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CRUDE OIL
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What is crude oil?Crude oil is a fossil fuel and one of the most important
substances in the world. It is a mixture of hundreds ofdifferent compounds.
Crude oil is used to make
fuels for transport, heating
and generating electricity.
It is also used to make
plastics and hundreds of
different types of chemicals.
Every day, the world uses over 70 million barrels of oil. If you
filled bath tubs with this amount of oil and put them end-to-
end, they would stretch round the Earth 7.5 times!
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Composition of Crude Oil
CRUDE OIL
HYDROCARBONS NON-HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATICS AROMATICS NAPHTHENES SULFURS NITROGENS OXYGENS METALLICS
25% 17% 50%
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Crude oil: a brief historyThe modern oil industry began
in the mid-19th century whenkerosene was distilled from
crude oil and used as cheap and
clean-burning fuel for lamps.
It wasnt until the development of the internal combustion
engine and gasoline-powered cars in the late 19th
centurythat gasoline became highly valuable.
Gasoline was a by-product in
kerosene production, and was initially used as a solvent.
This led to a great increase in the demand for crude oil, which
has continued to this day.
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How was crude oil made?Crude oil is thought to have been
made from the remains of marineplants and animals that died
millions of years ago.
These remains sank to thebottom of the sea, where they
were buried in layers of sand and
mud, preventing them from rotting. These
layers gradually became sedimentary rock.
Over millions of years the layers of rock built up, increasing
the heat and pressure. This caused the remains to be broken
down into the molecules that form crude oil and natural gas.
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Hydrocarbons in crude oilMany compounds in crude oil only contain the elements
carbon and hydrogen. They are called hydrocarbons.
Most hydrocarbons in crude oil are compounds called
alkanes. Alkanes contain a single chain of carbon atoms
with hydrogen atoms bonded along the side.
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What are alkanes?Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbon compounds with the
general formula CnH2n+2.
The simplest alkane is methane.
It has the formula CH4.
The second simplest alkane is
ethane. It has the formula C2H6.
The third simplest alkane is
propane. It has the formula C3H8.
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Drilling
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Finding crude oil at seaCrude oil is often found trapped in rocks of the sea bed.
Oil rigs or drilling
platforms are used to
drill through the sea
bed to obtain the oil.
Once the oil has been
removed from the sea
bed, it is pumped in longpipelines to an oil tanker
terminal or an oil refinery
on land.
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Crude oil itself has no uses it must first be processed or
refined. This is done in an oil refinery.
The first step is to
separate
compounds in the
oil into groups
called fractions.
Each fraction
contains a mix ofcompounds with
a similar number
of carbon atoms.
How can crude oil be made useful?
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What is fractional distillation?Fractional distillation is a process used to separate a
mixture of liquids that have different boiling points.
Fractional distillation is used to separatecrude oil into fractions with different
boiling points. It can be done industrially
and in the laboratory.
When the mixture is heated, liquids with a low boiling point
evaporate and turn to vapour.
Liquids with a higher boiling point remainas liquid. The vapour can then be
separated from the liquid.
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Distilled and chemically processed fractions are treated to
remove impurities and is done by passing the fractions
through the following:
1.A column of sulfuric acid
2. An absorption column filled with drying agents to
remove water3.Sulfur treatment and hydrogen-sulfide scrubbers to
remove sulfur and sulfur compounds
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Fractional Distillation
of Petroleum
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Science: Refining Crude OilDistillation
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What are the products?
The products of crude oil (and their boiling points) are
as follows:
Gases(310 degrees)
Petrol (310-450) Naphtha (400-490)
Kerosene (430-523)
Gas oil (590-620)
Fuel oil and wax (above 620)
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Fractions of PetroleumFractions of Petroleum
Fraction Boiling
Range /rC
No of carbon
atoms per
molecule
Uses
PetroleumGas
Below 40 1 - 4 Fuel forcooking
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Fractions of PetroleumFractions of Petroleum
Fraction Boiling
Range /rC
No of carbon
atoms per
molecule
Uses
Petrol(Gasoline)
40 - 75 5 -10 Fuel for carengines
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Fractions of PetroleumFractions of Petroleum
Fraction Boiling
Range /rC
No of carbon
atoms per
molecule
Uses
Naphtha 75 - 150 7 - 14 Chemicalfeedstock
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Fractions of PetroleumFractions of Petroleum
Fraction Boiling
Range /rC
No of carbon
atoms per
molecule
Uses
Kerosene 160 - 250 11 - 16 Fuel for jet
engines,
cooking
and heating
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Fractions of PetroleumFractions of Petroleum
Fraction Boiling
Range /rC
No of carbon
atoms per
molecule
Uses
Diesel 250 - 300 16 - 20 Fuel for
diesel
engines
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Fractions of PetroleumFractions of Petroleum
Fraction Boiling
Range /rC
No of carbon
atoms per
molecule
Uses
Lubricants 300 - 350 20 - 35 Making
waxes and
lubricating
oils
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Fractions of PetroleumFractions of Petroleum
Fraction Boiling
Range /rC
No of carbon
atoms per
molecule
Uses
Bitumen Above 350 More than
70
Paving
roads
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