Climate Change: Impact on Crop Production and its Coping Strategies

Climate Change: Impact on Crop Production Climate Change: Impact on Crop Production and its Coping Strategiesand its Coping Strategies

W. Sultana, M. A. Aziz and F. AhmedW. Sultana, M. A. Aziz and F. Ahmed

Agronomy Division Agronomy Division Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI)

Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh

27 August 2008

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Change in temperature and precipitationBangladesh IssueBangladesh Issue

According to IPCC● Average temperature has registered an increasing trend of about

1 º C in May and 0.5 º C in November during the 14 year period from 1985 to 1998

● The annual mean rainfall exhibits increasing trends in Bangladesh

● Salt water from the Bay of Bengal is reported to have penetrated100 km or more inland along tributary channels during the dry season.

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Climate Change Impact

• Summer are becoming hotter

• Monsoon irregular with untimely rainfall

• Increased river flow and inundation during monsoon

• Heavy rainfall over short period causing water logging

•Increased frequency, intensity and recurrence of flood

• Crop damage due to flash flood

• Very little rainfall in dry period

• Crop failure due to drought

• Prolonged cold spell

• Salinity intrusion along the coast region

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MAPS SHOWING EXISTING DROUGHT,MAPS SHOWING EXISTING DROUGHT,AND DROUGHT IN THE YEAR 2030 & 2075 AND DROUGHT IN THE YEAR 2030 & 2075

EXISTING DROUGHT

DROUGHT CLASSES (KHARIF SEASON)

Very Severe DroughtSevere DroughtModerate DroughtLess Moderate DroughtSlight Drought

Very Slight to NilSevere & ModerateModerate & Less ModerateSunderbansForest

ADDITIONAL DROUGHTPRONE AREAS IN 2030

ADDITIONAL DROUGHTPRONE AREAS IN 2075

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Climate Change: Impact on Crop Production

Crop production in Bangladesh would be extremely vulnerable under climate change scenarios, as a result, food security of the country will be at risk. The increase in air temperature would shorten our winter season and the productivity of some rabi crop will be greatly affected.

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Objectives

• To study the climate change impact on field crop production

• To determine coping strategies in future to address climate change

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Methodology

• Various books, journals, workshop/symposium proceedings, reports, publications etc. related to topic have been reviewed

• Research under control condition was done in laboratory throughHoagland solution culture and in vinyl house through pot culture

• Field research was done at BARI Research Farm

• In the coastal area field research was done in the farmer’s field through On Farm Research Division

• Data has also been collected from secondary sources and in consultation with the respective resource personnel

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Temperature stress

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

Fig.8. Effect of sow ing time on tasseling, harvesting and grain yield of hybrid maize

Tasseling (DAS) 80 84 87

Harvesting (DAS) 149 146 136

yield (t/ha) 9.13 8.39 7.78

Nov (30) sown

Dec(15) sown

Dec(30) sown

Fig.9.Fortnightly mean temperatures during maize grow ing period (2006-2007)(left three arrow s idicate sow ing time, middle three tasseling and right three harvesting time, similar type arrow s are used in dif ferent grow th stage for

individual sow ing time)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Nov(15)

Nov(30)

Dec(15)

Dec(31)

Jan(15)

Jan(31)

Feb(15)

Feb(29)

Mar(15)

Mar(31)

Apr(15)

Apr(30)

May(15)

May(31)

Months

Tem

pera

ture

( o C

)

Maximum Minimum

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Drought stress

Yield of maize as affected by drought stress at different growth stages

--6.243.10CV (%)20.1115.87142.07 c145.77 cDrought stress at grain filling stage25.0017.86133.37 c142.31 cDrought stress at tasseling stage7.409.78164.67b156.31 bDrought stress at vegetative stage

--177.83 a173.25 aNo drought stress (control)2006-072005-062006-072005-06

Yield decreased over control (%)

Grain yield (g/plant)Treatment.

Source: Ahmed et. al., 2008

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Drought stress avoidance

Performance of cowpea at different date of sowing in thesaline area of Kuakata, Potuakhali in 2006-07

-----31 December1210117.649.22021 December1360149.059.92111 December

Seed yield (kg/ha)

Seeds/podPods/plantPlant height (cm)

Plant population

(m-2)

Sowing date

Source: Aziz et. al., 2007

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29 January sowing 11 December sowing

Mungbean at farmers field of Potuakhali non saline coastal area

Drought stress avoidance

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Water logging stress

● The influence of excess rainfall stress on growth, dry matter production and yield of twenty-six mungbean varieties / genotypes was evaluated and found that BINA mug 5 was more tolerant under excess rainfall stress compared to other varieties/ genotypes in respect of total dry matter production, grain yield and green biomass production (Aziz et. al., 2008a).

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Water logging stress

● Sesame cultivars under water logged condition at different growth stages indicated that all the cultivars damaged 100% when water logged at flowering (

72 hrs) and pod development stages. About 3-75% plant mortality was found when the field was water logged at vegetative stage. BARI Til 3 was found water logged tolerant at vegetative stage (Saha et. al. 2008).

Control Water logged at vegetative stage

Water logged at flowering stage Water logged at pod dev. stage

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Salinity StressIdentification of salt tolerant genotypes:Screening with 50 genotypes of each crops for their salt tolerance at germination and early vegetative stage under control condition found that:- 2 mungbean genotypes (BM 01 and BM 08) - 4 soybean genotypes - 7 mustard genotypes - 4 barley genotypes and - 5 maize cultivars were selected as salt tolerant genotypes

Source: Aziz et al., 2007

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Grain yield (g/plant) of BM 01 (tolerant) and BM 21(susceptible)Grain yield (g/plant) of BM 01 (tolerant) and BM 21(susceptible) as as affected by affected by NaClNaCl salinity at the vegetative (V), flowering (F) andsalinity at the vegetative (V), flowering (F) andpodpod--filling (P) stages of growth (Aziz, 2003) filling (P) stages of growth (Aziz, 2003)

Vegetative stage is being more sensitive than flowering and pod-filling stages. The salt tolerance in mungbean was in order of vegetative stage > flowering stage > pod filling stage

Salt tolerance in mungbean at different growth stages:

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Concentration of NaConcentration of Na+ + ion in different plantion in different plant--parts of BM 01 and BM 21 as parts of BM 01 and BM 21 as affected by salinity at the vegetative (V), flowering (F) and poaffected by salinity at the vegetative (V), flowering (F) and podd--filling stages of filling stages of growth. Error bars represent standard error growth. Error bars represent standard error (Aziz, 2003) (Aziz, 2003)

Re-absorption and Re-translocation

Salt Tolerance Mechanisms in Mungbean

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Succulence of individual leaf of BM 01 and BM 21 Succulence of individual leaf of BM 01 and BM 21 as affected by as affected by NaClNaCl salinitysalinity (Aziz, 2003) (Aziz, 2003)

Succulence

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KK++/Na/Na++ ratio of ratio of mungbeanmungbean genotypes of BM 01 and BM genotypes of BM 01 and BM 21 as by 21 as by NaClNaCl salinity salinity (Aziz, 2003) (Aziz, 2003)

Na+ : K+ ratio

BM 01 BM 21

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Sodium and potassium content of Sodium and potassium content of mungbeanmungbean genotypesgenotypesof BM 01 and BM 21 as affected by of BM 01 and BM 21 as affected by NaClNaCl salinity salinity (Aziz, 2003) (Aziz, 2003)

Leaf to leaf compartmentation

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ProlineProline content in leaves (A: absolute and B: relative) of content in leaves (A: absolute and B: relative) of mungbeanmungbean genotypes BM 01 (saltgenotypes BM 01 (salt-- tolerant) and BM tolerant) and BM 21(salt21(salt--susceptible) as affected by susceptible) as affected by NaClNaCl salinity salinity (Aziz, 2003) (Aziz, 2003)

BM 21

Osmoregulation

Percent injury index in leaves (A: absolute, B: relPercent injury index in leaves (A: absolute, B: relative ative and C: functional relationship) of and C: functional relationship) of mungbeanmungbean genotypes genotypes BM 01 (saltBM 01 (salt-- tolerant) and BM 21(salttolerant) and BM 21(salt--susceptible) as susceptible) as affected by affected by NaClNaCl salinitysalinity

Membrane stability

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B M 0 1 B M 2 1 P h o to n f lu x d e n s it ie s (m o l m -2 s -1 )

-1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0

Phot

osyn

thes

is(m

ol C

O2

m-2

S-1

) 0 m M 5 0 m M 1 0 0 m M

-1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0Phot

osyn

thes

is(m

ol C

O2

m-2

S-1

)

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0

Stom

atal

con

dact

ance

(mol

m-2

S-1

)

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0

Stom

atal

con

dact

ance

(mol

m-2

S-1

)

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0

Inte

rcel

lula

t CO

2 con

cent

ratio

n

(ppm

)

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0

Inte

rcel

lula

r C

O2 c

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Gas Exchange Characters

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Table I. Yield and yield attributes of mungbean varieties at FSRD site of Noakhali and Benarpota during 2007-08

12.9516.671.5611.8713.3015.94CV(%)5.380.4671.1356.8221.692.531LSD (0.05)

0.670.4939.0030.036.3311.23BU 040.590.5248.3329.878.0010.10BU 020.650.9639.6638.596.6610.13BARI mug 60.620.9837.6635.527.0012.53BARI mug 50.771.4424.0030.1016.6616.43BM 080.711.0621.6625.4617.3314.36BM 01

BenarpotaNoakhaliBenarpotaNoakhaliBenarpotaNoakhali

Grain yield (t/ha)1000 seed wt. (g)Pod/plantVarieties/lines

Source: Aziz et al., 2008d Soil salinity level : 4.45 to 6.97 dS/m

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we& Gg 08

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Fodder yield of maize grown in saline areas of Noakhali

****Level of significance5.713.02 b2.69 bBM-63.731.94 b1.79 bBARI sweet corn6.823.40 b3.42 bBarnali

20.0811.50 a8.58 aKhoibhuttaComposite2.411.37 b1.04 bPacific-605.552.95 b2.60 bPacific-11

18.4010.73 a7.67 aBHM-45.793.33 b2.46 bBHM-3HybridTotal80 DAE60 DAE

Fodder yield (t/ha)Varieties/lies

Source: Farida et. al., 2007 Salinity level: 3.5 to 7.97

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Yield and yield attributing characters of salt tolerant Barley varieties during rabi season, 2007-2008

9.625.18139.627.125.279.628.8316.29CV(%)-2.151.41-33.635.0-43.727.5BB-4-1.241.74-28.337.3-39.032.8BHL- 13

1.55-2.3329.8-39.644.1-38.7BHL- 151.172.001.9927.332.337.739.245.636.5BHL- 181.341.992.1427.731.038.342.042.338.1BHL- 19Pot.Sat.Noa.Pot.Sat.Noa.Pot.Sat.Noa.

Grain yield (t/ha)1000 grain weight (g)Grains/spike (no)Variety

Noa. = Noakhali, Sat. = Satkhira, Pot. = PotuakhaliSource: Farida et. al., 2008

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Yield and yield attributing characters of mustard relaying with T.aman at Satkhira MLT site during rabi season of 2007-08

6.173.258.6910.963.6910.11-CV(%)0.136.243.679.656.2620.89-LSD(.05)1.063.1019.9041.9787.83128.392BARI sarisha-151.574.0717.8071.60124.193.33100BARI sarisha-111.203.8717.8048.9386.07113.785BARI sarisha-91.003.7025.2038.7078.30114.785Tor-70.754.7022.8737.5074.6098.6794BINA sarisha-5

Seed yield (t/ha)

1000 seed

wt. (g)

Seed/siliqua(no.)

Siliqua/ plant(no.)

Plant height(cm)

Plant popu./m2

Days to maturity

Variety

Source; Aziz et al., 2008b

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Yield and yield attributing characters of maize at Banerpota and Kuakata 2007-08

9.687.603.123.936.325.61CV(%)0.560.82NS17.36NS45.90LSD(.05)

7.646.7727.0253.33580489.33Pacific 9847.595.6426.9250.00578492.00Pacific 9837.626.6327.0270.00b579491.33Pacific 607.697.9127.6276.66602425.66Pacific 118.264.6127.3215.00583491.66BARI hybrid maize 59.086.8928.6255.00612484.33BARI hybrid maize 38.126.6727.2296.66585451.66BARI hybrid maize 2

KuakataBanerpotaKuakataBanerpotaKuakataBanerpotaGrain yield (t/ha)1000 grain wt. (g)Grain/cob (no.)Variety/line

Source; Aziz et al., 2008c

3333Source; Aziz et al., 2008c

Hybrid maize in coastal area after Sidr

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Performance of mungbean varieties at different date of sowing in the saline area of Kuakata, Potuakhali in 2006-07

11.139.2415.218.0912.13CV (%)432 b7.67 b10.67 b20.70 c15.33 b31 December1106 a9.67 a20.1 a26.44 b 36.89 a21 December1161 a10.00 a16.44 a31.22 a38.33 a11 December

Yield (kg/ha)

Seeds/podpods/plantPlant height (cm)

Plant population(m-2)

Sowing date

Source: Aziz et. al., 2007

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Yield and yield attributes of cowpea for dates of sowing as affected by salinity stress

11.421.649.772.021.75CV(%)2352.832.520.221.81LSD (.05%)

----49.051 March83380.0010.534.9350.1415 February98391.0012.915.6050.801 February117792.3313.835.9153.1915 January103789.0014.305.5953.371 January

Grain yield

(kg/ha)

1000-seed

weight (g)

Seed/ podPod/ plant

Plant height (cm)

Date of sowing

Source: Aziz et al., 2006

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Salinity management

Without mulching

Mulching bitter gourd

With mulching (Melon)

Salt

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Tomato in raised bed with mulch

Visitor in tomato fields in Noakhali Okra in raised bed with mulch

Salinity management

Relay mustard

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Salinity management

Water harvest technology

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Coping Strategies

• Identification of heat/waterlogg/salinity/drought tolerant genotypes of different crops• Introduction of saline tolerant varieties of mungbean, soybean, mustard, barley and

maize in the coastal area• Study the heat/waterlogg/salinity/drought tolerance mechanisms of crops and

development of tolerant varieties • Cultivation of vegetables and fruits on homestead plots in the coastal area • Planting saline tolerant of fruit and timber trees for long term income generation• Establishment of community nurseries and distribution of indigenous varieties of

tree samplings• Switch location (regional or within farm) to new climates or soils• Adaptation to change growing season or to shift timing of heat stress• Plant deeper in drier conditions; thin crop in dry years to lower plant density

and reduce competition for moisture

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Coping strategies in problem areas to address climate change

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Hilly Areas

Hybrid maize

Mungbean Mustard

Jhum cultivation

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Charlands

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Haor Area

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Conclusion

• The development and introduction of environmental stress tolerant

varieties/technologies and corresponding dissemination measures are

important and need to be facilitated by national research through

development of Environmental Stress Research Centre.

• New crops and agricultural practices has to build up and shared on the

farm level.

• Conservation of the environment and sustainable development

strategies will definitely protect the earth and its environment and will

particularly save countries like Bangladesh from the catastrophe which

can be induced by global warming.

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Thank You All

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute