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Biofuels

Sustainable developmentProf. Melania Muñoz

• fuels derived from biomass (organic materials). • In order to be considered a biofuel the fuel must contain over

80% renewable materials• The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and

various biogases.

Sustainable development Prof. Melania Muñoz G.

What is a biofuel?

Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention.

Factors:

• Need for increase energy security

• Concern over greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuels

• Are portable and clean burning

Sustainable development

Prof. Melania Muñoz G.

Biofuels



Bioethanol production



Biodiesel production

• Made from:– Sugar– Starch– Vegetable oil– Animal fat

• Basic feedstocks:– Seeds and grains



First-generation biofuels

Why is it controversial?




The use of this feedstocksin producing biofuels has been criticised

for diverting food away from the human food chain, leading to food shortages and price risesSustainable development



Major feedstockSustainable development


• Produced by the action of microorganisms and enzymes through the fermentation of sugars or starches

• Sugars are obtained from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane

• Most common: ethanol• Also: propanol and butanol




Bioalcohols



Sustainable development 2012 Prof. Melania Muñoz G.

Taboga

• Edible oil is generally not used as a fuel

• Lower quality oil is used

• It is processed into biodiesel or (more rarely) used directly as a fuel




Vegetable oil

• Biodiesel is typically made by a chemical reaction(transesterification) : lipids + alcohol = fatty acid esters(e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat)

Biodiesel

Feedstock:Oils: e.g. canola, algae, jatropha and salicornia

• Use traditional fractional distillation to process the oils

• Do not confuse it with biodiesel

(chemical reaction)


Green diesel

It is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material:

• biodegradable waste materials• energy crops

– feed anaerobic digesters

• The solid (or liquid) byproduct, digestate, can be used as a fertilizer

• Farmers can produce biogas from manure from their cows by getting a anaerobic digester (AD)Sustainable development



Biogas



Biogas

Organic fertilizer

Gas. E.g. kitchen

Turbine and generator:electricity

• Examples:– Wood– Sawdust– grass trimmings– domestic refuse– Charcoal– agricultural waste– non-food energy crops– dry manure.

• When raw biomass is already in a suitable form (such as firewood), it can burn directly in a stove or furnace to provide heat or raise steam




Solid biofuel

Fisrt generation biofuels

Made from sugar and vegetable oils

Easily extracted using

conventional technology



Second generation biofuels

Second generation

biofuels

Made from lignocellulosic biomas or woody crops, agricultural residues or

waste

Makes it harder to extract the requiered fuel

FOOD

NO FOOD

Sustainable development Prof. Melania Muñoz G.

Use modern and proven green chemical technologies

including pyrolysis, Fisher Tropsch, and other catalytic processes, in order to produce biofuels


Some microoganism in

some insects species

Gliocladium roseum

• Production of myco-diesel from cellulose.

• Was discovered in Patagonia

• Has the unique capability of converting cellulose into medium length hydrocarbons typically found in diesel fuel.




RESEARCH!

It is fuel from algae

• Algae are low-input, high-yield feedstocks to produce biofuels.

• Algae can produces up to 30 times more energy per acre than land crops such as soybeans

• But these yields have yet to be produced commercially.



Third generation biofuels

GMOs

• GM Saccharomycescerevisiae (yeast)

• farnesene synthase from the plant Artemisia annua

• Commercial production of hydrocarbon farnesene (C15H24)



GMOs

GM Algae

• Oil Production• Biofuels• Food• Cosmetics



GMOs

Confined areasSustainable development


• Good option to produce cleaner energy

• Controversy still exist

• More research and technology is needed to produce second and third generation biofuels



Biofuels


• http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/TEDxAtlanta-Harrison-Dillon-Res;search%3Abiotechnology

• http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/TEDxNASASiliconValley-Bilal-Bom;search%3Aalgae%20fuel

Third generation biofuels

http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/TEDxAtlanta-Harrison-Dillon-Res;search:biotechnology

http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/TEDxAtlanta-Harrison-Dillon-Res;search:biotechnology

http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/TEDxNASASiliconValley-Bilal-Bom;search:algae%20fuel


