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History History: First there were Bio-Polymers
Animal Hides (Proteins): Fiber & FilmsLigaments (Collagen): HingesSilk Fibers (Protein): FibersPlant Fibers (Cellulose): Fibers
Yucca-fiber sandals Bison-Hide teepee
Structural Materials: High Modulus & StrongWood (Cellulose & Lignin): SAntlers (Keratin): Tools, jewelry & weaponsHorn (Keratin): Tools, jewelry & weaponsTusks (enamel & dentin): Tools, jewelry & weapons
Ivory lunar cycle charts 62
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History
1839 Vulcanized rubber (C. Goodyear) 1862 Celluloid (Parkes)1868 Nitrocellulose 합성 (J.W. Hyatt) 1885 Rayon, Cellopane1909 phenol-formaldehyde resin (L.H. Baekeland)
(1910 한일합병/을사보호조약)(1919 김성수, 국민 모금 경성방직 설립, 무명 옷감 제조)
1922 Polymer by H. Staudinger1927 Cellulose actate, Poly(vinyl chloride)
Buna S (butadiene-styrene rubber (Bayer Co.) 1928 Poly(methyl methacrylate)(O. Rohm). 1930 Polystyrene. 1931 Neoprene (DuPont Co. W. H. Carothers) 1935 Nylon 66 (W.H. Carothers). 1936 PAN, SAN, Poly(vinyl acetate) 1937 Polyethylene (O. Bayer). 1938 Nylon 6, Epoxy resin, LDPE
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History
1941 PET (J.R. Whinfield와 J.T. Dickinson).1942 PAN (commercialized by DuPont).
(1945 제2차세계대전 종전/대한민국 독립) (1943 국제고무 "말표" 고무신 생산)(1947 한국나이롱 나일론 66 방적)
1948 ABS resin. 1950 한국전쟁 발발/ 자동차 타이어의 노화 원인이 오존인 것
을 밝혀내고 antiozonant의 개발 시작1952 Catalyst for PE under low pressure (by K. Ziegler).1953 Nobel Prize winning of Hermann Staudinger
(Work on macromolecules) 1954 Polyurethane1955 Stereoregular polymer using Ziegler-Natta Catalyst(G. Natta)1956 Acetal1957 Polypropylene, Polycarbonate1964 Ionnmer, Polyimide
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History
SS
SS
SS
Sulfur crosslinking Vulcunization
1942 합성고무 프로젝트 (WWII)“우리가 대규모의 새로운 고무 공급이 이루어지지 않으면 전쟁노력과 국내경제도 모두 붕괴될 것이다.” – Baruch 위원회 보고서, 1942 (전선, 타이어 등의 수요 급증)
Rubber :
→ Vulcunization of natural rubber by Charles Goodyear, 1839
Poly-cis-isoprene
Enabled commercialization of natural rubber
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▶ Nitrocellulose :
- by Christian Schoenberg, Swiss Chemist, 1840’s- Applications : guncotton(면화약), film
History
Nitrocellulose was perceived as a possible "smokeless powder" and a propellant for artillery shells thus it received the name of guncotton.
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▶ Celluloid :The first man-made plastic- by Alexander Parkes, 1862, London
International fair- Parkesine: made from cellulosics materials,
can be molded by heating- Applications : Buttons, Cobs, Pens, Billiards
ballscf. J. Hyatt (1869, USA)
▶ Cellophane : Celluloid Photographic Film
- by George Eastman – 1885
History
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▶ Polystyrene : - by Eduard Simon, 1839- Applications : ; packaging (Styrofoam)
▶ Poly(vnylchloride) (PVC) :- by Eugen Baumann, 1872- Applications : pipe, toys, floor
▶ Rayon : - first man-made fibers, regenerated cellulose- applications : textiles, tire cord, cellophane,
History
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▶ Bakelite : first totally synthetic plastics (Thermoset resin; formaldehyde resin)
- by Leo Bakeland, 1907- applications : replaced rubber for insulation in electrics
History
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▶ Nylon : Nihil(허무)+Dupont- by Wallace H Carothers, 1830년대- Applications : packaging and stocking
Wallace Hume Carothers- 1929 : Concepts of Addition and Condensation polymers- Neoprene : First Synthetic Rubber- Polyester - Nylon (Polyamide)
History
Extract from "Fortune Magazine" about nylon circa 1938: "nylon breaks the basic elements like nitrogen and carbon out of coal, air and water to create a completely new molecular structure of its own. It flouts Solomon. It is an entirely new arrangement of matter under the sun, and the first completely new synthetic fiber made by man.
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Applications of Nylon
HistoryDuPont touted its new fiber as being "as strong as steel, as fine as a spider's web," and first announced and demonstrated nylon and nylon stockings to the American public at the 1939 New York World's Fair.
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O
OMe
MeO
O OH
HO
O
O
O
OO O
OO OO O
O
▶ Polyester : - by Dupont, Dacron® cf. Terylene ® (by ICI)- Applications : Leisure wear
▶ Teflon- by Roy Plunke, 1938 - Applications : Artillery shell cover
History
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▶ Polyethylene (PE): - by E.W. Fawcett & R.O. Gibson, 1933
- Applications : First used for underwater cable coatings and insulation for radarnow, most versatile plastic
LDPE, 1939 HDPE, Ziggler-Natta catalyst, 1943
Ziegler & Natta:(Cowinner of Nobel Prize, 1963)
▶ Polypropylene (PP): - by Guilier Natta, 1957
- Applications : packaging film, tape, fiber, pipe, toy, and miscellaneous
History
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▶ Acrylics▶ Spandex▶ High performance Textiles: Aramid (ex. Kevlar)
▶ Polymer Blend▶ Compoiste: ex. Fiber-reinforeced plastics, FRP섬유강화복합재료)▶ Nanocomposite▶ High performance & Novel functionality
History
Applications : Part of an automobile
WiperPolyisoprene
BobyABS (bumper)All for Saturn
Headlight canPolycarbonate
Air filterCellulose,
polyisoprene
InteriorNylon, PP (carpet)
PET, leather (seats)SBS (dashboard)
TireSBS, Polyisoprene,
Polyisobutene, Kevlar
HosePolyisoprene
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Applications : electronics
Housings
Polystyrene, ABS
Speakers
Cellulose, PP, PVDF
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Applications : electronics
Epoxy, Polyimide (packaging)
PHS (photoresist)
Polyimide, silicon polymer
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Applications : electronics
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Applications Applications: Flexible display
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Applications:
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Applications:
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Tyvek - a brand of flashspun high-density polyethylene fibers, a synthetic material; commercialized by DuPont. - very strong; difficult to tear but can easily be cut with scissors or a knife. Water vapor can pass through Tyvek (highly breathable), but not liquid water.- Applications : envelopes, car covers, air and water intrusion barriers(housewrap) under house siding, labels, coveralls, wristbands, mycology, and graphics.
Applications:
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An artificial organ
is a man-made device that is implanted or integrated into a human to replace a natural organ, for the purpose of restoring a specific function or a group of related functions so the patient may return to as normal a life as possible.
Ex. Heart, bone, skin, blood vessel, joint
Applications:
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MOTO W233 Renew Blue Earth
Recycling symbols
O
O*
O
OO
*n
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PETE
**
nhigh density polyethylene
**
nlow density polyethylene
**
n
polyvinyl chlorideCl
**
n
poly(propylene)Me
**n
polystyrene
Not recyclable
Sustainable Development
“ that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
(Brundtland Commission, 1987)since the 1980s sustainability has been used more in the sense of human sustainability on planet Earth and this has resulted in the most widely quoted definition of sustainability as a part of the concept sustainable development
the relationship between the three pillars of sustainability suggestingthat both economy and society are constrained by environmental limits
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The world is gradually running short of oil
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a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.
Bus run by biodiesel
Renewable sources of energy : Green sources
Bio-diesel
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Wind power plant
Solar power
Tidal power
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Synthetic Materials from Petroleum
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Environmental Demands
When plastics made from petroleum are burned, they release the carbon dioxide contained in the petroleum into the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
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Greenhouse Effect
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- Visible energy from the sun passes through the glass and heats the ground
- Infra-red heat energy from the ground is partly reflected by the glass, and some is trapped inside the greenhouse
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- Thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.
- Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature(14◦C) above what it would be in the absence of the gases (-19◦C)
Greenhouse Effect
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- The Greenhouse Effect is a warming of the Earth’s surface and the lower atmosphere.
- greenhouse effect make life on Earth possible – and could destroy life as we know it.
- Greenhouse gases : Water vapor, 36-70%, Carbon dioxide, 9-26%, methane, 4-9%, ozone, 3-7%
Greenhouse Effect
Carbon footprint
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- The total sets of greenhouse gas(GHG)(CO2, CH4) emissions caused by an organization, event, product or person.
- Almost everything we do involves burning fossil fuels at some point, either directly or indirectly.
- For the typical household, there are five main sources of emissions:
Carbon footprint
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- The natural ecosystem has ways to absorb the increase in CO2 via natural carbon ‘sinks’ such as trees and the ocean, but these natural balances are unable to keep pace with the amount of carbon we are emitting into the atmosphere(one-way process).
- By having a big carbon footprint, you are contributing to global warming.
Atmosphere
BiomassCarbon
Biogen
ic CO
2
CO2
Foss
il Fu
el
Atmosphere
Non
-bio
geni
c C
O2
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Carbon footprintglobal warming will lead to some serious problems in the next few years:
- increasing the spread of disease,
- more extreme weather events such as hurricanes and tornados,
- an increase in droughts and deadly heatwaves,
- increased animal extinctions,
all of which will then lead to severe economic consequences.
Earth’s climate is warming and human activitiesare primarily responsible (>90% certainty)
280 to 430ppm concentration between 1850 and 2000 (0.5‐0.8oC increase)
550ppm likely by 2035 with
77‐99% chance of 2oC increase
50% chance of 5oC increase
Climate Change
AVG: 1990 - 5.2%
GH
G E
mis
sions
ton/
year
1990
:
Bas
e Ye
ar
2012
2008
First Commitment Period: 2008-2012
The Demand:Kyoto ProjectsEU ETS Allowances
Kyoto Protocol38 Developed Countries and Economies in Transition (Annex I countries) took on reduction commitments in 1997
The industrialised countries commit themselves to reduce their collective GHG emissions by at least 5% below 1990 emission levels
Certified Emission Reduction
Annex ICountry
(Developed Nations)
commit themselves to reduce their collective GHG emissions by at least 5% below 1990 emission levels
Non-Annex I CountryFunding
TechnologyProjects to reduce GHG
emissions
*Certified Emission Reduction (CER)
Emission reduction compared to an existing baseline
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
- Contribute to sustainable development- Facilitate technology transfer- Improve financial returns
*CER : a type of emissions unit (or carbon credits) issued by the CDM Executive Board for emission reductions achieved by CDM projects
Certified Emission Reduction
Certified Emission Reduction (CER)
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► CO2 neutral
Certified Emission Reduction
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having a net zero carbon footprint, refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered or offset, or buying enough carbon credits to make up the difference
► CO2 neutral
Certified Emission Reduction
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Materials from Natural Resources
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Biomaterials are from renewable resources.
They are also biodegradable, meaning that the material returns to its natural state when buried in the ground.
Fiber Reinforced Composites (FRP)+
• Reduced weight • Increased flexibility • Greater moldability• Less expensive • Sound insulation • Renewable resource • Self-healing properties
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Fibers :• Glass fibers• Carbon fibers• Aramid fibers• Biofibers
(cellulose, protein, …)
Matrix :• Petroleum‐based
polymers• Metals• Ceramics• Biopolymers
(starch, PLA, …)
FRP• Biocomposites
•Growing at 9.9% per year•Substituting glass fiber
•The current Benz A‐Class has 26 components containing renewable raw materials such as abaca, flax, and hemp.
Biocomposites and Automobiles
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Building Materials : ex. Hemp
‐ Extremely high thermal resistance , acoustic properties ‐ It has an ability to absorb & release moisture without effecting thermal performance. ‐ It is not affected by mould growth or insect attack as the fiber does not contain proteins.‐ It does not cause irritation.‐ Lightweight, easy to handle
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► biodegradable and recyclable
► CO2 neutral
Bioplastics
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Packaging Materials
Biodegradable replacements for plastic bags of all kinds
Add fiber to recycled paper to extend life
After their initial use they can be reused as bags for organic waste and then be composted. .
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Polymers vs. Macromolecules
A macromolecule is a very large molecule commonly created by polymerization of smaller subunits.
In biochemistry, the term is applied to the three conventional biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates), as well as non-polymeric molecules with large molecular mass such as lipids and macrocycles.
111a polypeptide macromolecule
Hexameric Palladium(II) Terpyridyl
Metallomacrocycles
Polymers vs. Macromolecules
Which macromolecule is not a polymer?
Answer:
Lipids are macromolecules that aren't polymers, as their structure does not consist of a repeating chain of monomers.
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A protein is an example of a macromolecule. Each amino acid in the chain (the monomers) can be different and the macromolecule has a definitive shape that is controlled by the monomers in it. Unlike plastic where the monomers are all the same. Every amino acid has the same backbone N-C-C=O but has different "R" groups on it depending on it function.
Polymers vs. Macromolecules
DNA
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Polymers vs. Macromolecules
a polyphenylene dendrimer macromolecule
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Dendrimers : repetitively branched molecules