Biochip
Biosensor or bioprocessor that utilizes technologies of modern Biology and Electronics in a micro scale.
Types of BiochipDNA chip
Protein chip
Enzyme chip
Lab-on-a-chip
Biomolecular machine
Biocomputer
Physical methodsare the keys for many biological
problems
DNA sequencing
Protein structure
Spectrophotometry
Mass Spect
Electron microscope
Confocal
Bio-physical methods
DNA sequencing
Protein structure
Spectrophotometry
Mass Spect
Electron microscope
Confocal
Structure Determination
Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, NCTULaboratory of Enzyme and Protein Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, NCTU
An ideal biochip
Size-portable
Save energy-long term usage
Low cost-mass production
High sensitivity-integration
Low sample requirement
Microarray-high thru put
Decreased invasiveness
ASI Atomic Scale IntegrationLSI Large Scale IntegrationGSI Giga Scale IntegrationMSI Medium Scale Integration
Time evolution in computer technology from zero to atomic scale integration (Ciabrera et al., 1991; Nicolini, 1993).
ULSI Ultra Large Scale IntegrationSSI Small Scale IntegrationVLSI Very Large Scale IntegrationZSI Zero Scale Integration
Features and factors of size reduction in microchip-based analysis TIBTECH DECEMBER 1999 (VOL 17)
Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, NCTULaboratory of Enzyme and Protein Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, NCTU
The size matter
Biomolecular Machine
Microtubules and Their Motors
Skeletal Muscle Myosin and muscle contraction
A Proton Gradient Drives the rotation of Bacterial Flagella
DNA as Molecular Machine Construction and operation of
the molecular tweezers.A DNA-fuelled molecular machinemade of DNA
Bernard Yurke*, Andrew J. Turber®eld*², Allen P. Mills Jr*, Friedrich C. Simmel* & Jennifer L. Neumann*
NATURE | VOL 406 | 10 AUGUST 2000
Name Sequence Domain 1 Domain 2A 5’ TGCCTTGTAAGAGCGACCAT CAACCTGGAATGCTTCGGAT 3’B 5’ GGTCGCTCTTACAAGGCA CTGGTAACAATCACGGTCTATGCG 3’C 5’ GGAGTCCTACTGTCTGAACTAACG ATCCGAAGCATTCCAGGT 3’F 5’ CGCATAGACCGTGATTGTTACCAG CGTTAGTTCAGACAGTAGGACTCC TGCTACGA 3’5’ GGTCGCTCTTACAAGGCA CAGCTAGTTTCACAGTGGCAAGTC 3’5’ GCAGGCTTCTACATATCTGACGAG ATCCGAAGCATTCCAGGT 3’F5’ CGCATAGACCGTGATTGTTACCAG CTCGTCAGATATGTAGAAGCCTGC ACGTCGAT 3’F5’ GACTTGCCACTGTGAAACTAGCTG CGTTAGTTCAGACAGTAGGACTCC TGTCCAGA 3’
Biocomputer
Memory-The design of a biochip: a self-assembling molecular-scale memory, Protein Engineering, 1, 295 (1987)
Switching devise-Biochemical switching devise: biomimetic approach and application to neural network study, J. of Biotech, 109, 109 (1992)
Logic gate-A biochemical logic gate using an enzyme and its inhibitor, Biotech Progress (1999)
Wire-Femtosecond direct observation of charge transfer between bases in DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 19, 14052 (2000)
Applications of DNA chip and microarray technologyPharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3):289-307
Companies involved in developing microarray DNA-chip technology for pharmacogenomics(from A to V) Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3):289-307
Components of a DNA microchip.
Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3):289-307
Types of transducer
Electrical-current/voltage (FET, MOS),charge, dielectricity
Optical-absorption, emission, phase change, polarisation/absorption (SPR), opto-ethermal
ThermalMagnetic-NMR, mass spectMechanical, frequency-surface acoustic
wave, quartz balance
Electrochemical Sensors
Principle: Anode: semi-oxidation reaction
Cathode: semi-reduction reaction
Example: Biofuel cell
Anode: glucose gluconolactone + 2H+ + 2e-GOD
Cathode: O2 + 4H+ + 4e-2H2O
Laccase
Biofuel Cell (J.A.C.S. 2001, 123, 8630)
Electronic Nose(Biosen. & Bioele. 14, 1999 9-18)
Surface Plasma Resonance (SPR)
Nanowire FET (Sience 293, 17, August, 2001)
Semiconductor Devices as Sensors of Biological Reactions
Enzymatic Reaction
Mass
Electron
HeatCharge
Light
Modified Electrode
Thermometer
EnzymeFET
Photodiodes SAW