Intro to Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1: Objectives1. Review the basic functions of living organisms2. Define Anatomy and Physiology and gain an understanding of the relationship between the two3. Identify major levels of organization in living organisms4. Understand the basic functions of the various systems in the body5. Explain the significance of Homeostasis6. Use anatomical terms to describe body orientation7. Identify major cavities of human body and their multiple subdivisions

Unit 1: VocabularyMetabolismHomeostasisReceptorEffectorNegative feedback loopPositive feedback loopSupineTransverse planeFrontal plane (coronal plane)

Sagittal planeProneAnterior VentralSuperficialDeepAbdominopelvic cavitySerrous membrane

Unit 1: VocabularyPosteriorDorsalCephalicSuperiorCaudalInferiorMedialLateral

ProximalDistalCranial cavitySpinal cavityThoracic cavityPleural cavityPericardial cavityParietal membraneVisceral membrane

Unit 1: VocabularyMediastinumPeritoneal cavityPeritoneumMesenteries

Characteristics of LifeSeven common characteristics of living things

Characteristics of Life1. Cellular organization- living organisms are composed of very small cells which carry out life processes. The cell is the smallest unit that can be alive. The cells within a multicellular organism are arranged into tissues and organ systems2. Energy requirement- living organisms carry out cellular respiration which converts energy in food to a form that is useable by cells for life processes

Characteristics of Life3. Interaction with the environment- living organisms cannot live in isolation; they depend on the environment for food and nutrients. Organisms must maintain a stable internal environment through homeostasis4. Reproduction- living organisms have the ability to reproduce more of their own kind

Characteristics of Life5. Adaptation- Populations of living organisms are able to adapt to changing environmental conditions6. Growth and Development- Organisms grow from a single cell as an egg, to an adult with millions (or more) cells. Living organisms also develop into a mature adult form, which is much different from an egg7. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. All organisms store the complex information they need to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code written in a molecule called DNA

Anatomy and Physiologyanatomy (n.)-The morphological structure of a plant or an animal or of any of its parts.physiology (n.)-The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.

Major Levels of OrganizationAtomMoleculeCellsTissueOrganOrgan systemOrganism

Major Levels of OrganizationAtom and Molecule- chemical level of organizationCells- smallest unit of life are cellular level of organizationTissue- similar cells working togetherOrgan- two or more different tissues work together to perform specific functionsOrgan system- multiple organs work together to perform specific functionsOrganism- organ systems working in sync to create homeostasis

Major Systems of the BodyIntegumentary- skin, nails, hairProtects and regulates temperature

Major Systems of the BodySkeletal- bones and cartilageSupport, protection, blood cell formation

Major Systems of the BodyMuscular- muscleMovement, support, heat

Major Systems of the BodyNervous system- Brain, spinal cord, nervesResponds to stimuli, coordinates organ systems

Major systems of the bodyEndocrine system- glandsDirects long term changes in organ systems

Major systems of the bodyCardiovascular system- heart, blood vesselsTransportation of materials through body

Major systems of the bodyLymphatic system- lymph nodes, spleenImmune system

Major systems of the bodyRespiratory system- lungsDelivery of air to gas exchange sites

Major systems of the bodyDigestive system- stomach, intestines, liverProcesses food and absorbs materials

Major systems of the bodyUrinary system- kidneysElimination water, wastes, etc.

The Language of AnatomyAnatomical Position- hands at side with palms facing upSupine- lying face upProne- lying face down

The Language of AnatomySUPINESUPINE

The Language of AnatomySUPINEPRONE

The Language of Anatomy

Anteriorfront sideThe navel is on the anterior surface of the trunk.

Ventralbelly sideThe legs are located on the ventral side of the mink.

Posteriorback sideThe shoulder blade is located posterior to the rib cage.

Dorsalback sideThe breathing hole in dolphins is located on the dorsal side.

The Language of Anatomy

InferiorBelowThe knees are inferior to the hips.

CaudalTailThe fish has a pair of caudal fins.

Superiorabove; toward the headThe nose is superior to the chin.

Cephalicthe headThe mass was found on the cephalic end of the cat.

The Language of Anatomy

DistalAway from an attached baseThe fingers are distal to the wrist

ProximalToward an attached baseThe thigh is proximal to the foot.

LateralAway from the midline of the bodyMoving laterally from the nose brings you to the eyes.

MedialToward the midline of the bodyThe medial surfaces of the thighs may be in contact. Moving medially from the arm across the chest brings you to the sternum.

The Language of Anatomy

DeepFarther from the body surfaceThe bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles.

SuperficialAt or near the bodys surfaceThe skin is superficial to underlying structures.

HomeostasisThe existence of a stable internal environment.Is it constant?NO!! Unless you are dead.It is constantly fluctuating

Homeostasis3 Components to this regulation1. Receptor- sensitive to a particular change in the environment2. Control center- receives and processes the information from the receptor3. Effectors- responds to the commands of the control center

HomeostasisResponse can be either opposition to stimulus or a negative feedback loopReinforcement of stimulus or a positive feedback loop

Example: Household Thermostat

HomeostasisPositive feedback loop- intensifies stimulusSevere cutBirth

HomeostasisNegative feedback loop- opposes the initial stimulusRegulation of body temp.

PLANES OF THE BODYThree different sectional planes1. Transverse plane- divides body into superior and inferior sectionsTransverse Plane

PLANES OF THE BODY2. Frontal plane/Coronal Plane- divides body into anterior and posterior sections

PLANES OF THE BODY3. Sagittal plane- divides the body into left and right sections

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FemoralBrachialAbdominalAntecubitalAxillaryBuccalCervicalGlutealInguinalLumbarOccipitalPoplitealPubicScapularSuralUmbilical

Quadrants of AbdomenAbdominopelvic quadrants- four segments that intersect at umbilicusRight upper quadrantRight lower quadrantLeft upper quadrantLeft lower quadrant

Quadrants of abdomenFor more precise regional distinctions, there are nine abdominopelvic regions used to describe the location of internal organs

Body CavitiesServe two functions1. Protect organs from accidental shocks and cushion them during walking, running, jumping, etc.2. Permit significant changes in size and shape of visceral organs

Body CavitiesTwo main body cavities formed during embryological developmenteach has various sub cavities

Body Cavities1. Dorsal Body CavityCranial cavity- encloses the brainSpinal cavity- surrounds the spinal cord

Body Cavities2. Ventral body cavityThoracic cavityPleural cavity (lungs)Pericardial cavity (heart)Abdominopelvic cavityAbdominal cavityPelvic cavity

Body CavitiesSerous MembranesThoracic and abdominopelvic cavities contain spaces lined with serrous membranes (thin, slippery lining)Parietal membrane- forms outer wall of body cavityVisceral membrane- covers surfaces of internal organs

Body CavitiesSpace between parietal and visceral membranes is filled with fluid and prevents friction

Visceral PericardiumParietal PericardiumVisceral PleuralParietal Pleural

Body CavitiesMediastinum- not considered body cavity, yet houses pericardial cavity, thymus gland, trachea, and esophagus (between two pleural cavities)

Serous membrane of the peritoneal cavity is known as the peritoneum

Mink Dissection

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