Intro to Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 1: Objectives1. Review the basic functions of living organisms2. Define Anatomy and Physiology and gain an understanding of the relationship between the two3. Identify major levels of organization in living organisms4. Understand the basic functions of the various systems in the body5. Explain the significance of Homeostasis6. Use anatomical terms to describe body orientation7. Identify major cavities of human body and their multiple subdivisions
Unit 1: VocabularyMetabolismHomeostasisReceptorEffectorNegative feedback loopPositive feedback loopSupineTransverse planeFrontal plane (coronal plane)
Sagittal planeProneAnterior VentralSuperficialDeepAbdominopelvic cavitySerrous membrane
Unit 1: VocabularyPosteriorDorsalCephalicSuperiorCaudalInferiorMedialLateral
ProximalDistalCranial cavitySpinal cavityThoracic cavityPleural cavityPericardial cavityParietal membraneVisceral membrane
Unit 1: VocabularyMediastinumPeritoneal cavityPeritoneumMesenteries
Characteristics of LifeSeven common characteristics of living things
Characteristics of Life1. Cellular organization- living organisms are composed of very small cells which carry out life processes. The cell is the smallest unit that can be alive. The cells within a multicellular organism are arranged into tissues and organ systems2. Energy requirement- living organisms carry out cellular respiration which converts energy in food to a form that is useable by cells for life processes
Characteristics of Life3. Interaction with the environment- living organisms cannot live in isolation; they depend on the environment for food and nutrients. Organisms must maintain a stable internal environment through homeostasis4. Reproduction- living organisms have the ability to reproduce more of their own kind
Characteristics of Life5. Adaptation- Populations of living organisms are able to adapt to changing environmental conditions6. Growth and Development- Organisms grow from a single cell as an egg, to an adult with millions (or more) cells. Living organisms also develop into a mature adult form, which is much different from an egg7. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. All organisms store the complex information they need to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code written in a molecule called DNA
Anatomy and Physiologyanatomy (n.)-The morphological structure of a plant or an animal or of any of its parts.physiology (n.)-The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.
Major Levels of OrganizationAtomMoleculeCellsTissueOrganOrgan systemOrganism
Major Levels of OrganizationAtom and Molecule- chemical level of organizationCells- smallest unit of life are cellular level of organizationTissue- similar cells working togetherOrgan- two or more different tissues work together to perform specific functionsOrgan system- multiple organs work together to perform specific functionsOrganism- organ systems working in sync to create homeostasis
Major Systems of the BodyIntegumentary- skin, nails, hairProtects and regulates temperature
Major Systems of the BodySkeletal- bones and cartilageSupport, protection, blood cell formation
Major Systems of the BodyMuscular- muscleMovement, support, heat
Major Systems of the BodyNervous system- Brain, spinal cord, nervesResponds to stimuli, coordinates organ systems
Major systems of the bodyEndocrine system- glandsDirects long term changes in organ systems
Major systems of the bodyCardiovascular system- heart, blood vesselsTransportation of materials through body
Major systems of the bodyLymphatic system- lymph nodes, spleenImmune system
Major systems of the bodyRespiratory system- lungsDelivery of air to gas exchange sites
Major systems of the bodyDigestive system- stomach, intestines, liverProcesses food and absorbs materials
Major systems of the bodyUrinary system- kidneysElimination water, wastes, etc.
The Language of AnatomyAnatomical Position- hands at side with palms facing upSupine- lying face upProne- lying face down
The Language of AnatomySUPINESUPINE
The Language of AnatomySUPINEPRONE
The Language of Anatomy
Anteriorfront sideThe navel is on the anterior surface of the trunk.
Ventralbelly sideThe legs are located on the ventral side of the mink.
Posteriorback sideThe shoulder blade is located posterior to the rib cage.
Dorsalback sideThe breathing hole in dolphins is located on the dorsal side.
The Language of Anatomy
InferiorBelowThe knees are inferior to the hips.
CaudalTailThe fish has a pair of caudal fins.
Superiorabove; toward the headThe nose is superior to the chin.
Cephalicthe headThe mass was found on the cephalic end of the cat.
The Language of Anatomy
DistalAway from an attached baseThe fingers are distal to the wrist
ProximalToward an attached baseThe thigh is proximal to the foot.
LateralAway from the midline of the bodyMoving laterally from the nose brings you to the eyes.
MedialToward the midline of the bodyThe medial surfaces of the thighs may be in contact. Moving medially from the arm across the chest brings you to the sternum.
The Language of Anatomy
DeepFarther from the body surfaceThe bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles.
SuperficialAt or near the bodys surfaceThe skin is superficial to underlying structures.
HomeostasisThe existence of a stable internal environment.Is it constant?NO!! Unless you are dead.It is constantly fluctuating
Homeostasis3 Components to this regulation1. Receptor- sensitive to a particular change in the environment2. Control center- receives and processes the information from the receptor3. Effectors- responds to the commands of the control center
HomeostasisResponse can be either opposition to stimulus or a negative feedback loopReinforcement of stimulus or a positive feedback loop
Example: Household Thermostat
HomeostasisPositive feedback loop- intensifies stimulusSevere cutBirth
HomeostasisNegative feedback loop- opposes the initial stimulusRegulation of body temp.
PLANES OF THE BODYThree different sectional planes1. Transverse plane- divides body into superior and inferior sectionsTransverse Plane
PLANES OF THE BODY2. Frontal plane/Coronal Plane- divides body into anterior and posterior sections
PLANES OF THE BODY3. Sagittal plane- divides the body into left and right sections
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FemoralBrachialAbdominalAntecubitalAxillaryBuccalCervicalGlutealInguinalLumbarOccipitalPoplitealPubicScapularSuralUmbilical
Quadrants of AbdomenAbdominopelvic quadrants- four segments that intersect at umbilicusRight upper quadrantRight lower quadrantLeft upper quadrantLeft lower quadrant
Quadrants of abdomenFor more precise regional distinctions, there are nine abdominopelvic regions used to describe the location of internal organs
Body CavitiesServe two functions1. Protect organs from accidental shocks and cushion them during walking, running, jumping, etc.2. Permit significant changes in size and shape of visceral organs
Body CavitiesTwo main body cavities formed during embryological developmenteach has various sub cavities
Body Cavities1. Dorsal Body CavityCranial cavity- encloses the brainSpinal cavity- surrounds the spinal cord
Body Cavities2. Ventral body cavityThoracic cavityPleural cavity (lungs)Pericardial cavity (heart)Abdominopelvic cavityAbdominal cavityPelvic cavity
Body CavitiesSerous MembranesThoracic and abdominopelvic cavities contain spaces lined with serrous membranes (thin, slippery lining)Parietal membrane- forms outer wall of body cavityVisceral membrane- covers surfaces of internal organs
Body CavitiesSpace between parietal and visceral membranes is filled with fluid and prevents friction
Visceral PericardiumParietal PericardiumVisceral PleuralParietal Pleural
Body CavitiesMediastinum- not considered body cavity, yet houses pericardial cavity, thymus gland, trachea, and esophagus (between two pleural cavities)
Serous membrane of the peritoneal cavity is known as the peritoneum
Mink Dissection
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