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Communication
An Overview
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Question:
What comes to mind when you thinkof the word communication?
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Communication is
The transactionalprocess of creatingmeaning
The elicitation ofmeaningin another
It occurs when you sendorreceive
messages & when you assign meaning tothose messages
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The Transactional Model of Communication
Feedback
Message
Sender/Encoder (Channel) Receiver/Decoder
a
Feedforward
Context
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The Semantic TriangleOgden & Richards (1927)
Thought
Symbol (words) Referent (the thing)
D-O-G
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The Power of
Language/Communication
communication/language is at the heart of
our being
P = C
T
your words leave a mark; your words are
powerful
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Defining Intercultural Communication
Inter- between
Intercultural Communication ~ communicationamong people ofdifferentcultures
Intra - within
Intracultural Communication ~ communicationbetween people of the same culture
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What We Try to Achieve
Communication Competence ~
How the receiver regards you
(positively)
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Elements of Intercultural
Competence
1. Respect
2. Dialogue
3. Collaboration
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1. Respect
BRING LESSFEAR!
Have courage
Increase motivation
(desire and energyto interact with people
who are differentthan ourselves)
Learn to tolerate ambiguity
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Respect co
ntinued
Awareness of the value of differences; value diverse perspectives
Understand & appreciate other
Have goodwill
Use empathy (not sympathy); pathos
Sensitivity - understand & appreciate
Be open-minded genuine curiosity;
Show interestnot judgment
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Respect continued
Establish a code of ethics
Variations on the Golden Rule are found in cultures
around the world:
Buddhism Tibetan Dhammapada
Christianity Matthew 7:12
Confucianism Analect 15:23
Hinduism The Mahabharata 5:1517
Islam The Sunnah from The Hadith
Jainism Lord Mahavira, 24th Tirthankara
Judaism Talmud, Shabbat, 31 a
Native American The Great Law of Peace
(Adapted from: Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel (2007) Communication Between Cultures. Belmont,CA: Wadsworth.)
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Respect continued
Increase knowledge/awareness of:
a. Who we are
b. Others
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Increasing self-awareness
Know your ethnocentrism monitor it
Happy are they that hear their detractions andcan put them tomending.
- Shakespeare
Learn and admit your biases
(Adapted from: Timpson, Yang, Borravo & Canetto (2005).
147 Practical tips for teaching diversity. p. 43. Tip #52.)
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Gaining Knowledge continued
Speak with people who are differentthan yourself
Seek to understandcultures; the whys
Be appropriate - adhere to the rules of the context
(& culture)
(Adapted from: Timpson, Yang, Borravo & Canetto (2005).
147 Practical tips for teaching diversity. p. 59. Tip #81.)
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2. Dialogue
Use the dialogue approach:
Conversation that is slow, careful,
respectful and attentive
A process to encourage appreciation for differences
Provides a voice forall give every person the opportunity tovoice as well as listen; promote equality through balance
Helps to develop and maintain relationships
(Adapted from: Evanoff, R.J. (2004). Universalist, relativist, and constructivist approaches tointercultural ethics. International JournalofIntercultural Relations, 28, 439-458 and Wilmot,W.W., & Hocker, J.L. (2001). InterpersonalConflict, 6th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 257)
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Dialogue continued
Discover and discuss similarities
as well as differences
Solicit feedback always and in all ways
- seek clarification- seek explanation
- encourage restatement
- When in doubt, ask! Dialogue is key!
(Adapted from: Timpson, Yang, Borravo & Canetto (2005).
147 Practical tips for teaching diversity.p. 79. Tip #79. and
Bontz, C. R. (1993) Diversity and group cross-cultural team research. Journalof AppliedCommunication Research, 21, p. 12.
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Dialogue continued
Listen!
it is through listeningthat understanding becomes possible
listen carefully before speaking
hear the message, consider it, thenreconsiderit
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Listening continued
Try on different interpretations
Listen consciouslyfor the content & intent
of the message being communicated
Engage others in a dialogue about theircultural realities
Good intercultural listeners are receptive to others life stories
Skillful intercultural listeners are: open, curious, & empathetic
(Adapted from Starosta, W.J., & Chen, G.-M. (2005). Intercultural listening: Collected reflections, collatedrefractions. In Starosta, W. J & Chen, G.-M. (Eds.) Taking stock in intercultural communication: Where to
now. pp. 274-285. Washington, DC:National Communication Association)
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3. Fostering Collaboration
Collaborative highlycooperative and assertive
Assertive equalconcern for self as well as other
Focus on interdependence
Concessions; flexibility to change; yielding
Acceptance of responsibility
Foster a supportive climate
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Fostering Collaboration continued
A climate in which every person is valued &appreciated; notdefensive
Each/every person knows:
they are invited; they are welcome they are wanted
their ideas & opinions are respected
they can be themselves
Each/every person behaves in ethical ways
confirming
supporting; build each other up
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Potential Problems in
Intercultural Communication
Prototyping left unchecked
Ethnocentrism - yourlearnedcultural bias; your
cultural goggles
When ethnocentrism is left unchecked
(unmonitored)
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Potential Problems in
Intercultural Communication Continued
Stereotyping
oversimplify; overgeneralizeboxes begin to close
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Potential Problems in
Intercultural Communication Continued
Prejudice
Becoming emo
tio
nalabout your stereotypesLids are closed
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Potential Problems in
Intercultural Communication Continued
Mistreatment
RacismThe justified mistreatment of a group of people
GenocideThe justified killing of a group of people