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11-1
Global work force
diversity-1-1 uses more recent data and -2 uses less recent data(Labour Forces)
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11-2
Learning Objectives
Identify forces beyond management
control that affect the quantity and quality
of labor Explain the reasons that cause people to
leave their home countries to work abroad
Discuss why some countries have guestworkers
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11-3
Labor Quality and Quantity
Quality, quantity, and composition of labor force are of
great importance to an employer
Labor Quality
The skills, education, and attitudes of availableemployees
Labor Quantity
The number of available employees with the skills
required to meet an employers business needs
LO1
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Worldwide Labor
Conditions and Trends
Overall size and sector of the work force
International labor trends
Aging of populations
Rural to urban shift
Unemployment
Immigrant labor
Child labor
Forced labor Brain drain
Guest workers
LO1
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Primary Occupation of National Labor Force
LO1
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Percentage of the Population
aged 65 or More
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Unemployment
3.1 billion workers in 2008 (per UN, ILO) 200 million overall are unemployed Middle East and North Africa (13.2%) Sub-Saharan Africa (9.7%)
Central and Eastern Europe (9.7) Latin America and Caribbean (7.7) Developed economies (6.7%) Southeast Asia and the Pacific (6.1%) South Asia (4.7%)
East Asia (3.8%) 45% of unemployed are between age 15 and 24
LO1
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Labor Mobility
Labor Mobilityrefers to the movement of people from
country to country or area to area to get jobs
Immigration refers to the process of leaving ones home
country to reside in another country
Foreign-born
Population comprises those immigrants whose move
is permanent and may include taking citizenship
Foreign
Population who are guest workers
LO2
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Standard terms
The North = Used to equate with the OECD,
wealthy, industrialized countries usually
found in the North
The South = Used to equate with the Third
World, poorer, less governable, source of
many migrants
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The international migrant
For the purpose of estimating the
international migrant stock, international
migrants are equated either being foreignborn or being foreign citizens
(Trends in International Migrant Stock: The2013 Revision)
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International Migration
Globally, there were 232 million
international migrants in 2013
Between 1990 and 2013 (mainly 2000-2010), the number of international migrants
worldwide rose by over 77 million or by 50
per cent.
The developed regions gained 53million- the
developing regions added 24million
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11-12
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Nations With the Highest
Number of International Migrants
LO2
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International Migration
In 2013,over 51 per cent of all internationalmigrants in the world were living in 10 countries. The
top 6 were:
1. USA 46m 20%
2. Russia 11m
3. Germany 10m
4. Saudi 9m
5. UAE 8m
6. UK 8m
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International migrants
As can be seen, at 4.2million people,Pakistan has been the source of much
international migration.
Some migrants (from India or Iran) usePakistan as a transit point to move
elsewhere
Most migrants are from Afghanistan (i.e.:Afghani Hazaras in Quetta who came 30 years ago
as refugees but havent returned)
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Labor
Child labor The labor of children below 16 years of age
who are forced to work in production andusually receive little or no formaleducation
Primarily found in developing nations Existent in developed countries
70% are in agriculture
Forced labor(27 million today) mostly in
South and East Asia Northern and western Africa parts of Latin America
LO2
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Brain Drain
Brain drain refers to the loss by a country of its mostintelligent and best-educated people
Record numbers of immigrants are moving toOECD countries in search of jobs
When skilled workers migrate from developingcountries they do so for professionalopportunities and economic reasons
Reverse brain drainrefers to the growth of outsourcing andthe movement of highly educated, technologically skilled
employees and research scientists to other countries
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The following charts are on Tenmigrationcorridors with the
largest number ofinternational migrants per year
1990-2013 (thousands)
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Migration corridors 1990-2000
(thousands)
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11-20
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Brain Drain
LO2
F i B I di id l i th USA
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Foreign-Born Individuals in the USA
with Science or Engineering Ph.D.
LO2
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Guest Workers
Guest workersare people who go to a foreign country legally
to perform certain types of jobs
Guest workers provide the labor host countries need
Guest workers are desirable as long as the
economies are growing
When economies slow, fewer workers are needed
and problems appear
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Considerations in Employment Policies-1
Social Status
Important with respect to labor force, especially
in some cultures
Caste: the group to which people belong in a
system under which peoples place or level in a
multilevel society is established at birth as being
the same level as that of their parents
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Considerations in Employment Policies-2
Sexismrefers to the acceptability of women as full and
equal participants in the work force ranges widely
Worldwide, 59% of all businesses include
women in senior management positions
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Ratio of Wages, Woman versus Men, Selected
OECD Countries
LO4
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Racism
Black and White conflict
U.S., South Africa, Great Britain and elsewhere
Arab-, Indian-, or Pakistani and Black conflict
Africa
Tamils and Sinhalese Conflict
Sri Lanka
LO4
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Minorities
Traditional Societies
Tribal peoples before they turn toorganized agriculture or industry;traditional customs may linger after theeconomy changes
Minorities
A relatively smaller number of peopleidentified by race, religion, or national
origin who live among a larger majority
LO4
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Employer-Employee Relationships
The labor marketrefers to the pool of available potentialemployees with the necessary skills within commutingdistance from an employer
A company must study the labor market when
considering whether to invest in a country Sources include
Foreign Labor Trends
Handbook of Labor Statistics
Yearbook of Labor Statistics
LO5
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Country Strike Rates Selected OECD Nations
LO5
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Labor Unions
European labor
Identified with political parties and socialistideology
United States labor Laborers already have many civil rights
Collective bargaining
A union represents the interests of a
bargaining unit (sometimes includes bothunion members and nonmembers) innegotiations with management
LO5
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Labor Unions
Japanese unions are enterprise-based rather than industrywide
Unions tend to identify strongly with company
interests Research shows that of all developed country
workers, Japanese workers are the leastsatisfied with their jobs
LO5
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Multinational Labor Activities
Internationalization of companies creates opportunitiesfor them to escape the reach of unions
In response, unions have begun to
collect and disseminate information aboutcompanies
consult with unions in other countries
coordinate with those unions policies and
tactics encourage international companies codes of
conduct
Multinational unionism is developing LO5
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Multinational Labor Activities
TheInternational Labor Organization(ILO) promotes socialjustice and recognizes human and labor rights worldwide
The Trade Union Advisory Committeeto the OECDconsults on trade union issues in global markets
LO5
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Union Membership Across Countries
LO5