Biofouling Risk and Biofouling Management
Dr. Geoffrey Swain
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control
Florida Institute of Technology
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Center for Corrosionand Biofouling Control
Staff and StudentsCenter for Corrosion and Biofouling Control1984 to Present
Acknowledgements
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
•Drivers• Economics
• Environment
•Biofouling Risk• What requires protection?
• What is the probability that fouling will occur?
•Biofouling Management• What methods are available for control?
• Selection, application and maintenance.
Outline
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Silicone SPC Old Paint Biofilm HardFouling
Pe
rce
nt
Incr
eas
e in
Dra
g/F
ue
l/C
ost
/GH
G
SPC100 microns
Old Paint400 microns
Notional Percent Penalty 240m Cruise Ship
Victoria Shipyard 2011
Drivers - Economics
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Exhaust Gas Emissions
Ballast Tank
Invasive Species
Biocides and Active Ingredients
Hull Cleaning Discharge
Drivers - Environment
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Hull
Niche Areas
Seawater Systems
Propeller
What Requires Protection
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Side View of Hull Fouling Condition
Hull Fouling
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
BULBOUS BOWFORWARD SIDE BOW THRUSTERS
SIDEAFTFLATS
Hunsucker K, A Koka, G. Lund and G. Swain. Diatom community structure on in-service cruise ship hulls. Biofouling 30, No.9 1133-1140, Oct 2014
Side View of Hull Fouling Condition
Hull Fouling Distribution and Penalty
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Fouling Condition Percent Penalty
No or Light Biofilm 0-5
Light to Moderate 5.1-10
Moderate and/or Green Weed 10.1-15
Heavy Green Weed 15.1-20
Hard Fouling 20.1-30
STERN AFT SIDES # 3 SIDES # 2 SIDES # 1SHOULDE
RFORWARD SIDES BOW THRUSTERS BULBOUS BOW
19.2 16.5 15 17 18 15 15 18 17
5 5 5.5 5 6.1 4.9 6 14 8
5.5 5 4 5 5 5 5 14 8
8 6 4.5 5 9 9.5 14 12.5
7.5 6.5 5.5 4.5 9 9 12 13
FLATS78
Zone Stbd Port
BulbousBow 0.17 0.17
BowThrusters 0.08 0.08
ForwardSides 0.18 0.18
Shoulders 0.15 0.15
Side#1 0.31 0.31
Side#2 0.27 0.27
Side#3 0.22 0.22
AftSides 0.70 0.70
Stern 0.10 0.10
Flats 1.88 1.88
TOTAL 4.08 4.08
TOTALSHIP 8.16
BowThruster
StabilizerPocket
Niche Areas and Seawater Systems
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
SeawaterIntake
Cross OverTank
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Propellers
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
RubertGrade
Ra(CLA)*Micron
RzMicronPowerIncrease
A 0.65 5 0.0%B 1.92 12 negligible
C 4.7 32 1.5%
D 8.24 51 3.0%
E 16.6 97 5.0%F 29.9 154 6.0%
Risk: Biogeographic Regions and Oceanographic Data
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
The Coastal and Marine Classification Standard may be used to identify different biozones (Federal Geographic Data Committee. FGDC-STD-018-2012. June 2012)
Satellite and model data may be used to obtain temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, ocean currents, and other data to create a fouling activity index (FAI)
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Chapter 5. Marine Fouling and Its Prevention. 1952Seasonal Sequence East Coast USA
Risk: Sources of Information
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
LamoineLat: 44.50N High: 160CLow: 00C
MiamiLat: 25.80N High: 300CLow: 200C
Biogeographic Realm, Province, Ecoregion
Aquatic Setting Ocean, Coastal, Estuarine, Freshwater
Water ColumnSalinity, Temperature, Currents, Tides, Wave Action, Nutrients
Biotic Component Composition of benthic communities
Season Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter
Structure Hull, Propeller, Sea Chest, Ballast, Other
Material Steel, Coatings: Inert, Biocide, Fouling Release
Risk: Factors Determining Recruitment
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
Modified from the Federal Geographic Data Committee. FGDC-STD-018-2012. June 2012
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Cruise Ship Schedule and Fouling
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
10 Jun 11 –16 Sep 114 May 12 -14 Sep 12
11 Oct 11-5 Apr 12
8 Oct 12 -30 Dec 12
22 Sep 11 –27 Sep 11
22 Apr 12 –28 Apr 12
20 Sep 12 –24 Sep 12
3 Oct 11 –5 Oct 11
13 Apr 12 –15 Apr 12
30 Sep 12 –2 Oct 12
Temperate Northern PacificEastern and Central Indo-Pacific
Temperate Australasia
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Cruise Ship Schedule and Fouling
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
Temperate Northern Pacific
Temperate Northern Pacific
Eastern and Central Indo-Pacific, Temperate Australasia
Eastern and Central Indo-
Pacific, Temperate Australasia
PropPolish
PropPolish
PropPolish
Added Resistance %/month (Propulsion Dynamics)
Ecoregions
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Materials Selection copper alloys
CoatingsActive Biocides
Non-StickFouling Release
Hard Inert
Mechanical Removalbrush
water jettingair bubbles
Surface TreatmentsContours
RoughnessTectureFibers
Chemical Treatmentshalogenation
ozonationCopper anodes or organic biocides
pH
Electricalhigh voltage / current
Corrosioncathodic chalk formation
Radiationultra violetmagnetic
soundradioactivity
Thermal HeatingFreezing
Biological PredationDesease
Methods for Fouling Control
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Swain, G. The importance of ship hull coatings and maintenance as drivers for environmental sustainability. Proceedings of Ship Design and Operation for Environmental Sustainability. Royal Institute of Naval Architects, London. 10 - 11 March 2010.
Fouling Control Coatings
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
BIOFOULING MINISYMPOSIUM: MARINE FOULING ISSUES April 21st, 2017. Wyss Institute , Harvard.
• Plenty of options: 350+ different coatings on vessels arriving in California since 2008 (Chris Scianni
2016)
• Factors to consider:– Vessel type and construction
– Where on the ship: Hull, Ballast, Seawater Systems, Niche Areas
– Operating profile
– Ship speed
– In-water maintenance
– Planned periods between dry-docking
– Regulations
Selection, Application and Maintenance
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
BIOFOULING MINISYMPOSIUM: MARINE FOULING ISSUES April 21st, 2017. Wyss Institute , Harvard.
• Coating Supplier• Sales• Specifications
• Field Tests• Static• Dynamic• Clean/Groom• Hydrodynamic
• Dry Dock• Application• Historical Data
• In-Service• Key Performance Indicators• Hull Inspection• In-Water Maintenance
Technical Data Sheets
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Materials Safety Data Sheets
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Biocide Based FCC
Copper OutputCruise Ship 320m length
Wetted Surface Area 13,000 m2
BiocidesCopper, Irgarol®1051, Sea-Nine 211®, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, diuron, TCMS pyridine, TCMTB, zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione, econea, selektope and zineb
Output (ug/cm2/day)
Output (tonnes/years)
7 - 22 0.33 - 1.04
Environmental Considerations
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Field Testing
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Side by Side Comparison of Coating PerformanceCoating Development
• Static Immersion
• niche areas
• pier side
• Dynamic Immersion
• at sea
• Cleaning/Grooming
• Hydrodynamic
Dynamic
Immersion
Static
Immersion
BiofoulingBiofouling AdhesionPhysical Condition
Roughness
Hydrodynamic Properties
Cleaning or Grooming
Hydrodynamic
Evaluation
Swain Geoffrey, Brett Kovach, Arthur Touzot, Franck Casse, Christopher J Kavanagh. Measuring the performance of today’s antifouling coatings. Journal of Ship Production, Aug 2007, V23, n. 3, pp. 164-171.
Dry Dock
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
• Quality control
• Measure the condition at in-docking.
• Monitor surface preparation
• Monitor coating application.
• Measure the condition at out-docking.
• Knowledge
• Coating performance database
• Optimize antifouling coating selection
• Maintenance and life cycle costs
• Identify areas for improvement
Swain G and G Lund (2016) Dry-dock inspection methods for improved fouling control coating performance. Journal of Ship Production and Design, Vol. 32, No.3, August 2016, pp.1-8.
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
In-Service
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
Functional Model for
Coating Condition
Vessel Powering Data
Geographical Location/
Marine Ecosystems
NOAA Environmental Data (SST, Sal,
MODIS)
In-water Inspections
Dry Dock Data
• Key Performance
Indicators
• Hull Inspection
• In-water Maintenance
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Hull Maintenance
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
Hull Grooming
• Proactive – groom before you go
• Enhanced Performance• Reduced GHG Emissions• Gentle Brushes• Coating Longevity• Minimum Discharge• Prevents Invasive Species
Hull Cleaning + Capture
• Reactive• Fouling Penalty• Increased GHG Emissions• Powerful Brushes or Water Jets• Coating Damage• Treatment for Discharge• Risk of Invasive Species
Tribou M, and G Swain. Grooming using rotating brushes as a proactive method to control fouling. Biofouling 31, No. 4, 309-319 May 2015
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Hull Cleaning or Grooming
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
Groomed for 1 year
Cleaned after 22 months static immersion
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
As Applied Groomed WeeklyFor 1 Year
Cleaned After 22Months Immersion
Rt5
0 (μ
m)
Comparison between Cleaning and Grooming Ablative Copper AF
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Coating Roughness
Environmental Benefits of Fouling
Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL
7.5 liter tanks filled with lagoon seawater.One tank had four oyster shells fouled with: Aborescent Bryozoan, Encrusting Bryozoan, Colonial
Tunicate, Sea Squirt, Calcareous Tubeworm, Sedimentary Tubeworm, Mussel, Barnacle, Amphipods
GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Design life 100 + yearsNo dry docking
No foulingCradle to Cradle
Rhincodon typusDistribution: All tropical and temperate seasSpeed: Slow Moving (3 knots)Size: Length 0-12m and Mass > 36 tonnes
Summary
A well managed biofouling control program will:
• Reduce fuel consumption
• Reduce costs
• Reduce exhaust gas emissions
• Reduce biocide output
• Reduce invasive species
• Reduce damage to the environment