Biofouling Risk and Biofouling Management · Biofouling Risk and Biofouling Management Dr. Geoffrey Swain Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control Florida Institute of Technology

Biofouling Risk and Biofouling Management

Dr. Geoffrey Swain

Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control

Florida Institute of Technology

GREEN TECH 2017 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCEMay 30 – June 1, 2017 — Fort Lauderdale, Florida

Center for Corrosionand Biofouling Control

Staff and StudentsCenter for Corrosion and Biofouling Control1984 to Present

Acknowledgements

Center for Corrosion and Biofouling ControlFlorida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL


•Drivers• Economics

• Environment

•Biofouling Risk• What requires protection?

• What is the probability that fouling will occur?

•Biofouling Management• What methods are available for control?

• Selection, application and maintenance.

Outline



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Silicone SPC Old Paint Biofilm HardFouling

Pe

rce

nt

Incr

eas

e in

Dra

g/F

ue

l/C

ost

/GH

G

SPC100 microns

Old Paint400 microns

Notional Percent Penalty 240m Cruise Ship

Victoria Shipyard 2011

Drivers - Economics



Exhaust Gas Emissions

Ballast Tank

Invasive Species

Biocides and Active Ingredients

Hull Cleaning Discharge

Drivers - Environment



Hull

Niche Areas

Seawater Systems

Propeller

What Requires Protection



Side View of Hull Fouling Condition

Hull Fouling



BULBOUS BOWFORWARD SIDE BOW THRUSTERS

SIDEAFTFLATS

Hunsucker K, A Koka, G. Lund and G. Swain. Diatom community structure on in-service cruise ship hulls. Biofouling 30, No.9 1133-1140, Oct 2014

Side View of Hull Fouling Condition

Hull Fouling Distribution and Penalty



Fouling Condition Percent Penalty

No or Light Biofilm 0-5

Light to Moderate 5.1-10

Moderate and/or Green Weed 10.1-15

Heavy Green Weed 15.1-20

Hard Fouling 20.1-30

STERN AFT SIDES # 3 SIDES # 2 SIDES # 1SHOULDE

RFORWARD SIDES BOW THRUSTERS BULBOUS BOW

19.2 16.5 15 17 18 15 15 18 17

5 5 5.5 5 6.1 4.9 6 14 8

5.5 5 4 5 5 5 5 14 8

8 6 4.5 5 9 9.5 14 12.5

7.5 6.5 5.5 4.5 9 9 12 13

FLATS78

Zone Stbd Port

BulbousBow 0.17 0.17

BowThrusters 0.08 0.08

ForwardSides 0.18 0.18

Shoulders 0.15 0.15

Side#1 0.31 0.31

Side#2 0.27 0.27

Side#3 0.22 0.22

AftSides 0.70 0.70

Stern 0.10 0.10

Flats 1.88 1.88

TOTAL 4.08 4.08

TOTALSHIP 8.16

BowThruster

StabilizerPocket

Niche Areas and Seawater Systems


SeawaterIntake

Cross OverTank


Propellers



RubertGrade

Ra(CLA)*Micron

RzMicronPowerIncrease

A 0.65 5 0.0%B 1.92 12 negligible

C 4.7 32 1.5%

D 8.24 51 3.0%

E 16.6 97 5.0%F 29.9 154 6.0%

Risk: Biogeographic Regions and Oceanographic Data


The Coastal and Marine Classification Standard may be used to identify different biozones (Federal Geographic Data Committee. FGDC-STD-018-2012. June 2012)

Satellite and model data may be used to obtain temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, ocean currents, and other data to create a fouling activity index (FAI)


Chapter 5. Marine Fouling and Its Prevention. 1952Seasonal Sequence East Coast USA

Risk: Sources of Information



LamoineLat: 44.50N High: 160CLow: 00C

MiamiLat: 25.80N High: 300CLow: 200C

Biogeographic Realm, Province, Ecoregion

Aquatic Setting Ocean, Coastal, Estuarine, Freshwater

Water ColumnSalinity, Temperature, Currents, Tides, Wave Action, Nutrients

Biotic Component Composition of benthic communities

Season Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter

Structure Hull, Propeller, Sea Chest, Ballast, Other

Material Steel, Coatings: Inert, Biocide, Fouling Release

Risk: Factors Determining Recruitment


Modified from the Federal Geographic Data Committee. FGDC-STD-018-2012. June 2012


Cruise Ship Schedule and Fouling


10 Jun 11 –16 Sep 114 May 12 -14 Sep 12

11 Oct 11-5 Apr 12

8 Oct 12 -30 Dec 12

22 Sep 11 –27 Sep 11

22 Apr 12 –28 Apr 12

20 Sep 12 –24 Sep 12

3 Oct 11 –5 Oct 11

13 Apr 12 –15 Apr 12

30 Sep 12 –2 Oct 12

Temperate Northern PacificEastern and Central Indo-Pacific

Temperate Australasia


Cruise Ship Schedule and Fouling


Temperate Northern Pacific

Temperate Northern Pacific

Eastern and Central Indo-Pacific, Temperate Australasia

Eastern and Central Indo-

Pacific, Temperate Australasia

PropPolish

PropPolish

PropPolish

Added Resistance %/month (Propulsion Dynamics)

Ecoregions


Materials Selection copper alloys

CoatingsActive Biocides

Non-StickFouling Release

Hard Inert

Mechanical Removalbrush

water jettingair bubbles

Surface TreatmentsContours

RoughnessTectureFibers

Chemical Treatmentshalogenation

ozonationCopper anodes or organic biocides

pH

Electricalhigh voltage / current

Corrosioncathodic chalk formation

Radiationultra violetmagnetic

soundradioactivity

Thermal HeatingFreezing

Biological PredationDesease

Methods for Fouling Control



Swain, G. The importance of ship hull coatings and maintenance as drivers for environmental sustainability. Proceedings of Ship Design and Operation for Environmental Sustainability. Royal Institute of Naval Architects, London. 10 - 11 March 2010.

Fouling Control Coatings


BIOFOULING MINISYMPOSIUM: MARINE FOULING ISSUES April 21st, 2017. Wyss Institute , Harvard.

• Plenty of options: 350+ different coatings on vessels arriving in California since 2008 (Chris Scianni

2016)

• Factors to consider:– Vessel type and construction

– Where on the ship: Hull, Ballast, Seawater Systems, Niche Areas

– Operating profile

– Ship speed

– In-water maintenance

– Planned periods between dry-docking

– Regulations

Selection, Application and Maintenance


BIOFOULING MINISYMPOSIUM: MARINE FOULING ISSUES April 21st, 2017. Wyss Institute , Harvard.

• Coating Supplier• Sales• Specifications

• Field Tests• Static• Dynamic• Clean/Groom• Hydrodynamic

• Dry Dock• Application• Historical Data

• In-Service• Key Performance Indicators• Hull Inspection• In-Water Maintenance

Technical Data Sheets



Materials Safety Data Sheets



Biocide Based FCC

Copper OutputCruise Ship 320m length

Wetted Surface Area 13,000 m2

BiocidesCopper, Irgarol®1051, Sea-Nine 211®, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, diuron, TCMS pyridine, TCMTB, zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione, econea, selektope and zineb

Output (ug/cm2/day)

Output (tonnes/years)

7 - 22 0.33 - 1.04

Environmental Considerations



Field Testing



Side by Side Comparison of Coating PerformanceCoating Development

• Static Immersion

• niche areas

• pier side

• Dynamic Immersion

• at sea

• Cleaning/Grooming

• Hydrodynamic

Dynamic

Immersion

Static

Immersion

BiofoulingBiofouling AdhesionPhysical Condition

Roughness

Hydrodynamic Properties

Cleaning or Grooming

Hydrodynamic

Evaluation

Swain Geoffrey, Brett Kovach, Arthur Touzot, Franck Casse, Christopher J Kavanagh. Measuring the performance of today’s antifouling coatings. Journal of Ship Production, Aug 2007, V23, n. 3, pp. 164-171.

Dry Dock


• Quality control

• Measure the condition at in-docking.

• Monitor surface preparation

• Monitor coating application.

• Measure the condition at out-docking.

• Knowledge

• Coating performance database

• Optimize antifouling coating selection

• Maintenance and life cycle costs

• Identify areas for improvement

Swain G and G Lund (2016) Dry-dock inspection methods for improved fouling control coating performance. Journal of Ship Production and Design, Vol. 32, No.3, August 2016, pp.1-8.


In-Service


Functional Model for

Coating Condition

Vessel Powering Data

Geographical Location/

Marine Ecosystems

NOAA Environmental Data (SST, Sal,

MODIS)

In-water Inspections

Dry Dock Data

• Key Performance

Indicators

• Hull Inspection

• In-water Maintenance


Hull Maintenance


Hull Grooming

• Proactive – groom before you go

• Enhanced Performance• Reduced GHG Emissions• Gentle Brushes• Coating Longevity• Minimum Discharge• Prevents Invasive Species

Hull Cleaning + Capture

• Reactive• Fouling Penalty• Increased GHG Emissions• Powerful Brushes or Water Jets• Coating Damage• Treatment for Discharge• Risk of Invasive Species

Tribou M, and G Swain. Grooming using rotating brushes as a proactive method to control fouling. Biofouling 31, No. 4, 309-319 May 2015


Hull Cleaning or Grooming


Groomed for 1 year

Cleaned after 22 months static immersion

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

As Applied Groomed WeeklyFor 1 Year

Cleaned After 22Months Immersion

Rt5

0 (μ

m)

Comparison between Cleaning and Grooming Ablative Copper AF


Coating Roughness

Environmental Benefits of Fouling


7.5 liter tanks filled with lagoon seawater.One tank had four oyster shells fouled with: Aborescent Bryozoan, Encrusting Bryozoan, Colonial

Tunicate, Sea Squirt, Calcareous Tubeworm, Sedimentary Tubeworm, Mussel, Barnacle, Amphipods


Design life 100 + yearsNo dry docking

No foulingCradle to Cradle

Rhincodon typusDistribution: All tropical and temperate seasSpeed: Slow Moving (3 knots)Size: Length 0-12m and Mass > 36 tonnes

Summary

A well managed biofouling control program will:

• Reduce fuel consumption

• Reduce costs

• Reduce exhaust gas emissions

• Reduce biocide output

• Reduce invasive species

• Reduce damage to the environment

Documents

Biofouling Risk and Biofouling Management · Biofouling Risk and Biofouling Management Dr. Geoffrey Swain Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control Florida Institute of Technology