;amsa! and Baro

a! 'ei$h (8reat Britain).

spirin, 1++. Inventor : r. Feli< oman, 8erman!.



om Bomb, 1+4*. Inventor : #li#s ;oert 99enheime

.&) (1+04-1+6).



utogiro, 1+23. Inventor : #an de la /ierva (&9ain) (1+6

63). ori=ontal #n9o5ered rotor.

utomobile (steam), c. 16+. Inventor : 7icolas /#$no

rance) (12*-104). >hree-5heeled militar! tractor. ldes

rvivin$ is Italian Bordino (1*4) in >#rin.

utomobile (gasoline), 1**. Inventor : arl Ben= (8erman!

44-1+2+). Earliest model ! Father Ferdinand ?eriest (d

) c. 166* in /hina. Earliest internal com#stio

tomoile #ilt (162-63) ! ean ose9h Etienne 'enio

22-1+00) (France). First r#n ! Ben= otor5a$on

anneheim in 7ovemer or ecemer 1*. Patented i

n#ar! 2+,16. First 9o5ered handcart5ith interna

m#stion en$ine 5as ! &ie$ried arc#s (@#stria) (c

64).



aelite, 1+0. Inventor : '5o . Baccland (Bel$i#mA%.&.

63-1+44).

alloon, 13. Inventor : ac#es ont$olier (1**-++) and

se9h ont$olier (France) (140-110). >ethered li$ht, Pari

ctoer 1*)C manned ree li$ht, Paris.

allpoint !en, 1. Inventor : ohn . 'o#d (%.&.). Firs

actical models ! 'adisloa and 8eor$e Biro (#n$ar!) in

3.

arbed "ire, 13. Inventor : ose9h F. 8lidden (%.&.)

an#act#red at e al, Illinois.

cycle #yres (pneumatic), 1. Inventor : ohn Bo!d

#nlo9 (&cotland) (140-1+21). Princi9le 9atented #

develo9ed ! rert "illiam >homson (&cotland), #ne 10



*. First motor car 9ne#matic t!res ada9ted ! @ndre and

do#ard ichelin (France), 1* (see r#er t!res).

$ocal Lens, 10. Inventor : BenDamin Franlin (106-+0

.&.). is earliest e<9eriments e$an c. 160.

ullet, 14+. Inventor : /la#de inie (France).

unsen Burner , 1*. Inventor : ;oert "ilhelm von B#nse

erman!) (111-++). ichael Farada! (1+1-16) (En$land

d 9revio#sl! desi$ned an adD#stale #rner.

urglar Alarm, 1*1. Inventor : Ed5in >. olmes (%.&.)

ectric installed, Boston assach#setts (Fer#ar! 21).

admium, 11. iscovered : Friedrich &trome!er (8erman!)



annon (iron), c. 1320. Inventor : 8erman!. Earliest En$lish

#stration dated 1326.

ar#rettor, 16. Inventor : 8ottlie aimler (8erman!

34-1+00). /ar#rettor s9ra!C /harles E. #r!ea (%.&.

+2.

arpet S&eeper , 16. Inventor : elville ;. Bissell (%.&.)

rand ;a9ids, arch. (Patent, &e9temer 1+).

ar 'adio, 1+2+. Inventors : "illiam 'ear and Elmer "averin$

&@).

ash 'egister , 1+. Inventor : ames ;itt! (%.&.). B#ilt in

a!ton, hio. >aen over ! 7ational /ash ;e$ister /o. i

4.



ellophane, 1+00. Inventor : I.E. Brandener$e

5it=erland). achine 9rod#ction not eore 1+11.

elluloid, 161. Inventor : @le<ander Pares (En$land) (113

). Invented in Birmin$ham, En$landC develo9ed and trade

ared ! I.". !att (%.&.) in 13.



ement, 124. Inventor : ose9h @s9din (En$land).



hain Drive, 14+1-+3. Inventor : 'eonardo da ?inci (14*2

1+). ra5in$s made in ilan (Ital!) 5ere discovered i

9ain in 1+6.

hlorine, 14. iscoverer : arl "ilhelm &cheele (&5eden).

hronometer , 13*. Inventor : ohn arrison (En$land

6+3-16). ;eceived in 12 8overnment 20,000 9ri=e.

nema, 1+*. Inventors: @#$#ste arie 'o#is 7ocola

micre (162-1+*4) and 'o#is ean '#miere (France) (164

4). evelo9ment 9ioneers 5ere Etienne #les arc

rance) (130-1+03) and >homas @. Edison (%.&.) (14

31). First 9#lic sho5in$, Paris (ecemer 2, 1+*)



assi$ication o$ Data $or Libraries. Inventor : elvil e5e

.&.) (1*1-1+13). Introd#ced his decimal classiication i

6.

oc (mechanical), 2*. Inventors: I-sin$ and 'ian$ 'in$

an (/hina). Earliest esca9ement 600 !ears eore E#ro9e.

oc (pendulum), 16*. Inventor : /hristian #!$en

etherlands) (162+-+2).

acron, 1+41. Inventors: .;. "hinield (1+01-66), .>

cson (En$land). First availale 1+*0, mareted in %.&.

ental !late, 11. Inventor : @nthon! @. Plantson (%.&.

4-13).



ental !late (rubber), 1**. Inventor : /harles 8ood!ea

.&) (14*-1+21).

esel ngine, 1+*. Inventor : ;#dol iesel (8erman!

*-1+13). 'o5er 9ress#re oil en$ine 9atent ! &t#ar

ro!d, 1+0. iesels irst commercial s#ccess, @#$ser$

+.

sc Brae, 1+02. Inventor : r. F. 'anchester (En$land). Firs

ed on aircrat 1+*3 (#nlo9 ;#er /o.).

ectric Battery, 100. Inventor : ?olta (Italian)

ectric BlanetC 1+46. Inventor : &immons /o., Peters#r$

r$inia, %.&. >hermostatic control.



ectric %ooing tensil, 14. Inventor : &t. 8eor$e 'ane

o< (En$land).

ectric *an, 12. Inventor : "heeler (%&@). Electric Fla

on, 12. Inventor : .". &eele! (%.&.), 7e5 Gor /it!.

ectric +eneration (Static), 1660. Inventor : tto vo

#eriche (8erman!).

ectric Lamp, 1+. Inventor : >homas @lva Edison (%.&.

4-1+31). First 9ractical demonstration at enlo Par, 7e

rse!.

ectric Motor (D%), 13. Inventor : enoe 8ramme

el$i#m) (126-1+01). E<hiited in ?ienna.



ectric Motor (A%), 1. Inventor : 7iola >esla (%.&.

*6-1+43).

ectromagnet, 124. Inventor : "illiam &t#r$eon (En$land

13)C im9roved ! ose9h enr! (%.&.) 131.

ectromagnetic Induction, 131. Inventor : ichael Farada

reat Britain)C discovered 9revio#sl!, #t not 9#lished,

se9h enr! (%nited &tates).

ectronic %omputer , 1+42. Inventor : .8. Brainerd, .P

cert, .". a#chl! (%.&.). E7I@/ (Electronic 7#merica

e$rator and /irc#lator), %niversit! o Penns!lvania

hiladel9hia.

evator , 1*2. Inventor : Elisha 8. tis (%.&.) (111-61)

arliest elevator at Goners, 7.G.



m (musical), 1+23. Inventor : r. 'ee de Forest (%.&.) 7e5

or demonstration (arch 13).

lm (taling), 1+26. Inventor : "arner Bros. (%.&.). Firs

ease on #an, "arner >heatre, 7e5 Gor (@#$#st *).

uroine, 16. iscoverer : Ferdinand Frederic en

oissan (France).

ood *ro,en, 1+23. Inventor : Birdse!es (%&@).

ountain !en, 14. Inventor : 'e5is E. "aterman (%.&.

3-1+01). Patented ! . !de (%.&.), 130, #ndevelo9ed.



as Lighting, 1+2. Inventor : "illiam #rdoc (&cotland)

*4-13+). Private ho#se in /orn5all, 1+2C Factor!

rmin$ham, 1+C 'ondon &treet, 10.

enerator , 160. Inventor : Piciontti (Italian). /ontin#o#

rrent: im9roved ! 8ramme (Bel$i#m). 10.

ass (stained), c. 100. Inventor : @#$ser$ (8erman!)

arliest En$lish, c. 110, Gor inister.

ass&are, c. 1*00 B/. Inventor : E$!9t and eso9otamia

oda!s Ira). 8lass lo5in$, &!ria, c. *0 B/.

ider , 1*3. Inventor : &ir 8eor$e /a!le! (En$land) (13

*). 7ear Brom9ton all, Gorshire, En$land. Passen$e

ssil! ohn @99le!.



ramophone, 1. Inventor : >homas Edison (%&@).



yro-%ompass, 1+11. Inventor : Elmer @. &9err! (%.&.) (160

30). >ested on %&& ela5are (@#$#st 2). 8!rosco9e

vised 12 ! Fo#ca#lt (France).

elicopter , 1+30. Inventor : d @scanio (Ital!). /o-a<ia

achine. Earliest dra5in$ o 9rinci9le, 'e ans #se#m

ance, c. 1460. First serviceale machine ! I$or &iors!

.&.). 1+3+.

elium, 16. iscoverer : &ir "illiam ;amsa! (8reat Britain)

overcra$t, 1+**. Inventor : /.&. /ocerell (En$land)

atented ecemer 12. Earliest air-c#shion vehicle 9atent 5as

1 ! .I. >horn!crot (143-1+21) (En$land). First li$h

a#nders ;oe &;7I at. /o5es, En$land, (a! 30, 1+*+).



on "oring, c. 1000 B/. Inventor : allstatt, @#stria

rod#ced into Britain c. **0 B/.

t ngine, 1+3. Inventor : &ir Fran "hittle (En$land) (

06). First tested r#n in 1+3. Princi9les anno#nced

erconnet (France) 1+0+ and a<ime 8#illa#me (France

21. First li$ht @#$#st 2, 1+3+ ! einel e.

aser , 1+60. Inventor : r. /harles . >o5nes (%.&.). Firs

monstration ! >heodore aiman (%.&.). (@reviation o

$ht @m9liication ! &tim#lated Emission o ;adiation).

athe, c. 1*00 B/. Inventor : 8rees or 5ood-5orin$

ossil! develo9ed rom 9otters 5heel. Earliest scre5 c#ttin$

he ! enr! a#dsl! (En$land) (11-131).



aunderette, 1+34. Inventor : .F. /antrell (%.&.), Fort "orth

<as, @9ril 1.

a&s o$ +ravitation and Motion, 16. iscovered : Isaa

e5ton (En$land).

ghtning %onductor , 1*2. Inventor : BenDamin Franli

.&.) (106-+0), Philadel9hia.

noleum, 160. Inventor : Frederic "alton (En$land).

ocomotive, 104. Inventor : ;ichard >revithic (En$land

1-133). Pen!darren, "ales, + iles (Fer#ar! 21).

oom (po&er), 1*. Inventor : Edm#nd /art5ri$ht (En$land

43-123).



oudspeaer , 1+24. Inventor : /hester ". ;ice and Ed5ard

. ello$$ (%.&.).

achine +un, 161. Inventor : ;ichard 8ain$ (%.&.) (11

03).

aps, c. 2*00 B/. Inventor : &#merians (cla! talets). Earlies

orld ma9 ! Eratosthenes c. 220 B/.

argarine, 163. Inventor : i99ol!te e$e-o#ries (France)

tiall!, made o ee s#et, 5arm mil and shee9 stomach

in$.

atch (Sa$ety), 1**. Inventor : .E. '#ndstrom (&5eden)

mor9ho#s 9hos9hor#s disc, 14*, @nton von &chrotter.



crophone, 16. Inventor : @le<ander 8raham Bell (%.&.

4-1+22). 7ame coined 1 ! avid #$hes.



croscope, 1*+0. Inventor : acharis anssen (7etherlands)

om9o#nd conve<-concave lens.

croscope (lectron), 1+3+. Inventor : ?ladimir osm

5or!in (;#ssia, later %.&) (. 1+), et al. emonstrated

amden, 7e5 erse!, 1+40.

olecular ypothesis, 111. Inventor : @madeo @vo$adro

al!).

otorcycle, 14. Inventor : Ed5ard B#tler (En$land). Firs

hiited 1* ! aimler, earliest actor! in #nich 1+3.

otor Scooter , 1+1+. Inventor : 8reville Bradsha5 (En$land).



eon Lamp, 1+1*. Inventor : 8eor$es /la#de (France) (11

60). First installation in %.&. /osmo9olitan >heatre, #l

23.

ght %lub, 143. Inventor : Paris, France. First 5as Le Ba

s Anglais, Paris.

neteenth La&s o$ !lanetary Motion, 160+. Inventor

hannes e9ler (8erman!).

ylon, 1+3. Inventor : r. "allace . /arothers (%.&.) (1+6

3) at # Pont 'as, &eaord ela5are, %.&. First stocin$s

ade ao#t 1+3. Bristle 9rod#ction, Fer#ar! 2*, 1+3. Garn

od#ction, ecemer 1+3+.

1ygen, 1*. iscoverer : @ntoine 'a#rent 'avoisie

rance).



,one, 13+. iscoverer : /hristian &chonein (8erman!).

aper , c. 1*0. Invented in /hina. Introd#ced to "est via

arand, c. *0.

arach#te, 1+. Inventor : @ndre ac#es 8arnerin (France

6+-123). First descent rom 2,230 t over Paris. Earlies

m9 rom aircrat arch 1, 1+12 ! /a9t @. Berr! (%.&.) ove

. 'o#is, isso#ri.

archment, c. 1300 B/. Inventor : E$!9t. odern name rom

er$amam, @sia inor, c. 2*0 B/.

aring Meter , 1+3*. Inventor : /orlton /. a$ee (%.&.)

lahoma /it! (#l! 16).



honograph, 1. Inventor : >homas @lva Edison (%.&.

4-1+31). ead craned c!linder at enlo Par. .

atent, Fer#ar! 1+. First descried on @9ril 30, 1,

harles /ross (France) (142-).

hosphorus, 166+. iscoverer : enni$ Brand (8erman!).

hotography (on metal), 126. Inventor : ose9h 7icH9hore

e9ce (France) (16*-133). &ensitised 9e5ter 9late, hrs

9os#re at /halon-s#r-&aone, France.

hotography (on paper), 13*. Inventor : ". . Fo< >alo

n$land) (10-). 'acoc @e!, "iltshire, En$land.

hotography (on $ilm), 1. Inventor : ohn /ar#tt (%.&.)

oda ! 8eor$e Eastman (%.&.) (1*4-1+32), @#$#st 1.



ano, 10+. Inventor : /ristoori (Ital!).

orcelain, c. 00. Inventor : /hina. ;eached Ba$hdad, c. 00



otter2s "heel, c. 6*00 B/. Inventor : @sia inor. %sed in

eso9otamia (Ira), c. 3000 B/.

neumatic #yre. &ee ic!cle t!res (loo al9haeticall! aove)

inting !ress, c. 14**. Inventor : ohannes 8#tener$

erman!) (c. 1400-6). and 9rintin$ no5n in India in 6.

inting ('otary), 146. Inventor : ;ichard oe (%.&.) (112

). Philadel9hia 9#lic led$er rotar! 9rinted, 14.

opeller (ship), 12. Inventor : Francis &mith (En$land

0-4).



oton, 1+1+. iscoverer : Ernest ;#therord (British-7e

ealand).

yramid, c. 26* B/. Inventor : E$!9tians . Earliest 5as ose

e9 9!ramid, &aara.



adar , 1+22. Inventors : r. @llert . >a!lor and 'eo /. Go#n$

.&.). ;adio relection eect noted. First harnessed in 1+3*

r ;oert "atson-"att (En$land) (. 1+2).

adioactivity, 1+6. Inventor : @ntoine Bac#crel (France).

adio #elegraphy (over 1 m), 1+*. Inventor : 'ord Ernes

#therord (British-7e5 ealand) (11-1+3). @t /amrid$e

n$land.

adio #elegraphy (#rans-Atlantic), 1+01. Inventor

#$lielmo arconi (Ital!) (141+3). From Poldh#, /orn5a

&t. olns, 7e5 ealand (ecemer 12). Earliest roadcas

s9eech ! Pro. ;e$inald Fessenden (%.&.) (16-1+32) in

ant ;oc, assach#setts, ecemer 24, 1+06.



ayon, 13. Inventor : &ir ose9h &5ann (En$land) (12

1). Prod#ction at /o#rta#lds 'td., /oventr!, En$land

ovemer 1+0*. 7ame ;a!on ado9ted in 1+24.

a,or (Sa$ety), 1+*. Inventor : in$ /. 8illette (%.&.). Firs

ro5-a5a! lades. Earliest i<ed saet! ra=or ! am9e.

a,or (lectric), 1+31. Inventor : /ol. aco &chic (%.&.)

rst man#act#red &tanord, /onnectic#tC arch 1.

eaper , 126. Inventor : enr! $le (%.&.). First 9ractica

achine invented ! ;oert c/ormic in "aln#tt 8rove

r$inia, in 131.

ecord (long-playing), 1+4. Inventor : r. Petter 8oldmar

.&.). evelo9ed in the /B& ;esearch 'as.



e$rigerator , 1*1. Inventor : ames arrison J@#stralia

16-1+3)D Bendi$o. @#stralia, Bre5er!.

evolver , 13*. Inventor : &am#el /olt (%.&.) (114-62).



ocet ngine, 1+26. Inventor : ;oert . 8oddard (%&@)

nsidered as ather o modern rocet 9ro9#lsion.

ubber (&aterproo$), 11+. Inventor : /harles acintos

cotland) (166-143). First e<9eriments in 8las$o5. ;#e

rod#ced into E#ro9e in 136.

ubber (vulcanised), 141. Inventor : /harles 8ood!ea

.&.) (100-60).

ubber (tyres), 1*. Inventor : >homas ancoc (En$land

6-16*). Introd#ced solid r#er t!res or vehicles (14

ee also ic!cle).



ubber (late1 $oam), 1+2. Inventor : #nlo9 ;#er /o

n$land). >eam led ! E.@. #r9h! at Fort #nlo9

rmin$ham, En$land.

a$ety !in, 14+. Inventor : "illiam #nt (%.&.). Firs

an#act#red in 7e5 Gor /it!.

e&ing Machine: F#ndamental 9rinci9le, do#le-9ointe

edle invented ! /harles Fredric "iesenthal (%.&.), 1**

rst 9atent in En$land ! >homas &aint, 1+0. First machine

t to actor! #se invented ! Barthelem! >himonnier (France

+3-1*4), 9atented in 130. >he e!e 9ointed needle and

#le-loc stitch invented ! "alter #nt o 7e5 Gor 132

t never 9atented. Elias o5e (11+-6) o &9encer, ass

velo9ed his machine inde9endentl! (not a5are o #nt

or), 9atented in.,146. Earliest 9ractical domestic machine

vented ! Isaac . &in$er (111-*) o Pittsto5n, 7e5 Gor

*1.



hip (sea-going), c. 2*00 B/. Inventor : E$!9tian shi9

aversed Eastern editerranean sea.

hip (steam), 1*. Inventor : ./. Perier (France) (142

1). First trail on the &eine river, near Paris, France.

hip (turbine), 1+4. Inventor : on. &ir /harles Parson

n$land) (1*4-1+31). S.S. Turbinia attained 34.* nots o

st trial.

licones, 1+04. Inventor : Pro. F.&. i99in$ (En$land).

l Manu$acture, c. *0 B/. Inventor : ;eelin$ machine

vised, /hina. &il mills in Ital!, c. 12*0, 5orlds earlies

ctories o an! ind.



yscraper , 12. Inventor : "illiam 'e Baron enne! (%.&.)

ome Ins#rance /o. B#ildin$, /hica$o, Illinois, 10-store! (to

steel eams).

ide 'ule, 1621. Inventor : "illiam #$htred (En$land

**-1660). Earliest slide et5een i<ed stoc ! ;oer

ssaer, 16*4.

pectacles (or eyeglasses), c. 126. Inventor : ?enice, Ital

onve<). /oncave lens m!o9ia not develo9ed till c. 14*0.

pinning *rame, 16+. Inventor : &ir ;ichard @r5ri$h

n$land) (132-+2).

pinning .enny, 164. Inventor : ames ar$reave

n$land) (d. 1).



pinning Mule, 1+. Inventor : &am#el /rom9ton (En$land

1*3-12).

eam ngine, 16+. Inventor : >homas &aver! (En$land) (c

*0-11*).

eam ngine (piston), 112. Inventor : >homas 7e5come

n$land) (1663-12+).

eam ngine (condenser), 16*. Inventor : ames "at

cotland) (136-11+).

irrups (metal), c. **0. Inventor : @ncient @vars. Possil

$inated in the eastern ste99es o @sia.



eel !roduction, 1*. Inventor : enr! Bessemer (>h

eel an) (En$land) (113-+). @t &t. Pancreas, 'ondon

ementation o 5ro#$ht iron ars ! charcoal contact no5n to

hal!es 9eo9le o @sia inor, c. 1440 B/.

eel (rustless or stainless), 1+13. Inventor : arr! Brearle

n$land). First cast at &heield, En$land (@#$#st 20). na9

tent, ctoer 1+12 or chromi#m caron steelC ailed to

co$nise corrosion resistance.

ethoscope, Inventor : r. "illiam &toes (En$land) (104

).

reetcar (railed), 1**0. Inventor : ;ail minin$ tracs

eerthal in @lsace re$ion o France.



reetcar (electric), 1+. Inventor : Ernst "erner vo

emens (8erman!) (113-+2). Earliest 9ermanent sel

o9elled 9#lic streetcar at 'ichterelde in Berlin, 8erman!

1. emonstration at Berlin trade e<hiition over 300 !ards

a! 31,1+.





elephone, 16. Inventor : @le<ander 8raham Bell (%.&.

4-1+22). First e<chan$e at Boston, assach#setts, 1.

elescope (3st re$racting), 160. Inventor : ans 'i99ershe

erman-#tch lensmaer). emonstrated his invention called

er (meanin$ looer in #tch) eore #tch 9arliament on

d ctoer 160.

me 'ecorder , 1+0. Inventor : arlo5 B#nd! (%&@).

actor (3st gasoline4petrol po&ered engine), 1+2

ventor : ohn Froelich (%.&.). /om9leted in Io5a (&e9teme

1+2).

actor (%aterpillar), 1+00. Inventor: BenDamin olt (%.&.).



ans$ormer (induction coil), 142. Inventor : "illiam

anle!, r. (%.&.).

ansistor , 1+4. Inventors : ohn Bardeen, "illiam &hocle

d "alter Brattain (%.&). ;esearched at Bell >ele9hone

oratories. First a99lication or a 9atent 5as ! r #li#s

d$ar 'ilieneld in /anada in ctoer 1+2*.

ue /ature o$ %ombustion, 1+. iscoverer : @ntoine

#rent 'avoisier (France).

ungsten, 13. Inventors : #an osH Elh#!ar '#i=e and

a#sto de Elh#!ar (oth rothers) Dointl! discovered >#n$sten

9ain).



ype&riter , 164. Inventor : Peter itterhoer (122-1+3

#stria). First 9ractical 9atent ! /hristo9her &oles (%.&.

6).

ranium, 141. iscoverer : artin einrich la9roth (143

1) (8erman!).

accination, 1+6. Inventor : r. Ed5ard enner (En$land).

ariable "ing, 1+*6. Inventor : &ir Barnes 7eville "alli

n$land). First militar! a99lication in %.&. F-111 et Fi$hter

64.

tamin A, 1+13. iscoverers : Elmer ?. c/oll#m and

avis (%&@).

tamin B, 1+16. iscoverer : Elmer ?. c/oll#m (%&@).



tamin %, 1+20. iscoverers : @lert &=ent-8!Kr$!i and

harles 8len in$ (%&@).

tamin D, 1+20. iscoverer : &ir Ed5ard ellan! (%&@). e

so st#died role o ?itamin in 9reventin$ ;icets in 1+1+.

tamin , 1+22. iscoverer : &ir erert c'ean Evan

&@).

tamin 6, 1+2+. iscoverers : enri am (enmar) and

d5ard @delert ois! (%&@).

ashing Machine (electric), 1+0 (date not e<act

timated). Inventor : /ontroversial and e<act inventor i

no5n. o5ever, #rle! achine /om9an! o /hica$o



.&) 9rod#ced irst model o electric 5asher called >hor

sed on desi$n ! @lva . Fisher, (1+10).

atch (sel$-&inding), 1+1. Inventor : @raham-'o#i

e$#et (France). ;ocer Pedometer action.

elder (electric &elding), 1. Inventor : Elisha >hom9so

.&.) (1*3-1+3).

heel, c. 300-3600 B/. Inventor : &#merian civilisation

9oes as o99osed to solid 5heels introd#ced c. 1+00 B/.

indmill, c. 600 @. Inventor : Persian corn $rindin$, oldes

o5n 9ort mill, 11+1, B#r! &t. Edm#nds, En$land.

riting, c. 3400 B/. Inventor : &#merian civilisation. Earlies

idence o#nd at "ara in Ira.



erography, 1+3. Inventor : /hester Flo!d /arlson (%.&)

rst 9hotoco9ier machine mareted in %.&. in 1+*0.

ray, 1+*. Inventor : "ilhelm /onrad ;oent$en (8erman!)

niversit! o "#r=#r$ (7ovemer ).



eppelin, (;i$id @irshi9) 1++. Inventor : Ferdinand vo

e99elin (8erman!).



ero (in number system), c. 600. Inventor : @non!mo#

ndia). (@sol#te =ero tem9erat#reC cessation o all molec#la

er$!, 14, "illiam >hom9son and 'ord elvin, En$land).

ggurats, c. 2000 B/. Inventors : &#merians. Earliest sta$ed

5ers at %r in Ira.

p *astener , 1+3. Inventor : "hitcom '. #dson (%.&.)

rst 9ractical astener or modern =i99er invented in %.&. !

deon &#ndac (&5eden) in 1+13.