INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

COMPONENTS OF BIOCHIP

WORKING OF BIOCHIPS

BIOCHIP IMPLANT

APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

FUTURE

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

• Collection of miniaturized test sites(microarrays)arranged on a solid substrate.

• Permits many tests to be performed at the same time.

• Surface area is no longer than a fingernail.

• Perform thousands of biological reactions in a fewseconds.

• Used to analyze organic molecules associated withliving organisms.

• Help in identifying gene sequences, environmentalpollutants, airborne toxins, or other biochemicalconstituents.

Biochip

•Developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries.

•Large scale development of biochips in the 1990s.

•Today, a large variety of biochip technologies are eitherin development or being commercialized.

•Invented in 4G generation & the development is stillcontinued.

•In 1980 Fred Sanger and Walter Gilbert were awardedNobel Prize for their pioneering DNA sequencingapproach.

•In 1983, Kary Mullis was awarded Nobel Prize for hisPolymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) which allowed toamplify minute amounts of DNA to quantities.

•In 1986, Leroy Hood gave fluorescence-based DNAsequencing which facilitated the automation of readingDNA sequence.

Biochip implant system consists of two components:-

•Transponder

•Reader or scanner.

•Two types of transponder – passive or active.

•Communication between biochip and reader is via low-frequency radio waves.

•Transponder consists of four parts:-

Computer microchip

Antenna coil

Tuning capacitor

Glass capsule

•Computer Microchip:- The microchip stores a unique

identification number from 10 to 15 digits long.

•Antenna Coil:- This tiny, primitive, radio antenna

"receives and sends" signals from the reader or scanner.

•Tuning Capacitor:- This capacitor is charged by the small

(1/1000 of a watt) signal sent by the reader.

•Glass Capsule:- “houses” the microchip, antenna coil and

capacitor. It is made of biocompatible material such as soda

lime glass.

•Consists of an “exciter” coil which createselectromagnetic field.

•Provide energy to “activate” the implanted biochip.

•Also carries a receiving coil to receive ID number.

•Contains the software and components to decode thereceive code and display the result in an LCD display.

•Reader transmits a low-power radio signal and activates the implanted biochip.

•ID number transmitted by the transponder and received by the reader.

•Reader displays the ID number on the reader’s LCD display.

•Injected by a hypodermic syringe beneath the skin.

•Injection is safe and simple.

•Anesthesia is not required.

•Usually injected behind the neck in dogs and cats.

•With a biochip tracing of a person/animal, anywherein the world is possible.

•A biochip can store and update financial, medical,demographic data, basically everything about a person.

•A biochip leads to a secured E-commerce systems.

•Biochips are really potent in replacing passports, cash,medical records.

•Medicinal implementation of biochips-as glucosedetector; as oxygen sensor; as an blood pressure sensor.

•To rescue the sick.•To find the lost people.•To identify person uniquely.•In monitoring health condition of individuals in which theyare specially employed.•They can perform thousands of biological reactions in a fewseconds.•Increase speed of diagnosis of unknown pathogens.•Ability to detect multiple viral agents in parallel.

•They raise critical issues of personal privacy.

•They mark the end of human freedom and dignity.

•There is a danger of turning every man, women and child into a controlled slave.

•They can be implanted into ones body without their knowledge.

•A chip implanted somewhere in human bodies mightserve as a combination of credit card, passport, driver'slicense, personal diary.

•No longer would it be needed to worry about losing thecredit cards while traveling.

•A chip inserted into human bodies might also give us extra mental power.

Biochips are:-

•Fast

•Accurate

•Miniaturized

•expected to become economically advantageous attributes that make them analogous to computer chip.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochip

http://www.electronicsforu.com

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002160051549#page-1

Google images.