Ar)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
begIánCeRmIssRmab;RbCaCnenACnbT
kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatiRksYgEpnkar
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kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatiRksYgEpnkar
RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
begIánCeRmIssRmab;RbCaCnenACnbT
r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rkSasiTi§ © qñaM 2007 RksYgEpnkar nigkmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatiRbcaMRbeTskm<úCa
rkSasiT§iRKb;Ebby:ag. KμanEpñkNamYyénr)aykarN_enHRtUv)ane)aHBum<eLIgvij b¤ftcmøgedayKμankarGnuBaØatþ.
buKÁlNaEdlRbRBwtþibTelμIs nwgRtUvpþnÞaeTastamc,ab;.
e)aHBum<elIkTI 1 qñaM 2007
e)aHBum<eday RksYgEpnkar nigyUGwnDIPI km<úCa
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nigmanCMnYbBiPakSaCaeRcIneTotCalkçN³buKÁl CaRkumtUc² nigCaRkumm®nþICMnajsMxan;² edIm,ICYysRmYldl;kic©karenH.
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elak »k esrI esaPkþ× TIRbwkSa ¬CDRI¦ elak rUesl ePfWsan; ¬TIRbwkSaevTika NGO¦ elak vn muninÞ ¬RBwT§burs
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FnaKarBiPBelak¦ elakRsI ém: PasS ¬GTZ RbcaMkm<úCa¦ elak PItFW xy ¬smaCikKN³GPi)alFnaKareGsuIlIda¦/
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¬TIRbwkSaCan;x<s;EpñkeKalneya)ay UNDP¦.
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m®nþIkmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati m®nþICan;x<s;RksYgEpnkar nigRkumm®nþICMnajGnþrRksYg. mtirbs;elak elakRsImñak;²
RtUv)andak;bBa©Úlkñúgr)aykarN_enH.
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RbcaMRbeTsevotNam¦ elak y:k em:n ¬naykRbcaMRbeTsénkm μviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatiRbcaMRbeTs\NÐÚeNsuI¦
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1r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
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2 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
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ckçúvis½yedIm,IskmμPaBrbs; UNDP. GñksRmbsRmYlsMxan;² rYmman bNÐit saTI GaqarIy:a ¬UNDP¦ bNÐit eGnRDU PInI
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¬UNDP¦ elak Rb‘Uk GuIva:n ¬UNDP¦ kBaØa mYg supar:at nigGñkRsI ex XWb‘Í dUyI ¬TIRbwkSa¦.
sUmEføgnUvkardwgKuNCaBiesscMeBaHÉk]tþm elak elakRsITaMgGs; dUc)anerobrab;xagelI Edlelak)ancMNayeBl
evlaCaeRcInkñúgkarerobcMr)aykarN_sþIBIkarGPivDÆmnusSenH. edaysarkarRbwgERbgrYmBIsMNak;Gs;elak elakRsI
TaMgGs;enHehIy eTIbeyIg´GacseRmc)anCar)aykarN_mYyRbkbedayvisalPaBTUlMTUlay nigsuICeRmAl¥ EdleyIg
´sgÇwmfa nwgCYyrYmcMENkRbkbedaysar³RbeyaCn_enAkñúgkarBiPakSaelICIvPaBrs;enAtamCnbT FnFanFm μCati nigkar
GPivDÆkm<úCaCaTUeTA.
3r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
arGPivDÆmnusS KWCakarbgábriyakassRmab;[mnusSGacGPivDÆskþanuBlrbs;xøÜnbegáItCeRmIsEfmeTot sRmab;
xøÜneK nigmanCIvitrs;enARbkbedaysuxPaBcRmugceRmIn nigGayuyWnyUr. 17 qñaMehIy Edl UNDP )aneroberog
r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenH maneKaledAelIksÞÜykarGPivDÆ CaBiesskarGPivDÆmnusS. r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_
mnusS (NHDRs) CaÉksarKaMRTelIkarGnuvtþedayQrelImUldæanénkarRsavRCavli¥tl¥n;. enAelIBiPBelakTaMgmUlman
r)aykarN_EbbenHCagbYnry ¬400¦ ehIyenAkñúgRbeTscMnYn 135 ehIykm<úCa)anepþImeFVIr)aykarN_enHtaMgBIqñaM 1997.
enHCar)aykarN_TI 6 EdlepþatelIFnFanFm μCati nigCIvPaBrs;enAtamCnbT. r)aykarN_enHCalT§plénkar
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tMbn;EdlmankarrIkceRmInx<s; nigtMbn;EdlTamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;EfmeTot.
r)aykarN_enHeFVIkar):an;RbmaNCaÉkraCümYyGMBIkarGPivDÆmnusS sßanPaBrs;enAtamCnbT nigTMnak;TMngrvag
karrs;enA nigRbPBFnFanFmμCatienAkm<úCa. r)aykarN_k¾erobrab;pgEdr GMBIGnusasn_eKalneya)ay nigkalanuvtþPaB
sRmab;eFVI[tMbn;dac;RsyalmanPaBrIkceRmIn.
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minEmnrdæaPi)al nigédKUGPivDÆn_pgEdr. enAtamCnbT ®sIþsøab;kñúgeBlsRmalkUnenAEtmancMnYneRcIn. kumarenAEt
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eronvijTaMgenAv½yek μg. CacugeRkay bBaðadIFøIbnþeFVITukçbukemñjdl;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BlrdæsamBaØ. dIbMEbkCadMutUc²
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GPivDÆCnbT EdlCavis½ymYyRtUvEtykcitþTukdak;xøaMg enAminTan;)aneFVIRKb;RKan;enAeLIy.
karGPivDÆenATICnbTTamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;elIEpñkFnFanmnusS nigFnFanhirBaØvtßú. shKmn_CnbTRtUvEt
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vinieyaKelIsmtßPaBmnusS edIm,IelIkkm<s;muxCMnajrbs;Blrdæ nigKuNPaBénCIvitrs;enArbs;BYkeK. esckIþesñIenH
GnuelameTAtams μartIénEpnkaryuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_Cati qñaM 2006-2010 (NSDP) nigRsbtamskm μPaBvimCÄkar
vishmCÄkarEdlkMBugEtbnþ nigkarbegáInGPi)alkic©EdlkMBugeFVIkñúgRbeTssBVéf¶enH.
RksYgEpnkar nigkm μviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatiRbcaMkm<úCaeCOCak;fa r)aykarN_enHnwgCYyrYmcMENkdl;karBiPakSa
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4 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
5r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
esckIþEføgGMNrKuN 1
buBVkfa 3
r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007 ³ TidæPaBTUeTA 6
CMBUk 1karGPivDÆmnusS ³ esckiIþepþIm 14
1>1 r)aykarN_nanasIþBIkarGPivDÆmnusS 14
1>2 bBaðaRbQmmuxkñúgvis½yGPivDÆn_ nigmUlehtuEdlnaM[r)aykarN_enHbkRsayBICIvPaBrs;enAtamTICnbT 16
1>3 TRmg;énr)aykarN_ 17
CMBUk 2
vDÆnPaBénkarGPivDÆmnusS 20
2>1 taragcMNat;fñak;GPivDÆn_mnusSrbs;km<úCa 20
2>2 lT§plGPivDÆn_tamry³snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS 34
2>3 esckIþsrub 39
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3>1 sßanPaBdIFIøbc©úb,nñ 42
3>2 dIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic 54
3>3 dIsm,TansgÁmkic© 56
3>4 GPi)alkic© nigvivaTdIFøI 57
3>5 rbrensaTRtI nigCIvPaBrs;enA 59
3>6 é®BeQI nigrbrrksIuéRBeQI 63
3>7 esckIþsrub 66
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4>1 karelIkkm<s;kareRbIR)as;dIFIø[kan;EtRbesIreLIg edayeRbIsmÖar³brikçarksikmμTMenIb 71
4>2 karykTwkeRbIR)as;sRmab;eRsacRsB 76
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4>4 FanalMnwgtémølk; 81
4>5 TIpSarlk;RtI nigstVBahn³ 85
4>6 skmμPaBeRkAksidæan nigminEmnksikmμ 91
4>7 esckIþsrub 94
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5>1 karGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigerobcMTIRbCMuCnRbkbedaytulüPaBtamtMbn; 98
5>2 karbegáItehdæarcnasm<½n§edayeRbIbec©kviTüaRsUbykkmøaMgBlkmμeRcIn 102
5>3 karGPivDÆsgÁm 104
5>4 CnCatiedImPaKtic 110
5>5 kartamdan nigkarvaytémø 110
5>6 esckIþsrub 111
CMBUk 6kareRbIR)as;FnFaneRbgCRmujkarelIkkm<s;GPivDÆn_mnusS 114
6>1 BrC½y b¤bNþasa ? 114
6>2 bTBiesaFn_kñúgBiPBelaksIþBIbNþasaFnFan 115
6>3 lkçN³sm,tiþsRmab;esckIþceRmInrugerOg 115
6>4 karFananUvBrC½yBIpleRbgCUnkm<úCa 116
6>5 karvinieyaKedIm,IesckIþceRmInrugerOgTaMgGs;Kña nigsißrPaByUrGEgVg 117
6>6 esckIþsrub 118
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6 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
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sar³sMxan;sRmab;karGPivDÆmnusS. snþiPaB nigsßirPaBsgÁm)ansþar nigrkSa)anCamYynwgkMeNInesdækic©)an
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edaysarkMeNInvivaTdIFøI kMeNIny:agrh½sénvismPaB PaBGnaFibetyüy:agsem,IménGMeBIBukrlYy niglT§PaBEdlGacekIt
mannUvbNþasaénFnFanFmμCati EdlbNþalmkBIcMNUleRbg nig]sμ½nenAkñúgsmuRT.
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2000 ³ kumar nigkargar
2001 ³ TidæPaBsgÁménkarratt,atemeraKeGds_ nigCm¶WeGds_ ¬ HIV/AIDS ¦
2007 ³ karbegáInCeRmIssRmab;RbCaBlrdæenACnbT
rIÉr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCaqñaMenH KWepþateTAelIkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmμCati ehIynigCIvPaBrs;enAtamTICnbT.
e
1CMB Uk
15r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb;TI 1>1 ³ km<úCa - RbvtiþfμI²xøH
enAcenøaHTsvtSr_TI 50 nigBak;kNþalTsvtSr_TI 60 RbeTskm<úCaCaRbeTsrIkceRmInenAkñúgtMbn;. cMNUlsRmab;mnusSmñak;²
x<s;CagcMNUlenARbeTséf ehIyenAsm½yenaH km<úCa)anlk;Gaharecj. éRBeQIEdlRKbdNþb;elI 70° énépÞdITaMgGs; )anpþl;nUv
plRbeyaCn_dl;CIvPaBrs;enAtamTICnbT. RbCaBlrdæmanBI 4 eTA 4 lanknøH ehIyGVI²k¾)anceRmIneLIgcab;BIeBlEdlkm<úCa)an
dwknaMRbeTsedayxøÜnÉgeRkayBI)araMg)ancakecjeTAenAqñaM 1953.
cab;BIBak;kNþalTsvtSr_TI 60 mk GsißrPaBneya)ay)anekIteLIgenABaseBjGasIuedaysars®gÁamenAevotNam. enAqñaM
1970 esdækic©km<úCa)anFøak;cuHdundabCamYynwgkRmitGtiprNad¾xøaMgkøa. kñúgqñaM 1970 vibtiþmYy)anepþImekIteLIgenAeBlEdl
rdæaPi)alrbs;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu RtUveKTmøak;ecjBIGMNac ehIyrdæaPi)alpþac;kardwknaMedaykgT½B)anekIteLIg. vibtiþneya)ay
FM² nigs®gÁamsIuvilekIteLIg EdlbNþal[ExμrRkhm)ancUlmkkan;GMNacenAqñaM 1975. rbbenH)ancab;epþImEkTRmg;rdæ nig
sgÁmkm<úCasarCafμI. eKRbkan;ykrbbsgÁmniymBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ edayeKCemøósRbCaBlrdærs;enATIRkug[eTAenAtamRsukERs
ehIysUm,IEtksikrk¾RtUvCemøóseTATIepSg²eTotEdr. kmμsiTi§ÉkCn nigR)ak;kasRtUv)anbM)at;Elg[man rcnasm<½n§RKYsarRtUv)an
rMlayCaRkumsmUhPaB. TMnas;épÞkñúg nigkarminTTYlsÁal;BIxageRkA)annaM[manGnþraKmn_BIkgkmøaMgevotNam Edl)anbeNþj
RkumExμrRkhm[bgçMcitþcakecjBIGMNacenAqñaM 1979.
enAcenøaHBIqñaM 1980 dl;qñaM 1989 kgkmøaMgevotNamsßitenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyRbeTsTaMgGs; eRkABIRkumsm<½n§mitþén
shPaBsUevot )andak;TNÐkmμBaNiC¢kmμ esdækic© nigTNÐkmμepSg²eTotmkelIkm<úCa. enAPUmiPaKxaglic nigBay½BüénRbeTs
manCemøaHRbdab;GavuFeBjmYyTsvtSr_TI 80 EdlrMxany:agxøaMgdl;karGPivDÆ. s®gÁamsuIvilenAEtbnþeRkayBIkgT½BevotNam
)andkecjenAqñaM 1989. rdæaPi)al)anBüayambegáItsßab½nGPi)alkic©sMxan;² ebIksalaeLIgvij nigerobcMrcnasm<½n§ksikmμ
sarCafμItamEbbksikmμRbmUlpþMú ¬RkumsamKÁI¦. dIEdlrdækan;kab;enAeBlenaHRtUv)anEck[RbCaBlrdækan;kab;vijenAkñúgqñaM 1989.
kic©RBmeRBogsniþPaBTIRkug)a:rIs qñaM 1991 )annaM[mankic©shRbtibtiþkarrkSasniþPaBGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkm<úCakñúg
dMeNIrpøas;bþÚrtamsniþviFIeq<aHeTAkan;rbbRbCaFibetyüBhubkS. GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRbcaMkm<úCa (UNTAC)
manParkic©RtYtBinitüelIkardak;GavuF nigkarrMsaykgT½B sRmbsRmYlCMnYyGnþrCatisRmab;ksagkm<úCamYyfμIeLIgvij RBmTaMgkar
Fana[manlkçxNÐsRmab;kare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutiþFm’enAqñaM 1993. rdæaPi)alcRmuHRbCaFibetyümYy)anRtUvbegáIteLIg.
vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTskñúgvis½ysemøókbMBak; éRBeQI nigesvaCMnYjEpñkksikmμ )anhUrcUlmkkñúgRbeTs ehIyenAcenøaHqñaM 1993
nig 1997 plTunCatisrub)anekIneLIgy:agelOnKYr[kt;smÁal;.
b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHkþI RbeTskm<úCa)anCYbnwgbBaðamYyeTotkñúgqñaM 1998 enAeBlEdlrdæaPi)alcRmuHRtUv)andYlrlM. kñúgkMLúg
eBlbniþceRkaymk sißrPaBRtUv)anBRgwgeLIgvij edaymankare)aHeqñatfñak;CatimYyRbkbedayeCaKC½y. cab;BIenaHmk esdækic©)an
ekIneLIgRbmaNCit 8° kñúgmYyqñaM mYyEpñkFMmkBIplitplsemøókbMBak;enAtamTIRkug karrIkceRmInkñúgvis½yeTscrN_ nigkar
rIkduHdalénskmμPaBesvakmμepSg²eTot. vis½yksikmμenAEtmin)anepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIplitkmμRsUv eTaHbImanGMeNay
pll¥BIFatuGakasdl;dMNaMRsUvk¾eday.
km<úCaenAminTan;)ansHes,IyeBjeljenAeLIyeTBIs®gÁamruaMér:CagbITsvtSr_ Edl)anbMpøicbMpøajrcnasm<½n§sgÁm nigsßab½n
sgÁm EdlkMBugEtsagsg;eLIgvijenAeLIy. enAmankic©karGPivDÆCaeRcInEdlRtUvBuHBar edayRtUvksagehdæarcnasm<½n§mUldæan
BRgIkFnFanmnusS GPivDÆvis½yksikmμ nigCnbT.
RbPB ³ Chandler (1993); Vickery (1984); Ear (1995); Mysliwiec (1988), nigÉksarRbcaMqñaMénRkumBieRKaHeyabl;
1CMB Uk
16 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
1>2 bBaðaRbQmmuxkñúgvis½yGPivDÆn_ nigmUlehtuEdlnaM[r)aykarN_enHbkRsayBICIvPaBrs;enA tamTICnbT
cab;taMgBImankic©RBmeRBogsniþPaBTIRkug)a:rIsmk esdækic©km<úCamankarrIkceRmInKYr[kt;smÁal;. fVIebIenAmanmtixøHfa
enAminTan;rwgmaMk¾eday b:uEnþmansmiT§iplsMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlseRmc)anknøgmk rYmman kare)aHeqñatCatiqñaM 1993 nig
RBwtþikarN_e)aHeqñatCaeTogTat;CabnþbnÞab; RkumPaKICemøaH)anRtLb;cUlmkrYmrs;kñúgRkbx½NÐRbCaFibetyüvij edayman
karrMsayRkumExμrRkhmenAqñaM 1998 kare)aHeqñatXMu-sgáat; enAqñaM 2002 nig 2007 karebIkTUlayesdækic©TIpSaresrI
nigesdækic©RbkbedaykMeNInqab;rh½s Edl)anTak;TajvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTstaMgBIqñaM 1993 nigkMeNIneTscrN_
Edlkan;EtrIklUtlas;eLIg karekIneLIgénsgÁmsIuvil nigRbB½n§pSBVpSayy:agrs;revIk. km<úCak¾)ancUlCasmaCik ASEAN
nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak (WTO) eBjsiTi§. dUecñHRbeTskm<úCa)anEkERbbeNþIr²BICatimYy EdlFøab;manCemøaHenA
TsvtSr_TI 70 TI 80 nigedImTsvtSr_TI 90. bu:Enþkm<úCaRtUvEtRbwgERbgBuHBareRcInEfmeTot edIm,IERbxøÜnBIRbeTsEdlman
kRmitGPivDÆTab nigBwgEp¥kelICMnYy EfmTaMgmanRbCaBlrdæCagmYyPaKbIrs;eRkambnÞat;RkIRk EdlPaKeRcInrs;enAtam
CnbT.
Blrdækm<úCamYyEpñkFMRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitkñúgvis½yksikmμ dUcCa eFVIERs ensaTRtI ykpléRBeQI nigeBlfμI²enH
manmuxrbrCakmμkr. kñúgqñaM 1997 76° énkmøaMgBlkmμTaMgGs;RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitkñúgvis½y ksikmμ éRBeQI nigensaT.
enAqñaM 2004 cMnYnenHfycuHbnþicmkenARtwm 74°. ebIKitCatYelxvij mankarekIneLIgénkmøaMgBlkmμkñúgvis½yenH
RbEhl 17° CaTUeTA ¬Rbus 26° ®sIþ 12°¦. dUecñHkmøaMgBlkmμPaKeRcInKWsRmab;vis½yksikmμ ehIyenAEtmankMeNIn
x<s;enAeLIysRmab;vis½yenH2.
RbPB ³ eyagtamTinñn½ycMNUlCati (http://www.nis.gov.kh), SES-97, SES-04 and CIPS-04
rUbPaB 1>1 ³ Gnu)atplitPaBBlkmμrvagEpñkksikmμ nigminEmnksikmμBIqñaM 1997 nigqñaM 2004
kñúgvis½yksikmμ rYmTaMgkargarBak;B½n§nwgksikmμ ksikrmñak;plit)ankñúgtémøCaR)ak;esμInwg 1>060>000 erol ¬Kittam
témøkñúgqñaM 2000¦ ehIy)ancuHfybniþcmkRtwm 1>050>000 erol enAqñaM 2004. pÞúyeTAvij plitPaBrbs;Blkrmñak;
kñúgvis½yminEmnksikmμvij KWesμInwg 4 lan 2 muWnerol kñúgqñaM 1997 ehIyeLIgeTA 5 lan 5 Esnerol kñúgqñaM 2004.
CalT§pl Gnu)aténplitPaBBlkmμrvagksikmμ nigminEmnksikmμ)anekIneLIgBI 4 eTA 5,2 kñúgGMLúg 7 qñaMenH
¬rUbPaB 1>1¦. mUlehtucm,génKmøatenH KWkMeNIny:agyWtkñúgvis½yksikmμenAkñúgry³eBl 7 qñaMenH EdlminmankMeNIn
CadMukMPYnesaHéncMnYnBlkrenAkñúgvis½yminEmnksikmμ EdlmanplitPaBeRcInCag EdlbNþal[manPaBRkIRkenAtamCnbT
(2) karKNnaTaMgenHeFVIeLIgedayEp¥kelIkar):an;sμanelIcMnYnRbCaCnfIμ edayviTüasßanCatisßiti (RGC 2005a). kar):an;sμanelIcMnYnkmøaMgBlkmμtam vis½yenAqñaM 2004 enH RtUv)andkRsg;BIkarGegátCMerOnRbCasa®sþkm<úCa (CIPS 04). cMENkÉTinñn½yTak;TgnwgcMNUlrYménkmøaMg KWdkRsg;BI karGegátesdækic©-sgÁm qñaM 1997 (SES-97) nig SES-04. SES-97)anbgðajBIGRtacMNUlrYménkmøaMgBlkm μcMnYn 65>8 PaKry rIÉ SES-04)anbgðajfaman 74>6 PaKry. dUecñHvamankarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnBitR)akdéncMNUlrYménkmøaMgBlkmμeRcInCagkMeNInénRbCaCn.
17r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
eKalneya)ayrdæaPi)alRtUvbgálkçN³[mankMeNInesdækic©qab;rh½snigrkSanUvkMeNInesdækic©enH edayRtUvBRgayenAtamtMbn;nana edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;GñkRkIRk edaymankarbþÚrpþac;xøaMgeTAelIkarGPivDÆsgÁm
eRcInCagenATIRbCMuCnCanic©. bnÞab;mkeTot dIFøI nigFnFanFm μCatienAkm<úCa)ankøayeTACamuxrbrCMnYjy:agqab;rh½s
ehIybegáItecjCakmøaMgTIpSarmYy Edlmines μ IPaBKñaenAkñúgCIvPaBciBa©wmCIvitPaKeRcIn EdlminmankMNt;Cak;lak;.
edaymUlehtuenHehIy )anCaminmankarsIusgVak;KñarvagkarERbRbYl nigkareRtomlkçN³rbs;BlrdæCnbTsRmab;Tb;Tl;
nwgkarERbRbYlTaMgenaH. rUbPaBEdlGaceXIjPøam²enaH KWebIminmanviFankarN_Tb;Tl;eT TMenarTaMgenHnwgnaMeTArkPaBRkIRk
kan;EtxøaMgeLIg cMeBaHRbCaCnenATICnbTPaKeRcIn EdlnwgGacRbQmmuxnwgbBaðad¾KYr[)armÖxøaMgbMput nigPaBminR)akdRbCa
kan;EteRcIneLIg EdlBYkKat;manlT§PaBTb;Tl;kan;EtticeTA².
vismPaBrvagTICnbT nigTIRbCMuCn rYmnwgkarEdlRbCaCnenATICnbTxVHxatkñúgCIvPaB esdækic©)anbNþal[manPaB
tantwg nigGMeBIhigSaenAkñúgRbeTs. dUecñHkarekIneLIgvismPaBrvagCnbT nigTIRbCMuCn nigPaBRkIRk TamTar[mankaryk
citþTukdak;elIbBaðaenHCabnÞan; munbBaðaenHkøayeTACaCemøaHmþgeTot3.
eKalneya)ayrdæaPi)alRtUvCRmuj nigrkSanUvkMeNInesdækic© EdlRtUvEckrMElkeTA[RbCaCnenARKb;tMbn;nana edIm,ICa
RbeyaCn_dl;RbCaCnRkIRk edayRtUvepþatCacm,geTAelIkarGPivDÆsgÁm dUcCa karGb;rM suxPaB lMenAdæan ehdæarcnasm<½n§
sgÁm nigzan³rbs;®sIþCaedIm RBmCamYyenaH RtUvsgát;F¶n;pgEdrelIGPi)alkic©l¥. CarYm KWRtUvCRmuj[manRkbx½NÐ
GPivDÆn_CnbTRKb;RCugeRCaymYyCaRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaBlrdæenATIenaH edIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgvismPaB nigPaBRkIRk.
tRmUvkarsMxan;²sRmab;kargarenACnbT rYmman ³ siTi§TTYl)andIFøI nigsiTi§eRbIR)as;dIFøI[)anRbesIrbMput karFanadl;siTi§
kan;kab;dIFøI karykplBIRbPBFnFanFmμCatiRbkbedaycIrPaB ¬éRBeQI nigRtI¦ ehIyGVIEdlsMxan;bMputenaH KWRtUvpøas;bþÚr
BIesdækic© EdlBwgEp¥kelIkarcRmaj;ykplBIFmμCatieTACaesdækic©mYy EdlGacbEnßmtémøeTAelIplitplBIFmμCati b¤TMnij
EdlcRmaj;BIFmμCati. r)aykarN_enHviPaKelIsßankarN_bc©úb,nñ nigdak;esñICacMeNaT viFIepSg² sRmab;BRgwgCIvPaBrs;enA
tamCnbT.
1>3 TRmg;énr)aykarN_
r)aykarN_enHmanTisedAdUcxageRkamenH ³
k> smÁal;sBaØaNénbBaðacm,g²EdlBak;B½n§nwgdIFøI ehIynigFnFanFmμCati TaMgkñúgvis½yRbvtþisa®sþ TaMgvis½yPUmisa®sþ
RBmTaMgTMnak;TMngrbs;vaCamYynwgCIvPaBrs;enArbs;mnusS. karBiPakSa)anRKbdNþb;elIbBaðaGs;TaMgenH dUcCa
dIksikm μ PaBCam©as;dIenHnigkareRbIR)as;va dIsm,Tan ¬esdækic©¼ksikm μ éRBsm,Tan b¤LÚt_ensaTsm,Tan¦
nigsiTi§kan;kab;dIFøIrbs;RbCaBlrdæCnbT. edaysarsm<aFénmnusSsa®sþ karERbRbYlénkareRbIR)as;dI nigTIpSardI
kareRCotcUlénTIpSar nigkareFVIsm,TandI)anbgçM[RKYsarCnbTCaeRcIn pøas;CIvPaBrs;enAy:agqab;rh½secjBITmøab;
rs;enArbs;BYkeK EdlCaehtubNþal[RbCaBlrdæCnbTCaeRcInRbQmmuxnwgPaBmineTogTat;y:agF¶n;F¶r. dUecñH
CeRmIseKalneya)ay edIm,IeFVI[karpøas;bþÚrenHmandMeNIredayrlUn KYrEtRtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSa.
x> karviPaKelIR)ak;cMNUlkñúgksidæan nigR)ak;cMNUleRkAksidæan k¾dUcCabBaðaplitPaBdI R)ak;cMNUlBIksidæan LÚt_ensaT
nigéRBeQI ehIynigkarbegáItCIvPaBrs;enACaeRcIneToteRkABIRbPBFnFanFmμCati. eKalneya)aysMxan;² EdlesñIeLIg
rYmman karbegáInkarecjbøg;dI nigkarFanadl;siTi§kan;kab;dIFIø karerobcMeLIgvijnUvkarkan;kab;dIFøI edIm,Ikat;bnßy
PaBx¢Hx¢ay ¬edayKitGMBIdIkmμsiT§iEdldac;²BIKñatUc² nigdIkmμsiT§FM²EdlKμanplitPaB¦ karCRmuj[eRbIR)as;TunTMenIb
¬dUcCa CIlamkstV RbePTRKab;BUC Edlpþl;Tinplx<s; karkarBarstVl¥it nigkarécñRbDitepSg²eTot ¦ kardaMdMNaM
eRcInRbePTepSgKña karvinieyaKelIRbB½n§eRsacRsB ehIynigkarCRmuj[manTIpSarRbkYtRbECg. r)aykarN_k¾)an
esñIviFIbegáInR)ak;cMNUleRkABIksikmμ. Cakarsnñidæan r)aykarN_enH)anesñInUvbec©kviC¢aepSg² skmμPaBfμI² nigesva
KaMRTdéTeTotCaeRcIn.
(3) PaBRkIRkenACnbT nigKmøatrvagTIRbCMuCnnigCnbT RtUv)ankt;RtaTukcab;taMgBITsvtSr_qñaM 1860 mk (Mahout 1862) . enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1950 nig1960 KmøatTaMgenH KWCamUldæanénkubkmμEdlnaM[rbbExμrRkhmTTYlC½yCMnH (Ear 1995; Chanda 1986). mankIþ)armÖCaeRcInfIμ²enHTak;Tgnwg bBaðaKmøatenHenAkñúgÉksar (EIC 2006) nig ¬FnaKarBiPBelak 2005¦.
K> GMBIbBaðacm,g²Tak;TgnwgTIpSarsRmab;Tij\v:an;ykmkplit nigTIpSarsRmab;lk;\v:an;Edl)anplitehIy niyay
GMBIkardwkCBa¢ÚnsmÖar³sRmab;rkSaTukbeNþaHGasnñ mUlFnmnusS ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigbrisßanm:aRkUEdlGMeNaypl.
rIÉbBaðaGPi)alkic© eynD½r nigkarbRBa¢abcUltamtMbn; mandak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgr)aykarN_enHCaeRcInkEnøgEdlminFøab;
mansRmab;km<úCa KWlT§PaBseRmc)annUvTisedAGPivDÆn_mnusSedaykarvinieyaKénR)ak;cMNUlBIeRbgnig]sμ½n Edlnwgman
kñúgeBlqab;²enH. dUecñHesckIþesñICaeRcInenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH Gacnwg)anseRmcRbsinebIR)ak;cMNUlTaMgenHEdlsgÇwmfa
nwgTTYl)anenAqñaM 2009-2010 xagmuxenH RtUvykeTAeRbIR)as;edayRby½tñRbEyg. karerobcMEpnkarsRmab;eRbIR)as;
R)ak;TaMgenHKYrEterobcM[)anqab;.
edayyktamTRmg;EbbbTénrebobeFVIr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusS CadMbUgr)aykarN_enH bkRsayGMBIsßanPaBén
karGPivDÆmnusSenAkñúgRbeTs EdlkñúgenaH bBaðaGPivDÆn_mnusSenAtMbn;PUmisa®sþepSg²BIKñaRtUv)anrMelceLIg. mankar
BiPakSaGMBICIvPaBenAtamCnbT nigkarbgðajGMBIbBaðaEdlmanCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgkareFVI[ceRmIneLIgdl;karGPivDÆmnusS
tamry³yuT§sa®sþsRmab;BRgwgCIvPaBrs;enA. dUc)anCRmabBIxagedIm r)aykarN_enHepþatCaBiesseTAelIkarGPivDÆmnusS
enAkñúgvisalPaBfñak;eRkamCati.
CMBUk 1 bgðaBaJCUnGMBIRbFanbTénr)aykarN_
CMBUk 2 niyayGMBIkarbegáItb½NÑdak;BinÞú edayrYmTaMgsßanPaBénkarGPivDÆmnusS snÞsSn_PaBRkIRk karGb;rM suxPaB
ehIynigkarpþl;lMenAsßan. snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS RtUv)anKNnaCaelIkTImYyenAfñak;extþ.
CMBUk 3 erobrab;CaeKal²nUvsßanPaBdI nigFnFanFmμCati )andak;esñI[mankMENTRmg;sßab½nRKb;RKg nigBak;B½n§EpñkdIFøI
LÚt_ensaT nigéRBeQI edIm,IeFVI[rIkceRmIndl;karGPivDÆmnusS nigeFVI[rlUndl;karpøas;bþÚrCIvPaBrs;enABITmøab;
cas;mkTmøab;bc©úb,nñvij.
CMBUk 4 dak;CUnnUvviFIsa®sþepSg² edIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMNUlBIdMNaMksikm μ ensaTRtI nigBIEpñknanaeRkABIksidæan b¤minEmn
mkBIksidæan ¬dUcCa ksi]sSahkmμ nigkarbMBak;GKÁisnIenAtamCnbT¦.
CMBUk 5 BiPakSaelICeRmIseKalneya)ayFM² ³ dUcCa karksagmUlFnmnusS karvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§sMxan;²
karbegáItsßab½nEdlCaTITMnukcitþedayerobcM[manGPi)alkic©l¥RbesIr Edlsßab½nnImYy²sMedAseRmc[)an
briyakasGMeNayplsRmab;elIkkm<s;R)ak;cMNUlrbs;RbCaBlrdæCnbT.
CMBUk 6 bgðajBIesckIþsnñidæanxøH edayBüayamrklT§PaBpþl;RbPBhirBaØvtßúsRmab;GPivDÆn_CnbT CabnþbnÞab;Kña CaBiess
edayeRbIhirBaØvtßú EdlnwgRtUvEbgEckBIcMNUleRbgnig]sμ½n Edlkm<úCaeTIbnwg)anrkeXIjnaeBlfμI²enH.
r)aykarN_enH )anpþl;;Gnusasn_elIkarbMeBjbEnßmeTAelIyuT§sa®sþctuekaN EdlmanEcgenAkñúgEpnkaryuT§sa®sþ
GPivDÆn_Cati.
18 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
CMBUk 2CMBUk
20 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
arGPivDÆmnusS KWCaKMrURbkbedayfamvnþ manvisalPaBelIeRcInvis½y manrebobvinicä½yeRcIny:ag nigtamEbbTisedA
skmμPaB. karGPivDÆmnusSminbkRsayGMBIniymn½y EdlmanenAkñúg nigeRkAEdnkMNt;eLIy. mUldæanRKwHén
niymn½yenH KWbBaðamnusS ³ eBalKWkarpþl;dl;mnusSnUvsiT§iGMNac suxumalPaB nigKuNPaBénCIvit. snÞsSn_énkar
GPivDÆmnusS KWCasUcnakrmYyénsUcnakrCaeRcIn EdleRbIsRmab;vas;karGPivDÆmnusS. CMBUkenHBinitüeLIgvijelIvDÆnPaB
énkarGPivDÆmnusSenAkm<úCa.
ktþasMxan;caM)ac;kñúgkarviPaKGPivDÆn_mnusS KWRtUv):an;RbmaNelIlMnaMénkarGPivDÆbc©úb,nñ nigplb:HBal;dl;mnusS.
etIRbCaBlrdæCnbTmankþIesamnsSnwgesrIPaBTaMgLay EdlTTYl)anBIrbbRbCaFibetyü nigkarrIkceRmInénesdækic©Edrb¤eT?
CMBUkenH ¬1¦ BicarNaelItaragcMNat;fñak;GPivDÆn_mnusSrbs;km<úCa ktþasgÁm kMeNInesdækic© kRmiténPaBRkIRk nig
ninñakarsßanPaBGkçrkmμ¼karGb;rM suxPaB KMrUlMenAdæan nigTwks¥atsRmab;briePaK ¬2¦ elIkbgðajGMBIdMeNIrénkarGPivDÆ
tamry³snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS kareRbobeFobdMeNIrGPivDÆn_CatiCamYynwgRbeTsenAkñúgtMbn; nigesckþIsnñidæanedayviPaK
elICMhrGPivDÆn_mnusSsRmab;extþnImYy² énextþ-RkugTaMg 24 énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa.
2>1 taragcMNat;fñak;GPivDÆn_mnusSrbs;km<úCa
GMBIsgÁm
km<úCa)ankøayCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyüBhubkSenAqñaM 1993 ehIy)anerobcMkare)aHeqñatfñak;CaticMnYnbIdgrYcmkehIy
edaymankarTTYlsÁal;y:agTUlMTUlayfa Cakare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutiþFm’. km<úCak¾)anerobcMedayeCaKC½ynUvkar
e)aHeqñatXMu-sgáat; cMnYnBIrdgehIyEdrenAqñaM 2002 nig 2007. sgÁmsIuvil)anRbLÚky:agskmμkñúgkarebþCJaelIkkm<s;
siTi§mnusS bBaðaRkumCnCatiPaKtic nigyuKPaBeynD½r edayshkarCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alCati nigGnþrCatiCaeRcIn
EdlRbtibtiþkarenAkm<úCa ehIyxøHeToteFVIkarelIvis½ysgÁmkic© nigesdækic©. elIsBIenHeTot sarB½t’man viTüú nigTUrTsSn_
k¾)ancUlrYmy:agskmμpgEdr.
dUcRbeTsCaeRcInkñúgTVIbGasIuEdr km<úCak¾manbBaðaxøH²enAkñúgkarelIksÞÜyliT§iRbCaFibetyü nigsiTi§mnusS nigkmμsiTi§
elIRTBüsm,tiþ. km<úCaRtUvykcitþTukdak;CaBiesselIbBaðasMxan;² 4 KW ³
k> tRmUvkarkñúgkarGnuvtþnItirdæRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nigkRmiténGMeBIBukrlYyTab.
x> kgVHkarRKb;RKgedayc,ab; nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ EdleFVI[karQaneq<aHeTArkTIpSarenAmankRmit nig\NTanmanGRta
karR)ak;x<s;.
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manPaByWty:av twgEtg nigKμanRbsiT§PaB. karseRmcmanPaBminc,as;las; edaysarmanGaCJaFreRcInseRmcelI
erOgnImYy² dUcCa erOgdIFøICaedIm.
X> rdæmancMNUlTab buKÁlikraCkarTTYl)anR)ak;Extic EdlCaktþanaM[BYkeKminsUvxMeFVIkar nigenAEtxVHCMnaj EdlnaM[kar
pþl;esvasaFarN³enAmanKuNPaB nigkRmitTab CaBiess enATICnbT
kñúgcMeNamlT§plKYr[)armÖnana EdlekItecjBIPaBTn;exSayénGPi)alkic© KWCemøaHdIFøI Edlpþac;GñkRkecjBIRbPB
CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK. GñkEdlTTYlplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶rCageK KWenAextþxaglic nig|san bu:Enþk¾manesckþIraykarN_BITIRkug
elIkar)at;bg;dIFøI nigpÞHsEm,génCncMNakRsukpgEdr. rIÉkareFVIcMNakRsukBItMbn;CnbTmYyeTACnbTmYyeTot edIm,IEsVg
rkCIvPaBRbesIrCagmunk¾maneRcIn ehIyenHk¾EpñkmYy edaysarBYkeKminmansiTi§kan;kab;dIRbkbedaysuvtßiPaB rYmpSMnwg
kareFVIcMNakRsukpgEdr. shKmn_CnCatiPaKticTTYlplb:HBal;GviC¢manCaxøaMg edaysarcMNakRsukRbePTenH.
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vDÆnPaBénkarGPivDÆmnusS
2CMB Uk
21r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 2>1 ³ GRtaplitplkñúgRsuksrubRbcaMqñaMenAkm<úCaBIqñaM 1994 dl;qñaM 2005 ¬2000 erolkñúgmYyduløar¦
RbPB ³ raCrdæaPi)al (2006x)
kMeNInesdækic©
esdækic©km<úCa)anekIny:agqab;rh½skñúgry³eBlmYyTsvtSr_knøHknøgmkenH. kñúgxN³EdlGRtakMeNInTUeTACamFüm
manRbEhl 8° kñúgmYyqñaM ¬2000erolkúñgmYyduløar¦ mankarFøak;cuHeTAvijenAqñaM 1997 1998 2001 nigqñaM 2002
edaysarvibtiþhirBaØvtßúenAGasIu vibtiþneya)ayépÞkñúg nigeRKaHFm μCatiCabnþbnÞab; dUcCaeRKaHTwkCMnn; nigPaBraMgs¶Üt
¬rUb 2>1¦. cab;BIqñaM 2002 mk cMNUlk¾)anekIneLIgy:agelOn nigy:ageTogTat;. ebIKitCaR)ak;duløar kMeNInenHyWtCag
kMeNInkalBITsvtSr_qñaM 1990 fVIebImankarFøak;cuHtémøR)ak;erolkalBIqñaM 1997 nig 1998 k¾eday. cab;BIenaHmk kareRbI
R)ak;duløaresÞIrEtTaMgRsugenAkñúgesdækic©km<úCa )anCYyrkSasßirPaBénGMNacTijenAkñúgRbeTs.
enAkñúgqñaMmun² ¬RbEhlCakñúgqñaM 1996¦ cMENkénvis½yksikmμkñúgplitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬pss¦ manCag 45°. cMENk
bnÞab;)anmkBIesvakmμepSg² nigcMENkBI]sSahkmμd¾sþÜcesþIg KWticCag 15° ¬rUbPaB 2>2¦. tYelxenH)anERbRbYly:ageRcIn
edaymankarrYmcMENkénvis½yksikmμkñúgesdækic© EdlcuHfyenAkRmitrvagBI 30 eTA 32° énpss nigkarrYmcMENkBIvis½y
]sSahkmμ Edl)anekIneLIgCag 27°. karrYmcMENkBIesvakmμeTAkñúgesdækic©TUeTA enAmankRmitefrBI 35 eTA 40° cab;BI
qñaM 1993 dl;qñaM 2005 ¬rUbPaB 2>2¦.
GMBIGRta nigkarEbgEckkMeNInesdækic©enAkñúgesdækic©km<úCa GacmankarBnül; 4 ³
k> CaeKalkarN_ karfycuHéncMENkvis½yksikmμenAkñúgpss KWCasBaØaénvDÆnPaB. ksikmμmanPaByWty:avenAedIm
shsSvtSr_fμI eTIbEtenAqñaM 2005 EdlplitplRsUv)anekIneLIg 44° elIsBIqñaMknøgeTA. kMeNInenHmYyEpñkFM
bNþalmkBIkaregIbeLIgvijBIsßanPaB4 éneRKaHraMgs¶ÜtnaeBlmun. GRtaTinñplRsUvcMnYn 2/18 etan kñúgmYyhicta
¬CamFümkñúgqñaM 2003-2005¦ mann½yfa ksikmμenAmanpøÚvd¾Evg edIm,IseRmc)annUvskþanuBl 5 eBjeljrbs;xøÜn.
edayehtufa ksikmμ nigskmμPaBbnÞab;bnSMepSg² pþl;nUvkargarCaeRcIndl;mnusSenATICnbT. GRtaTinñplTab
nigminesμIKñaenAtamtMbn;nana man\Ti§BleTAelIR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikr EdlCaktþaeFVI[b:HBal;dl;karGPivDÆmnusS.
ksikmμ EdlmanPaBlUtlas;duHdall¥ EtgEtCamUldæansRmab;BRgIkskmμPaBesdækic©[mankan;Etsm,ÚrN_Ebb.
2CMB Uk
(4) sUmemIlGtßbTniBn§eday Dapice, Valley and Wilkinson (2006).(5) Rkumkargarbec©keTs (TWG) )aneFVIkarsegátRsedogKñamYy sþIBIksikmμ nigTwk. sUmemIlGtßbT TWG-Agriculture and Water TMB½r 24.
22 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 2>2 ³ karrYmcMENkén pss tamEpñknanaenAkm<úCa qñaM 1993-2005
kMNt;smÁal; ³ PaKryTaMgGs;mindl;100 eT BIeRBaHBn§darminmanbgðajenAkñúgRkahVik. RbPB ³ raCrdæaPi)al ¬2006x¦
(6) mann½yfa ³ ]sSahkmμvaynP½NÐkm<úCarkeXIjkarlM)akrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgCaGnþrCati TnÞwmnwgR)ak;bMNac;rbs;kmμkresμInwg US$ 60-65
kñúgmYyEx ¬kaEstPñMeBjb:usþ× 21 kBaØa - 5 tula qñaM 2006¦.(7) RbPBTinñn½ysRmab;EpñkenH ³ raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaqñaM 2006/ FnaKarBiPBelakqñaM 2006.
kþI)armÖmYy KWfa vis½ykat;edrsemøókbMBak;
tMNag[RbEhlCa 50° énplitpl
]sSahkmμTaMgGs;enAkñúgqñaM 2005
x> kMeNInvis½y]sSahkmμmanlkçN³KYr[es¶IcsresIr EdlkñúgenaH kRmiténkarnaMecjsemøókbMBak;knøgmk )anRtUvrkSa
[enAdEdl fVIt,itEtkic©RBmeRBognaMecjsemøókbMBak; (MFA) RtUv)anputkMNt;ehIyk¾eday. b:uEnþmankþI)armÖmYy
GMBIvis½ykat;edrsemøókbMBak; EdlmanRbmaNCa 50° énplitpl]sSahkmμsrubenAqñaM 2005 ¬69° énplitpl
kmμnþsal¦ EdlekIneLIgBI 42° enAkñúgqñaM 2000 ehIyEdlmanRtwmEt 9° eT enAkñúgqñaM 1996. karBwgEp¥k
esÞIrEtTaMgRsug nigkan;EtekIneLIgeTAelIvis½yEtmYymuxEbbenH KWCahaniP½yd¾x<s;bMput CaBiess vis½yenHminman
smahrNkmμtamExSbeNþay)annaM[mankardak;kRmitRtYtBinitüemIlelItémø6. TIpSarshKmn_GWru:b nigshrdæGaemrik
)andak;kRmitbrimaNelIkarnaMcUlplitplBIRbeTscin b:uEnþtamviFanGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak (WTO) karkMNt;enH
RbEhlCaminbnþyUrteTAeToteT.
K> eTscrN_mancMENkmYyFMenAkñúgvis½yesvakmμ edaymanskmμPaBEtenAtamtMbn;CMuvijR)asaTénextþesomrabb:ueNÑaH.
lkçN³enHmin)anCYybegáItkargareRcInenAkñúgesdækic©mUldæaneT edaysarsUm,IEtplitplbEnø EpøeQI nigGaharepSg²
EdleRbIR)as;enAtamsNæaKarTaMgenaH k¾RtUv)annaMcUlBIRbeTsCitxagEdr eBalKWminEmnCadMNaMdaMduHenAkñúgRsukeT.
KYr[kt;smÁal;pgEdrfa esomrab KWCaextþmYykñúgcMeNamextþbI EdlRkIRkCageK.
X> skmμPaBminEmnksikmμnana RbmUlpþúMy:agxøaMgenATIRkugPñMeBj extþesomrab nigTIRbCuMCn 1 b¤ 2 eTotenACitRBMEdn.
tMbn;ERscMkarCaeRcIneTotenAkñúgRbeTs RbCaBlrdæRbkbrbbciBa©wmCIvit edayBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ dUcCa eFVIERscMkar
ensaTRtI nigTajykplBIéRBeQI.
kRmitPaBRkIRk nigninñakar 7
Gegátesdækic©sgÁm ¬SES ) enAkñúgqñaM 2003-2004 manlkçN³d¾TUlMTUlayCageKkñúgcMeNambNþaGegátknøgmk.
karrab;cMnYnGñkRkIRk enAfñak;extþ-Rkug manbgðajCUnenAkúñgrUbPaB 2>3.
23r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 2>3 ³ karekIteLIgénPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa tamtMbn;PUmisa®sþTUlMTUlay qñaM 2003-2004
RbPB ³ raCrdæaPi)al ¬2006¦
k> smamaRtBlrdæEdlrs;enAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkkñuúgqñaM 2003-2004 mancMnYn 34/68°. karekIteLIgénPaBRkIRk
enAtMbn;CnbTmankRmitx<s;Cag KWRbEhl 39° ehIyenAtamTIRbCuMCneRkARkugPñMeBj24° rIÉenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjvij
manRtwmEt 5°. PaBxusKñaBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYymankRmitx<s; ³ enAtMbn;x<g;rab b¤tMbn;PñM ¬xageCIg nig|san¦
karekIteLIgénPaBRkIRkmanx<s;CageKbMput KW 52° bnÞab;mkeTot enAtamtMbn;Tenøsabman 43° enAtamvalTMnab
dIsNþTenøemKgÁman 32° nigenAtMbn;eqñrsmuRTman 27°. ktþamYyEdlCYysRmalPaBF¶n;F¶r KWenAtamtMbn;PñM
BuMsUvmanmnusSrs;enAeT b:uEnþedaysarEpñkCaeRcInenAtMbn;enaH manCnCatiPaKticrs;enA enaHmann½yfa kñúgcMeNam
RbCaBlrdæenAtMbn;enH CnCatiPaKticTaMgenaH mansmamaRténGñkRkIRkx<s;Cag.
x> kñúgGegátenATUTaMgRbeTs Edl)aneFVIkalBIqñaM 1993-1994 qñaM 1996 1997 1999 nigqñaM 2003-2004 minman
Tinñn½yNaGaceRbobeFobKña)aneT edaysarGegátTaMgenaH manTRmg; nigsMNYrxus²BIKña. b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHkþI
viTüasßanCatisßiti (NIS) )anepÞógpÞat;y:agykcitþTukdak;eTAelIvis½yEdlRtUvnwgGegátenAqñaM 2003-2004 CamYynwg
vis½yEdlRtUvnwgGegátenAqñaM 1993-1994. kareRbobeFobTinñn½yrvagGegátTaMgBIrenH ¬]TahrN_ ³ cMeBaHvis½y
EdlGaceRbobeFobKña)antammUldæanPUmisa®sþ ³ RbEhl 56° énPUmi 84° enATIRbCuMCneRkARkugPñMeBj nigkñúg
RkugPñMeBj¦ bgðaj[eXIjfa karekIteLIgénPaBRkIRkenAtamtMbn;TaMgGs;enH)anfycuHBI 39° kalBIqñaM 1993-
1994 mkenARtwm 28° kñuúgqñaM 2003-2004. Cakarsnñidæan bc©úb,nñenH RbCaBlrdæ)ancab;epþImeRbIR)as;smÖar³
¬minEmnmðÚbGahar¦ eRcInCagkalBI 10 qñaMmun EdlenH KWCasUcnakrmYyeToténkMeNInRTBüFn. CeRmAénPaBRkIRk
¬KWCaKmøatrvagkareRbIR)as;sRmab;mñak;²énbnÞat;PaBRkIRk nigkareRbIR)as;sRmab;mñak;²kñúgRKYsarRkIRkbMput¦ k¾)an
fycuHEdr. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenH vismPaB)anekIneLIg ³ kareRbIR)as;rbs;GñkRkIRkbMput EdlmancMnYn 1¼5 én
RbCaBlrdæ)anekIneLIg 8° BIqñaM 1993-1994 eTAqñaM 2004 b:uEnþkareRbIR)as;rbs;BYkGñkmanbMput)anekIneLIg
RbEhl 45° ¬mFümPaKsRmab;RbeTsTaMgmUl ³ 32°¦. kñúgcMeNamRbeTssmaCikGas‘an EdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab
manEtRbeTshVIlIBIneT EdlmanvismPaBx<s;CageKkñúgkareRbI)as;.
24 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 2>1 ³ kartP¢ab;RbB½n§TUrs½BÞeTAkan;PUmi-XuM
CamYynwgskþanuBlén\NTanxñattUc EdlCRmuj[mankarpþl;rgVan;NUEblsnþiPaBenAqñaM 2006
KMnitpþÜcepþIm EdlmanGnuPaBRbkbedaykarécñRbDitRsedogKñaenH RtUv)anykmkGnuvtþsakl,genAkñúg
bNþaextþCaeRcInénRbeTskm<úCa enAéf¶TI 15 Exmkra qñaM 2007.
kñúgkic©shkarCamYyRkumh‘unTUrs½BÞéd NOKIA-KTH saCIvkm μGaløWm:g;sRmab;kic©shRbtibtiþkar
bec©keTs (GTZ) Rkumh‘un Camshin nigsßab½nmIRkÚhirBaØvtßúkm<úCamYycMnYn kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati
)anCYyeFVI[)anseRmcnUvKMnitpþÜcepþImesvaTUrs½BÞÉkCnenAtamPUmikñúgXuMcMnYn 40 enAextþkMBg;cam extþ
kMBg;qñaMg nigesomrab. km μviFIenH CaEpñkénKMnitpþÜcepþIm énkMeNInGaCIvkm μRbkbedaycIrPaB (GSB) rbs;km μviFIGPivDÆn_
shRbCaCati EdlEsVgrk :TIpSaredIm,IedaHRsayPaBRkIRk tamry³karvinieyaKelIGaCIvkmμc,as;las; edayelIkkm<s;PaBCaédKU
saFarN³ nigÉkCn :.
tamry³kmμviFIenH karITUrs½BÞPUmimñak;manTUrs½BÞédmYysRmab; EdlmanTUrs½BÞ nig]bkrN_sakfμeRbIBnøWRBHGaTitü esovePA
TUrs½BÞmYyk,al nig\NTanTUrs½BÞ. bnÞab;mk karIenHpþl;esvaTUrs½BÞkñúgGaRtaTabdl;shKmn_rbs;eK sRmab;ry³eBlsakl,g
BIbIeTAR)aMmYyEx edIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUl.
sRmab;bgRbus G‘u¿ pløI EdlCaksikr nigCaGñktMNagevC¢sa®sþenAXuMtaMgRsI Rsuk)aFay extþesomrab kareRbIR)as;TUrs½BÞ
d¾mantémøefakCaRbPBrkR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgshKmn_CaKMnitd¾fμIRsLagmYy. bgRbusEdlCa«Bukrbs;kUnBIrnak; nigkarIfμIRbcaMPUmi
)anBnül;fa :´mankarrMePIbNas; EdlGacman»kasrkR)ak;cMNUlbnþicbnþÜcsRmab;pÁt;pÁg;RKYsar´ :. bgRbus pløI )anbEnßmeTotfa
:´KitfaGñkPUmiTaMgGs;nwgGbGrcMeBaHTUrs½BÞfμIenH eRBaHBYkeKGacTUrs½BÞTak;TgeTARkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK eTaHbICaenAeBlEdlBYkeK
kMBugeFVIkar nigrs;enAq¶ayk¾eday}.
elak qals_ GasSlI (Charles Ashley) GñkRKb;RKgEpñkGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμrbs;Rkumh‘un Nokia-KTH )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa karGnuvtþ
KMnitpþÜcepþImQñH-QñHenH mansarRbeyaCn_eRcIn. sBVéf¶enH manGñkeRbITUrs½BVcl½tcMnYnmYyBan;lannak;enAelIBiPBelak. enAeBl
Edlelak GasSlI nigpløI kMBugEtemIlGñkbec©keTsRsaykBa©b;Rbdab;sakfμedayBnøWRBHGaTitü elakBnül;fa TIpSarenAGasIu
xagt,Úg nigGasIuGaeKñy_ nwgmanGñkeRbITUrs½BÞcl½tenHmYyBan;lannak;eTot.
xN³EdlKeRmagsakl,genH RKan;EtCadMNak;kaldMbUgrbs;kmμviFIPaBCaédKUcMnYn 500 enH Gacnwg)anseRmckñúgry³eBl
mYyqñaM RbsinebIKeRmagmIRkUhirBaØvtßúmandMeNIrkareTAmux. cMnYnGñkeRbIR)as;TUrs½BÞédenAkñuúgRbeTskm<úCaenAmankRmitTabenAeLIy
ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgRbeTsCitxag fVIt,itEtmanPUmi-XuMcMnYn 80PaKry GactP¢ab;bNþaj)an.
elak hSg; b‘yEvr (Jean Boisvert) Pñak;garKeRmagénkmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatieXIjnUvsarRbeyaCn_CaeRcInkñúgkarnaMyk
TUrs½BÞcl½teTAdl;tMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyal. elak Borisvert )anniyayfa :TUrs½BÞTaMgenHGacykeTAeRbI edIm,IbM)at;KmøatxøHkñúg
ExSsgVak;témøsRmab;ksikr :. kareRbIR)as;esvaenHenAkñúgPUmi GñkPUmiGacTUrs½BÞCamuneTATIpSar nigsaksYrtémø nigbBa¢aTijCamun
CaCagxateBlcUlsaksYr. KeRmagenH manbMNgpþl;CUnBlrdæCnbTnUvesvaB½t’mand¾mantémø nigCYytP¢ab;RbB½n§DICIfl.
25r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
(8) Ep¥kelIRbPBTinñn½yviTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa ¬CDRI¦ )anbgðajfa R)ak;QñÜlrbs;km μkrmin)anekIneLIgKYr[ kt;smÁal;eT kñúgkMLúgqñaM 1998-2006. kMeNInenHnwgbnþbgðajBIKmøatBIRkumGaCIBdéTeTot.
K> PaBRkIRk)anfycuHminesμIKñaeTkñúgcMeNamRkummnusS nigkñúgtMbn;nana. tMbn;CnRkIRkeRcIn ¬mnusS nigtMbn;¦ )anTTYl
plticCagtMbn;GñkEdlminsUvRkIRk nigGñkminRk. karekIteLIgénPaBRkIRk )anekIneLIgenAtMbn;x<g;rab nigtMbn;PñM
b:uEnþenAtMbn;déTeTot karekIneLIgenH)anfycuH. CalTæpl KmøatCIvPaBrs;enArvagtMbn; nigRkummnusSTIéT²BIKñaenH
)anrIkFMeLIgCaxøaMg 8.
enARbeTsdéTeTotkñúgtMbn;GasIu PaBRkIRk)anRtUvkat;bnßytamry³karbegáInTinñplksikmμ ¬]> BlrdærkR)ak;cMNUl
)aneRcInBIksikmμ¦ nigbegáInmuxrbrepSg²BIKña ¬]> BlrdæmankargareFVIeRcIneRkAGMBIrbrksikmμ¦. enAkm<úCa manTMnak;TMng
bRBa©asKñarvagkarekIneLIgénPaBRkIRkenAkñúgextþ nigplitPaBksikmμrbs;extþ ¬RsUvvsSaKitCacMnYnetankñúgmYyhicta¦
¬rUbPaB 2>4¦. dUecñHkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvGaRtaTinñplksikmμ k¾GacCYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRk)anEdr ¬PaBGacpøas;bþÚr)an
énkarkat;bnßykarekIteLIgénPaBRkIRkGaRs½ytamGRtaTinñplEdlesμInwg 0/95¦. kñúgn½ysegçb KWPaBRkIRkGacRtUv)an
kat;bnßy RbsinebIGRtaénTinñpl nigkargarenATICnbTekIneLIg.
rUbPaB 2>4 ³ TMnak;TMngrvagGRtarab;cMnYnGñkRkIRkenAtamextþ ¬qñaM 2003-2004 nigmFümPaKénTinñplRsUvvsSaRbcaMextþ ¬mFümPaK qñaM 2003-2005¦
smÁal; ³ Correlation coeffi cient –r =0.446 accounting for 16.2 % of variation.
RbPB ³ sRmab;TinñplRsUv RGC ¬2004/ 2005/ 2006 c¦; sRmab;PaBRkIRk RGC ¬2006¦
l>r extþ
1 bnÞaymanC½y
2 )at;dMbg
3 kMBg;cam
4 kMBg;qñaMg
5 kMBg;s<W
6 kMBg;FM
7 kMBt
8 kNþal
9 Ekb
10 ekaHkug
11 RkecH
12 mNÐlKIrI
13 ]tþrmanC½y
14 éb:lin
15 PMñeBj
16 RBHvihar
17 éRBEvg
18 eBaF×sat;
19 rtn³KIrI
20 esomrab
21 RkugRBHsIhnu
22 sÞwgERtg
23 sVayerog
24 taEkv
sßanPaBGkçrkmμ nigkarGb;rM
km<úCa)aneFVI[rIkceRmInl¥KYr[kt;smÁal;kñúgvis½yGkçrkm μ nigGb;rM ³ kñúgry³eBlR)aMmYyqñaMknøgmkKitBIqñaM 1998
dl;qñaM 2004 mnusSeBjv½yecHGkSr)anekInBI 67/3° eTA 73/6° ¬RbusBI 79/5 eTA 84/7° ®sþIBI 57 eTA 64/7°¦.
fVIt,itEtKmøateynD½rkñúgvis½yGkçrkm μenAEtmank¾eday Etkñúgry³kalR)aMmYyqñaMknøgmk KmøatenHk¾)anfycuHEdr
¬rUbPaB 2>5¦.
26 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 2>5 ³ GRtaGkçrkmμmnusSeBjv½yenAkm<úCa qñaM 1998 dl;qñaM 2004
RbPB ³ GnþrCMerOnenAkm<úCa qñaM 2004
edIm,IkMNt;kMeNInGkçrkmμrvagqñaM 1998 nigqñaM 2004 rUbmnþdUcxageRkamenH RtUv)aneRbIR)as; ³
GkçrkmμtamkRmitnImYy² (IL) = [(GñkecHGkSr¬qñaM 2004 ¦ - GñkecHGkSrqñaM 1998 ¼ ¬RbCaBlrdæqñaM 2004-RbCaBlrdæ
qñaM 1998¦]
RbsinebI IL mancMnYneRcInCag 1 kMeNInGkçrkmμekInelOnCagkMeNInRbCaBlrdæ. RbsinebI IL esμInwg 1 enaHminman
kMeNInbEnßmelIGkçrkmμeT ehIyRbsinebI IL ticCag 1 KWmann½yfa kMeNInRbCaBlrdææekIneLIgeRcInCagkMeNInGñkecHGkSr.
Tinñn½yTaMgGs; KWCaTinñn½ysRmab;RbCaBlrdæGayuBI 7 qñaM eLIgeTA.
rUbPaB 2>6 ³ GRtaGkçrkmμtamkRmitRbCaBlrdæ kñúgqñaM 1998 dl;qñaM 2004
RbPB ³ KNnatam CIPS-qñaM 2004
27r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
minRtwmEtrab;bBa©ÚlmnusSeBjv½yb:ueNÑaHeT KWRtUvrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgRbCaBlrdæGayuBI 7 qñaM eLIgeTApg eTIbGacrkeXIj
nUvkarxMRbwgERbgfμI² edIm,IeFVI[ceRmIneLIgdl;Gkçrkmμ. RkugPñMeBj extþkMBg;cam kMBg;FM esomrab ekaHkug nigRkugRBHsIhnu
Caextþ-Rkug EdlmankMeNInGkçrkmμx<s;CageK ehIyEdlkMeNInGkçrkmμelOnCagkMeNInRbCaBlrdæ. GkçrkmμkñúgcMeNam
BlrdætamkRmitnanak¾)anekIneLIgEdr enAtamextþPaK|san nigBay½Bü ¬extþbnÞaymanC½y extþ]tþrmanC½y¦. rIÉ
extþ-Rkug EdlGRtaGkçrkmμ)anfycuH KWextþ)at;dMbg Rkugéb:lin extþeBaF×sat; nigextþkMBg;qñaMg. karmkdl;fμIénCn
GenþaRbevsn_ EdlkUnecArbs;eKminmanlT§PaBGaccUleronsala)an KWCamUlehtuEdlnaM[extþTaMgenH mankRmitGkçrkmμ
minl¥ ¬rUbPaB 2>6¦.
mFümPaKénGRtaBitcUleronfμIenAkñúgRbeTs ¬karcUleronenAsalabzmsikSa KitCasmamaRttamkRmitGayu¦ esμInwg
82/6 kñúgqñaM 2005-2006. enHCaGRtakMeNInmYyKYr[kt;smÁal; b:uEnþenAEtTabCagq¶ayBI 100°. GRtaenHsßitenAkñúg
cMeNamGRtaTabCageKbMputRbcaMtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ 9. ebIeFobeTAnwgGRtaCamFümenATUTaMgRbeTs GRtaBitcUleronf μ I
enAtamextþtMbn;|sanmankMeNInTabCageKbMput. enAextþEdl)anGPivDÆCageKxøH dUcCa extþ)at;dMbgCaedIm k¾sßitenAkñúg
cMNat;fñak;TabCagCamFümenATUTaMgRbeTsénGRtaBitcUleronfμIenAsalabzmsikSaEdr ¬rUbPaB 2>8¦. CacugbBa©b;eRkABI
extþkMBg;FM kMBg;s<W ]tþrmanC½y rtn³KIrI nigextþtaEkv GRtaBitcUleronfμIrbs;kumarImanTabCagGRtaBitcUleronfμIrbs;
kumar. karcuHeQμaHcUleronmankRmitTabkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH mann½yfa RbEhlmYyTsvtSr_eTAmux nwgmanmnusSeBjv½y
EdlminecHGkSreRcIn.
CamFümcMnYnqñaMénkarGb;rMkñúgqñaM 2003-2004 KW 3>7 ¬rUbPaB 2>9¦ tYelxenH mankRmitTabebIeRbobeTAnwgbribT
éntMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_.
(9) sUmBinitüemIlr)aykarN_FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM 2006 TMB½r 97.
mFümPaKéncMnYnqñaMénkarGb;rMkñúgqñaM 2003-2004 KW 3/7. tYelxenHmankRmitTabebIeRbobpÞwmeTAkñúgbribTéntMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_
rUbPaB 2>7 ³ GaRtasisSeronenAfñak;bzmsikSakñúgextþnImYy²
RbPB ³ KNnatam CIPS-qñaM 2004
28 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
ktþasMxan;EdlbNþal[karGb;rMfycuH KWkareRbIR)as;Blkmμkumar EdlmanBaseBjRbeTskñúgcMnYnRbEhl 23°
EdlCaGRtax<s;CageKbMputkñúgPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_ nigtémøy:agx<s; EdlRtUvbg;sRmab;kareronsURtTaMgedaypÞal; nigeday
Rbeyal ¬éføÉksNæan smÖar³sRmab;beRgon nigbg;QñÜlsala¦. karxVHxatkñúgEpñkpÁt;pÁg; rYmman salamanKuNPaBTab
xVHRKUl¥ nigRKUTTYl)anR)ak;Extic. edIm,IbegáInkarGb;rMdl;kumarI karsikSananakñúgBiPBelak)anbgðajfa karpþl;bgÁn;Gnam½y
begáInsalamFümsikSa[eRcInEfmeTot rYmTaMg viFankarN_KaMRTÉeTot² EdlGacCRmujTwkcitþ«Bukmþay[bBa¢ÚnkUnRsIeTA
sala. sRmab;kumar nigkumarI RtUvEtelIkTwkcitþ«Bukmþay[TTYlsÁal;fa BYkeKnwgmanCeRmIsEtenAeBlNaEdlkUnRbus-RsI
rbs;Kat;)aneroncb;bzmsikSa ehIyCeRmIsenaH KW[kUnrkkagareFVI b¤[kUnenAeronCabnþeTAeTot.
rUbPaB 2>8 ³ GRtaBitcUleronfμIkñuúgextþnImYy² qñaM 2005-2006
RbPB ³ KNnaBITinñn½y EMIS ; http://www.nis.gov.kh/index.htm
rUbPaB 2>9 ³ cMnYnqñaMCamFümEdlTTYl)ankarGb;rMenAqñaM 2003-2004
RbPB ³ SES 2003-04
ktþasMxan;EdlbNþal[karGb;rM
fycuH rYmman Blkmμkumar
EdlmanBaseBjRbeTskñúgcMnYn
RbEhl 23 PaKry EdlCacMnYnx<s;
CageKbMputkñúgPUmiPaK
GasIuGaeKñy_nigtémøy:agx<s;
sRmab;kareronsURt EdlRtUvbg;
edaypÞal; nigedayRbeyal
29r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
(10) RGC (2006d)
karsikSafñak;x<s;nigfñak;bec©keTsenARbeTskm<úCaCaTUeTAmanPaBTn;exSay ehIykRmiténkarGb;rMmindUcKñaeT BIsßab½nsikSamYyeTAsßab½nsikSamYyeTot
karsikSakRmitx<s; nigkRmitbec©keTsenARbeTskm<úCaCaTUeTAmanPaBTn;exSay ehIykRmiténkarGb;rMmindUcKñaeT
BIsßab½nsikSamYyeTAsßab½nsikSamYyeTot. kñúgqñaMfμI²knøgmkenH rdæaPi)al)aneFVIkarEkTRmg;mYycMnYn EdlCalTæpl)anCYy
kat;bnßykarQb;eronrbs;sisS nig)anBRgIkmUldæanGb;rMenARKb;kRmit. b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾enAEtmankþI)armÖxøaMgeTAelI
GaRtabBa©b;;bzmsikSaEdlenATab ¬ticCag 50°¦ éføQñÜlsikSa ¬RKb;kRmitTaMgGs;¦ KmøateynD½r ¬RKb;fñak;¦ Kmøatrvag
CnbT nigTIRbCuMCn KmøatBIextþmYyeTAextþmYy nigKuNPaBénkarGb;rM 10.
sßanPaBénsuxPaB
dUcvis½yGb;rMEdr sßanPaBénsuxPaBenAkm<úCamankarrIkceRmInKYr[kt;smÁal;. GayukalmFümsRmab;bursenAkm<úCa
KW 60 qñaM kúñgqñaM 2004 Edl)anekIneLIgy:ageRcInBIGayu 52 enAqñaM 1998 ehIysRmab;®sþI KW 65 qñaM EdlekIneLIg
y:ageRcInBI 56 qñaM naqñaM 1998.
GaRtamrN³Tark (IMR) tamr)aykarN_rbs;GegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB (DHS) qñaM 2005 esñIfa cMnYnTarksøab;
RtUv)anfycuHBI 95 mk 65 kñúgcMeNammYyBan;kMeNItrs;enAcenøaHqñaM 2000 dl; 2005 ¬rUbPaB 2>11 k¦. karfycuH
y:agxøaMgenH KWCakarelIkTwkcitþy:ageRcIn dUcKñaeTAnwgkarekIneLIgénGaRtars;rbs;kumarkñúgry³eBlenHEdr. lTæplenH
RbEhlCanaM[GayukalmFümekIneLIg. edIm,IrkPaBxusKñarvagkarsøab;rbs;kumara nigkumarI RtUvemIleTAry³eBldb;qñaM
knøgmk eTIbFanamanTMhMsMNakRKb;RKan;. eyIgrkeXIjfa sßitiénkarsøab;énTarika nigkumarI manTabCagsßitisRmab;Tark
nigkumar enARKb;krNITaMgGs; ¬rUbPaB 2>11 x¦. enHKWCar)aykarN_GMBI)atuPUtFmμta. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenH Gnu)at
mrN³mataeBlsRmalkUn (MMR) mancMnYn 472 kñúgcMeNam 100>000 kMeNItrs; EdlCakRmitx<s;KYr[RBYy)armÖ
ehIyminmankarrIkceRmInesaHkñúgry³eBlR)aMqñaMknøgeTAenH. mUlehtuénkarrIkceRmInmindUcKñarvagGRtamrN³Tark nig
rUbPaB 2>10 ³ GaRtamrN³TarksRmab;extþnImYy²
RbPB ³ KNnaBI CIPS-qñaM 2004
30 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
karbMb:ncMNIGaharminRKb;RKan; KWCamUlehtuénkarlUtlas;yWtrbs;kumar ³ manGnu)atkm<s;eFobnwgGayutUcCag
¬Rkin¦ Gnu)atTm¶n;eFobnwgkm<s;RsalCag ¬sÁaMgsÁm¦ nigGnu)atTm¶n;eFobnwgGayu ¬TMgn;eRkamsþg;dar¦. enAtamCnbT
manbBaðakgVHGaharUbtßmÖeRcInCagenAtamTIRbCuMCn fVIt,itEtminmankarlMeGogeynD½rk¾eday ¬rUbPaB 2>12¦. Tinñn½y
bgðajfa extþEdlmanbBaðaGs;TaMgenHeRcInCageKbMput KWextþeBaF×sat; nigextþesomrab bnÞab;mk KWextþenAPUmiPaK|san
]tþrmanC½y nigextþkMBg;FM ¬rUbPaB 2>13¦. bBaðacm,gmYyenAkñúgextþTaMgGs;enH k¾dUcCaenAkñúgextþdéTeTotkñúgtMbn;
TenøsabEdr KWkgVHTwks¥atbriePaK. GñkRsukGñkPUmienAtamdgTenøsab ¬TaMgkñúgextþeBaF×sat; nigextþesomrab¦ EtgEt
TTYlTanTwkeqABIkñúgbwg nigTenø EdlbNþal[ekItCm¶WcukmYlkñúgeBaHkan;EtxøaMgeLIg² rYmTaMgrakrUs EdlCaktþanaM[fycuH
nUvkarRsUbyksarCatiGaharcUleTAkñúgxøÜnsRmab;lUtlas;EpñksuxPaB.
rUbPaB 2>11 k ³ mrN³PaBTark nigkumar qñaM 2000 nigqñaM 2005
rUbPaB 2>11 x ³ mrNPaBTark-Tarika nigkumar-kumarI qñaM 1995-2005
RbPB ³ GegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB/ viTüasßanCatisuxPaBsaFarN³ nigRksYgsuxaPi)al nigviTüasßanCatisßiti¼RksYgEpnkar
bBaðacm,gmYy>>> KWkarxVHTwks¥at
briePaK
GRtamrN³mþayeBlsRmalkUn KWedaysarmankMeNInkñúgkarEfTaMenAeBlsRmalkUn karbBa©ÚlTwktammat; nigviFankarN_
epSg²eTot Edl)anCYyse®gÁaHCIvitkumartUc²CaeRcIn. pÞúyeTAvij mrNPaBrbs;®sIþsRmalkUnenAEtman edaysar
karFøak;Qam karxVHQamF¶n;F¶r ehIynigCm¶WepSg²eTot EdlesvasuxPaBenAtamTICnbTminGacBüa)al)an.
31r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 2>12 ³ sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖsRmab;kumartamTIkEnøg nigePT qñaM 2005
RbPB ³ GegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB/ viTüasßanCatisuxPaBsaFarN³ nigRksYgsuxaPi)al nigviTüasßanCatisßiti¼RksYgEpnkar
rUbPaB 2>13 ³ sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;kumarkñúgextþnImYy² qñaM 2005
fVIt,itEtkarbgðajb½NÑB½t’man sþIGMBICm¶WmYymux²mancMnYneRcIneBksRmab;r)aykarN_enHk¾eday k¾mankarFUrRsal
kñúgcitþeTAvijeBlEdl)ansmÁal;eXIjfa karyl;dwgGMBIemeraKeGds_nigCm¶ WeGds_ ¬HIV¼AIDS¦ )anekIneLIg
ehIysmamaRténGñkqøgCm¶WenH)anfycuH. b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvijGRtaqøgCm¶WenHBIbþIeTARbBn§kMBugEtekIneLIg EdltRmUv[man
viFIsa®sþepSg²CaeRcIn sRmab;elIkkm<s;karyl;dwgenH nigkat;bnßyPaBmines μ IKñaéneynD½r. Cm¶WRKuncaj; RKunQam
nigCm¶WÉeTot² EdlmanedImkMeNItBITwkenAEtbnþeFVITukçbukemñjdl;RbCaBlrdæ.
lTæplGMBIGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB (DHS) qñaM 2005 cg¥úlbgðajfa 0/6° énmnuseBjv½yGayuBI 15 eTA 49 qñaM
manqøgemeraKeGds_. fVIt,itEtGRtakat;bnßßykarqøgemeraKeGds_¼Cm¶WeGds_mankRmitKYrCaTIeBjcitþk¾eday k¾RtUvEtman
karRbugRby½tñ[)ansmRsb ³ eRBaHkalNaRbeTsrIkceRmIn ®sþIGacnwgman»kaseFVIdMeNIreRcIn bursk¾GacmankargareFVI
eRcIn nigmankarecHdwgeRcIn ehIyRTBüsm,tiþnwgekIneLIgCaTUeTAsRmab;burs nig®sþI. ktþaGs;TaMgenHvaCab;CamYyKñanwg
skþanuBlénkarqøgemeraKeGds_¼Cm¶WeGds_kan;EteRcInEfmeTotenAkm<úCa. ehtudUecñH caM)ac;RtUvEtbnþkarxMRbwgERbgTb;sáat;
nigtamdanRtYtBinitü[)anditdl;.
RbPB ³ GegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB/ viTüasßanCatisuxPaBsaFarN³ nigRksYgsuxaPi)al nigviTüasßanCatisßiti¼RksYgEpnkar
32 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbPB ³ CIPS-04
rUbPaB 2>14 ³ cMnYnPaKryénrcnasm<½n§lMenAdæanbeNþaHGasnñ qñaM 2004
GMBIlMenAdæan
tMbn;CaeRcInénRbeTskm<úCamanTwklicCaeTogTat;enArdUvTwkCMnn;. edaysarehtuenH mnusSCaeRcInenAtMbn;TaMgenaH
rs;enAkñúgpÞHbeNþaHGasnñBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM. elIsBIenH RbCaBlrdæEdleTIbnwgmkdl;f μ I rs;enAkñúgCRmkbeNþaHGasnñ
rhUtTal;EteKGacsg;lMenAdæanGcié®nþy_)an. TsSnkic©tammUldæan)anrkeXIjfa RKYsarrs;enAkñúgpÞHEbbenH EtgEtxVH
smÖar³eRbIR)as; nigxVHGnam½ymUldæan ehIyenAkEnøgxøHeTot manbBaðaGsnþisuxEfmeTot. Pñak;garGPivDÆn_ EdlmankmμviFI
GPivDÆn_sRmab;RkumRKYsarTMagGs;enH EtgEtCYbRbTHnUvkarlM)akCaxøaMg.
PaKryénmnusSrs;enAkñúgpÞHbeNþaHGasnñERbRbYlxøaMgBIextþmYyeTAextþmYy. extþkMBg;qñaMgenAtamdgTenøsab
nigextþenAPUmiPaK|sanxøHeTotmansmamaRtRbCaBlrdæ Edlrs;enAkñúgpÞHbeNþaHGasnñx<s;CageKbMput. extþenAPUmiPaK
xagt,ÚgEdlmanTIRbCuMCneRcIn minsUvmanmnusSrs;enAkñúgpÞHbeNþaHGasnñTaMgenHeT ¬rUbPaB 2>14¦.
GMBITwkBaküesøakeBalfa TwkCaCIvit. km<úCaminxVHTwkeT ebIniyayGMBITwkEdlmanenAkñúgRbeTs b:uEnþenAxVHxatTwks¥at
sRmab;briePaK. kñúgcMeNamRbPBcm,g²énCm¶Wqøg nigeraKaBüaFiepSg² KWkarTTYlTanTwkeqABIRbPBTwkEdlminman
suvtßiPaB ¬KW Tenø sÞwg bwgbYr RsH b¤GNþÚgEdlmin)ankarBar¦. enAqñaM 2004 smamaRtRbCaBlrdæmanTwks¥atbriePaK
KW 40° EdlkñúgenaH 1¼5 énRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; EdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTabCageKbMputmanTwks¥atbriePaKRtwmEt 4° eT.
enAqñaM 2004 smamaRtBlrdæ
manTwks¥atbriePaKmany:ageRcInbMput
40PaKry-EdlkñúgenaH1¼5 énRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;EdlmanR)ak;cMNUl
TabCageKbMputmanTwks¥atbriePaK
RtwmEt 4° eT.
33r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
karBRgwgbEnßménRbB½n§suxPaBCnbT KWCakarcaM)ac;sRmab;RbmUlpþúMsmiTækmμbc©úb,nñ edaHRsaybBaðasøab;rbs;matasRmalkUn EdlsBVéf¶enHenAEtmanGRtax<s; nigkat;bnßyCm¶WdgÚávRBUnkñúgragkay nigCm¶WEdlmanedImkMeNItBITwk
rUbPaB 2>15 ³ smamaRtRbCaBlrdæmanTwks¥atTTYlTansRmab;extþnImYy² qñaM 2004
RbPB ³ CIPS-04
enAeRkARkugPñMeBj extþéRBEvg nigsVayerog Twks¥atsRmab;briePaKenAmankgVHxat ¬rUbPaK 2>15¦. extþkMBg;FM eBaF×sat;
kMBt nigRkugEkb manTwks¥ateRbIR)as;ticCageKbMput. CatYelxsrub fVIt,itEtmankarrIkceRmIntaMgBIqñaM 1998 k¾enAman
tMbn;déT²eTotCaeRcInEdlRtUvBinitüemIl11.
sarKnøwH ³
1> ktþasMxan;sRmab;naMmknUvPaBrIkceRmIndl;suxumalPaBmnusSenAkm<úCa KWGPi)alkic© EdlmanRbsiT§PaBkan;EteRcIn
EfmeTotenAfñak;Cati nigfñak;mUldæan rYmTaMgkarbegáIntmøaPaB[kan;EtTUlMTUlay mankarcUlrYmeFVIesckþIseRmccitþ
nigmannItirdæ.
2> karBRgIkEpñknana nigBRgIkskmμPaBesdækic©minEmnksikmμnwgpþl;»kasl¥[mnusSenAtMbn;dac;RsyaleRcInEfmeTot
GaccUlrYmcMENk.
3> karBRgwgbEnßménRbB½n§suxPaBCnbT KWCakarcaM)ac;sRmab;RbmUlpþúMsmiTækmμbc©úb,nñ edaHRsaybBaðaGRtamrN³mata
RKasRmalkUn EdlsBVéf¶enHenAEtx<s; nigkat;bnßyCm¶wdgÚávRBUnkñúgragkay nigCm¶WEdlmankMeNItBITwk.
4> smiT§km μBitR)akdkñúgvis½yGb;rMenAminTan;c,as;. KYrRbwgERbgBuHBarCabnÞan;kñúgkarbegáInGRtabBa©b;salabzmsikSa
CaBiesssRmab;kumarI.
(11) FnakarBiPBelakKNnafa RbCaBlrdæGñkmancMnYn 59 PaKry manTwks¥atbriePaK pÞúymkvij manEt 2 PaKryb:ueNÑaH énGñkRkIRkman Twks¥ateRbIR)as;.
34 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
2>2 lT§plGPivDÆn_tamry³snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS
snÞsSn_CYy[rk)annUvrUbPaBEdlpSMeLIgBIEpñksMxan;²xøHénkarGPivDÆmnusS. snÞsSn_TaMgenH k¾CYyeFVIcMNat;fñak;elIFatupSMmYycMnYnénsuxumalPaBmnusSCati. b:uEnþsnÞsSn_EtmYy minGaccab;ykvisalPaBelIvis½ysMxan;²énsuxumalPaBmnusSCatiTaMgGs;)aneT.
kareRbobeFobCaGnþrCati
km<úCasßitkñúglMdab;fñak;TI 129 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 177 enAkñúgsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) qñaM 2006 eyagtamr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusS ¬RbGb;elx 2>2¦. eRbobeFobeTAnwgRbeTsenAGasIucMnYn 12 EdlmancMNUlTab nigmFüm ¬rYmTaMgRbeTssmaCikGas‘an elIkElgEtsigðbUrIecj¦ km<úCasßitkñúglMdab;fñak;cMeNamRbeTs 4 enAeRkameKbMput. manEtRbeTsbg;køaeds RbeTsLav nigRbeTseN)a:l; eT EdlsßitenAkñúgcMNat;fñak;eRkamkm<úCa. RbeTsbg;køaeds nigRbeTseN)a:l; CaRbeTsEdlmanRbCaBlrdæeRcIn nigmanGPi)alkic©Tn;exSay rIÉRbeTsLav nigRbeTseN):al;enAmanbBaðaEdlRtUvBuHBarCaeRcIn edaysarRbeTsTaMgBIrenHKμansmuRT. RbeTsLav nigkm<úCa CaRbeTsEdlmanesdækic©kMBugrIkceRmIn b:uEnþkm<úCaeTIbnwg)anmkvijnUvsnþuiPaB nigsißrPaBkñúgeBlfμI²enH. dUecñHsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSTab KWbNþalmkBIktþaeRcInpSMKña rYmTaMgenAtMbn;PUmisa®sþdac;BIeK manRbCaBlrdæeRcInkuHkr nigmanCMnajtictYc xVHGPi)alkic©l¥ b¤manvibtþineya)ay. km<úCaEdlmansnþiPaB nigsißrPaBCit 10 qñaMmkehIyenH snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSk¾muxEtnwgrIkceRmInEdrkñúgeBlqab;²enH RbsinebImanrcnasm<½n§GPi)alkic©smRsb nigmankarRtYtBinitül¥itl¥n;.
snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) nigsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r (GDI)12 TaMgBIrenH eyageTAelIvisalPaBénGayuEvgRbkb
edaysuxPaB mancMeNHdwg nigmankRmitCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmü. PaBxusKñasMxan; KWsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r (GDI) qøúHbBa©aMgelIvismPaBrvag®sþI nigburs enAkñúgsmiT§kmμTaMgLayenH. snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_ ¬eynD½rrbs;km<úCasßitenAkñúglMdab;fñak;TI 97 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 136 EdleFVIr)aykarN_sþIGMBIsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r (GDI) (TI70énPaKry) cMENkÉsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSsßitenAkñúglMdab;fñak;TI 129 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 177 (TI72énPaKry). fVIt,itEtsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_ ¬eynD½r (GDI)
nigsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) rbs;km<úCamankRmitRbhak;RbEhlKñadUcenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIndéTeTotk¾eday k¾Kmøat nigvismPaBéneynD½r enAEtmandEdl ebIeRbobeFobsUcnakrTaMgmUlEdleRbIsRmab;KNnasnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI)
CamYynwgsUcnakrCak;lak;bEnßmeTot EdleRbIsRmab;KNnasnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r (GDI). km<úCaenAmanPaBxusKñarvagGRtaGkçrkmμburs nig®sþI ehIyk¾manPaBxusKñarvagGnu)atcuHeQμaHcUleronrbs;sisSRbus nigsisSRsI ¬CaBiess enAkRmitmFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa¦ manR)ak;cMNUlxusKñatamkar):an;sμan. TaMgGs;enHsuT§ EtmanGMeNaypleTAburs. GRtaGayukalmFümrbs;®sþI EvgCagGRtaGayukalmFümrbs;burs b:uEnþdUcEdl)anbriyayxagelIGaRtamrN³mataRKasRmal (MMR) enAEtmankñúgcMeNamGaRtax<s;bMputenAGasIu ¬kñúg 100/000 kMeNItrs; man®sþICamþay 472 nak; søab;¦.
CaFmμtasnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r minGacbkRsay)aneT RbsinebIrgVas;énkarpþl;GMNac[eynD½r (GEM) BuMRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgsmIkar. rgVas;karpþl;siT§iGMNaceynD½r (GEM) epþateTAelIvismPaB eBalKW»kasrbs;®sþI ¬kareFVIesckþIseRmccitþrbs;®sþI nigkarcUlrYmrbs;®sþIkñúgskmμPaBesdækic© nigneya)ay¦ minsMedAelIIsmtßPaBrbs;®sþIeT. rgVas;karpþl;siT§iGMNaceynD½r (GEM) enAkm<úCasßitenAkñúglMdab;fñak;TabbMputkñúgcMeNam RbeTsenAGasIu KWTI 68 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 75 EdlqøúHbBa©aMgnUvkRmitTabbMput elIPaBCatMNagrbs;®sþIkñúgtYnaTIeFVIesckþIseRmcepSg² enAkñúgsßab½nnItibBaØti nItiRbtibtþi nigsßab½ntulakar. eTaHbImankarrIkceRmInKYr[kt;smÁal; edayeKalneya)ayrbs;Cati)aneqøIytbTUlMTUlayeTAnwgsmPaBéneynD½r nigeTAelIkarvivtþrbs;®sþI nigmanrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgmuxsBaØaeynD½rk¾eday k¾enAEtRtUv[mankarRbwgERbgrYmKña edIm,I[®sþI burs kumarI nigkumara GacrYmcMENk nigTTYlplBIkarGPivDÆenAkm<úCa.
snÞsSn_PaBRkIRksRmab;mnusS (HPI) KWCargVas;PaBRkIRkEdlminBak;B½n§elIR)ak;cMNUleT ehIymanGefr 4 KW ¬1¦PaBminecHGkSr ¬2¦GaRtamrN³Tark (IMR) ¬3¦kumarsÁmsÁaMg nig ¬4¦ kgVHTwks¥atbriePaK. snÞsSn_enHsgát;F¶n;CagelIKuNvibtiþ b¤KuNsm,tiþ eRbobeFobeTAnwgrgVas;lIenEG‘r dUcCa snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) CaedIm eRBaHeKkMNt;vaCaGicSb:UNg;Esül minEmnCalIenEG‘reT ¬RbGb; 2>1¦. eyagtamr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSCasakl qñaM 2006 RbeTskm<úCasßitenAkñúglMdab;TI 73 kñúgcMeNamRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ 102. kñúgkarBinitüelIsnÞsSn_RkIRksRmab;mnusSrbs;RbeTsGasIucMnYn 12 RbeTskm<úCasßitenAlMdab;fñak;TabCagRbeTsdéTeTotTaMgGs; elIkElgEtRbeTsbg;køaedsecj EdlmanRbeTsLav nigRbeTseN)a:l; Føak;Ek,rmkkm<úCaEdr ¬rUbPaB 2>16¦. Tinñn½yTaMgenHcg¥úlbgðajelIcMNucxVHxatrbs;sßab½nsaFarN³kñúgkarpþl;esvasuxPaB Gb;rM Twks¥atbriePaK nigGnam½yenAkñúgRbeTs.
km<úCasßitkñúglMdab;fñak;TI 129
kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 177
enAkñúgsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS
(HDI) qñaM 2006
(12) GDI xusBI HDI Rtg;faFatupSMrbs;vanImYy² RtUv)aneKKNnadMbUgeTAtamRbePTRbus nigRsI rYceTIbbUksrubeTAtamsmasPaBénRbCaBlrdæ edayeRbIviFI harmonic mean. GDI enAtamextþminGacKNna)an edaysarBMumanTinñn½yRKb;RKan;Tak;TgnwgePTsrubenAtambNþaextþ.
35r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 2>2 ³ karKNnarksnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS
snÞsSn_ 3 kñúgr)aykarN_enH EdlKNnaenAfñak;extþ KWsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSBak;B½n§nwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæan nigsnÞsSn_PaBRkIRk. rIÉsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½rfñak;extþvij KWminGacerobcM)aneT edaysarminmanTinñn½yRKb;RKan;Bak;B½n§nwgeynD½renAfñak;extþ. snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH RtUv)anKNnaenAfñak;extþ edaymankarføwgEføgesμI²KñarvagsnÞsSn_xageRkamenH ³
snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS = 1¼3 ¬snÞsSn_EksRmYlelIkareRbIR)as;minesμIKña¦ + 1¼3 ¬snÞsSn_Gkçrkmμ nigGRtaBiténkarsikSa¦ + 1¼3 ¬GRtamrN³Tark¦.
karEklm¥rbs;km<úCa edIm,IsRmYldl;karKNnarksnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSxageRkamenH KWCakarécñRbDitrbs;km<úCakñúgkarKNnarksnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH ³ kareFVIr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusS CaFmμta KWRtUvKNnarkelakarItR)ak;cMNUl edayehtufaGtßRbeyaCn_lem¥ógénR)ak;cMNUlmin)an
rYmcMENkCadMukMPYneTAelIkarGPivDÆmnusSeT eRkayBIR)ak;cMNUlekIneLIghYskRmitNamYy. enAkñúgkrNIkm<úCaeKniymyktémødac;xaténkareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar. minmanextþNamYy mancMNUl b¤kareRbIR)as;x<s;lμm edIm,IFananUvelakarIténkarbMElgeT.
kareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarnImYy² RtUv)aneKeRbICMnYsR)ak;cMNUl BIeRBaHenAkm<úCaminmankarKNnarkTinñn½yR)ak;cMNUlenAfñak;extþeT. elIsBIenHeTot Tinñn½yeRbIR)as;EtgEtc,as;las;CagTinñn½yR)ak;cMNUl. kareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarnImYy² RtUv)aneKKuNnwg [1 - (emKuN Gini)] edIm,Ivas;kRmiteRbIR)as;tamPaBxusKña kñúgkarEbgEckkareRbIR)as;enAkñúgextþnImYy².
edayehtufakareFVIr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSCaTUeTA KWRKan;EtrkmFümPaKénGRtaGñkecHGkSr nigGnu)atrYménkarsikSa. kalNaGRtae)aHbg;karsikSax<s;eBk karKNnaGnu)atrYménkarsikSa ¬GERs¦ manbBaðaeRcIn ¬kñúgkarrkcMnYnkumarkñúgfñak;eron edayminKitBIRkumGayu¦. dUecñHGefrRtg;enH RtUvksagecjBIGRtaBitcUleronfμI nigGRtaGkçrkmμ.
kñúgkarKNnarksnÞsSn_PaBRkIRk ¬HPI¦ GRtamrN³Tark ¬1éf¶-dl; 1 qñaM¦ RtUv)aneRbICMnYsGayukalmFümrbs;mnusSBIkMeNIt edayehtufa enAfñak;extþminmantYelxGayukalmFümenH.
GefrbEnßmmYyeTot KWPaKryRbCaBlrdæEdlmanpÞHGcié®nþy_ RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;KNnaCMnYssnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS edayeRbIGefrbYn. karbegáItrUbmnþGefrenH KW [1 - (snÞsSn_PaBKμanpÞH)] kalNaKNnarksnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSCMnYsEdlBak;B½n§nwglMenAdæan.
GMBITinñn½y
kareRbIR)as;RbcaMRKYsar RtUv)anKNnaecjBITinñn½yraCrdæaPi)al ¬qñaM 2006¦ rIÉemKuN Gini sRmab;extþnImYy² RtUv)anKNnaecjBITinñn½ybzmrbs;Gegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© ¬SES¦ qñaM 2004.
GRtaGkçrkmμsRmab;RbCaBlrdæGayuBI 7 qñaMeLIgeTA ecjGMBIGegátGnþrCMerOn (CIPS) qñaM 2004.
GRtasisScUleronenAfñak;bzmsikSa)anmkBIRbB½n§RKb;RKgB½t’manGb;rM¬RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa¦.
GRtamrN³Tarkfñak;extþ)anmkGMBIlTæplGMBIGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB (DHS) qñaM 2005.
Tinñn½yBlrdærs;enAkñúgCRmkbeNþaHGasnñ)anmkBIGegátGnþrCMerOn qñaM 2004.
Tinñn½ykumarsÁmsÁaMg)anmkBIGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB (DHS) qñaM 2005 nigTinñn½yxVHTwks¥atbriePaK)anmkBIGegátGnþrCMerOn qñaM 2004.
lMdab;Tinñn½ysRmab;kRmitTinñn½ymunnwgKNnarksnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS RtUvbegáItsnÞsSn_sRmab;vimaRtnImYy². edIm,IKNnarksnÞsSn_TaMgenH kareRbIGRtasøab;rbs;Tark
GRtaGkçrkmμ nigPaBKμanlMenAdæanTamTar[mankRmitGb,rma nigGtibrma ¬cMNuceKaledA¦. lT§plkñúgsUcnakrnImYy² EsþgeLIgCakRmit
rvag 0 nig 1 edayeRbIrUbmnþTUeTA dUcteTAenH ³ snÞsSn_sRmab;vimaRt = ¬témøBit – témøGb,brma¦/ ¬témøGtibrma – témøGb,brma¦
sUcnakr témøGb,brma témøGtibrma
kareRbIR)as;RbcaMRKYsar kareRbIR)as;GtibrmaRbcaMRKYsar + 25 % kareRbIR)as;Gb,brmaRbcaMRKYsar + 25 %
GRtaGkçrkmμ (GayuBI 7 qñaMeLIg) 100 0
GRtamrN³Tark GRtamrN³TarkGtibrma + 25 % GRtamrN³TarkGb,brma + 25 %
karcUleronBit²enAfñak;bzmsikSa 100 0
sUcnakrlMenAsßanGcié®nþy_ 100 0
snÞsSn_PaBRkIRksRmab;mnusS (HPI) RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkamenH ³
HPI = [
1/3 (P1
3 + P
2
3 + P
3
3)]
1/3
P1
= GRtamrN³Tark (IMR, %).
P2
= GRtaminecHGkSrsRmab;ekμgGayuBI 7 qñaM eLIgelI (%)
P3
= mFümPaKPaKryénkumarsÁmsÁaMg nigPaKryénRbCaBlrdæEdlminmanTwks¥atbriePaK
36 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 2>16 ³ snÞsSn_PaBRkIRksRmab;mnusSkñúgRbeTsGasIumYycMnYn qñaM 2004
RbPB ³ UNDP (2006)
karvas;kRmitGPivDÆn_mnusSenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa 13
rUbPaB 2>17 ³ bgðajkRmitsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSsRmab;extþnImYy² kñúgcMeNamextþ-RkugTaMg 24 rbs;RbeTs
edayKNnatamrUbmnþ Edlpþl;CUnkñúgRbGb; 2>2.
rUbPaB 2>17 ³ snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusStamextþnImYYy² qñaM 2004
RbPBTinñn½y ³ sUmemIlRbGb; 2>2
(13) snÞsSn_ 3 EdlbgðajenAkñúgEpñkenHman snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSTak;TgnwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæan (housing – sensitive HDI) nigsnÞsSn_PaBRkIRk (HPI). dUcEdl)anbgðajBIxagedIm GDI minGacKNna)an edaysarBMumanTinñn½yRKb;RKan;Tak;Tgnwg ePTsrubenAtambNþaextþ.
37r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
teTAenH KWCakarkt;smÁal; ³
k> extþTaMgbYnenAPUmiPaK|san-rtn³KIrI mNÐlKIrI RBHvihar nigsÞwgERtg mankRmitsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSTabCageK
bMput. extþPUmiPaK|sanTaMgenH minsUvmanmnusSrs;enAeT ehIysßitenAtMbn;dac;RsyalCageKkñúgRbeTs.
x> extþkMBg;s<W nigéRBEvg k¾mankRmitsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSTabEdr. extþkMBg;s<WsßitenAkñúgtMbn;EdlxVHePøóg EdlCa
lTæplnaM[ksikmμTn;exSay. rIÉextþéRBEvgvij EtgEtmanTwkCMnn;licCaerogral;qñaM ehIydIksikmμenAdac;q¶ay²BIKña
EdlCamUlehtubNþal[)anTinñplTab.
K> kRmitsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSrbs;extþnana enAtamdgTenøsabsßitenAkñúgcMNat;fñak;mFüm.
X> RkugPñMeBjmanlkçxNÐGPivDÆn_mnusSx<s;CageKbMput ¬HDI=0>83¦ bnÞab;BIPñMeBj KWRkugEkb kMBt kNþal nig
RkugRBHsIhnu.
snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS RtUv)anerobcMbEnßmmYyeTot edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGefrlMenAdæaneTAkñúgsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS
edaymanmUlehtuBIry:ag ³ 1> shKmn_Edlrs;enAtameqñrTenø nigEk,rkEnøgEdlmanTwklic EtgEt)at;bg;pÞHsEm,grbs;
xøÜn ehIykñúgsßanPaBminmanpÞHsEm,gCak;lak;enH sbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa RtUvEtmanFnFaneRcInEfmeTot ebIBuMenaHesatBYkeK
nwgrs;enAedayK μankm μsiT§iCam©as;pÞHCak;lak;. 2> CncMNakRsukEdl)aneFVIdMeNIrBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyenAkñúgRbeTs
EtgEtmanRKYsarEdlrs;enAKμanCRmkGcié®nþy_. RkumTaMgBIrRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgsnÞsSn_manpÞHsEm,gGcié®nþy_ EdlrYm
bBa©ÚlKñaeTACasnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS EdlEksRmYleTAtamPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæansRmab;km<úCa.
rUbPaB 2>18 ³ snÞsSn_GPiviDÆn_mnusSsRmab;extþnImYy² Bak;B½n§nwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæan qñaM 2004
RbPB ³ sUmemIlRbGb; 2>2
38 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 2>18 xagelIenH bgðajkRmitsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSsRmab;extþnImYy²én extþ-Rkug TaMg 24 kñúgRbeTs
Bak;B½n§nwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæan. témøsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAfñak;extþ KWRsedogKñaeTAnwgsþg;darénsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_
mnusS ¬rUbPaB 2>15¦ fVIt,itEtextþxøH)anpøas;bþÚrcMNat;fñak;k¾eday. extþkMBg;qñaMg esomrab eBaF×sat; nigéRBEvg
mancMNat;fñak;TabCageKenAkñúgsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSBak;B½n§nwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæan b:uEnþextþkMBg;cam nig)at;dMbg
mancMNat;fñak;l¥RbesIr. cMeBaHextþTaMgLay EdlmansnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSBak;B½n§nwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæanTabCag
eRbobeTAnwgsþg;dar KWextþenAtamtMbn;Edlrh½smanTwklic ¬extþ kMBg;qñaMg esomrab¦ nigmanCnGenþaRKam ¬extþeBaF×sat; ¦
CaeRcIn.
EpnTIRbcaMextþsþIBIsnÞsSn_PaBRkIRk ¬rUbPaB 2>19¦ bgðajfa PaBRkIRkmanx<s;bMputenAtMbn;CMuvijTenøsab. mnusS
CaeRcInrs;enAkñúgbNþaextþCMuvijTenøsabRbkbrbrensaTRtI GñkxøHeTotrkR)ak;cMNUlGMBIéRBeQI. RbPBTaMgBIrenHpþl;nUv
R)ak;cMNUlBImFümeTATab. extþTaMgenH k¾xVHlT§PaBmanTwks¥atbriePaKEdr. dUecñHRbCaBlrdæTaMgenaH eTaHbIRbEhlCa
GacmanGaharRKb;RKan;k¾eday k¾enAEtTTYlrgnUvCm¶WbgáeLIgedayTwk EdlnaM[kRmitsnÞsSn_PaBRkIRkeLIgx<s;. pÞúyeTAvij
bNþaextþenAtamvalTMnabemKgÁ nigTIRkugPñMeBj extþekaHkug nigextþkNþal bgðajcMNat;fñak;l¥RbesIrenAelIrgVas;snÞsSn_
PaBRkIRk dUcCa snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSEdr. enAtamtMbn;TaMgGs;enHmnusSGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)anRbesIrCag eRBaHCaTIkEnøg
EdleKRbkbrbreFVIERs nigrbrepSg²eRkABIksikmμ pÞúyBIkarensaTRtI nigkab;Guslk;enAtamdgTenøsab. elIsBIIenHeTot
enAkñúgextþTMagGs;enH manesvasaFarN³l¥RbesIrCagextþdéT.
BIextþmYyeTAextþmYy
karGPivDÆmnusSmanlTæplxusKña
q¶ayNas;. bNþaextþGs;TaMgenH
RtUvEtmanvieyaKsaFarN³bEnßmeTot
rUbPaB 2>19 ³ snÞsSn_PaBRkIRk (HPI) tamextþnImYy² qñaM 2004
RbPB ³ sUmemIlRbGb; 2>2
39r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
kMeNInesdækic©enAkm<úCa)anekIneLIgx<s;kñúgmYyTsvtSr_knøgeTAenH. b:uEnþ 34° énBlrdækm<úCaenAEtrs;enAeRkambnÞat;énPaBRkIRkenAeLIy
sarKnøwH ³
kñúgcMeNamRbeTsGasa‘n nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTotenAGasIu km<úCasßitenAkñúglMdab;fñak;Tab. BIextþmYyeTAextþmYy
lTæplénkarGPivDÆmnusSmanKmøatxusKñaq¶ayNas;. extþEdlmankarGPivDÆticCageKbMput KWextþenAtMbn;|san nigextþ
enACMuvijTenøsab. bNþaextþGs;TaMgenH TamTar[manvinieyaKsaFarN³bEnßmeTotelIvis½y suxPaB Gb;rM nigTwks¥at
sRmab;briePaK.
2>3 esckIþsrub
km<úCa)ankøayCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyüBhubkStaMgBIqñaM 1993 EdlmanvtþmansgÁmsIuvil nigRbB½n§pSBVpSay
EdlkMBugGPivDÆ. EteTaHCay:agenHkþI karGnuvtþnItirdæenAmanbBaðaeRcIn. bBaðaEdlmaneRcInCageKbMput KWkarRKb;RKg
dIFøI nigsnþisuxénsiTæikan;kab;dIFøI.
kMeNInesdækic©enAkm<úCa )anekIneLIgx<s;kñúgmYyTsvtSr_knøgeTAenH EdlCamFümCit 8 ° kñúgmYyqñaM ehIyPaBRkIRk)an
fycuHCabnþbnÞab;RbEhl 1° kñúgmYyqñaM. b:uEnþ 34° énRbCaBlrdækm<úCa enAEtrs;enAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkenAeLIy.
karERbRbYlRbcaMextþ RtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAkñúgtMbn;|san nigenACMuvijTenøsabkñúgcMeNamGñkRkIRkbMput.
GRtaGkçrCn)anekIneLIgCaeRcIn b:uEnþkMeNInenHmin)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_[mnusSTaMgGs;KñaeT CaBiess enARkugéb:lin
extþ)at;dMbg eBaF×sat; nigkMBg;qñaMg. enAkñúgextþTaMgenH manmnusScMNakRsukeRcInNas; ehIyTItaMgfμIrbs;BYkeK
EtgEtxVHsmÖar³mUldæansRmab;eRbIR)as;. CaBiess enAtMbn;|san GRtae)aHbg;salaeronenAx<s;.
mankarRbwgERbgy:agxøaMg edIm,Ise®gÁaHCIvitTark nigkumarGayueRkam 5 qñaM k¾b:uEnþGRtamrN³mataRKasRmalEdlenA
Etx<s; TamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;CabnÞan;. elIsBIenHeTot GaharUbtßmÖ nigTwkbriePaK enAEtminRKb;RKan;enA
bNþaextþtamdgTenøsab. rIÉRKYsarCaeRcInEdlrs;enAkñúgextþmanTwklic manEtpÞHbeNþaHGasnñb:ueNÑaH.
tamrgVas;GPivDÆn_mnusS PñMeBjnigbNþaextþxagt,ÚgEdlmankarGPivDÆCag rYmTaMgTIRbCuMCn ¬kNþal RkugEkb
nigRkugRBHsIuhnu¦ mankRmitsUcnakrGPivDÆn_mnusSx<s;CageKbMput. rIÉRbCaBlrdækñúgextþtMbn;|san EdlminsUvman
mnusSrs;enAmankarGPivDÆmnusSTabCageKbMput. tMbn;TaMgenH manCnCatiedImPaKticrs;enA EdlCaRbCaBlrdæGP½BV
CageKbMputenAkñúgRbeTs. GVIEdlKYr[PJak;ep¥IlenaH KWextþesomrab minmansUcnakrGPivDÆn_mnusSNamYyeLIgx<s;eT
lT§plCa]TahrN_énvis½yeTscrN_enAextþesomrab min)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaBlrdæmUldæaneLIy mnusSman
PaBRkIRkx<s;CageKbMputenAkñúgbNþaextþCMuvijTenøsab EdlRsbKñaeTAnwgGRtax<s;énkRmitPaBRkIRkkñúgkareRbIR)as;
CamUldæanenATIenaH.
40 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
CMBUk 3CMBUk
42 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
3CMB Uk
karBRgwgs
mtßPaBs
ßab½n sRmab;RKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati
eq<aHeTArkkMeNInRbkbedaysmFm’
s½yGPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCanwgRbesIreLIgxøaMg ebImankarbgálkçN³[RbCaBlrdæCnbT)anrYmcMENkkñúgskmμPaB
EdlmanplkéRmx<s;CagsBVéf¶. edIm,IseRmc)annUvkMeNInsuxumalPaBGtibrma RtUvedaHRsaybBaðananaBak;B½n§
nwgkarBRgwgsmtßPaBsßab½nkñúgkareRbIR)as;FnFanFm μCati kareRbIkmøaMgBlkm μmUldæan[)aneRcInbMput nigkar
EckrMElkplRbeyaCn_.
km<úCamanRbB½n§km μsiTi§dIFøI nigFnFanFm μCatiminsIuemRTIKña ¬EdlminsmsYn¼xusKña¦ EdlmçagCaksikrtUctac
GñkensaT nigRbCaBlrdæÉeTotmandItictYc nigmçageTotCaGñkkan;kab;dIsm,TanFM² ehIyenHCaRbPBnaM[xVHRbsiT§PaB
nigkarb:HTgÁicplRbeyaCn_. kñúgb:un μanqñaMf μ I²enH sm<aFRbCasa®sþ kareRCótcUlmines μ IKñaénkmøaMgTIpSard¾FMTUlMTUlay
EdlxVHkarRKb;RKgl¥kñúgesdækic©pÁt;pÁg;sRmab;EtciBa©wmCIvitTIpSar Edl\NTanmankarR)ak;x<s; kgVHkarGegátsurieyadIelIdI
EdlcaM)ac; RtUvdwgc,as;las;bBa¢ak;BIPaBCam©as;dI eBalKWTaMgGs;enH rYmCamYynwgGPi)alkic©Tn;exSaypg )anbNþal[
Gnu)atFnFan nigRbCaCncuHGn;fykan;EtGaRkk;eLIg.
CMBUkenHBinitüBieRKaHelIsmtßPaBTn;exSayxøH²rbs;sßab½n nigesñIviFIsa®sþsmRsbsRmab;eFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;CIvPaB
rs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæsamBaØ. CMBUkenHBinitüelI ¬1¦ sßanPaBdIFøIbc©úb,nñ rYmmancMENkdItUc² dIsm,Tanesdækic© nig
PaBKμandIFøI ¬2¦ karEdlCnCatiedImPaKtic RtUvBuHBarRbQmnwgkarxitxMkarBarsiTi§kan;kab;dIRbéBNI nig ¬3¦ RbsiT§PaB
énkarpþl;dIsm,TansgÁmkic©kñúgkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRkenACnbT. ¬4¦ CMBUkenHk¾RbmaNemIlGMBIbBaðabøg;dI ¬siT§ielIkmμsiT§i¦
¬5¦ rbrensaT nigCIvPaBrs;enA rYmmanTaMgkarBwgEp¥kkan;EteRcInelIkarensaT RBmTaMgplb:HBal;elILÚt_ensaT ehIynig
¬6¦éRBeQI nigCIvPaBrs;enA rYmTaMgéRBshKmn_CaTRmg;fμImYysRmab;RKb;RKgéRBeQI.
3>1 sßanPaBdIFøIbc©úb,nñ 14
épÞRkLa karRtYtBinitü nigkareRbIR)as;
épÞdIkm<úCamanTMhM 18/1 lanhicta ¬b¤ 181>035 KILÚEm:RtRkLa¦. rdæCam©as;dI 14/5 lanhicta ¬80°¦ rIÉ
3/6 lanhicta ¬20°¦ CadIrbs;ÉkCn. dIrbs;rdæmanBIrRbePT KWdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ. RbGb; 3>1
pþl;niymn½y rIÉrUbPaB 3>1 bgðajlMnaMénPaBCam©as;dI.
GegátsurieyadI nigkarvas;EvgdIFøI[)aneBjelj KWCakarcaM)ac; nigbnÞan;bMput edIm,IkMNt;[c,as;GMBIkareRbIR)as;dI
FøI. Tinñn½yEdlmanRsab;bgðajfa éRBRKbdNþb;elITMhMdIRbEhl 58° énépÞRkLadITaMgGs; ¬kñúgbBa¢IxøH 60°¦ valesμA
éRBkMb:Ut nigdIlicTwk 15° dIksikmμ 22° nigTIRbCMuCn sÞwg Tenø RtBaMg bwgbYr nigdIdéTeTotRbEhl 5°.
vi
(14) EpñkenHRtUv)andkRsg;BI Ballard nig So (2004); CDRI (2005); Chan nig Acharya (2002); So, et al. (2001); nig Chan, Tep
nig Acharya (2001)
43r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
3CMB Uk
RbGb; 3>1 ³ cMNat;fñak;dIFøI
c,ab;dIFøI ¬c,ab;PUmi)al¦ qñaM 2001 cat;fñak;dItamkareRbIR)as;PaBCam©as; nigkarRtYtBinitü. RbePTdIcm,g² rYmman ³
k> sm,tiþsaFarN³rbs;rdæ ³
dIenHRKb;RKgedayrdæsRmab;CaRbeyaCn_saFarN³ nigbrisßan ]> éRBbRmugFmμCati Tenø sÞwg bwgbYr eqñrsmuRT nig
dIepSgeTot. dIenHlk;dUrmin)aneT fVIt,itEtGacsßitenAeRkamsiTi§RKb;RKg¼eRbIR)as;beNþaHGasnñ nigsm,TansRmab;
kab;eQIk¾eday.
x> sm,tiþÉkCnrbs;rdæ ³
dIenHCadIrbs;rdæ b:uEnþminEmnsRmab;CaRbeyaCn_saFarN³eT. Cajwkjy dIenHenATMenrEdlGacykeTAeRbIR)as; b¤epÞr)an
dITaMgenHGacykeTAeRbICadIsm,Tan ¬sRmab;eFVIcMkarFM²¼ksidæanBaNiC¢kmμykEr: b¤dIsm,TansgÁmkic©¦.
K> dIkmμsiTi§ÉkCn ³
CadIrbs;ÉkCn b¤GgÁPaBÉkCn. dIÉkCnGacCYl dak;Fana Eckekr epÞr)an.
c,ab;éRBeQIEbgEckCaéRBbRmugGcié®nþy_ nigéRBÉkCn. éRBbRmugGcié®nþy_sßitenACaRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ. é®BTaMgenH
EckecjCa ³
k> é®Bplitkmμ ¬sRmab;eQIhu‘b plminEmneQIh‘ub éRBercrilsRmab;daMkUneQIsareLIgvijCaedIm¦
x> éRBkarBar ¬sRmab;CIvcRmuH karBarbrisßan nigEfrkSaRbPBTwk ¦
K> éRBEkécñ ¬dIéRBTMenrrbs;rdæEdlRKbdNþb;Cacm,geTA edaysareBIrukçCatibnÞab;bnSM b¤éRBeQIbnÞab;bnSM¦.
éRBÉkCn KWCaéRBEdlCasm,tþikmμsiTi§ÉkCn.
c,ab;ensaTEckkarensaTCabIkRmit ³
k> karensaTRTg;RTayFM rYmman LÚt_ensaT Edlm©as;LÚt_ensaTmansiTi§eBjTIkñúgkareFVICMnYjensaTsRmab;ry³eBlBIrqñaM.
eKEtgEteRbI]bkrN_ensaTFM²enAkñúgEdnTwkEdlmanRtIeRcIn.
x> karensaTRTg;RTaymFüm eRbI]bkrN_ensaTtUcCagkarensaTRTg;RTayFM. kalBImunkarensaTEbbenH RtUvman
GaCJab½NÑ. \LÚvenHmin)ac;manGaCaJb½NÑeToteT. b:uEnþmankarhamXat;RbcaMrdUv.
K> karensaTRTg;RTaytUc edayeRbI]bkrN_ensaTtUc²RbePT]bkrN_tamRbéBNI. karensaTRTg;RTaytUcTaMgenHGac
eFVI)anenARKb;TIkEnøg elIkElgEtenAtMbn;LÚt_ensaTsm,TanRTg;RTayFM ¬k¦ nigRTg;RTaymFüm ¬x¦ xagelI.
RbPB ³ Christian, Heou nig Kholk (2005)
44 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 3>1 ³ TidæPaBTUeTAénRbePTdIFøI nigTwkRsbc,ab;enAkm<úCa
RbPB ³ GTZ (2006)
RbGb; 3>2 ³ dIksikmμkñúgry³eBlmYystvtSr_knøgmk
enAkm<úCa manRbvtþiÉksardItictYcNas;. b:uEnþenAmunsm½yGaNaniKm KWkñúgqñaM 1840 dITaMgGs;Casm,tþirbs;RBHmhakSRt EtksikrGacdaMduHtamcitþR)afña edayRKan;EtmandgVaybnþicbnþÜcykeTAfVayGñkRKb;RKg.
edaymanmeFüa)aydaMduH nigmanesckþIRtUvkartictYc eBalKWsgÁmkm<úCaCasgÁmksikr EdlRtUvkarlμmRKb;RKan;sRmab;Etrs;edayminKitGMBIkéRmcMeNj ehIymñak;²kan;kab;dImineRcInCag 1 eTA 2 hictaeT. kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1840 kalenaH minxVHdIeFVIksikm μeT BIeRBaHRbCaBlrdæenAmancMnYntic ¬KWticCagmYylannak;¦. ehtuenHehIy)anCadIminmantémøTIpSar. dIminEmnCasm,tþisRmab;lk;TijeT.
cab;BIcugstvtSr_TI 19 dl;TsvtSr_qñaM 1930 rdæ)alGaNaniKm)araMg)anBüayamerobcMRbB½n§dIÉkCn nigRbB½n§kmμsiT§idIFøI ¬c,ab;dIFøI qñaM 1884¦ b:uEnþkarRbwgERbgenHmin)aneCaKC½yTaMgRsugeT. dIERsenAtamvalTMnabénEdndIsNþTenøemKgÁ nigTenøsab mankarrIkceRmInxøH² b:uEnþenAmantMbn;CaeRcIneToteRkABItMbn;valTMnab ¬KWenAEb:kxaglic xageCIg nig|san¦ minTan;)anerobcMeT.
eRkayBIsm½yGaNaniKmPøam² ¬qñaM 1953-1975¦ rdæaPi)al)anbnþeRbIRbB½n§Edl)araMg)anbnSl;Tuk[. kñúgry³eBlenH karykdIIeTAeFVIGaCIvkmμ b¤eFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμ nigkareFVIc,ab;dIFøI k¾enAminTan;)aneCaKC½yenAeLIyEdr. plitPaBelIdITaMgenaHminTan;)anx<s; b:uEnþRbeTskm<úCa)annaMRsUveTAlk;enAbreTskñúgtémøTab edaysarmanplitplRsUveRcInelIslb; EtminEmnedaysarkarbegáInTinñpleT KWCalT§plénkarBRgIkTMhMdIksikmμEtbu:eNÑaH. r)aykarN_niyayfa ksikrCab;bMNuleKy:agF¶n;F¶r ehIyBYkeKPaKeRcIn)an)at;bg;dIFøIedayQμÜjeFVIBaNiC¢kmμtwgrwgelIplksikmμ.
45r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
eBlExμrRkhmkan;kab; ¬1975-1979¦ mankarERbRbYly:agF¶n;F¶r. BYkExμrRkhmRbmUlykdITaMgGs;eTAdak;rYm lubbM)at;ÉksardIFøI nigsßab½nBak;B½n§nwgdIFøI RBmTaMgCemøósRbCaBlrdæBaseBjRbeTs. begÁalRBMdIERscMkarRtUv)anruHerIecalTaMgGs; pÞúyeTAvij ExμrRkhmerobcMdICaTMhMFM² edIm,ItRmUvtamRbB½n§Farasa®sþEdleK)aneRKagTuk. karRbmUldITaMgGs;eFVICadIrYmenHehIy EdlCamUldæanénCemøaHdIFøIy:ageRcInsem,ImnasBVéf¶enH.
kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 dIFøIRtUv)anerobcMsarCafμI CaRkumsamKÁItUc² ¬RkumsamKÁI 25-30 RKYsar¦ EdlykFnFanTaMgenaHeTAeRbIsRmab;eFVIksikm μ. eRkaymk RbEhlBIBak;kNþaleTAcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 k¾cab;epþImmandICalkçN³ÉkCneLIg. enAqñaM 1989 rdæaPi)al)anecjGnuRkwtüelx 25 erobcM[manÉkCnPavUbnIykmμdIFøI. Bakütv:aTaMgLayeyageTAelIsm½ymunqñaM 1979 RtUvbdiesF. CaeKalkarN_ dIksikmμRtUvEckCUnksikresÞIrEtesμI²Kña edayEp¥keTAtamcMnYnmnusSenAkñúgRKYsar ¬RKYsarEdlmansmaCikeRcInTTYl)andIeRcIn¦. dIksikmμsRmab;buKÁlmñak;²minelIsBI 5 hicta eT. cMeBaHdIFM²sRmab;kardaMduHRTg;RTayFM rdæaPi)alpþl;CadIsm,Tan. manbBaðaCaeRcInedaysardIEdlEck[enaH RtUv)aneRCokCaceRmoktUc² ehIyRKYsarEdl)anTTYldItUc²TaMgenaHmandICaeRcIn EdlenAdac;q¶ay²BIKña. elIsBIenHeTot dItUc²EdlEck[RKYsarTaMgenaH enACab;CMBak;kñúgbNþwgtva:KñaenAeLIy. karminmanesvaEpñksurieyadI nigkarxVHynþkarGaCJakNþalÉeTot² bNþal[dMeNaHRsayvivaTGs;TaMgenHraMgsÞH. kalBIsm½yenaH c,ab;Ecgfa dINaEdlTukecalTMenrCagbIqñaM \teRbIR)as; rdænwgdkhUtdIenaHykvij. cMNucenaHmin)anGnuvtþ[)anhμt;ct;eT. eRkaymk c,ab;dIFøIqñaM 1992 TTYlsÁal;EtsiTi§mandI b:uEnþminTTYlsÁal;kmμsiT§idIenAtamtMbn;CnbTeT. bnÞab;BIkarRbkas[eRbIR)as; nigkarGnuvtþb½NÑkan;kab;dIFøI mankarTTYlsÁal;siT§ieRbIR)as;dIFøI. manBaküsuMcMnYnTaMgGs;BI 4 eTA 6 lanBakü b:uEnþrhUtdl;qñaM 2001 karecjbN½Ñkan;kab;dI eFVI)anEt 15% b:ueNÑaH edaysarsmtßPaBdMeNIrkarkic©karTaMgenHenAmankRmit. karecjbøg;dIkñúgqñaM 2006 eFVI)anCag 20-25% énBaküsuMTaMgGs; ³ 0>57 lanBaküsuM tamry³karcuHbBa¢ImanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ ¬tambuBVsiT§irbs;rdæaPi)al¦ nigBaküsuMcMnYn 0>58 lanBakü Edltamry³karcuHbBa¢ImanlkçN³dac;edaydMu ¬KWsuMeday m©as;dIxøÜnÉg¦ edayKitmkdl; ExFÚñ qñaM 2006.
Casegçb karvivtþTIpSardIFøI nigkareFVIBaNiC¢km μEpñkksikm μmankaryWty:av nigmineTogTat;kñúgry³mYystvtSr_knøgmk. enAkEnøgxøHeTot ¬KWenAtamvalERscMkar tMbn;EdndIsNþTenøemKgÁ nigenACMuvijTenøsab¦ kardMaduHdMNaMepSg²)anRbRBwtþeTACayUryamkehIy - ÉksarEcgfa sUm,IenAsm½yGaNaniKm k¾mankarbg;Bn§elIplRsUvEdr. enAtamtMbn;ÉeTot² ¬tMbn;|san nig]tþr¦ Tmøab;cas;Edlkab;bMpøajéRBeQIedIm,IT®nÞanykdI mantaMgEtBIyUryaNas;mkehIy sBVéf¶enHenAmanenAeLIyCakEnøgtUc². kalBImun nigsUm,IEtsBVéf¶enH mnusSkan;kab;dICamunehIy eTIbsuMGaCJaFr[ecjb½NÑRsbc,ab;CaeRkay RbsinebIGñkkan;kab;dITaMgenaHdak;BaküsuM. enAtMbn;|san maneFIVksikmμBencry:agxøaMgBIGtItkal ehIysBVéf¶enHenAEtmanxøH²enAeLIy. enAtMbn;enaHRbCaBlrdækan;kab;dICashKmn_ minEmnCaÉkCneT. b:uEnþTmøab;enHkMBugEtpøas;bþÚrCabeNþIr²ehIysBVéf¶enH.
sgÇwmfa karGnuvtþeKalneya)ayf μ IsþIBIdIFøI nigKeRmagGPivDÆn_CnbTdéT²eTot nwgnaMmknUvkarrIkceRmInEdleKrMBwgTukCayUrmkehIy.
RbPB ³ Boserup (1965); Thion (1993); Chandler (1993); Chandler (2006); RbGb; 1>1 kñúgr)aykarN_enH
TMhMdIksikmμ nigdIEdldac;KñaCaEpñk²
dIksikmμtUc²manTMhM 2/46 lanhicta EdlEckCa 3/59 landuMtUc² eyagtamÉksar SES-04. dItUc²TaMgenaHman
TMhM 0/69 hicta ehIyminmankarxusKñaeT eTaHenAtamtMbn;EdlmanmnusSeRcInk¾eday. sUm,IEtenAextþmNÐlKIrI Edlman
RbCaBlrdætictYck¾eday k¾dIEdlEck[mYyduM²enAEtmanTMhMtUcdEdl. RbEhl 68 % éndIksikmμEdlEck[CadItUc²
manTMhMRtwmEt 0/5 hicta b¤tUcCag rIÉdI 13 % eTot manTMhMeRcInCag 1 hicta ¬rUbPaB 3>2¦. kar):an;RbmaNepSg²Kña
elITMhMdIIIrbs;RKYsarnImYy² manenAkñúgÉksarxus²Kña ¬rUbPaB 3>3¦. edayminKitBIRbPBTinñn½yTMhMdIICamFümPaKEdl
RKYsarnImYy²kan;kab;manTMhMBI 1 eTA1/4 hicta. RKYsarEdlman®sþICaemRKYsar EtgEtTTYl)andItUcCagRKYsarEdlman
bursCaemRKYsar15. Gnu)aténtYelxdIksikmμsrubsRmab;ksikrmñak;² Kw 0/465 hicta.
(15) RKYsarmYyGacmandIeRcIndMu.
46 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbPB ³ SES-04
rUbPaB 3>2 ³ karEckdIksikmμCaEpñktUc² ¬°¦ qñaM 2003-2004
ebIsmasPaKénplitplkñ úgRsuksrub
)anmkBIdMNaMksikm μEckCamYynwgcMnYnksikr
R)ak;cMNUlBIdMNaMsRmab;ksikrmñak;²kñúgry³eBl
mYyqñaM esμInwg 128 duløarGaemrik ¬sRmab;
qñaM 2004 KitkñúgtémøefrqñaM 2000¦ ebIrab;bBa©Úl
TaMgkarciBa© wmstVpg plitplkñúgRsuksrub
sRmab;mñak;²eLIgdl; 171 duløarGaemrik Edl
pÞúyKñaeTAnwgplitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;mnusS
mñak;²kñúgqñaMenaH EdlmancMnYn 340 duløar.
tYelxTaMgGs;enH niyayGMBIbBaðaénkarkan;kab;
cMENkdItUc² ¬dItUc² nigkarkan;kab;dI¦ EdlpÞúy
nwgGnu)atdI nigksikr nigR)ak;cMNUlEdlmin
RKb;RKan;.
rUbPaB 3>3 ³ mFümPaKdIksikmμkñúgRKYsarnImYy² ¬Cahicta¦ tamGegátepSg²Kña16
dIsm,Tanesdækic©
pÞúyeTAvij rdæaPi)al)anpþl;dIsm,Tanesdækic©taMgBITsvtSr_qñaM 1990 emø:H kñúgTMhMCaeRcInBan;hictakñúgdIsm,Tan
nImYy². karpþl;dIsm,TanEbbenHenAbnþeTAeTotkúñgGRtamYYy EdlekIneLIgesμInwgbIdgkñúgqñaM 2006 eRcInCagqñaM 2005.
mUlehtu KWeKalneya)ayénkarpþl;dIsm,Tanesdækic©enH nwgeFVI[rIkceRmInxøaMgkñúgvis½yplitPaBBaNiC¢km μenAelIdI
ÉeTot²eRkABIdIERs nigCRmuj[eFVIkardaMduHCaRTg;RTayFM ¬eQIém:sak; edImeRbgxül; dUgeRbg GMeBA dMLÚgeQI ekAs‘U
sVaycan;TI lðúgExJ RsUv eBat sENþk nigdMNaMÉeTot²CaeRcIn¦. sgÇwmfa eKalneya)ayenHnwgbegáInR)ak;cMNUlCUnrdæ
BIBn§dar nigBIkarCYldI. kñúgEx kumÖ³ qñaM 2007 dIsm,TanmanTMhM 943>069 hicta ¬[eTARkumh‘un 57 eRkamkic©RBmeRBog
(16) GegátCabnÞat;mUldæanqñaM 1998 nigkartamBinitübEnßmqñaM 2000 KWCaGegátFM² ¬eTaHCamindMNag[RbeTsTaMgmUlk¾eday¦ eFVIeLIgeday UNICEF-WFP, rIÉkarGegátrbs; PET vij (k¾mintMNag[cMNuceKaledAEdlGacmanPaBGasnñenAéf¶mux) EdleFVIeLIgeday WFP EtÉg.
SES-97 KWCaGegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© eFVIeLIgenAqñaM 1997.
47r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
EdlmancuHhtßelxaRtwmRtUv¦ nig 64>203 hicta ¬[eTARkumh‘un 9 kñúgkic©RBmeRBogEdlGt;mancuHhtßelxa
RtwmRtUv¦17. tamc,ab; dIsm,TannImYy²minRtUvmanTMhMelIsBI 10/000 hictaeT b:uEnþdIsm,TanCaeRcInmanTMhMFMCagenH
¬rUbPaB 3>4¦. dIsm,TanEdlFMCageKmanTMhM 315/023 hicta EdlmandIsm,TanBIrEk,rKñaenAkñúgextþeBaF×sat; nig
extþkMBg;qñaMg Edlpþl;CUneTARkumh‘unEtmYy. kñúgkrNIeRcIneTot dIsm,TanRtUv)anpþl;CUnedaymanedImeQIFM²CaeRcIn
Edlm©as;dIsm,Tan)annwgkMBugpþÜlrMlMedImeQIFM²TaMgenaH18. karpþl;dIsm,Tannana EtgEtpþl;edayBuM)aneKarBtamc,ab;
sm,Tan nigedaymantmøaPaBtictYc.
enAcugqñaM 2005 kñúgcMeNam 32 Rkumh‘unEdlTTYldIsm,TanmanEtRkumh‘un 8 b:ueNÑaH Edl)aneFVIkardaMduHy:agskmμ
ehIydIEdlRkumh‘unTaMgenaH )andaMduHmanTMhMRtwmEt 1/8° éncMnYndIsm,TanTaMgGs;. xageRkamenH KWCamUlehtuEdl
bNþal[mankardaMduHEtbniþcbnþÜcenAelIdIsm,TanTaMgenaH ³
k> karpþl;sm,TanFM²eTA[Rkumh‘un eFVIeLIgedayBuM)anBinitüBic©½yBIEpñksurieyadI EdlCaehtubNþal[manTMnas;CamYy
ksikr.
x> dIsm,TanxøH )anRtUveKykeTATuksRmab;edaHdUrykcMeNj. knøgmkrdæaPi)al)anlubecaldIsm,TancMnYn 30 ehIy
¬TMhM 265>230 hicta¦ edaysarKμanskmμPaBplit ehIydICaeRcInenATMenr\teRbIR)as;.
K> dIPaKeRcInRtUveKraykarN_fa eKeRbIsRmab;Etkab;ykeQIhu‘b.
fVIt,itEtCaTUeTAmankardaMduHtictYcenAelIdIsm,TanTaMgenHk¾eday k¾enAtamdIsm,TanxøH eFVI[manplb:HBal;GviC¢man
rYceTAehIy EdlbNþalmkBIkic©karksikmμ nigkic©karsaFarN³xøH. xøHeTot manplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelICIvsa®sþenA
mUldæan nigeFVI[xUcCaF¶n;F¶rdl;plRbeyaCn_ksikr eRkAGMBIplRbeyaCn_sm,Tan ¬]TahrN_ ³ dUcCa karkab;rMlMedImeQIFM²
Tb;sÞwg RbLay b¤bMEbrTissRmab;TwkhUrCaedIm¦. manesckIþbBa¢ak;bEnßmfa dIsm,TanenHmin)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_
dl;RbeTseT. ehIyrdæk¾min)anTTYlR)ak;cMNUlFMduMBIkic©karTaMgenHEdr.
(17) RbPB ³ RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT (MAFF).(18) RbPB ³ UNHCHR (2004); EFCT (2005); Thanh (2005).
rUbPaB 3>4 ³ TMhMdIsm,TaneRkamkic©RBmeRBogEdlmancuHhtßelxaRtwmRtUv RbcaMextþnImYy² kñúgEx kumÖ³ qñaM 2007
smÁal; ³ tYelxkñúgrgVg;RkckCacMnYndIsm,TankñúgmYyextþ. Rkumh‘unTTYldIsm,TanTaMgGs;man 57 Rkumh‘un.
RbPB ³ MAFF (http://maff .gov.kh/elc/overview.html)
karpþl;dIsm,TanEtgEteFVIedayBuM)aneKarBtamc,ab;sm,Tan nigedaymantmøaPaBtictYc. dIEdlRkumh‘unTaMgenaH )andaMduHmanTMhMRtwmEt 1/8° éncMnYndIsm,TanTaMgGs;
48 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
dIsm,Tanesdækic© Edlmin)aneRbIR)as;Tal;EtesaH b¤min)aneRbI[eBjskþanuBl CaktþararaMgdl;karrYmcMENkrbs;
vis½yksikmμeTAkñúgplitplkñúgRsuksrub RBmTaMgmin)anpþl;»kasdl;RKYsarRkIRk[eFVIkarkñúgskmμPaBksikmμ Edlman
plcMeNjeRcIn nigRbkbedaycIrPaB.
karTijdIsRmab;lk;dMeLIgéfø
dIenATItaMgl¥²xøH ¬enACMuvijTIRbCuMCn nigtamdgpøÚv¦ RtUv)aneKTijedIm,ITuklk;dMeLIgéfø. dITaMgenHRtUv)aneKe)aHbegÁal
RBM ehIyTukecal\tdaMduHEdlCakarxatbg;cMeBaHsgÁm nigcMeBaHesdækic©. BYkGñkmanRTBüsm,tþiEdldwgfa dImanskþanuBl
BaNiC¢km μ TijdITaMgenHBIksikrEdlminsUvdwgGMBIGnaKtrbs;dIxøÜnEdlRtUvmantémøx<s;. dUecñHkarTTYlB½t’manmines μ IKña
)aneFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_y:agF¶n;F¶rdl;ksikrEdlCam©as;dI. c,ab;sRmab;ykBn§dI nigrwbGUsdINaEdlmin)aneRbIR)as;minTan;
)anykmkGnuvtþenAeLIyeT.
PaBminesμIKñarvagdIksikmμ nigPaB\tdIFøI
km<úCamanRbvtþiminFøab;eRbIR)as;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI EdlmankarEckdIesÞIrEtesIμ²KñaenAqñaM 1989. RKYsarnImYy²TTYl
dIeRcInbMputRtwm 5 hicta EdlEckeTAtamcMnYnsmaCikRKYsar b:uEnþdITMagenaHmin)anEck[enACMuKñaCadImYyduMeT. enHk¾edaysar
lkçxNÐFatuGakasksikmμepSg²BIKña RbePTsmaCikRKYsarTIéTBIKña lkçxNÐTI;pSarEdlERbRbYlxus²BIKña sßanPaBRbCasa®sþ
minesμIKña nigedaysarmanCemøaHdIFøI ksikrCaeRcInminGac b¤cg;rkSaTukcMENkdIxøH b¤TaMgGs;EdlEck[enaH)aneT. edaysar
ehtuenH dIxøHRtUveRCokCacMENktUc²lk; niglk;teTAeTot. GegátdIFøICabnþbnÞab;knøgmk)anrkeXIjfa \LÚvenHmnusSman
dItamkarTijdUr minEmntamkarEckdI[eToteT.
karmandIminesIμKñaenHkMBugekIneLIg. tamkar):an;RbmaNrvagqñaM 1999 nigqñaM 2003-2004 cMENkkan;kab;dIrbs;
RbCaBlrdæRkIRkcMnYn 2¼5 énRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;)anfycuHBI 8/4° eTA 5/4° b:uEnþcMENkkan;kab;dIrbs;GñkmanbMput
EdlmancMnYnEt 1¼5 énRbCaBlrdækúñgRbeTs)anekIneLIgBI 59° eTA 70°19. PaB\tdIFøIenAtamCnbTmancMnYnRbEhl
20° kñúgqñaM 2003-2004 ¬SES-04 rUbPaB 3>5¦ ehIytYelxsRmab;®sþIemRKYsarx<s;CagtYelxsRmab;bursemRKYsar.
eyagtamninñakarénPaB\tdIFøIkñúgcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 nigedImTsvtSr_qñaM 2000 manCMenOfa PaB\tdIFøIsRmab;eFVIksikmμ
GacekIneLIgRbEhl 2° kñúgmYyqñaM² EdlCatYelxdUcKñaeTAnwgTinñn½yrbs; SES-04. b:uEnþsßitiTaMgenH GacminqøúHbBa©aMg
elIPaB\tdIFøITaMgRsugeT BIeRBaHsmaCikRKYsar b¤GñkrksIuTaMgenaH minsuT§EtCaGñkniymksikmμTaMgGs;eT BIeRBaHGñkxøH
ykeBlxøHeTARbkbrbensaTRtI GñkxøHeTotrkR)ak;cMNUlBIRbPBepSg² b¤BIskmμPaBnana EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁm.
elIsBIenHeTot GñkEdl\tmandITaMgenaH minEmnsuT§EtCaGñkRkTaMgGs;eT20.
Tinñn½yrbs; LADIT ¬tamGegátBIrepSg
Kña qñaM 2000-2004¦ fVIt,itEtminEmnCa
tMNagrbs;RbeTsk¾eday k¾CaTsSn³Gac
ykmkeRbIsRmab;Bnül;GMBIPaBxVHdIFøI)anEdr
BIeRBaHGegátTaMgGs;enH )ansmÖasn_smaCik
RKYsarEdlCaksikr. Tinñn½yTMagenHbgðaj
GMBIPaB\tdIFøIkñúglMdab;BI 11-12°. kñúg
cMMeNamGñkEdlK μandIkñúgqñaM 2004 80°
minEdlmandITal;EtesaH ¬cMnYnenHekIneLIg
BI 54° kalBI qñaM 2000¦. mUlehtu KWeKeTIb
nwgerobcMRKYsarf μ I b¤eTIbnwgcUlmkenAkñúg
(19) sUmemIl SNEC-Harvard University (2006), TMB½r 16.(20) Anders nig Kokko (2006); Ballard nig So (2004); ACI (2005).
RbPBTinñn½ykar):an;RbmaNCa % elIGaRtaRKYsarKμandI
LADIT 2004 11>9%
LADIT 2000 12>0%
SES-2003-04 ¬RKYsarCnbT¦ 20>0%
SES-1999 ¬RKYsarCnbT¦ 15>8%
SES-1997 ¬RKYsarCnbT¦ 13>0%
rUbPaB 3>5 ³ kar):an;RbmaNelIPaB\tdIeFVIksikmμ
enAcenøaHBIqñaM 1999 nigqñaM 2003-2004
cMENkdIEdlBlrdæRkIRkcMnYn 2¼5 énRbCaBlrdæ
TaMgGs;kan;kab;)anfycuHBI 8>4°
eTA 5>4° b:uEnþ cMENkdIEdlkan;
kab;edayGñkmanvij EdlmancMnYnEt
1¼5 énRbCaBlrdækúñgRbeTs )anekIn
eLIgBI 59-70°
49r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
shKmn_ b¤ecjBIshKmn_ ehIykarBitmYyeTot KWGaRs½yedaydICaeRcInEdlBYkGñkTaMgenaHkMBugrs;enAsBVéf¶ KWCa
dIlicTwk. kñúgcMeNamGñkEdl)at;bg;dIFøI mUlehtucm,g KW)at;bg;edaysarkarbgçMcitþlk;dIrbs;xøÜn edIm,IykR)ak;eTAbg;éfø
Büal)alCm¶WCabnÞan;. KYrEtykcitþTukdak;[xøaMgdl;BYkGñkKμandI EdlmanEcgenAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs; LADIT BIeRBaH
ksikrTaMgenH suT§EtCaGñkBwgEp¥kelImuxrbrksikmμ. CaTIbBa©b; Tinñn½ybgðajfa mnusSCaeRcInEdlmandItUctac minGacrk
R)ak;cMNUlsRmab;ciBa©wmCIvit)anRKb;RKan;eT. dUecñHPaBRkIRkBak;B½n§nwgvis½ydIFøI k¾KYrEtykcitþTukdak;pgEdr21.
vismPaBdIksikmμ nigPaB\tdIFøI EdlkMBugelceLIgenH KWCabBaðamYyEdlrIkkan;EtFMeLIgminGacRbEkk)an bBaðaenH
eFVI[shKmn_ksikrkan;EtRkeTA² ehIybNþal[vismPaB nigTMnas;kñúgRbeTskan;EtrIkFM. rUbPaB 3>6 pþl;TidæPaBTUeTA
sþIBImUlehtuénPaB\tdIFøI nigvismPaBdIksikmμ.
(21) sUmemIl Biddulph (2000); Biddulph (2004). karsikSarbs; Oxfam EdlkMBugbnþenAPUmicMnYn 300 )anrkeXIjfa karbMEbkdICadMutUc² nigkarRkdI)aneLIgdl;smamaRtKYr[)armÖ.
RbPB ³ karsikSaepSg²rbs; CDRI nig Oxfam
rUbPaB 3>6 ³ mUlehtuénkarlk;dUrdI nigplvi)akénvismPaB nigPaBKμandIFøI
50 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
ksidæan¼TMhMdIFM²
tamtMbn;CaeRcInenAGasIu mankarCECkedjedalKñafa etIRtUvelIksÞÜyksikmμtUc² b¤RtUvRbmUlpþúMdIeFVICaksikmμFM².
karCECkedjedalenH EtgEteyageTAelIbribTénkarEkTRmg;dIFøIenAkñúgsm½yeRkayGaNaniKm ¬RbGb; 3>3¦.
edIm,IBinitüelIbBaðadIFIøenAkm<úCa Tinñ½yGMBI SES-04 RtUv)anykeTAviPaK edIm,IkMNt;TMnak;TMngrvagTMhMdIksikmμ nig
GaRtaTinñplRsUv ¬rUbPaB 3>7¦. rUbPaBenHbgðajGMBITMnak;TMngpÞúyKñarvagTMhMdI nigplitPaB KWplRsUvrdUvvsSal¥Cag
plRsUvrdUvR)aMg. eKEtgEtdaMRsUvvsSaedayeRbI]bkrN_ nigbec©kviTüaFmμta nigsmÖar³eRbIR)as;TMenIbtictYc. Tinñpl
énkardaMduHrebobenHmancMnYnBI 1 etan eTA 1/8 etan kñúgmYyhicta eyageTAtamtMbn;nImYy² ¬ÉksarqñaM 2003-2004¦.
tamkareRbobeFob RsUvR)aMgRtUv)andaMedaymankarEfTaMeRcIn RBmTaMgeRbICI nigbec©kviTüaTMenIbEfmeTot. Tinñplénkar
dMarebobenH)aneRcInCag 2 etan kñúgmYyhicta. TMnak;TMngpÞúyKña KWEp¥keTAelIkardaMduHtamEbbksikmμRbéBNI. srub
esckþIeTA ksikrEdlmankarecHdwgtictYc nigmanmeFüa)aytictYc ¬eKa RkbI edImTunsRmab;eFVIksikmμCaedIm¦ minGac
eFVIERsenAkñúgdIERsFM²[manRbsiT§PaB)aneT.
RbGb; 3>3 ³ ksidæantUc² nigRbsiT§PaB - xøwmsarsMxan;sRmab;karCECkEvkEjk
karBiPakSasIþBIksidæantUc nigksidæanFMenAsm½yTsvtSr_qñaM 1960 nigqñaM 1970 EdlkalenaH PaBCak;EsþgBIRbeTsnana
enATUTaMgGasIubgðajfa ksidæantUc²pþl;TinñpleRcInetankñúgmYyhicta². CaFm μtaksikdæantUc² KWCaEpñkéndIIekrEdlmanCICati
eRBaHGñkTTYlekrmt’kEtgeRCIsykdINaEdlmanCICatil¥. rIÉGnu)atx<s;énBlkmμ-dIFøI eBalKWCaBiessBlkmμkñúgRKYsarpþl;»kas
[mankarEfTaMpldMNaM)any:agl¥ eTaHbICaplitPaBbnÞab;bnSMénBlkmμminGaceFVI[ekIn ¬GacesμInwgsUnü¦ k¾eday.
lTæplenH KWCakarBitcMeBaHksidæansRmab;EtciBa©wmCIvit EdlEtgEteRbImeFüa)ayP¢Ürras;tamEbbRbéBNI ehIybeBa©jBlkmμ
pÞal;xøÜn ¬eday\tKitéfø¦ CMnYsktþaplitkmμdéTeTot. karmkdl;énbec©kviTüaksikmμTMenIb ¬Green Revolution technologies¦
nigGnþrkalqøgeTAkan;esdækic©TIpSar ¬cakecjBIesdækic©sRmab;b®gÁb;rs;¦ eKrkeXIjfa bec©kviTüaKImI-CIv GacykeTAeRbI)anRKb;
ksidæanTaMgGs; edayminKitBITMhMtUcb¤FM Edlbec©kviTüaeRKÓgynþminGaceFVI)an. sRmab;ksidæanFM²bec©kviTüaKImI-CIvenH eRbI)an
pll¥Cag.
eRkABIplitPaBkareRbIR)as;dI nigTidæPaBsmFm’ k¾RtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSaEdr. ksidæantUc²enAGasIu RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;y:ag
skmμCagksidæanFM² EdlCYnkalRtUv)aneKTukecalTaMgRsug b¤eRbIR)as;EtmYyEpñk. elIsBIenH ksidæantUc²GacmankardaMduHmux
dMNaMeRcInmuxCagksidæanFM². CafμImþgeTot karqøgGnþrkalBIesdækic©sRmab;b®gÁb;rs;cUleTAkan;esdækic©TIpSar GVI²EdlCaKuNsm,tþi
rbs;ksidæantUc² eTAGanaKtnwgkøayCasabsUnü edaysarRbCaBlrdæCnbTrk)anCIvPaBl¥RbesIrenAkñúgvis½yÉeTot²eRkABIksidæan.
edImehtuénkarCECkEvkEjkKña ³
karCECkEvkEjkenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,Ivaytémøfa bTBiesaFn_mun²enAGWru:b sþIBIkarRbmUlpþúMdIksikmμFM² GacykmkGnuvtþ
enAGasIu)anEdrb¤eT. karCECk)anepþImkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1960 sRmab;GasIuxagekIt GaeKñy_ nigxagt,Úg )ansniñdæanfa ksikrtUctac
eRbIR)as;tamlMnaMbec©kviTüaEbbRbéBNI nigdI;;[pleRcInl¥Nas; b:uEnþmanRbsiT§PaBekIneLIg kalNaeRbIbec©kviTüaTMenIbrYmnwg
RbePTdMNaMEdlpþl;Tinñplx<s; ¬HYV¦ nigplitkmμsRmab;TIpSar.
enAkm<úCa karpþl;dIsm,Tan KWedIm,IelIkkm<s;ksikmμsRmab;eFVIBaNiC¢kmμ. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday minEdleXIjmankarENnaM[
RbmUlpþúMdIFøItUc²[manTMhMFM² dUcCaTMhMdIsm,Tanesdækic©bc©úb,nñenHeLIy. ebIniyayGMBIsuxumalPaBvij kalNamanmnusSeRcIn
BwgEp¥kelIdIFøI ehIyGnu)atrvagBlkr nigdIdaMduHmansßanPaBdUcsBVéf¶enH karpþl;dIsm,TanFM²hYs KWmins½kiþsmeLIy.
RbPB ³ Bardhan (1973); Bhardwaj (1974); Barret (1993)
51r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
(22) FnaKarBiPBelak ¬2006¦ nig Anders nig Kokko (2006) ):an;RbmaNTMnak;TMngsßitirvagtémøpldMNaM nigTMhMksidæankñúgRkbx½NÐBhuGefr edIm,IrkTMnak;TMngpÞúy. ACI (2005) )anviPaKTMnak;TMngrvagTMhMdI nigplitPaB (témøbEnßmCaduløar) edayeRbITinñn½ytamTMhMdI ehIy)anrkeXIjfa dITMhMBI 3 eTA 10 hictaGacpþl;plx<s;CageKbMputenAkñúgRbeTs.
RbPB ³ KNnaecjBI SES-04
rUbPaB 3>7 ³ GaRtaTinñplRsUv ¬Caetan¼hicta¦ tamTMhMdIkñúgrdUvR)aMg nigrdUvvsSa nigrdUvrYmKña qñaM 2003-2004
sRmg;ecjBIkarsikSamYyelIPUmicMnYn 9
enAkñúgtMbn;FatuGakasksikmμepSg²Kña Tinñn½y
elITMhMksidæan ¬rUbPaB 3>8 eRbobeFob
eTAnwgTMhMdI dUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbPaB 3>7¦
bgðajlT§plRsedogKña edaymanPaBxusKña
EdlGRtaTinñplRsUvR)aMgminTTYlplb:HBal;
edaysarTMhMdIdaMduHeT22.
ebIniyayGMBIplitPaBvij Tinñn½yTaMgBIr
QutenHs[eXIjfa kñúgsßanPaBbc©úb,nñenH
eKniymksidæan nigdItUc²Cag eRBaHeKdaMduH
EtkñúgrdUvvsSa ¬85° éndITaMgGs;¦ ehIy
edaymankareRbIsmÖar³ksikm μTMenIbtictYc.
ktþaenHk¾Bak;B½n§eTAnwgRTBüsm,tþipgEdr ³
eRBaHksikrPaKeRcInmanmeFüa)ayksikm μ
tictYc ehIydIdMaduH k¾mankRmitdIdMadMNaMtUc²
nwgpþl;lT§plCaR)ak;cMNUl EdlEbkExJk
r):at;r):ayCaeRcInRbePT.
rUbPaB 3>8 ³ TMhMksidæan nigGaRtaTinñpl ¬etan¼hicta¦ lT§plsikSaBIPUmi 9
RbPB ³ Chan nig Acharya ¬2002¦
ebIniyayGMBIplitPaBvij Tinñn½yTaMgBIrQutenH s[eXIjfa kñúgsßanPaBbc©úb,nñenH eKniymksidæan nigdItUc²Cag
52 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
cMeBaHdMNaMRsUvrdUvvsSa EdldaMtamEbb
RbéBNIvij manlT§plpÞúyKñarvagTMhMdI nig
plitPaBksikm μ b:uEnþcMeBaHRsUvrdUvR)aMgvij
mindUecñaHeT ebIeRbIviFIdaMduHTMenIb. lT§pl
pÞúyKñaenHbBa¢ak;fa ksidæantUc²TTYl)ankar
niymeRcInCag b:uEnþcaM)ac;RtUvbBa¢ak;[c,as;fa
ksidæanb:uNÑaEdlehAfa tUc. cMNucenHTamTar
[BinitüBic½©y KWminRKan;EtelIplitPaBb:ueNÑaH
eT RtUvBinitüelIR)ak;cMNUlTUeTABIdIpgEdr.
b:uEnþniyayBICIvPaBrs;enAvij GVIEdlsMxan;
sRmab;ksikrKWR)ak;cMNUlrbs;RKYsar. rUbPaB
3>9 bgðajfa enAkm<úCaR)ak;rk)anBIdMNaMRsUv
¬sRmab;RKYsarnImYy²¦ mancMnYneRcInenAkñúg
ksidæanEdlFMTaMgrdUvR)aMg TaMgrdUvvsSa Edl
manR)ak;cMNUlBIRsUvR)aMgx<s;CagRsUvvsSa.
karsikSatammUldæanrkeXIjfa dIksikm μtUc
Cag 0/6 hicta minGacpþl;R)ak;cMNUlRKb;RKan;
sRmab;esckþIRtUvkarcaM)ac;RbcaMRKYsareT23.
edImI,rkSaCIvPaBrs;enAkñ úgkRmitGb,brma
smRsbBIdIFøI RKYsarksikrRtUvmandIedaymin
caM)ac;Kitdl;TMhM b¤plitPaBksikmμ dUcEdl
)anelIkeLIgkñ úgkarCECkBiPakSaeLIy.
rUbPaB 3>9 ³ TMhMksidæan nigplkéRm ¬CaBan;erol¼RKYsar¦ lT§plsikSaBIPUmi 9
RbPB ³ Chan nig Acharya ¬2002¦
ksidæantUc² minGacmanFnFanRKb;RKan; edIm,IelIkkm<s;plitPaBeLIy eBalKWtamry³Farasa®sþ. Cajwkjy m©as;ksidæan
tUc²EtgEtgayTTYlrgeRKaH edaysarvibtþiTIpSar b¤eRKaHmhnþraynana dUcCa TwkCMnn; b¤raMgs¶Üt CaedIm24. edaysarbBaða
Gs;TaMgenH ksikrCYl b¤lk;dIERsrbs;xøÜn ehIyeTArkeFVIkmμkrenAxageRkA b¤eFVIcMNakRsukecjBIPUmikMeNItxøÜneTAkab;
éRBeQI b¤eTAensaT25. dUecñH edIm,IksagmUldæansRmab;rkSasßirPaBénkarrs;enArbs;RKYsarksikrtUctac nigedIm,IbegáIn
plitPaBksikmμ RtUvmaneKalneya)ay edIm,ITb;sáat;karbMEbkdI[eTACaksidæantUc² nigpþl;nUvynþkarsRmab;RbmUlpþúMdI
[ekItCaksidæanFM².
RbeTsdéTeTotCaeRcInmaneKalneya)ayskm μkñúgkarRbmUlpþúMdIFøI EdlenAray)a:yEdlK μanRbeyaCn_esdækic© nig
EdlEbkCaduMtUc² ¬RbGb; 3>4¦. bTBiesaFn_TaMgenH CaBiesaFn_EdlKYrykmkBicarNasRmab;GnuvtþenAkm<úCa[)an
smRsb26.
(23) EIC (2006), TMB½r 8(24) karBwgEp¥kelIR)ak;snSM KWCaCeRmIsl¥bMputkñúgkarTb;Tl;nwgkar)at;bg;edaysarTwkCMnn; nigrIgs¶Üt. b:uEnþkarItUctacGacRkIRkCagGñkEdlKμandI
Edlsm¥agfa eKKμanR)ak;snSMeT (CDRI 2006, Auff ret 2003).(25) sþIGMBIkarCYldItUc², sUmemIl Kim, Chan nig Acharya (2002. ACI (2005) rkeXIjfa lT§plénplitPaBtamTMhMksidæanRsedogKñaeTAnwg
lT§plenAkñúgrUbPaB 3.8 nig 3.9, edayeRbITinñn½yqñaM 2005 GMBItMbn;FatuGakasksikmμenAkm<úCa.(26) enAkUer:xagt,Úg dIksikmμRtUv)anRbmUlpþúM ehIyEck[vijenATsvtSr_qñaM 1960 nigqñaM 1970 edIm,I[mnusSeRbIR)as;dI[)anGs;lT§PaB.
eKalneya)aydIenA\NÐaGnuBaØat[RbmUlpþMúdItUc²dac;BIKña EdlminmanRbeyaCn_esdækic©.
53r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 3>4 ³ karRbmUlpþúMdIFøI nigkarerobcMdIsareLIgvij - bTBiesaFGnþrCati
karRbmUlpþúMdIFøIEdleFVIeLIg edIm,ItRmUveTAnwgkarvinieyaKFM² ¬]TahrN_Farasa®sþ¦ nigplitPaBk¾dUcCaeFVI[CIvPaBrs;enArbs;
ksikrl¥RbesIreLIg RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;Cag 150 qñaM knøgmkehIy. eKalneya)aypøÚvkarTI1 eFVIeLIgenAqñaM 1847 edayrdæ)al
GaNaniKmGg;eKøs enAextþbuMéb RbeTs\NÐa qøgtamTsvtSr_qñaM 1950 nigTsvtSr_qñaM 1960 RbeTsEblhSiúk QIlI eGhISúb \NÐa
GIur:ak; Cb:un lIbg; muicsiuckU nigRbeTssIurI kñúgcMeNamRbeTsdéT²eTotCaeRcIn )anGnum½tCapøÚvkarnUvc,ab;RbmUlpþúMdIFøIenH.
RbeTsnImYy²manRbvtþixus²Kñakñúgvis½ydIFøI nigksibrisßanviTüa. dUecñHTMhMdIksikmμGb,brma Edlpþl;plsmRsb viFIRbmUl
pþúMdI nigeCaKC½yéneKalneya)ayTaMgGs;enH xusKñaBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy. ]TahrN_xageRkamenH bBa¢ak;fa ³
1> viFImYy KWGaCJaFrsurieyadIbdiesFmincuHbBa¢I[eT RbsinebIdItUcCagTMhMGb,brmaEdlRtUvGnuBaØt[. kñúgn½yenH RbsinebIdIksikmμ
RtUvEckCaduMtUc² BIrb¤eRcIn ¬edaysarkarEckekr b¤edaysarGVIepSgeTot¦ enaH Éksarc,ab;nwgTTYlcuHbBa¢IEtdIEdlmanTMhM
y:agticesμInwgTMhMGb,brma rIÉdItUc²TaMgenaH KWCaEpñkmYyénGMBkdIEdlenACab;²Kña ¬RbeTs\NÐa¦.
2> kñúgkrNIxøH dItUc²RtUvRc)ac;bBa©ÚlCamYydIrdæEdlenATMenr ehIyykeTAEbgEcksarCaf μ I[m©as;dItUc²EdlBak;B½n§ nigGñk
déTeTotEdlKμandI ¬\NÐa¦.
3> kñúgkrNIGMBkdIksikrkøayeTACaceRmoktUc² BIeRBaHEtdIEdlTTYl)anmkminEmnCadIksikm μ b¤sRmab;eKalbMNgGPivDÆn_
epSgeTotenaH ksikrBak;B½n§RtUvTTYl)annUvkarpþl;dIksikm μenAkEnøgepSgeTot. kñúgkrNIK μandIEbgEckksikrGacTTYl)an
R)ak;sMNgCaCMnYs. eRkaymkeKrkeXIjfa ksikrminmanCeRmIsgayRsYleTARbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitepSg²eTot)an dUecñHkñúg
krNIxøHRtUv)anseRmcpþl;kargar[BYkeKTaMgenH ¬kargarKμanCMnaj¦ enAkñúgKeRmagGPivDÆn_ ¬eBalKWCakargarCab;kic©snüa
ry³eBlEvg CaBiess kñúgxN³EdlykdIKat;eTAeFVICapøÚvrfePøIg pøÚvfñl; b¤sagsg;TIRbCuMCn¦ bEnßmeTAelIkarpþl;Casac;R)ak;.
ebIksikrcab;ykkargareRkAksikmμ ksikrTaMgenaHTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþalCMnajepSg² nigkarpþl;\NTan EdlmankarR)ak;
Tab b¤GMeNaygayRsYl edIm,IepþImbegáItrbrrksIu ¬RbeTsGasIuxagt,Úg nigcin¦.
4> CYnkalkarRbmUlpþú MdIFøIenH KWkñúgs μartIerobcMdIsareLIgvij edIm,IbgálkçN³[dITaMgenaH TTYl)ankareRsacRsBBIRbB½n§
Farasa®sþ. eKRbmUlykdImkerobcMsarCaf μ I ehIyEbgEck[eTAksikrvij ¬mincaM)ac;manTMhMes μ I²KñadUcmun²eT¦ edIm,I[dI
TaMgenaH)anplRbeyaCn_BITwk EdlhUrtamERBkCIk nigBITwkEdlhUrelIépÞdI ¬saFarN³rdækUer:¦.
kñúgkrNInImYy² eCaKC½yGacekIteLIgGaRs½yeTAelIqnÞ³neya)ay nigPaByutþiFm’kñúgkarcat;Ecgkargar. Ca]TahrN_
karRbmUlpþúMdIenArdæBn;cüabénRbeTs\NÐa TTYl)aneCaKC½yeRcIn rIÉenArdæbwghÁal;xaglicvij minsUvmaneCaKC½yeT. enA
saFarNrdækUer: GaRtaeCaKC½ymankRmitx<s;. km<úCaRtUvsikSaelIkrNInImYy² edIm,IeRCIsykeKalneya)ay nig]bkrN_Edll¥bMput
sRmab;brisßanenAkm<úCa.
RbPB ³ GOI ¬1976¦ TMB½r 187-236 Wade ¬1982¦ ÉksarFnaKarBiPBelaksþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAfμI nigkarsþarnItism,TaeLIgvij
RKYsarksikrtUc²CaeRcIn rYmTaMg®sþIksikrpgmandItUcCag 1¼4 hicta b¤ticCag. eBlxøHBYkeKTaMgenaH GacRbkb
rbrensaTRtI kab;Guslk; kab;eQI b¤eFVIkmμkr. edIm,ICYy[CIvPaBrbs;eKRbesIreLIg etIRtUvmaneKalneya)ayy:agNa?
kmμkrRbePTenH minGacP¢Ürras;dIekIteT edaysarxVHedImTun dUcCa eKa¼RkbI nig]bkrN_eRbIR)as;epSg²eTot ehIykar
rkSaCIvPaBrs;enAkñúglkçN³bc©úb,nñenH KWRKan;EtTuk[RKYsarGs;TaMgenHbnþrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRkEtb:ueNÑaH. RbeTsxøH)an
écñRbDitCeRmIskargarmYycMnYn rYmTaMgbegáIt[manstVBahn³sRmab;CYlP¢Ürras; EckKña[eRbIR)as;nUv]bkrN_eRsacRsB
TijTwksRmab;eRsacRsB nigrYmKñaTijCI nigBUC edIm,Ikat;bnßycMNay. RbeTskm<úCaGaceRCIsykkarpþÜcepþImKMnit nig
eKalneya)aypgTaMgLayNa EdlCYy[shKmn_Gnuvtþ)an sRmab;CaRbeyaCn_esdækic©dl;shKmn_TaMgmUl EdlCa
Fm μtam©as;ksidæanmYyrUb²minGacseRmc)an ehIyGacykeKalneya)ay nigkarpþÜcepþImKMnitenHeTAeFVIkarl,gBiesaFn_
edIm,IrkeKalneya)ayNa EdlsmRsbsRmab;bribTénkm<úCa.
54 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
pldMNaMmYycMnYn dUcCa dMNaMsRmab;BaNiC¢kmμCaedIm Gacpþl;lT§plCaesdækic©FMdMu RbsinebIdaMCaRTg;RTayFM ebImin
rab;Ban;eT k¾rab;ryhictaEdr. km<úCasßitenAkñúgtMbn;ksibrisßanviTüamYysmRsb sRmab;plitplksikmμBaNiC¢kmμCamYy
nwgTIpSarBiPBelak EdlmankarGPivDÆ. dUc)aneXIjrYcmkehIy ¬rUbPaB 3>4¦ c,ab;Edldak;kRmitelIdIsm,Tan
esdækic©minRtUv)aneKeKarBtamral;krNITaMgGs;. dUecñHeKalneya)ayNak¾eday EdleFVIeLIgsRmab;dMNaMBaNiC¢km μ
RtUvmaneKalkarN_ENnaM c,as;las;sþIBIkRmitTMhMx<s;bMput sRmab;dIsm,Tanesdækic© nigtmøaPaBenAkñuúgkarpþl;dIsm,Tan
TaMgenH sRmab;Tb;sáat;kMu[ykdIeTAeFVIepþspþaseRkamkarGHGagfa CadIsRmab;CaplRbeyaCn_esdækic©rYmKña.
RbGb; 3>5 ³ RkumsamKIÁksikrtUc² - RbeTsRsIlgáa
ksidæannImYy²kñúgKeRmagerobcMrcnasm<½n§eLIgvij nigsþarnItism,TaenAmhaevlIrbs;RbeTsRsIlgáa manTMhMmFümRbEhl
1 hicta. smaKmGñkeRbITwk (WUA) RtUv)ankarerobcMeLIg EdlepþImKitfa etIRtUvdaMGVI ehIydaMenAeBlNa. edaysarKMnitpþÜcepþIm
rbs;BYkeK eKsnSMTwk)aneRcIn nigplitPaBk¾ekIn. bnÞab;mkeTot smaKmGñkeRbITwk (WUA) )anerobcMkarTijdMusRmab;TijCI RKab;BUC
EdlmanTinñplx<s; RBmTaMgTij]bkrN_ÉeTot²kñúgtémøefak. ]sSahkmμEpñkksikmμsENþkesog emÞs sac;man; nigbEnøRss;
yl;faeKGacCRmujksikr[daMsENþkesogtamkic©snüa. ]sSahkmμk¾pþl;BUCsENþkesog EdlmanTinñplx<s; ehIyFanaTijyk
plEdlplit)an. karerobcMenHepþImdMbUgCamYyksikrEt 70 nak;eT b:uEnþeRkaymk)anekIneLIgy:agelOndl;rab;Ban;nak;.
RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak ¬qñaM 2005 k¦
sar³sMxan;² ³
1> tRmUvkarcaM)ac;bnÞan;nUveKalneya)ayskm μmYy edIm,IRtYtBinitüdIFøItUc²dac;BIKñad¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; nigPaBK μandIFIø
EdlbNþalmkBIkMeNInRbCaBlrdæd¾qab;rh½s témørkSasuxPaBéføeBk GPi)alkic©Tn;exSay karxVHlkçN³esdækic©enA
kñúgksikmμtUctac nigTIpSarTijlk;dI EdlminmankarRKb;RKg. KYrEtGPivDÆ nigelIkTwkcitþdl;karpþÜcepþImrbs;shKmn_
kñúgkardaMdMNaMrYmKñaelIdItUc²Edldac;²BIKñaCaeRcIn.
2> karEkTRmg;dIRtUvykcitþTukdak;elITMhMdIksikm μFMl μm edIm,IelIkkm<s;TaMgplitPaBsRmab;dImYydMu² TaMgR)ak;cMNUl
RKb;RKan;sRmab;RKYsarksikr.
3> edaysarfa®sIþCaGñkrYmcMENkcm,gkñúgplitkmμksikmμ karrYmcMENkrbs;BYkeKmansar³sMxan;Nas; enAkñúgeKal-
neya)ayfñak;mUldæan nigfñak;Cati RBmTaMgKeRmagEkTRmg;dIFøI karGnuvtþkñúgvis½yksikmμ kareFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;CIvPaB
rs;enA nigehdæarcnasm<½n§.
4> karykBn§darelIdI b¤¼nigkardkykmkvijnUvdIsm,TanEdlmineRbIR)as; KWCamUlehtuRbkbedaysmFm’ nigRbsiT§PaB
esdækic©xøaMgkøa.
3>2 dIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic 27
siTi§rbs;CnCatiedIm RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faCacMNucsñÚl edIm,IseRmc)annUvsiTiÞmnusSCasakl nigsiTi§sV½yseRmc
rbs;mnusSTaMgGs;Kña. CnCatiedImPaKticmancMnYnRbEhl 0/9° énRbCaBlrdækm<úCa EdlEckCa 17 Rkum rs;enAkñúg
extþRkecH mNÐlKIrI rtnKIrI sÞwgERtg kMBg;FM ekaHkug eBaF×sat; kMBg;s<W nigRkugRBHsIhnu eyagtamkarRsg;cMnYnRbCaBlrdæ
qñaM 1998. c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM 2001 TTYlsÁal;siTi§kan;kab;dIrYmKñarbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic ehIyyuT§sa®sþbeNþaHGasnñén
RkbxNÐeKalneya)aydIFøI qñaM 2002 EcgfaCnCatiedImPaKtic RtUvTTYl)annUvsiTi§Cam©as;rYmKñaelIdIrbs;BYkeK. Rkbx½NÐenH
k¾TTYlsÁal;pgEdr nUvkarGnuvtþksikmμBencrfaCaRbB½n§RKb;RKgdIFøItamRbéBNIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic. eTaHCay:agenH
k¾eday k¾enAminTan;)anecjbøg;dIrYmenHmYybøg;enAeLIyeT.
(27) EpñkenH ¬rYmTaMgRbGb; 3>6pg¦ eyagelImUldæanénkarTak;TgCamYyevTikasgÁmsIuvilkm<úCa RbcaMenAPñMeBj nigÉksarTTYl)anBIBYkeK.
55r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 3>6 ³ semøgrbs;CnCatiedIm
semøgGñkTI1
CIvPaBrs;enArbs;CnCatiedImBwgEp¥kelIpléRBQI. karrs;enArbs;eyIgEbbenHminmanplb:HBal;eTA
elIéRBeQIeT eRBaHeyIgyl;fa dI nigéRBeQIEdldUntaeyIgbnSl;Tuk[ KWCaCIvitrbs;eyIg. eyIgniyayPasa
epSgKña GaRs½yeTAtamCnCatinImYy². eyIgCnCatiedImebþCJanwgrkSacMeNHdwgTaMgGs;enHteTAeTot.
eyIgeFVIsMNUmBreTAraCrdæaPi)al sUm[Fanadl;snþisuxdIFøI karBaréRBeQI nigFnFanFm μCati.
sUm[pþl;esvasgÁmkic©xøH dUcCa suxaPi)al Pasa karGb;rM ehIysUmelIksÞÜy[)anTUlMTUlayEfmeTot nUvsiT§irbs;CnCatiedIm
PaKticenAkm<úCa.
semøgGñkTI 2
CnCatiPaKticCYbRbTHnwgbBaða)at;bg;dIFøI edaysarkarkab;eQIxusc,ab; karTijniglk;dI nigkarcab;ykdIeFVICakmμsiT§ÉkCn.
eyIgRbQmmuxnwgkar)at;bg;vb,Fm’ nigRbéRBNI edaysarkarT®nÞancUlénvb,Fm’BIxageRkA ehIyCnCatiedImPaKtic)anRtUveK
pat;ecjBIsgÁm. eyIg´TaMgGs;Kña EdlCaRbCaBlrdæCnCatiedImenAPUmiPaK|san sUmeFVIsMNUmBr[begáInel,ÓncuHbBa¢IdIFøIrbs;
CnCatiedIm Gnuvtþc,ab;EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgCnCatiedIm dUcmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;dIFøIBImaRta 23-28 ehIysUmCYyeFVI[RbesIreLIg
dl;maRta 265 nigelIksÞÜy nigBRgwgdl;vb,Fm’ nigRbéBNIrbs;CnCatiedIm.
semøgGñkTI3
eyIgsUm[mankarTTYlsÁal;dl;siT§irbs;CnCatiedImkñúgkarkan;kab; nigkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigFnFanFmμCatitamrebobrbbén
RbéBNIeyIg. rdæKYrEtTTYlsÁal; nigkarBarsiT§iRsbc,ab; nigkarkan;kab; nigkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigFnFanFmμCati. GnusBaØarbs;GgÁkar
BlkmμGnþrCati ILO elx 169 esñIsMu[rdæaPi)alnanaeKarBsBaØaNrbs;CnCatiedIm kñúgkarkan;kab;dIFøItamRbéBNIrbs;BYkeyIg´
edIm,IFana[karkan;kab;dIFøIenHmanRbsiT§PaB. eyIgTnÞwgrg;caMkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIenAtamXuMsgáat; nigkarkarBardIrbs;eyIg´ EdlCa
RbCaBlrdæCnCatiedIm.
RbPB ³ evTikaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
kgVHkarGnuvtþc,ab; )anTuk[CnCatiedImPaKticgayrgeRKaHedaysarplRbeyaCn_BIxageRkA Edlkan;EtekIneLIg
cUlmkykplBIskþanuBlesdækic©rbs;éRBeQI ehIynigdImanCICatitamtMbn;PñM. dIsm,TanFM²RKbdNþb;elItMbn;EdlCnCati
edImPaKticTaMgGs; Føab;rs;enACaRbéBNI. Cajwkjy BYkeKTTYlplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶r edaysarkarkab;rMlMéRBeQI fVIt,itEt
mankarbBaÄb;skmμPaBmYyry³k¾eday k¾karkab;eQIenAEtbnþedayBuMmanRbsiT§PaBénkarRtYtBinitüeLIy. ktþaenHbNþal
[mankarbMBarbMBanelIdIFøIrbs;GñkRsukpÞúynwgc,ab;dIFøI EdlCalT§plnaMeTArkkarbMpøicbMpøajTaMgRsTab;sgÁm nigCIvPaB
rs;enArbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic. bBaðaenH)anrIkFMeLIgdl;tMNak;kalmYy EdlnaM[shKmn_xøHrlaysabsUnü.
c,ab;éRBeQIqñaM 2002 manbBaØtiþmYyEcgBIkarTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkardl;éRBshKmn_. nItiviFIc,ab; nigeKalkarN_ENnaM
sRmab;bBaØtiþenH)aneFVIcb;sBVRKb;ehIy. nItiviFITaMgenHpþl;CUnshKmn_CnCatiedIm nigshKmn_minEmnCnCatiedImnUv»kas
[BYkeKmansiT§ieRbIR)as; nigRKb;RKgéRBeQI ¬eRkamkic©RBmeRBog 15 qñaMmþg²¦. eyagtambBaØtþic,ab;enH éRBeQIxøH
RtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgGclnsm,tþi rYmKñasRmab;CnCatiedImPaKtic. Bak;B½n§eTAnwgbBaðasiT§ieRbIR)as;dIFøIrbs;CnCatiedIm
PaKticmankarrIkceRmInxøHEdr b:uEnþkñúgkarGnuvtþc,ab;enAmankic©karCaeRcIneTotEdlRtUveFVI;.
sarKnøwH ³
caM)ac;RtUvEtRbKl;eTA[CnCatiedImPaKticnUvsiTi§eRbIR)as; nigkan;kab;dIFøIrbs;BYkeKCabnÞan;. c,ab;EdlFanasiT§i
eRbIR)as;dIFøI nigéRBeQIrbs;BYkeKRtUvEtGnuvtþ[)anR)akdRbCa.
56 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
3>3 dIsm,TansgÁmkic© 28
rdæaPi)al)anecjbBaØtþimYy sþIGMBIdIsm,TansgÁmkic©enAkñúgc,ab;dIFøI qñaM 2001 edIm,Ibn§ÚrbnßyPaBRkIRk nigPaB\t
dIFøIenAtamCnbT. TisedA KWedIm,Ipþl;dIFøICUnGñkRkIRk nigCncMNakRsuk nigGñkdéTeTot EdlTTYlplb:HBal; edIm,I[BYkeK
)ansþarkaysm,Ta nigtMagTIlMenAfμI. dIEdlEck[eTAGtItTahan edIm,IsRmYlkarrMsaykgT½B nigCYyksagmUldæanén
CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK. dUecñHkarEckdIFøIGacelIksÞÜysnþiPaB.
ebIemIleTAelIkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigGnu)atrvagdIFøIRbCaCn km<úCaenAmandIesssl;enAeLIy ehIykarEbgEckdIFøI
GacCYybn§ÚrbnßybBaðaCIvPaBrs;enArbs;GñkRkIRk EdlK μandIFøICaBiessKW®sþIksikrEdlmandI nigFnFanÉeTot²tictYc.
c,ab;Ecgfa ³
k> km μviFIdIsm,TansgÁmkic©fñak;mUldæan ¬karrkdIFøIedIm,IEckcayenAtammUldæan KWCaParkic©TTYlxusRtUvrbs;
GaCJaFrmUldæan¦.
x> kmμviFIdIsm,TansgÁmkic©fñak;Cati ¬KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;GaCJaFrfñak;Catikñúgkarrk nigEckdIenAkñúgRbeTs.
bc©úb,nñenHkarEdlRtUvxitxMBuHBarCacm,g KWRtUvrkdITMenr EdlmanenAkñúgXuM nigbnÞab;mkenAkEnøgdéTeTot. enAExtula
qñaM 2006 dIcMnYn 2303 hicta )anEck[eTARKYsarcMnYn 17086 RKYsar edayGnuelamtambBaØtþidIsm,TansgÁmkic©enH
enAkñúgextþbnÞaymanC½y ]tþrmanC½y nig)at;dMbg. dITaMgenHRtUv)anpþl;Cacm,gCUneTATahanrMsayedIm,IeFVIPUmidæan29.
bBaðasMxan; 6 sRmab;km<úCa k¾dUcCaRbeTsÉeTotEdr. cMNucTaMgenaH KW ³
1> karrkdIsRmab;EckCUnRKYsarRkIRk KWCakarmYyd¾lM)akenAkñúgtMbn;NaEdlmanBlrdæeRcIn. sUm,IEtrkeXIjfa
mandITMenrk¾eday CYnkalmankartv:aGMBIsßab½nrdæepSg² b¤GgÁPaBÉkCn. enAkEnøgxøHeTot dIEdlenATMenrRtUv)an
eKeRbIR)as;;CavalesμAsRmab;eKaRkbI.
2> dITMenr - tamFmμtaCadIxUcKuNPaBeRkayBIkab;eQIFM²Gs; - Cajwkjy EtgEtenATIkEnøgEdlGñkKμandIrs;enA
b¤Ek,rkEnøgEdltaMgTIlMenAfμI.
3> KuNPaBdIEsssl;eRkayBIkab;é®BGs;eTA EtgEtCadIEdlmanCatiGasIudx<s; ehIyedaymanCatisirIragÁtictYc
dIenH køayeTACadIEdldaMdMNaMmin)anpl.
4> enAfñak;Cati dIesssl;PaKeRcInmanenAPUmiPaK|san Bay½Bü nigtMbn;eqñrsmuRT. karEdlmindwgR)akdenaH
KWetIRKYsarEdlKμandIFøIsuxcitþlHbg;GVVI²enAkñúgPUmikMeNItrbs;xøÜn b¤eT edIm,IeTAtaMgTIlMenAfμIenATIq¶ay² edIm,ITTYl
ykdIEdlmindwgfamanKuNPaBl¥ b¤minl¥enaH.
5> bc©úb,nñenH enAminTan;dwgc,as;BIfamv½nþénTIpSardIFøIenAkEnøgf μ I²eT b:uEnþminmanehtuplNasRmab;manCMenOfa
BitCaminxusBIGVI² Edl)aneXIjenAtMbn;ÉeTot²kñúgRbeTseLIy. extþrtnKIrI k¾mankarTijlk;dIFøImYycMnYnEdr
fVIt,itEtCaextþmYykñúgcMeNamextþ EdlmanBaNiC¢kmμticCageKbMputk¾eday.
6> karGPivDÆelIdIfμIRtUvcMNayeRcIn CaBiess RbsinebIdITaMgenaHenAq¶ayBIrcnasm<½n§EdlmanRsab;. edIm,I[mnusS
GacecjcUl nigrs;enAkñúgtMbn;fμITaMgenHRbkbedaycIrPaB)an RtUvsagsg;pøÚvP¢ab;eTAtMbn;TaMgenH sagsg;sala
nigRbB½n§suxaPi)al ehIynigesvaÉeTot²EdlcaM)ac;.
(28) sUmemIl Dinravy nig Groetschel (2004) nig Halabi (2005) cMeBaHbBaðaTak;Tinnwgsm,TansgÁmkic©. cMeBaHGnuRkwtüsUmemIl http://www.gocombodia.com/laws/pdf/ANK-19-03-social%20concessions-E.pdf
(29) tYelxenH hak;dUcCaminrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgEpñkmYyénkm μviFIsm,TansgÁmkic©Edl]btßmÖedayFnaKarBiPBelakeT. enAkñúgenaHmanBIrbIryRKYsareTot.
km<úCaenAmandIesssl;enAeLIy dUecñHkarEckcay
dIFøIenH GacCYybn§ÚrbnßyCIvPaB
rs;enArbs;GñkRkIRk EdlKμandI b¤esÞIrEtKμandIFøI
57r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
karviPaKTinñn½yrbs;Gegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© qñaM 2004 ¬SES-04¦ )anrkeXIjfa sUm,IEtksikrTaMgGs;mandIrhUt
eTAdl; 5 hicta mñak;k¾eday k¾R)ak;cMNUlrbs;BYkeKmineLIgx<s;CagbnÞat;énPaBRkIRkeLIy. tamBit karkat;bnßyPaB
RkIRkEdlmanRbsiT§PaB TamTar[manvinieyaKRKb;RKan;kñúgkarbMBak;GKÁisnItamTICnbT nigerobcMehdæarcnasm<½n§esdækic©
nigsgÁmkic©enATIenaH30. Cak;Esþg RbsinebIminmankarEkTRmg;bEnßmdUc)anelIkeLIgxagelIenHeT dIFøIEdlEck[tam
kmμviFIsm,TansgÁmkic©enH nwgRtUvlk;dUrteTAeTot ehIyksikrTaMgenaHnwgkøayeTACaGñkGt;dIvijdEdl dUecñHRtUvEtman
eKalneya)ayEckdI rYmCamYynwgkarGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT CaCagRKan;EtEckdITeTb:ueNÑaH. eKalneya)ayenH
sRmab;GnuvtþkarEckdIsgÁmkic©KYbpSMKñaCamYynwgEpnkarerobcMlMenAdæanfμI nigkarsþarnItism,Ta[)aneRcInCagGVI²Edlman
sBVéf¶.
sar³sMxan; ³
dMeNIrkarrkdIFøI nigerobcMTIlMenAfμIsRmab;GñkRkIRk caM)ac;RtUvEtbegáInel,Ón BRgIk[TUlMTYlay ehIytamdan[)anl¥
edayeRbIeKalneya)aysþarnItism,Tay:agTUlMTUlay nigkartaMgTIlMenAfI μ rYmTaMgkarvinieyaKkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al Gb;rM
nigehdæarcnasm<½n§esdækic©.
3>4 GPi)alkic© nigvivaTdIFøI 31
rhUtmkdl; Ex FñÚ qñaM 2006 bøg;dI b¤viBaØabnb½RtsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab; eTIbnwg)anecjminelIsBI 20° eT. b:uEnþ
rdæaPi)aleRKagnwgecjbøg;dI[)anmYylanbøg;enAdMNac;qñaM 2007 tamlkçN³CaRbB½n§ ¬KWCakarpþÜcepþImrbs;rdæaPi)al.
kñúgEx FñÚ qñaM 2006 bøg;dIEdlecjtamRbB½n§mancMnYn 0/57 lanbøg; ehIyecjtamlkçN³dac;edaydMumancMnYn 0/58 lanbøg;
¬KWtamkaresñIsuMrbs;ÉkCn¦ tYelxenH enAtUcNas;ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgcMnYnBaküsuMBI 6 eTA 7 lanBakü32. GñkRkIRk 1¼5
énRbCaBlrdæ)anTTYlbøg;dIEtBak;kNþaléncMnYnbøg;dIEdlecj[RkumGñkman EdltMNag[Et 1¼5 énRbCaBlrdæ.
GñkmanTTYlbøg;dI EdlecjtamlkçN³dac;edaydMu. BYkeKbg;luy edIm,I)anbøg;dIEdleRbob)aneTAnwgkarTijbøg;Edr.
pÞúyeTAvij GñkRkRtUvEtBwgEp¥kelIRbB½n§EdleTIbnwg)anbegáInel,ÓnkñúgqñaM 2006. elIsBIenHeTot karecjbøg;dItamlkçN³
CaRbB½n§EtgEteFVIeLIgenAtambNþaextþ EdlminsUvmanbBaðavivaTdIFøI dUcCa PñMeBj TIRbCMuCnenAextþxagt,ÚgvalTMnabTenø
emKgÁ nigvalTMnabTenøsabCaedIm33. GPi)alkic©dIFøIedayBuMmanbøg;dICak;lak; KWCakarmYyd¾lM)ak nigminR)akdRbCa
EdlnaMeTArkkarseRmcminyutþiFm’kñúgkrNImanvivaTdIFøI.
eyagtamsßitimUldaænsRmab; XuM-sgáat; rbs;RksYgEpnkarenAqñaM 2005 manvivaTdIFøIcMnYn 28>219 krNI eRbobeFob
eTAnwgqñaM 2004 EdlmanvivaTcMnYnEt 26>353 krNI qñaM 2003 25>442 krNI nigqñaM 2002 26>510 krNI 34.
CemøaHdIFøIekItkan;EteRcIneLIg² edaysarrdæGMNacminmaneKalkarN_RKb;RKan; nigeBjeljkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI nigecjbøg;dI
ehIyk¾KμanviFIsRmab;edaHRsayvivaTdIFøI[)ansmRsbrh½s nigkñúgtémøTab.
vivaTdIFø IenAtMbn;xaglic nig|san maneRcInCagtMbn;ÉeTot² KitCacMnYnvivaTsRmab;RbCaBlrdæmYyBan;nak;
¬rUbPaB 3>10¦. RTg;RTayénkarvivaTdIFøIenAtamCnbTsRmab;extþnImYy² bgðaj[eXIjfa GaRtaénkarvivaTdIFøIx<s;
CageKbMput KWenAkñúgextþTaMgLayNaEdlq¶ayBIRbB½n§eRsacRsBFM².
kñúgextþnanaenAtMbn;BayBü GRtaénvivaTdIFøIk¾x<s;Edr ¬]TahrN_ GtIttMbn;ExμRkhmkan;kab;¦ CakEnøgsRmab;eFVI
ksikm μeRkayeBldMeNIrkarsnþiPaB)ancb;sBVRKb;tMbn;éRBenA|san EdlCadIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic k¾RtUv)aneLIgéfø
nigenAPUmiPaKnirtI dUcCadIEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarsagsg;pøÚvCatielx 4. rIÉtMbn;GaeKñy_ TenøsabxagekIt nigtMbn;kNþal
vivaTdIFøImankRmitTab35.
(30) Anders nig Kokko (2006).(31) bBaðaenHEp¥kelIkasikSaTUlMTUlayenAmUldæan nigenATIepSg²eTot. karsikSaBiess rYmmankarsikSarbs; Kato (2000); Williams (2000);
Biddulph (2000); So nig al. (2001); EFCT (2005); UNHCHR (2004); FnaKarBiPBelak (2005).(32) RbPB ³ NSDP; sUmemIl RGC (2006k), TMB½r 20.(33) RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak (2002).(34) r)aykarN_fMIμmYysIþGMBIkarsikSarbs; Oxfam EcgfavivaTdIFøImankRmitx<s;rhUtdl; 1 krNI kñúgcMnYndb;R)aMRKYsar (Tinñn½yqñaM 2006).(35) Tinñn½yTaMgenHxusKñaGMBITinñn½yEdl)anmkBIGaCJaFredaHRsayvivaT BIeRBaHGaCJFrenaHmantYelxEtelIkrNINa Edl)aneTAdl;tulakar
b¤dl;GaCJaFrÉeTot².
58 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbPB ³ mUldæanTinññn½y XuM -sgáat; rbs;RksYgEpnkar http://www.seila.gov.kh
rUbPaK 3>10 ³ vivaTdIFøICnbT ¬tamcMnYn 1000 RKYsar qñaM 2005¦ sRmab;extþnImYy²karGPivDÆTIRbCuMCnd¾qab;rh½s)an
begáItGMNacTijdUr[GaCIvkr nig
mnusSdéTeTot b:uEnþedaysar
BuMmanCeRmIseRcInsRmab;eFVIvinieyaK
BYkeKk¾naMKñaeTATijdI
karykdIFøIeTAeFVIBaNiC¢km μ Biess dIenAtamdgpøÚv)anekIneLIgy:agrh½skñúgqñaMf μ I²knøgmkenH )anbNþal[man
karRbkYtRbNaMgKñarvagmnusSCaeRcIn minEmnEtksikrb:ueNÑaHeT. tamBit mnusSRKb;Kña elIkElgEtksikrecj eBal
KWRkumh‘undIsm,Tan nigQ μ ÜjkNþal CaGñkEdlman\T§iBl ehtuenHenAkñúgkarvivaTdIFøI ksikrEtgEtsßitenAkñúgCMhr
Tn;exSayCagCanic© 36. karGPivDÆTIRbCuMCnd¾qab;rh½s)anbegáItGMNacTijdUr[GaCIvkr nigmnusSdéTeTot b:uEnþedaysar
BuMmanCeRmIseRcInsRmab;eFVIvinieyaK BYkeKk¾naMKñaeTATijdI. CalT§pl karTijdIenHeFVI[mnusSRtUvkardIkan;EteRcIneLIg.
PaBminesμIKñakñúgkarTTYlB½t’man)aneFIV[QμÜjkNþalmaneRbobCag ³ BYkeKdwgfa dIenAkEnøgNaEdlRtUvGPivDÆ kEnøgNa
RtUvsagsg;pøÚv kEnøgNamanmCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmμ ehIyRtUvsagsg;enAeBlNa b¤Éksikr nigGñklk;dImindwgerOgenH
Tal;EtesaH. elIsBIenHeTot ]b,tiþehtuénkardeNþImdIFøIk¾ekIteLIg edaymanGñkmanGMNacCaGñkRbRBwtþ 37. segçb
esckþIeTA kalNaesckþIRtUvkar dIFøIekIneLIg kñúgkrNIEdlminmanEpnTIsurieyadIRKb;RKan; nigminmankarGnuvtþc,ab;dIFøI
[)anxøaMgkøa vivaTelIkarkan;kab; nigeRbIR)as;dIFøIk¾ekIneLIgEdr.
TnÞwmKñanwgkarbegáInkic©karEpñksurieyadI RbB½n§dMeNaHRsayvivaTdIFøI k¾RtUveFVIvimCÄkareTAfñak;mUldæan ¬XuMb¤Rsuk¦.
KYrmaneKalneya)ayBiessmYy KWerobcMsalakIþenAfñak;mUldæansRmab;CMnMuCRmH[Gs;kñúgry³eBlmYyqñaM nUvbBa¢Icas;
EdlenAesssl;Bak;B½n§nwgvivaTdIFøI. B½t’mansþIBIEpnkarGPivDÆnana KYrEtpSBVpSay[)anTUlMlay edIm,I[manyutþiFm’
sRmab;TaMgGs;Kña.
(36) BMumanTIpSarPaKh‘un b¤rUbiyb½NÑ rYmTaMgR)ak;beBaIØ BMuTTYl)annUvpltbmkvijCadMukMPYneLIy.(37) krNIénkarlUkédrbs;;sßanb½nrdæ KWCakrNIFm μta ehIy NGO Forumkm<úCaEtgEtelIkykÉksarmkbgðajBIkrNIenHCaeTogTat;. sUmemIlbEnßm The Cambodia Daily 13 tula 2006.
59r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbPB ³ karsikSarbs; Oxfam nig CDRI
rUbPaK 3>11 ³ mUlehtuxøH²énvivaTdIFøI
sarKnøwH ³
karecjbøg;dI RtUvEtRbjab;Rbjal;eLIg. elIsBIenHeTot RtUveFVIRbB½n§vimCÄkarénesvayutþiFm’mYy edIm,IedaHRsayvivaT
dIFøI[)anqab;rh½s Edlnwgpþl;plRbeyaCn_y:ageRcIndl;dMeNIrkarTaMgmUl.
3>5 rbrensaTRtI nigCIvPaBrs;enA
sßanPaB
CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæCaeRcInBwgEp¥kelIkarensaTRtI. Tenøsab nigGagTenøemKgÁ rYmTaMgsÞwg nigbwgÉeTot²
CaeRcIn KWCaRbPBsMxan;énRtITwksab. bwgTenøsabEdlmanTwkTenøemKgÁ hUrcUlCaerogral;qñaMenAkñúgrdUvePøógmanTMhM
rIkFMCag 4 dg edayRKbdNþb;elIbwgtUc²mYycMnYnFM nigkEnøgTwksÞwghUrcUlCaeRcIn RBmTaMgvalTMnablicTwkpg. bnÞab;mk
TwkbwgTenøsabhUrRtLb;cak;cUleTAkñúgTenøemKgÁvij eRkayrdUvvsSalkçN³Edl\tmanBIrEbbenH eFVI[TenøsabsßitenAkñúg
cMeNamRbB½n§brisßanTwksab Edlsm,ÚrFnFanCageKbMputenAkñúgBiPBelak. TenøsabCakEnøgEdlbribUN’eTAedayTItaMg
sRmab;Clvb,km μ BIeRBaHmnusSPaKeRcInrs;enAmat;Twk. km<úCamaneqñrsmuRTRbEvg 435 KILÚEm:Rt latsn§wgkñúg
extþ 4 38. RtI nigplecjBIRtI pþl;CatiRbUetGIuncMnYn 75° énRbUetGIunTaMgGs; EdlBlrdækm<úCaRtUvkar.
sßitirbs;rdæaPi)alcat;TukkarrYmcMENkénkarensaTRtIeTAelIplTunCatisrubcMnYnBI 10-12° nigpþl;kargareFVIenAkñúg
vis½yensaTRtIcMnYn 4>8° énkmøaMgBlkmμTaMgGs;39. tYelxTaMgenH GacticCagkarBit BIeRBaHkarsikSaenAmUldæanrkeXIj
faR)ak;cMNUlrbs;RKYsarnImYy²ekIneLIgBI 15-17° BIkarensaTRtI ehIymancMnYn 1lan RKYsarEdlRbkbrbbrensaRtI
CaBiess enArdUvR)aMg ¬36° énRKYsarenAkñúgPUmitamdgTenøsabCaGñkRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitedayensaTRtICacm,g¦40.
enAeBlEdlmanTwkCMnn; b¤rIgs¶Üt karensaTRtIpþl;nUvkarFanamYyc,as;las;. kñúgmYyqñaM² RtITwksabmancMnYnBI 0/35
eTA 0/40 lanetan EdlmantémøBI 300 eTA 400 landuløar. elIsBIenHeTot kMBis bgág kþam x©g kEgáb Bs; stVl¥it
mancMnYn 60>000 etankñúgmYyqñaMeTot. RtIsmuRTmancMnYn 55>000 etan eTot ¬rUbPaB 3>12¦41.
(38) B½t’manBisþarGMBIRbB½n§ sÞwg-Tenø manenAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs; SCW/Danida (2006).(39) Tinñn½ysRmab;qñaM 2004 CaqñaMcugeRkayEdlmanTinñn½ysIþBIBlkr. sUmemIl http://www.nis.gov.kh
(40) McKenney nig Prom (2002); Chan nig Acharya (2002); CDRI (manenAeBleRkay).(41) RbPB ³ raCrdæaPi)al (2006 K).
60 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
karensaTenH KWCakarensaTRtIEdlrs;enAkñúgbwgbYFmμCati b:uEnþfμIenH mankareRbIbec©kviC¢abegáInplitPaBxøH dUcCa
ciBa©wmRtIkñúgEb b¤ciBa©wmRtICarebobClvb,kmμ. karciBa©wmRtIEbbenH GaceFVI)anEtcMeBaHRtIRbePTmYycMnYn nigenAtamtMbn;xøH
Etb:ueNÑaH.
b:unμanqñaMknøgeTAenH mankarekIncMnYnmnusScUleTArs;enAkñúgtMbn;ensaTRtI ehIyeFVI[xUcRbB½n§brisßanviTüa EdlbNþal
[manplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIbrimaNRtI. CamYyKñaenHEdr CIvPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæEdlBwgEp¥kelIkarensaTTaMgenaH
k¾TTYlplb:HBal;Edr. BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM bBaðaEdlRtUvBuHBarkñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFanRtI KWfaGñkNaCam©as; nigGñkNa
KYrmansiT§iensaTRtI ehIyviFINaEdlRtUvcat;EcgelIRbB½n§karBarRtI.
(42) Hap, Chuenpagdee nig Kurien (2006); ICTSD (2005).(43) RbPBTinñn½y ³ Acharya, Kim, Chap nig Meach (2003); karsegátdl;mUldæankñúgqñaM 2006.
kMNt;smÁal; ³ mankarekIneLIgxøaMgenAqñaM 2001-2002 BIeRBaHkarensaTCalkçN³RKYsarRtUvrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgcMnYnsrubTaMgGs;. RbPB ³ RksYgksikmμ rukçaRbma:j; nigensaT (MAFF), http://www.maff .gov.kh
rUbPaK 3>12 ³ RtIEdlcab;)anenAkm<úCa qñAM1980-2004
kMeNInkarBwgEp¥kelIkarensaTRtI
edaysarkMeNInRbCaBlrdæ esckþIRtUvkarelIRbPBRtIk¾ekIneLIgEdr BIeRBaHkargarciBa©wmCivitkñúgvis½yÉeTot² minsUv
rIkceRmIn42.
bc©úb,nñenH manmnusS 1 lannak; RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitedayensaTRtI ehIycMnYnenHGacekIneLIgEfmeTot edaysar
kMeNInRbCaBlrdæ nigedayGñkEdl)at;bg;dIksikmμ cUlmkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;ensaTRtIEfmeTot. RbsinebImnusS 1 lannak;
EckrMElkplTunRtIsrubEdlmantémø 350 landuløar enaHGñkensaTmñak;²nwgTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMqñaM 350 duløar
¬cMNUlsrub¦. RbsinebIdkcMNayepSg²ecj GñkensaTmñak;²enAsl;R)ak;cMNUlRbEhlBI 200-225 duløarkñúgmYyqñaM.
Cajwkjab; GñkensaTÉkCnEdleRbI]bkrN_ensaTGskm μ rkRtI)ankñ úgtémøminelIsBI 4000-6000 eroleT
¬BI 1-1>50 duløar¦43.
RbsinebImnusSCaeRcInnaMKñaRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitedayensaRtITwksab enaHnwgbNþal[ekInkarRbkYtRbECgKñarkRtI
Edlmantémø b¤rkRtIFM² ehIybNþal[)at;bg;BUCRtI. RtIFMEdlmantémøx<s; ehIyEdlRtUvkareBlyUr edIm,IbnþBUCenaH
nigkan;EtRkeTA² enAsl;EtRtItUc² EdlminsUvmantémø dUceKEtgEtelIk]TahrN_GMBIehtukarN_énRbeTsbg;køaeds.
bBaðaenHk¾manenAkñúgvis½yensaTRtIsmuRTEdr eRBaHmanmnusSeRcInNas; EdlRbkbrbrciBa©wmCivitEtensaTRtImYymux
BIrbIqñaMknøgeTAenHmankarekIncMnYn
mnusScUleTArs;enAkñúgtMbn;
ensaTRtI ehIyeFVI[xUcRbB½n§CIvsa®sþ EdlbNþal[
manplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelI
brimaNRtI>>>CIvPaBrbs;
RbCaBlrdæ>>>k¾TTYlplb:HBal;Edr
61r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rhUtTal;EteFVI[xUcKuNPaB BUCRtIsmuRTbnSl;TukenAR)ak;cMNUlTabCanic©rhUtteTA 44. edaysarkarensaTPaKeRcIn
BwgEp¥kelIFnFan PaBmines μ IKñakñúgkarrkFnFan)aneFVI[karensaTkan;Ety:ab;yWneTA². GñkEdlminsUvsm,ÚrFnFan
rYmTaMgemRKYsarEdlCa®sIþ KWsuT§EtCaGñkcaj; edayminGaceCosvag)an.
CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RKYsarGñkensaTmanPaBRbesIrCagCIvPaBrbs;GñkEdlmandIxøH b¤GñkEdlRbkbrbrenAtammat;Twk
¬]TahrN_ Clvb,kmμ¦ enHmann½yfa sRmab;mnusSCaeRcIn karbegáItmuxrbr nigbegáItkargarepSg²BIKña KWCayuT§sa®sþmYy
sMxan;sRmab;eFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;CIvPaBrs;enA.
plb:HBal;BIkarbMpøajéRBeQI nigKeRmagGPivDÆn_
karkab;bMpøajéRBeQICaRTg;RTayFMenAtamtMbn;dITMnabEk,rmat;sÞwg Tenø eFVI[ERbRbYldl;lMhUrTwk nigbrimaNTwk
enAEpñkxageRkaménTenø. karERbRbYlenHb:HBal;eTAdl;brimaNRtI. karGPivDÆksikmμ nigKeRmagsagsg;ehdæarcnasm<½n§
enACit²bwgTenøsab k¾manplb:HBal;elIkarbnþBUCRtI nigbrimaNRtI edaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyalEdr edaysarmankarrMxan
dl;dMeNIrkarbnþBUC nigkarxUcxatdl;lMenAdæanrbs;RtI. ]TahrN_xøH mandUcxageRkamenH ³
k> karkab;eQIhubkñúgkRmitx<s; nigkarQUsqayéRBlicTwk nigéRBÉeTot² )anbNþal[Tenøsabkan;Etrak;eTA²
nigbNþal[b:HBal;dl;brimaNRtI.
x> KeRmagGPivDÆn_Edlpøal;bþÚrTis[TwkhUr b¤kñúgTRmg;NamYyb:HBal;dl;CRmkRtI naM[brimaNRtIfycuH45.
K> viFIdaMduHTMenIb EdlbeNþay[CIKImI nigfñaMsmøab;stVl¥ithUrcUleTAkñúgTwk k¾manplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIRtIEdr
X> edaysarmantRmUvkardIksikmμkan;EteRcIneLIgGñkERsxøH daMRsUvenAkñúgERslicTwk. eBlxøHeTot eKkab;bMpøaj
éRBlicTwk nigbUmTwkecjBIbwg edIm,IykdIeFVIERs EdlCaehtubNþal[b:HBal;dl;CIvitstVEdlrs;enAkñúgTwk.
EpnkarGPivDÆn_ksikm μ nigkarRKb;RKgTwk nigéRBeQI RtUvEtshRbtibtiþkarKña edIm,ICYyBRgwgKñaeTAvijeTAmk
ehIyeCosvagTegVINa EdlmanqnÞ³pÞúyBIKña.
karensaTxusc,ab;
GñkensaTtUctacCaeRcIn cab;RtIlYclak; b¤ensaTRtIxusc,ab; nigRbRBwtþGMeBIEdlminKab;RbesIrcMeBaHRbB½n§brisßanviTüa
dUcCa Kb;RKab;Ebk qk;RtI. m©as;LÚt_ensaTEtgEtBüayamBRgIkRBMsImarbs;xøÜncUleTAkñúgEdnensaTsaFarN³ nigT®nÞan
cUleTAkñúgtMbn;sRmab;GñkensaTtUctac. srubesckþImk RKb;²KñaEtgEtcg;)anRtIeRcInCagrkSaRbPBRtI[manCaRbcaM.
GegátenAtamkEnøgCaeRcIn)anrkeXIjfa brimaNRtIsRmab;GñkensaTtUc²RbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvit\LÚvenH )anfycuHCaxøaMg
ebIeRbobeFobeTA 2-3 qñaMmun46. KYrerobcMRkumGñkXøaMemIltamshKmn_ edIm,IRKb;RKgkarensaT[)anl¥.
LÚt_ensaT
esÞIrEtmYystvtSr_knøgmk sUm,IEtsBVéf¶enHk¾edayviFIRKb;RKgkarensaT[l¥ KWkarEckLÚt_ ensaT. rdæaPi)alpþl;LÚt_
ensaT[Rkumh‘unsRmab;ry³eBl 2 qñaM. RbvtþierOgénLÚt_ensaT KWdrabNaenAmanGñkensaTtUctacCaeRcIn EdlRbkbrbr
ciBa©wmCIvitedayensaTRtIenaH nwgEtgEtmanTMnas;rvagBYkeK nigm©as;LÚt_ensaT. tamBit erOgenHnwgekIteLIgeBlnrNa
mñak;GHGagfa xøÜnmansiT§ipþac;muxkñúgkarensaTRtITwksab ¬RbGb; 3>7¦. ehIysar³sMxan;mYyeTot KWkardMeLIgBn§ nig
rkTIpSarsRmab;lk;plensaT.
sarKnøwH ³ 1> R)ak;cMNUlrbs;BlrdæEdlBwgEp¥kelIRtIGacbegáIn)anedayeFVIkarEkécñedIm,ItémøbEnßm.
2> RtUvpþl;GMNacdl;shKmn_ edImI,RtYtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþNaEdlb:HBal;dl;RbB½n§CIvsa®sþ.
3> RtUvBRgwgmeFüa)ayedaHRsayvivaTenAfñak;mUldæan edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHrvagm©as;LÚt_ensaT nigGñkensaTRtIsamBaØ.
(44) IMM (2005); Kim (2005).(45) Mak (2005); IRN (2002).(46) ECFT (2005); Kim, Chan nig Acharya (2002); CDRI (nwgmanenAeBleRkay).
EpnkarGPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigkarRKb;RKgTwk nigéRBeQI RtUvEtshkarKñaedIm,ICYyBRgwgKñaeTAvijeTAmk ehIyeCosvagTegVINaEdlmanqnÞ³pÞúyBIKña
62 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbPB ³ dkRsg;ecjBI Kurien nig Mao qñaM 2006
rUbPaB 3>13 ³ LÚt_ensaT ³ LÚt_ensaTbc©úb,nñ nigLÚt_ensaTEdlRtUv)anlubecal kñúgqñaM 2001
RbGb; 3>7 ³ LÚt_ensaRtI - RbvtþisavtarxøH²
RbB½n§pþl;LÚt_ensaTcab;GnuvtþenAkm<úCakñúgqñaM 1863 eday)araMg b:uEnþRtUvp¥akeTAvijenAqñaM 1884 edaysarkartv:aRbqaMgnwgkaryksm,tiþrYmeTAeFVICarbs;ÉkCn. kñúgqñaM 1908 manviFankarN_GPirkSfμI² EdlmansmasPaKsMxan;² 5 KWkMNt;rdUvensaTRtI begáItCRmkRtI dak;kMhit]bkrN_ensaTtamRbePT nigGnuBaØat[RbCaBlrdæmUldæanmansiT§imYycMnYnkñúgkarensaTRtI ¬cMnYn 7° énLÚt_ensaTsm,TanTaMgGs;¦ ehIybegáItviTüasßanRsavRCavvis½yensaTRtI.
eRkayeBl)anÉkraCüehIy c,ab;RKb;RKgkarensaTRtIRtUv)andak;[eRbIR)as;enAqñaM 1956 EdlenAEtrkSaRbB½n§LÚt_ensaT. CemøaHedaysarRbB½n§LÚt_ensaTenH k¾ekItmansarCafIμenAqñaM 1960 ehIyrdæaPi)al)anseRmclubecalLÚt_ensaTxøHedIm,Ibn§ÚrbnßyPaBtantwg. enAqñaM 1973 ln; nl; lubecalLÚt_ensaTTaMgGs; ehIysm½yExμrRkhmqñaM 1975-1979 skmμPaBensaTPaKeRcInRtUv)ane)aHbg;ecal.
kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 GaCJaFr)anBüayamerobcMskmμPaBensaTRtIeLIgvijRsedogKñaeTAnwgskmμPaBerobcMdIFøI EdlehAfa RkumsamKÁIensaT. RkumGñkensaTRtIGacensaTRtI)an b:uEnþRtUvykRtIRss; b¤RtIegotbg;Bn§CUnrdæ. GñkensaTxøH)antaMgTIlMenAkñúgbwgTenøsabedayrs;enACaPUmiGENþtTwk. kñúgqñaM 1987 RbB½n§LÚt_ensaTRtIk¾cab;epþImeRbIR)as;sarCafμIeLIgvij kñúgeKalbMNgeFVI[kan;EtmanRbsiT§PaBeLIg nigbegáInR)ak;cMNUlCUnrdækan;EteRcIn. rdæaPi)al)andak;c,ab;rdæ)al nigRKb;RKg karensaTelx 33 [eRbIR)as;edayykKMrUtamc,ab;ensaTqñaM 1956 EdlEcktMbn;ensaTRtICa 3 RbePT KWkarensaTRTg;RTayFM ¬CakarensaTRTg;RTay]sSahkmμ¦ karensaTRTg;RTaymFüm ¬edayeRbI]bkrN_ensaT dUcCa fñg b¤GYn GBa©g EdlmanGaCJab½NÑ - karensaTCashRKas¦ nigkarensaTRTg;RTaytUc ¬edayeRbI]bkrN_Gskmμ dUcCa snÞÚcEpømYy sMNaj; nigmgtUc² CakarensaTtamRKYsar¦.
rhUtmkdl;qñaM 2001 TMhMTwkbwgTenøsabCit 1 lanhicta RtUv)anCYl[m©as;LÚt_ensaT kñúgkic©RBmeRBogry³eBl 2 qñaMCamFüm b:uEnþtYelxenHRtUv)anpøas;bþÚrkñúgqñaM 2001 edaysar 56° énLÚt_ensaT EdlCYlenHRtUv)anlubecj. GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgLÚt_ensaTshKmn_ Edlecj[eRbIkñúgqñaM 2005 edAeTArkkarBRgwgRbB½n§ensaTRtIshKmn_enAtamtMbn;EdllubecjBILÚt_ensaT.
63r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
(47) USAID (2005)
3>6 é®BeQI nigrbrrksIuéRBeQI
km<úCamanéRB 58° énTMhMdITaMgmUl ¬tambBa¢IxøHman 60°¦. b:uEnþrUbPaBpáayrNbfμI²enHbgðajfa PaKeRcInénéRB
TaMgenaH minEmnCaéRBFM²eT pÞúyeTAvijrUbPaBCag 3¼4 RtUv)ancat;TukCatMbn;ébtg EdlmankarrMxan b¤tMbn;cRmuH b¤tMbn;
ébtgEdldac;edaydMu². karkab;eQIRTg;RTayFM nigCYnkalxusc,ab;maneRcInNas;kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1990. edIm,IedaHRsay
bBaðaenH rdæ)anlubecalkic©RBmeRBogsm,TanmYycMnYn bnÞab;mk p¥akkarkab;eQITaMgRsugkñúgqñaM 2002 sRmab;ry³eBl
3-4 qñaM ¬RbGb; 3>8¦.
kñúgextþCaeRcIn CIvPaBrs;enAtamRbéBNIrbs;GñkCnbTBak;B½n§CitsñitCamYyéRBeQIsRmab;eFVIGusdut smÖar³sMNg;
eQIh‘ub kUneQI C½rTwk C½rduM fñaMRbéBNI søwk epþA stVtUctac stVl¥it ]rgÁstV nigpldéT²eTotBIéRBeQI. BlrdæenAtMbn;|san
enAEpñkxøHkñúgtMbn;xaglic nigtMbn;PñMBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM BwgEp¥kelIéRBeQIedIm,IRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit. elIsBIenHeTot
RKYsarCnbTTaMgenaH EdlminmanRbPBcMNUleRcInepSgKña RKYsarEdlman®sþICaemRKYsar b¤RKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarCa
mnusScas; nigekμg² EtgEtRtUveKeRbI[eTARbmUlplBIkñúgéRB edIm,Ikat;bnßytémøBlkmμ. dUcCakarensaTEdr karRbmUl
GnupléRBeQI KWCaskmμPaBEdlGackarBarTb;Tl;nwgkarxUcxatpldMNaM edaysarkarraMgs¶Út b¤k¾TwkCMnn;. enAtMbn;xøH
GñkedIréRBTaMgenH ykplitplBIé®BeQIeTAlk;dUrEdlTTYl)anCaR)ak;BI 1500 eTA 2000 erol kñúgmYyéf¶ ¬Tinñn½yedIm
TsvtSr_qñaM 2000¦. RbEhl 1¼3 énRKYsarrs;enAkñúgPUmitamdgéRB ¬BiessenAkñúgextþtMbn;|san nigBay½Bü¦ eBlxøH
sVHEsVgrkGaharkñúgéRB.
enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 CaeBlEdlcab;epþImmansm,TandIéRBshKmn_ PUmidæanenAtamkEnøgCaeRcIn )anTTYlpl
CaR)ak;kéRmBlkmμBI 3000-4000 erol kúñgmYyéf¶ edaybeRmIkary:agskmμenAkñúgkic©Rbtibtþikarkab;eQI eRkayeBl
EdlesckþIRtUvkareQIhu‘bekIneLIgxøaMg ehIyéRBeQIeBlenaH minTan;mankarRKb;RKgBitR)akdenAeLIgeT. taMgBIqñaM 1998
mk skm μPaBTaMgenaHPaKeRcInk¾fycuH fVIt,itEtxøHenAEtmanbnþedaylYclak;k¾eday. b:uEnþkarpþl;éRBsm,TanenH
eFVI[shKmn_xatbg;siT§ieRbIR)as;éRBeQI. bEnßmeTAelIkarxatbg;Epñkesdækic©rbs;RbCaBlrdæ karedIrehIrrbs;BlrdæenA
kñúgéRB k¾RtUvmankRmitEdr. CabeNþIr²tmk shKmn_raykarN_fa )at;bg;R)ak;cMNUl ehIynig)at;bg;plEdlFøab;rk)an
BIéRBeQI edaysarkardak;éRBeQICasm,tþiÉkCn nigkarxUcKuNPaBFmμCati. enAPUmiTaMgLayNaEdlminsm,ÚrFnFan
karxUcKuNPaBFmμCatid¾F¶n;F¶rEbbenH )anbNþal[xVHGusdutCaxøaMg EdlsBVéf¶enHBYkeKRtUvTijGusdut. tamsmþIGñkPUmi
kareFVIsm,TanéRBeQIminEmnCakarbegáItkargar[BYkeKeT pÞúyeTAvij KWCakarbMpøicbMpøajRbB½n§CIvsa®sþ nigrujRcanBYkeK
ecjBIéRBeQIeTAvijeT47.
GñkPUmienAkñúgéRBTaMgenaHGHGagfa eKCam©as;edImeQIykC½rCaeRcInCMnan;mkehIy EdleKEtgEtlugedImeQIenaHykC½r
minEmnkab;rMlMykeQIhu‘beT. karGHGagTaMgenH RtUv)anm©as;éRBsm,TanCMTas;. GñkPUmiCaeRcIn)anlk;edImeQIrbs;xøÚn[
eTAm©as;éRBsm,Tan ehIyenAEtmYycMnYntUceT EdlenAEtGHGagfa xøÜnCam©as;edImeQITaMgenaH. edImeQIxøH kñúgmYyqñaM²
Gacpþl;C½r)ankúñgtémø 20>000 erol. edImeQITaMgenHPaKeRcIn EdlsBVéf¶Carbs;m©as;éRBsm,Tan RtUv)aneKkab;rMlM
ykeQIhu‘b. enAqñaM 1994 manbegáItéRBshKmn_ EdlCaCeRmIsfμImYyedIm,IRKb;RKgéRBeQI. BIenaHtmk éRBshKmn_
mYycMnYn )anRtUvbegáItedayeCaKC½y ¬RbGb; 3>9¦. é®BshKmn_TaMgenH GacCamaK’amYysRmab;GanaKtd¾l¥dl;éRBeQI
enAkm<úCa.
srubesckþImk enAkñúgsm½yEdlminTan;sm,Úr]sSahkm μ nigEdlminsUvmankarTij lk; pléRBeQIéRBTaMgenaH
CaRbPBpþl;[RbCaBlrdæRkIRktamCnbTnUvplRbeyaCn_bnÞab;bnSMsRmab;rs;. b:uEnþ\LÚvenH edayRbCaBlrdæekIneLIg
ehIyedaysarmankarTijlk;pléRBeQIeRcIn nigedayKμankarRKb;RKgRtwmRtUv éRBQITaMgenaHCYbRbTHnwgkarKRmamkMEhg
kan;EtxøaMgeLIg².
64 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 3>8 ³ karRKb;RKgéRBeQI - karBinitüelIRbvtiþsa®sþ
karRbmUlpléRBeQICacm,g KWeQIh‘ubmaneFVItaMgBIsm½yGaNaniKmmkem:øH. manecjGaCJab½NÑsRmab;ry³eBlmankMNt;[
Rkumh‘unCMnYj edaymancMnYneQIh‘ubBitR)akdkñúgtémøEdlmankMNt;mYy. eKeFVIrebobenHrhUtdl;TsvtSr_qñaM 1970 enAeBlEdlExμr
RkhmbBaÄb;kic©snüakab;eQITaMgGs; b:uEnþBYkeKkab;bMpøajéRBlicTwkCaeRcIn edIm,IykdIdaMRsUv.
kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 naykdæanéRBeQI)ankab;eQIedayxøÜnÉg enAkñúgextþCaeRcIn CaBiess enAPaK
xagekIt. karkab;eQIk¾eFIVeLIgedayRkumsamKÁIEdr Edllk;pleQI[rdæaPi)alkñúgtémøTabCagtémøTIpSar.
kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenH RbB½n§RbmUlpleQItamkic©snüa k¾)anRtLb;mkvijbniþcmþg² b:uEnþRtUv)anbBa©b;enA
qñaM 1988.
karykpléRBeQI)ancab;epþImkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 nwgedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 edayRkumepSg²Kña
CaeRcInRkum enAeBlEdlKNbkSneya)aynana RkumTahan RkumGPi)alextþ nigRkumGñkrksIuéRBeQI
ÉkCn RbkYtRbECgdeNþImFnFanéRBeQIKña. dIéRBsm,TanEdlmanTMhMTaMgGs; 6/9 lanhicta ¬esμInwg
38° énTMhMdITaMgGs;¦ RtUv)anpþl;eTA[Rkumh‘un 29 kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1994-2000. b:uEnþeRkayBImankar
kab;eQIxusc,ab;CaRTg;RTayFM nigkarminRbtibtþitambTbBa¢a rdæaPi)al)anlubecalsiT§ism,Tanrbs;Rkumh‘uncMnYn 17 EdlRKb
dNþb;elITMhMdIRbEhl 3/5 lanhicta. enAqñaM 2005 manRkumh‘unkan;kab;dIsm,TancMnYn 12 RKbdNþb;elIdIcMnYn 3/4 lanhicta
enAtamtMbn;éRBsm,TancMnYnbYnkEnøg ¬EdlmanTMhMRbEhl 18° éndITaMgGs;¦48.
mkdl;eBlenH ¬k¦ éRBmYyEpñkFMRtUvxUcKuNPaB ¬x¦ mYycMENkFMénéRBTaMgGs;køayCakmμsiT§ÉkCn ehIy ¬K¦ siT§irbs;
ksikrRkIRkkñúgkarcUleTAykplFmμCatiBItMbn;TaMgenaH k¾RtUvkat;bnßy. enAqñaM 2002 karkab;eQIRtUvp¥akTaMgGs; b:uEnþkarlYc
kab;xusc,ab;enAEtmanbnþ. enAqñaM 2003 c,ab;éRBeQIfμImYyRtUv)anGnum½t ehIyeKalkarN_ENnaMnana k¾RtUv)andak;[eRbIR)as;enA
edImqñaM 2006 EdlebIkpøÚv[skmμPaBkarBaréRBeQIshKmn_)anrIkceRmIn.
RbPB ³ UNHCHR (2004); EFCT (2005); McKenny nig Prom (2002); SCW/Danida (2006); Le Billion (2006)
(48) tYelxenH Rsg;ecjBIr)aykarN_rbs; GTZ (2006). éRBdak;CaéRBsm,Tanmankartv:aCaxøaMg. r)aykaN_eBjeljmYysþIGMBIRbvtiþéRBsm,TanmanenAkñúgkarsikSarbs; McKenny nig Prom (2002).
65r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 3>9 ³ éRBshKmn_
skmμPaBéRBshKmn_)ancab;epþImkñúgqñaM 1994 enAextþtaEkv. BIenaHtmk manbegáItRkuméRBshKmn_
CagmYyryRkumEfmeTot edaymankarCYyKaMRTBIGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigRbeTspþl;GMeNayCaeRcIn
rYmTaMg GgÁkarksikmμnigGaharénGgÁkarshRbCaCatipg. éRBshKmn_TaMgenH manTMhMsrub 200/000
hicta enAqñaM 2002.
éRBshKmn_bgálkçN³[BlrdækarBaréRBeQI pþl;siTi§GMNac[shKmn_RKb;RKg nigeRbIR)as;
FnFanéRBeQIedaycIrPaB. viFIenH KWedIm,I[BlrdæmUldæanmansiT§iykpl nigeRbIR)as;éRBeQITaMgenaH
edIm,I[BYkeKmankmøaMgcitþkarBaréRBeQI. R)ak;cMNUlBIkareRbIR)as;éRBeQI RtUvrkSaTukenAtamshKmn_
mUldæan. eFVIy:agenH éRBeQIGacduHdaleLIgvij ¬EdlCaTisedAcm,génkarbegáItéRBshKmn_¦ ehIyTnÞwmnwgenHEdr shKmn_
k¾manR)ak;cMNUl. edaysarEtdMeNIrkic©karTaMgenH sßitenAeRkamkarENnaMrbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alepSg²Kña TRmg;RKb;RKg
éRBshKmn_TaMgenH k¾xusKñaBIéRBshKmn_mYyeTAshKmn_mYyEdr.
enAedImqñaM 2006 mankardak;ecjeKalkarN_ENnaMsRmab;éRBshKmn_ eRkayBIc,ab;éRBeQI RtUv)anGnum½tkñúgqñaM 2002.
pléRBeQIeRkABIeQIhub ¬NTFP) pþl;RbeyaCn_x<s;CagpleQIhu‘bq¶ayNas; EdlCarYmman valesμAsRmab;stVBahn³ plbEnøBI
éRBeQIsRmab;Gahar EpøeQI nigemImeQI rukçCatiCafñaMBüa)al epþAsRmab;eFVIkERB©ag nigGusdut. RkuméRBshKmn_ manGaNtþiRKb;RKg
15 qñaM.
éRBshKmn_PaKeRcInsßitenAelItMbn;éRBxUcKuNPaB. dUecñHebIcg;[skm μPaBshKmn_éRBeQImancIrPaBl¥ enaHcaM)ac;RtUv
cayvayelIGgÁkarcat;taMgénshKmn_éRBeQI. kñúgsßanPaBbc©úb,nñenH edaysarsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIminmankarFanaRtwmRtUv ehIy
edaysaréRBEdl[shKmn_RKb;RKgPaKeRcInCaéRBxUcKuNPaB karbegáItRbB½n§RKb;RKgéRBeQIedaycIrPaBenAtamshKmn_ minGac
seRmceCaKC½yeT. bBaðaÉeTot² rYmman PaBmineTotTat;énsiTi§lk;pléRBeQI témødwkCBa¢ÚnpléRBeQIéføeBk éføplitman
kRmitx<s; ehIykgVHynþkarRtYtBinitüc,as;las;. cMNucxVHxatGs;TaMgenH RtUvEtedaHRsayenAfñak;mUldæan nigfñak;Cati edIm,IelIk
kmøaMgcitþRbCaBlrdæmUldæan.
enAtMbn;déTeTotEdlminmanéRBsm,TanenACitéRBshKmn_ )anTak;TajkarykcitþTukdak;BIRkumGñkkan;sasna. RBHsgÇ
)annaMmuxkñúgkarEfrkSatMbn;éRBPñMenACMuvijTenøsab ¬]TahrN_ enAXuM PU RsukkMBg;Elg CaedIm¦. RBHsgÇ)andaMkUneQIkñúgTMhMdIy:ag
FMTUlay ehIy)anerobcM[mankaryamkamBIsMNak;GñkPUmienATIenaH. manKtibNÐitburaNmYyEcgfa {RbsinebIdUntaeyIgmin)an
karBaréRBeQIeTenaH sBVéf¶enH BYkeyIgR)akdCaminmané®BeQIeLIy :. KtibNÐitenH )aneFVI[RbCaBlrdækñúgshKmn_ykcitþTukdak;
karBaréRBeQIGs;TaMgenaH.
RbPB ³ Heov, Khlok, Hansen nig Sloth (2006); Ty, Sokh nig Lao (2006); Sokh nig Ty (2005); karsegátdl;mUldæan ³ RsukkMBg;Elg extþkMBg;qñaMg.
sarKnøwH ³
siT§itamRbéBNIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic EdlBwgEp¥kelIéRBeQIRtUvEtelIksÞÜyeLIgvij edIm,IbeBa©óskMu[vibtþiCIvPaB
rs;enAkan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIg. eTAGnaKtd¾yUrlg; caM)ac;RtUvEtCRmuj[mankarEbeTArkCIvPaBrs;enAEdlRbkbedayplkéRm
x<s; nigmancIrPaB.
66 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
3>7 esckIþsrub
dIdaMdMNaMmanEtmYyEpñktUceT ¬KW 22° éndITaMgGs; ¦. dIdéTeTotCadIéRB Tenø sÞwg bwgbYr nigdI sRmab;PUmidæanCnbT
nigTIRbCuMCn.
dIksikmμCaeRcIn CaBiess enAtamdgTenø nigbwg KWCadImanCICati b:uEnþdIenAkEnøgxøHeTotEdlminenACitTenø b¤Citbwg
minsUvmanCICatil¥eT. dIksikmμTaMgenaH CaTUeTA manTMhMtUc². enH KWedaysarFøab;manenAkñúgRbB½n§ksikmμtaMgBIedIm
mk ehIysBVéf¶enH dITaMgenH RtUvlk; b¤RtUvEckCadMutUc²[eTAkUnecA. fVIt,itEtdIksikmμtUc² RtUv)aneKcUlcitþedaysar
manplitPaBx<s; nigmanKuNPaBk¾eday GñkEdlCam©as;dIksikmμtUc²eBk minGacplit)anRKb;RKan;sRmab;CIvPaB
rs;enAeLIy.
karelceLIgénesdækic©TIpSar EdlPaKeRcInminmankarRKb;RKgkarekIneLIgy:agrh½sénRbCaBlrdæ karminman
GPi)alkic©dIFøIRKb;RKan; nigGvtþmansßab½nBaNiC¢kmμ ksikrCaeRcIn Cajwkjab; KWGñkEdlgayrgeRKaH RtUvCab;bMNul
køayCaGñkKμandI b¤RbQmmuxnwgvibtþiCIvPaB. GñkPUmiCaeRcInCYb nigbBaðaFMBak;B½n§nwgsuxPaB. karminmanesvarkSa
suxPaBEdlmantémøefak )anbgçMcitþGñkRsukGñkPUmi[lk;dIFøIrbs;xøÜn edIm,Ibg;éførkSasuxPaBEdlmantémøx<s;.
edaysarktþaGs;TaMgenHehIy )anCaCIvPaBrs;enArbs;ksikrtUctacmanPaBmineTogTat; EdlCaktþanaM[BYkeKgay
Føak;cUleTAkñúgGnÞak;énPaBRkIRk.
dITMhMFM²CaeRcInGacCab;enAkñúgdIsm,Tanesdækic©EdlGt;eRbIR)as;. enHCakarxatbg;y:agFMelIsuxumalPaBRbCaBlrdæ
nigesdækic©eRcInRbePT.
enAkñúgc,ab;dIFøIqñaM 2001 nigc,ab;dIFøIqñaM 2002 manbBaØtþiCaeRcInTTYlsÁal;siTi§CnCatiedImPaKtic kñúgkarTTYl)an
bøg;dIshKmn_ nigkareRbIR)as;éRBeQI. eTaHCay:agenHkþI karecjbøg;dI[shKmn_enAminTan;cab;epþImenAeLIyeT.
TnÞwmnwgenH tMbn;éRBeQICaeRcInrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic RtUv)anykeTAeFVICaéRBsm,Tan. GMeBITaMgBIrenHrMelaPsiT§i
BYkeK nigeFVI[BYkeKTaMgenaHkan;EtRkEfmeTot.
edaysarkarensaTRtITwksab CYbRbTHnwgtMbn;ensaT EdlmanCemøaHrvagGñkensaTtUctac nigm©as;LÚt_ensaT
KYrEtxMBuHBar[)anmuWgm:at; edIm,IbegáItrcnasm<½n§smRsbsRmab;RKb;RKgrYmKñaelIkarensaTTaMgenaH. karbegáItmuxrbr
eRcInRbePTepSg²BIKña nigGPi)alkic© k¾GacCYyeFVI[ceRmIndl;CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæ.
kareFVI[Blrdækat;bnßykarBwgEp¥kelIéRBeQI KWCaebskmμmYyd¾FM. edImI,eFVIy:agenH)an RtUvbegáInmuxrbrEkécñplitpl
[mantémøx<s; nigmanviFITak;Tajkmμkr.
®sþIEdlmankarrYmcMENkeRcIneTAkñúgkarplitepSg² k¾enAminTan;)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgRkumGñkeFVIesckþIseRmcenAeLIy
Edr.
ksikrCaeRcInCajwkjyKWGñkEdl
gayrgeRKaH-RtUvCab;bMNul
køayCaGñkKμandI b¤RbQmmuxnwg
vibtþiCIvPaB
67r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 3>14 ³ esckIþsegçbGMBIdIFøI FnFanFmμCati nigCIvPaBrs;enAtamCnbT
RbPB ³ GtßbTCMBUkenH
68 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
CMBUk 4CMBUk
dIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMNUldl;RbCaBlrdæenAmUldæan ksikmμkm<úCa RBmTaMgskmμPaBeRkAksidæan nigminEmnksikmμ RtUvEt
BRgIkplitPaBrbs;xøÜn. enAkm<úCa RbB½n§ksikm μ nigRbB½n§plitkm μPaKeRcIn enAminTan;eCOnelOnenAeLIyeT.
CMBUk 3 mancMNab;GarmμN_fa enAkñúgsßankarN_CaeRcIn ksikrminGacrkSaTukdIrbs;xøÜnteTAeTot)aneT edaysardItUc²
TaMgenaH mankRmitplitkmμTabeBk ehIy\NTanmankarR)ak;éføeBk. dUecñHcaM)ac;RtUveFVIGnþraKmn_ edIm,IelIksÞÜykarGnuvtþ
bec©kviTüaksikmμTMenIb nigEkTRmg;TIpSar.
rUbPaB 4>1 ³ GRtakMeNIntamEpñk-skmμPaBksikmμ nigskmμPaBdéTeTotEdlBak;B½n§ ¬kñúgtémø 2000`¦ qñaM 1993 dl;qñaM 2005
RbPB ³ http://www.nis.gov.kh
GRtakMeNInenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ ¬pldMNaM éRBeQI ensaT nigciBa©wmstV¦ KW 3/76 PaKry cab;BIqñaM 1993 dl; 2005
¬rUbPaB 4>1¦. kñúgry³eBldEdlenH cMNUlCati)anekInkñúgGRta 7-8 PaKry. vis½ydaMduH)anekIneRcIn eBalKW 5/95 PaKry
CakMeNInmFümRbcaMqñaM edaymankMeNInx<s; kñúgqñaM 2005 eBlEdlplitplRsUveLIgdl; 44 PaKry rIÉEpñkdéTeTot
k¾mankarrIkceRmInEdr EtminsUveRcIndUckMeNInRsUvenAkñúgqñaMenaHeT ¬karciBa©wmstV 1/96 PaKry ensaT 2/99 PaKry
éRBeQIfycuH -0/09 PaKry énkMeNInmFümPaKRbcaMqñaM¦. edaysarEtkmøaMgBlkmμCag 70 PaKry enAEtbnþskmμPaB
kñúgplitkmμEdlmankMeNInyWt CaBiess enATICnbT. enATICnbTRbeyaCn_BIGRtakMeNInx<s;énesdækic©CatimankRmitTab
CagenATIRbCuMCn 49.
karbegáInR)ak;cMNUlBIvis½yksikmμ KWCaGaTiPaBmYyényuTæsa®sþctuekaN nigEpnkaryuT§sa®sþ GPivDÆn_Cati ¬NSDP¦.
edIm,IseRmc)antamTisedAenH eKalneya)aysaFarN³RtUvedaHRsaybBaðacm,g 2 KWkRmiténesckþIRtUvkar nigkRmit
lTæPaBEdlGacplitCUnTIpSar dUcEdl)anBN’naenAkñúgCMBUkenH. EbbbTdMeNaHRsaykñúgkarbegáInplitplksikm μ
)anBiPakSaenAkñúgEpñknanadUcteTAenH ¬1¦ elIkkm<s;kareRbIR)as;dI niglT§PaBplitrbs;dI edayeRbIsmÖar³brikçarksikmμ
TMenIb ¬2¦ eRbIR)as;Twk EdlmanRsab;[kan;EteRcInsRmab;RbB½n§eRsacRsB ¬3¦ begáIt\NTanEdlmankarR)ak;Tab
sRmab;RbCaBlrdæCnbT ¬4¦ FanalMnwgtémølk;plitplksikmμ.
enAkñúgskm μPaBeRkAksidæan nigminEmnksikm μman ¬5¦ ensaTRtI nigciBa©wmstV ¬6¦ sib,km μEkécñ nigsib,km μ
tamTICnbT GacCavisalPaBbegáInR)ak;cMNUlenACnbT.
TMenIbkm
μbec©kviTüa kMENTRmg;TIpSar nigBiBiFkm
μkñúgvis½yCnbT
4CMB Uk
70 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
e
71r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
4>1 karelIkkm<s;kareRbIR)as;dIFøI[kan;EtRbesIreLIg edayeRbIsmÖar³brikçarksikmμTMenIb
ksikmμkm<úCakMBugEtERbkøayCaksikmμTMenIbbeNþIr² tamry³kareRbICIKImI nigRKab;BUC Edlpþl;Tinñplx<s; CaBiess
enAvalTMnabTenøemKgÁ nigenAEpñkxøHénPUmiPaKBay½Bü. enAextþ)at;dMbgmanepþImeRbIR)as;eRKOgcRksRmab;eFVIksikmμehIy.
CalT§pl kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_cugeRkay plitplEdlekInxøaMgsRmab;TIpSar KWplitplRsUvEdldaMenAtMbn;valTMnabsMxan;².
(49) f μ I²enH kRmgTinñn½y)anERbRbYleRcInCagmYyelIk edaysarmanTinñn½yfI μBIkEnøgepSg²EfmeTot. dUecñHminKYrBwgEp¥keTAelIEttYelxén GRtakMeNIneRcIneBkeT.(50) FnaKarBiPBelak ¬2006¦ TMB½r 60.
GaRtaénkareRbICITMenIb nigRbePTRKab;BUCEdlpþl;Tinñplx<s;enAkm<úCa enATabCageKbMputkñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_
4CMB Uk
rUbPaB 4>2 ³ GRtaTinñplRsUv ¬CaetankñúgmYyhicta qñaM 2004¦ Tinñn½yBIplitkr nigGñklk;RsUvecjmYycMnYnEdleyIg)aneRCIserIs
RbPB ³ FAOSTAT (http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx )
b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHkþI kñúgkareRbIsmÖar³brikçarksikmμTMenIbenH enAmankic©kareRcIneTotEdlRtUveFVI. enAkm<úCaGaRta
eRbICITMenIb nigRbePTRKab;BUC Edlpþl;Tinñplx<s;enATabCageKbMputkñúgtMbn;GasuIGaeKñy_. RbeTsLav nigRbeTséf eRbICIkñúg
mYyhictaelIsRbeTsExμrbIdg rIÉRbeTsevotNam eRbICIelIsRbeTsExμr 6 dg. enAqñaM 2005 TinñplRsUvmancMnYn
2/35 etan kñúgmYyhicta b:uEnþmFümPaKénTinñpl 3 qñaM sRmab;qñaM 2003 eTA 2005 enATabCag KWcMnYn 2/18etan
kñúgmYyhicta. GaRtaTinñplRsUvenARbeTsÉeTot² EdlplitRsUv niglk;RsUvecj mankRmitx<s;Cagq¶ayNas;
¬rUbPaB4>2¦. kñúgBIrTsvtSr_knøgmk plitplmYyEpñkFMEdlTTYl)an KW)anmkBIkarBRgIkdIeFVIksikmμ minEmnedaysar
karbegáInTinñpleT. cab;BITsvtSr_qñaM 1980 mk dIeFVIksikmμRtUv)an):an;RbmaNfa ekIneLIgcMnYn 1 PaKrykñúgmYyqñaM²50.
72 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
cMNuc 4Rbkar EdlKYrykcitþTukdak; ³
kat;bnßyéføedImplit
smÖar³brikçaksikmμTMenIbmantémøéføeBk. kñúgb:unμanqñaMknøgmkenH CI nigeRbg\nÞn³ )aneLIgéføCabnþbnÞab;elIsBI
eBlNa²TaMgGs; b:uEnþtémøplitplksikmμmin)aneLIgeRcIndUcKñaeT ¬rUbPaB 4>3¦. RbsinebIminmankarbegáInplitplelI
vis½yÉeTot²CaCMnYseT Gnu)aténtémøTijsmÖar³brikça ksikmμ nigtémølk;ecj EdlxusKñay:agxøaMgenH nwgbNþal[ksikr
)at;bg;plcMeNjy:ageRcIn. kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 nig 1990 rdæaPi)al)anCYypþl;CICUnksikr. CMnYy]btßmÖenH)anRtUv
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manRbsiT§PaBx<s; nigCYybegáInsuxumalPaBsgÁm. b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij karFøak;cuHPøam²éntémølk;plitplksikmμmanpl
b:HBal;GviC¢mandl;R)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikr. dUecñHlT§PaBdM;eNaHRsaybBaðatémøx<s;énsmÖar³brikçarksikmμmandUcteTAenH³
k> RtUvTijCICatémøduMBIRbPBNaEdllk;efakCageK
x> RtUveRbICIlamkstV EdlmanRsab;enAkñúgksidæanCMnYsCIKImI
K> RtUvlb;bM)at; b¤kat;bnßy[TabbMputnUvkarbg;luyeRkApøÚvkarelIkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijksipl
X> RtUvpþl;esvaRTRTg;ksikmμkRmitx<s; edIm,IeRbIR)as;smÖar³brikçaksikmμ[)aneRcInbMput.
rUbPaB 4>3 ³ clnatémøplitplksikmμepSg² nigtémøeRbgmas‘Ut nigCIG‘uyer:
RbPB ³ RksYgksikmμ ¬Tinñn½yedIm¦ EIC (2006)
GRtaTinñplRsUvkñúgERsEdleRbIRbB½n§RbBlvb,kmμenH-
)anekIneLIgBI3/5 eTA 4 etan
kñúgmYyhicta elIsBITinñpl
CamFüm EdlmancMnYn 2/2 etan
kñúgmYyhicta edayminmancMNay
luybEnßmGVITal;EtesaH
edaHRsaybBðaadIxVHCICati
éRBeQIRtUv)ankab;rMlMedIm,IykdIdaMdMNaM. éRBeQIlUtlas;)anl¥ edaysarmanrukçCatiepSg² nigBBYkstVl¥iteRcIn
RbePTrs;enACaTIBwgBMnak;KñaeTAvijeTAmk RBmTaMgmansmtßPaBrkSaCatiTwkenAkñúgRbB½n§CIvsa®sþ. b:uEnþdIEdlenABIeRkam
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CamYynwgkarkab;rMlMéRBeQI. dIEdlkab;rMelIgéRBeQIfμI²enH Cajwkjab; minmanCICatiRKb;RKan;sRmab;daMdMNaMEtmYymux
)aneT. mUlehtucm,gEdlbNþal[ksikrFøak;xøÜnRk nigCab;bMNuleK KWedaysarksikmμenAtMbn;TaMgenaHpþl;nUvTinñplTab
ehIykarxUtxatplksikmμmaneRcIn. PaKeRcInéndIksikmμTaMgGs;enH TamTar[mankarsþarKuNPaB rIÉdIenAkEnøgÉeTot
y:agehacNas; k¾sRmab;ry³eBlxøI KWCadIEdlRtUvdaMdMNaMykEpø ¬dUcCa dUgeRbg lðúg eck CaedIm ¦minRtUvdMadMNaM
RbcaMrdUveT.
73r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbPB ³ http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/countries/cambodia/index.html
RbGb; 4>1 ³ RbB½n§RbBlvb,kmμRsUvenAkm<úCa ¬SRI¦
raCrdæaPi)al)andak;bBa©ÚlkarelIkkm<s;RbB½n§RbBlvb,km μRsUv eTAkñúgEpnkaryuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_Cati
sRmab;qñaM 2006-2010 edayeyageTAelIplRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn EdlRbB½n§enH)anbgðaj[eXIjenAkñúg
vis½yksikmμeBalKWkarelIkkm<s;TinñplRsUvkarbegáInmuxpldMNaM ¬EdlGaceFVI)anedaydImanplitPaBx<s;¦
kareRbICIkMb:useFVI[dImanCICatil¥ ¬RbB½n§RbBlvb,kmμRsUveRbICIlamkstV¦ nigkarciBa©wmRtI ¬RbB½n§enHebIk
lT§PaB[mandIenATMenrsRmab;CIkRsHciBa©wmRtI¦. rdæm®nþIRksYgksikmμ nigrdæm®nþIRksYgbrisßan)anykcitþ
Tukdak;pÞal;kñúgkarCRmujRbB½n§RbBlvb,kmμenH. ksikrmñak;)anTTYlrgVan;C½ylaPI edaysarKat;seRmc)an
Tinñplx<s;bMputBIkareRbIR)as;RbB½n§RbBlvb,kmμkñúgkRmitTinñplmFüm 14>6 etan kñúgmYyhicta eday)anplRsUvkñúgmYyEm:Rtkaer
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sRmab;[manR)ak;cMNUleRcIn nigmanKuNPaBGaharUbtßmÖl¥Cagmun.
RbB½n§enHeRbICIKImItic ehIyRtUvkarCIFmμCatieRcInCag. eFIVy:agenHGacCYykat;bnßykarcMNaysRmab;dMaduH edaysarCIkMb:usGac
eFVI)anenAtampÞHksikrnana EdlmanciBa©wmeKaRkbIsRmab;eRbIkñúgRbB½n§ksikmμrbs;BYkeK.
eroneRbIbec©kviC¢aécñRbDitEbbfμI
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daMdMNaMeRcInmux
dIdaMdMNaMCag 90 PaKry KWCadIdMNaMRsUv fVIt,itEtRbeTskm<úCamanFatuGakassmRsbsRmab;dMNaMepSg²eTotCaeRcInmuxk¾eday dUcCa eBat sENþkesog dMLÚgmI nigBBYksENþkepSg² rYmTMagbEnøbgáar nigedImeQIykEpøCaedImpg. enAeBlmYyknøgmk RbeTskm<úCak¾)andaMdMNaMkb,asEdr ¬enAextþkMBg;cam nigRkugRBHsIhnu¦.
]TahrN_énkarbg;xatedaysardaMdMNaMEtmYymux ³ EpñkeragcRkkat;edrmin)aneRbIR)as;pldMNaMkb,asRsukEx μreT edaysarRsukExμrQb;daMkb,asRbEhlCag 5 TsvtSr_knøgmkehIy rIÉEpñkeTscrN_vij k¾BuM)aneRbIplitplcMNIGaharEdldaMduHenARsukExμrEdr ¬EpøeQI bEnøbgáar nigRtI sac;¦ pÞúyeTAvij GaharEdlplitenARbeTsdéTeTot EdlGacplit)anenARsukExμrEdr RtUv)anykmkeRbIkñúgvis½yeTscrN_52.
karEdlminmandMNaMeRcInmuxepSg²Kña RbEhlCaedaysarxøacxatbg;enAeBlbþÚreTAdaMdMNaMepSgvij. kñúgcMeNambBaðaEdlksikrmñak;²xøacminha‘ndaMdMNaMepSg²eTotenaH KWedaysarenAtamksidæanPaKeRcIn pldMNaMepSgeTotminmaneRcInRKb;cMnYn edIm,ITak;TajQμÜjdéTeTot[cUlmkTij eRkAEtBIQμÜjEdlTijEtRsUv. eRkABIRsUv karminmanpldMNaMepSg²eTotRKb;RKan; KWCa]bsKÁraraMgmin[vis½yksi]sSahkmμlUtlas;)an edIm,IplitmðÚbGaharecjBIksiplExμr. GVIEdlRtUvkarCacaM)ac;enaH KWksikrRtUvrYmkmøaMgKña[)aneRcIn ehIynaMKñadaMdMNaMepSg²CaeRcInmuxTaMgGs;Kña. eFVIy:agenHeTAekIt Tal;EtpSBVpSaydl;RsTab;mhaCn GMBIviFIdaMdMNaMEbbCaRbB½n§ksikmμTMenIb nigviFIRTRTg;bec©keTsksikmμ ¬RbGb;elx 4>2 4>3 4>4¦.
(51) RbB½n§RbBlvb,kmμRsUv SRI l,Il,ajehIy b:uEnþk¾enAmanRbB½n§epSg²eTotEdr. sUmemIl ¬2001¦.
74 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
viFIdaMdMNaMtamRbB½n§ksikmμcRmuH
enHCaviFImYyEdlmandMadMNaMhUbEpøcRmuHCamYydMNaMRbcaMrdUvpg CamYyKñanwgciBa©wmstVBahn³ nigciBa©wmRtIkñúgRsH
enAkñúgksidæan b¤kñúúgdIERslicTwkpg EdlRtUvmanEpnkarc,as;las;CamunenAkñúg RKYsarksikr. viFIenHRsbeTAnwglkçxNÐ
ksidæanenARbeTskm<úCa eTaHbICasRmab;ksikrtUctac²k¾eday eRBaHvaCYy[manR)ak;cMNUlbEnßm CYykarBarRbB½n§CIvsa®sþ
nigCYykarBarksikrTb;Tl;nwgeRKaHkacFmμCati b¤karFøak;témø.
viFIdaMduHtamRbB½n§ksikm μTMenIbenAkñúgksidæantUc² k¾)anpll¥Edr. ]TahrN_ ³ edaymankarCYyeRCamERCgBI
GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYy ksikrenAtMbn;éRBkñúgextþeBaF×sat;)andaMduHtamRbB½n§RbBlvb,kmμelIkardaMkUneQI nigdaMbEnø
rYmTaMgbgáat;BUCRCUk nigman;. ksikrmñak;²mandIminelIsBI 1 hicta eT.
RbPB ³ Rsg;ecjBIGaqaya KIm nigemoc ¬qñaM 2003¦
RbGb; 4>2 ³ eCaKC½yBIkardaMdMNaMeRcInmuxenAkñúgksidæankm<úCamYy
GñkRbkbrbrkñúgvis½yksikm μCaeRcIn kMBugemIleXIjskþanuBll¥kñúgkardaMdMNaMepSg²sRmab;CaGahar CaCagdaMEtRsUvmYymux. enAqñaM 2000 ksikrmñak; enAcm¶ayBIr-bIKILÚEm:Rt BITIRkugPñMeBj )andaMdMNaMepSg²kñúgcMkarEt 0/5 hicta. kñúgGMLúgeBlEtmYyqñaM Kat;Gaclk;dMNaMKat;)an 4/7 lanerol ehIycMnYnenH)anekIneLIgbIdgkñúry³eBlbIqñaM edayKat;rk)andIdaMdMNaMbEnßmeTot.
ehtuEdlKat;)aneCaKC½y KWedaysarKat;emIleXIjfa TIpSarrRtUvkarpldMNaMeRkABIRsUvenAkñúgdMNak;kalEdlmanmnusSkan;EteRcIncUleTAenATIRkug ehIyesckIþRtUvkarplbEnøbgáa nigplmðÚbGahar k¾kan;EtekIneLIgEdr. ksikreRcIneTotk¾dUcKat;Edr KWeKeRbIbNþajkñúgsgÁm edIm,InaMpldMNaMeTATIpSarenARkugFM² EdlkøayCakarcaM)ac;enAeBlminTan;mansßab½nEdlCaynþkarRTRTg;vis½yenH.
ksikrrUbenH )anerondaMbEnøBIGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYy. Kat;yl;fa edIm,IpSBVpSaybec©kviC¢aksikmμ ¬Biess CI RKab;BUC nigfñaMkMcat;stVl¥it¦ [)anTUlMTUlay RtUvepþImBIRbPBsßab½nenAkñúgRbeTs. bnÞab;mk karpSBVpSayenH KYrEtbnþCalMdab;. ksikrrUbenHdwgEdr GMBIbec©kviTüaTMenIb edIm,IbegáInTinñpl b:uEnþKat;yl;fa Kat;enAxVHbec©keTs nigxVHfvika edIm,IGaceRbIbec©kviTüaenHTaMgmUl)an dUecñHKat;GnuvtþEtcMNucxøHb:ueNÑaH.
kñúgkarGnuvtþenH Kat;manedImTunsRmab;smÖar³caM)ac; edaymin)ac;x©IR)ak;BIsßab½n. cMeBaHedImTunsRmab;dMeNIrkarvij CYnkalKat;x©IBImitþP½kiþxøH CarebobBwgBak;KñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgGRtakarR)ak;Tab. Kat;minsUveTABwgBak;sßab½n\NTanxñattUceT edayehtufaKat;minFøab;sÁal;.
ksikrenHlk;pldMNaMKat;eTA[QμÜjkNþal b¤lk;pÞal;eTApSarEtmþg. enArdUvR)aMg témølk;dUrEtgEteLIgcuHmineTogTat;. edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbBðaaenH Kat;eFVIRCk;és< b¤RbLak;GMbil ¬eFVItaMgqay éqb:Uv¦ Tuklk;éf¶eRkay. karrkSaTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyQ μ ÜjkNþal nigCamYyGñkrt;m:UtUDub KWCakarsMxan;kñúgmuxrbrlk;dUrpldMNaMKat;. Kat;)anraykarN_fa karnaMpldMNaMeTAlk;enApSar RtUvbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkarKYr[FujRTan;bMput.
karbnþKMnitécñRbDitdaMdMNaMeRcInmux KWCaKnøwHéneCaKC½y. fμI²enH Kat;)ancab;epþImdaMpSitEfmeTot.
(52) sUmemIl EIC (2006), TMB½r 21.
sarKnøwH ³
1> edIm,I[ksikrseRmceCaKC½ykñúgkargarrbs;xøÜn témølk;pldMNaM RtUvrkSa[)anx<s;muntémøTijsmÖar³brikçarykmkeFVIksikmμ. éføl¥RbesIrebIkarTijsmÖar³CadMu kareRbIlamkstVCMnYsCIKImI karGnuvtþRbB½n§ksikmμTMenIb kardaMdMNaMeRcInmuxepSg²BIKña karGnuvtþrebobpøas;bþÚrmuxdMNaM KWCaCeRmIsd¾mansar³sMxan;. edIm,IseRmc[)annUvplRbeyaCn_Gs;TaMgenH caM)ac;RtUvBRgwgRbB½n§RTRTg;bec©keTsksikm μ. karCRmuj[begáItsmaKm b¤shkrN_tUc²rbs;ksikr rYmCamYynwgkarbegáItmCÄmNÐlTijpldMNaMepSg²eRkABIRsUv GacCakarelIkTwkcitþ[ksikrdaMdMNaMeRcInmuxepSg²Kña.
2> karseRmcNaEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkardaMdMNaMeRcInmux b¤RbB½n§RKb;RKgksikmμ RtUvKitdl;semøg nigesckþIRtUvkarrbs;®sþI EdlCaGñkrYmcMENky:ageRcInenAkñúgkargarksikmμ plitkmμ nigkarlk;dUrpldMNaMksikmμ.
3> RbeTsPaKeRcInenAkñúgBiPBelak TaMgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ nigRbeTsGPivDÆn_ pþl;CMnYyKaMRTvis½yksikmμrbs;eK RbeTsxøHCYypþl;TunRtg;²Etmþg rIÉRbeTsdéTeTotpþl;R)ak;bEnßmelIsmÖar³brikçarksikmμ ehIypþl;esvabec©keTsksikmμTMenIb²ÉeTot². KYrRsavRCavemIlfa etIkar]btßmÖsmÖar³ksikmμEbbNaxøH Edl)anpll¥enAkñúgbribTénRbeTskm<úCa.
75r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 4>3 ³ viFIdaMduHtamRbB½n§ksikmμTMenIb nigynþkarCYyRTRTg;ksikmμ - BiesaFn_BIRbeTséf ekaHétva:n; extþmYyénRbeTscindIeKak nigevotNam
cMeNHdwgmYycMnYnFMkñúgkardaMRsUvmanenAkñúgviTüasßanGPivDÆn_ nigRsavRCavksikmμkm<úCa ¬CARDI¦ b:uEnþcMeNHGs;enH min)an
EckpSaydl;ksikreT. elIsBIenHeTot CARDI )aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavEtbnþicbnþÜcelIRbB½n§daMdMNaMeRkABIRsUvenAtMbn;dIx<s;.
sßanb½nnana dUcCa RkumRbB½n§ksikm μkñúgsklviTüal½yeQogém: ¬RbeTséf¦ GacCYyEckcaycMeNHdwgy:agqab;rh½s
GMBIkardMadMNaMenAelIdIx<s;. ekaHétv:an; EdlCaextþmYyénRbeTscin mancMeNHdwgEpñkbec©keTsdaMbEnøbgáarenAkñúgviTüasßannana
rbs;xøÜn. evotNam manRbB½n§daMdMNaMcRmuHeRcInEbbenAtMbn;dIx<s; rYmTaMgciBa©wmstVBahn³ nigRsHciBa©wmRtIpg. karykbTBiesaFn_
rbs;GñkTaMgenHmkGnuvtþ GacCameFüa)aysRmab;edaHRsaykgVHxatenAkñúgRbB½n§ksikmμelIdIx<s;enAkm<úCa. karepÞrcMeNHdwgTaMgenH
GaceFVIrYmCamYynwgkarpþl;TunsRmab;daMbgðajenAelIksidæanl,gBiesaFn_enAkñúgextþnImYy².
cMeBaHdMNaMRsUvvij viTüasßan CARDI manbTBiesaFn_TUlMTUlayNas; b:uEnþRtUvEtP¢ab;TMnak;TMng[kan;EtRbesIreLIg nig
pSBVpSay[eTAdl;sßab½nnanaenAfñak;extþ. kareRbITUrTsSn_ viTüú nigÉksare)aHBum< KYrrYmbBa©ÚlpgEdrnUvkarnaMksikreTAemIl[
eXIjpÞal;EPñk. RbEhlCaKYrbBa©úHbBa©ÚlsalabzmsikSanana [epþImerondaMdMNaMl,gBiesaFn_ edaymanpøaksmÁal;RbePTRKab;BUC
EdleRbIeBlevladaMduHcMnYnCI nigsmÖar³brikçaÉeTot²EdleRbI. kareRbobeFobKñarvagTinñn½yenAsalaCamYynwgTinñn½yrbs;RKYsar
sisSenAÉPUmi GacmanRbeyaCn_dl;kareFVI[ceRmIndl;bec©keTsdaMduHenApÞH. viFIenHGaceRbIbec©keTsgayRsYlkñúgkardaMRsUvtam
rebobepSg²Kña edIm,I[)anTinñplx<s; edaymincaM)ac;cMNayR)ak;eRcIn ehIyk¾minsUv)armÖeRcIn. karsakl,genHGacepþIm)anPøam²
y:agehacNas; k¾epþImkñúglkçN³BiesaFn_emIlEdr.
bBaðaBiessmYyBak;B½n§nwgRkumCnCatiPaKticEdlenAEteFVIksikm μtamEbbBencr. meFüa)aymYyedIm,IeFVI[rIkceRmIndl;
bec©keTsdaMduH KWtamry³karpþl;smÖar³brikçarsRmab;pþÜcepþImmYycMnYntUc rYmTaMgRKab;BUC nigCI EdlmanÉksarENnaMGnuvtþn_cMeBaH
ksidæantUc²TMhM 0>1 hicta. b:uEnþedaysarminGacRKb;RKgTwk)an KYrpþl;GaTiPaBeTAelIdMNaMykEpøCaCagdMNaMRsUvenAtMbn;dIx<s;.
kñúgkrNIxøH karKitKUr nigkarRbwgERbg KYrEtepþateTACYyRkumCnCatiPaKtic[bþÚrBITmøab;dMaduHEbbksikmμBencr mkCaksikmμEbbFmμta
enAkEnøgmYyc,as;las; EdlGacCakarlM)akmYy. edIm,I[kic©karenHseRmceCaKC½y ksikrTaMgenaHKYrEtecHGkSrxøH.
RbPB ³ Dapice, Vallely and Wilkinson (2006)
RbGb; 4>4 ³ kareFVIlMnwgKuNPaBdI - viFIdaMduHtamRbB½n§ksikmμTMenIbenARbeTscin
enAtMbn;dIRkhm Red Soils II Area Project enARbeTscin ¬1994-2000¦ )anedaHRsaybBaða)at;bg;edayTwkhUreRcaH nigdI
xUcKuNPaBCag 11 lanhicta. RTg;RTaycm,gsRmab;edaHRsay rYmman ³
1> ksidæanTaMgGs;RtUvEtmanciBa©wmstVBahn³enAkñúgRbB½n§ksikmμ edIm,IyklamkstVeFVICI nigbegáItR)ak;cMNUlbzm TRmaMdMNaM
pþl;Epøpáa.
2> ksidæannImYy²RtUvmanRbB½n§eRsacRsB edayeRbITueyaTwkeRsacedayédEdltP¢ab;BIGagTwkenAelIPñM.
3> tamCRmalPñMRtUveFVIfñaldaM edIm,IrkSakuM[)ak;dI minEmndaMelIdIrabFmμtatamCRmalPMñeT.
4> RtUvdaMdMNaMcRmuH minRtUvdaMEtmYymux²eT ehIyRtUvepþatelItulüPaBKñarvagdMNaMRsUvdITMnab nigdMNaMRsUvdIx<s; rYmTaMgdMNaM
epSg²eTot bEnøbgáar nigedImeQIykEpøpgEdr.
KeRmagenH pþl;cMNUlCaR)ak;kñúgGaRtaBI 16 eTA 17 PaKry nigkMeNInCIvPaBesdækic©kñúgGaRta 19 PaKry. enARbeTskm<úCa
viFIenHGacmanRbeyaCn_sRmab;kardaMduHelIdIEdlmanéRBercril.
RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak (2005 k)
76 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
4>2 karykTwkeRbIsRmab;eRsacRsB
kñúgkarbegáInplitplksikmμ bBaðasMxan;mYy KWkgVHRbB½n§eRsacRsBEdlmankarRKb;RKgl¥enAtMbn;PaKeRcIn. enAtMbn;
EdlmankardaMduHsBVéf¶ manEt 7-8 PaKryeT EdlmanRbB½n§eRsacRsBl¥ ¬rUbPaB 4>4¦53. sUm,IEtRtg;cMNucenH
k¾manPaBxusKñaBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyEdr KWenAextþtMbn;|san Cak;EsþgminmanRbB½n§eRsacRsBeT.
km<úCamanTMhMépÞTwkFMCagRbeTsNa²TaMgGs;enAkñúgBiPBelak EdlykksikmμCameFüa)aysRmab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;
Blrdæ. RbEhl 90 PaKry énépÞdIkm<úCasuT§EtmankEnøgrkSaTwkBITenø sÞwg EdlminecHrIgs¶Üt. b:uEnþtaMgBIedImTsvtSr_
qñaM 1970 mk TwkenAelIépÞdIk¾min)anBRgIk[TUlMTUlay rIÉTwkenAeRkamdIk¾min)anykmkeRbICaFMduMEdr. sUm,IEteRkayBI
karbegáItRksYgFnFanTwkehIyk¾eday kic©karcm,grbs;RksYgenH KWepþateTAelIkarCYsCulGagTwkcas;² CaCagkarelIk
Epnkarsagsg;RbB½n§Farasa®sþFM². fvikasRmab;CYyKaMRTdl;kareRsacRsBkñúgqñaM 200554 mancMnYnEt 13 landuløarGaemrik
eT fVIt,itEtmankarsgát;F¶n;eTAelIvis½yFarasa®sþ enAkñúgEpñkehdæarcnasm<½n§ényuT§sa®sþctuekaNk¾eday.
RbPB ³ Tinñn½ymUldæanrbs;RksYgEpnkar sIþBIRkumRbwkSaXMusgáat; http://www.seila.gov.kh
rUbPaB 4>4 ³ PaKryénERsvsSaEdlmanRbB½n§eRsacRsBbEnßm qñaM 2005
(53) tYelxenHKNnaecjGMBITinñn½ymUldæanrbs;RksYgEpnkar sIþBIRkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;. Tinñn½yqñaM 2006 rbs; EIC k¾dUcKñanwgtYelxenHEdr. b:uEnþ
EpnkaryuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_CatikMNt;tYelxenARtwm 20 PaKry ¬raCrdæaPi)al qñaM 2006 k¦. Rkumkargarksikmμ nigTwk ¬2006¦ raykarN_fa
kareRsacRsBenArdUvvsSamanRbEhl 20 PaKry ehIymanEt 7 PaKry eT enArdUvR)aMg. tYelxBitR)akdBi)ak):an;sμanNas; ebIminTan;man
CMerOnkñúgvis½yksikmμ. tamBit smamaRténERs EdlmankareRsacRsBtUcCagskþanuBlEdlKYreRsacRsB.
(54) tYelxenHyktambTGnþraKmn_rbs;elak can; supl kñúgkic©RbCMuéf¶TI 27 ExkumÖ³ qñaM 2007 erobcMenAPñMeBj eday CDRI nig ANZ-Royal.
enAtMbn;EdlmankardaMduHsBVéf¶
manEt 7-8 PaKryeTEdlmanRbB½n§
eRsacRsBRtwmRtUv
77r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
éRBeQIRtUv)ankab;rMlMCabnþbnÞab;edIm,IykdIeFVIksikmμ edaysarEpñkFM²énéRBlicTwkTaMgenH sßitenAtamdgTenøsab
nigTenøemKgÁ kar)at;bg;éRBeQIbNþal[manTwkCMnn; nigkarhUreRcaHdIekIneLIg. kñúgsßanPaBEbbenH eBlNaxVHTwkePøóg
karrIgs¶ÜteFVI[b:HBal;dl;pldMNaMksikmμ nigCIvPaBrs;enArbs;ksikr. kareFVITMnb; CIkRsH edIm,IrkSaTwkTukGacCYyRKb;RKg
TaMgTwkCMnn; TaMgkarraMgs¶Üt. tamBit mantMbn;CaeRcInEdlrgeRKaHedayTwkCMnn;pg edayeRKaHraMgs¶Ütpg ¬rUbPaB 4>5
nig 4>6¦.
xageRkamenHKWviFIsa®sþ 3 RbePT kñúgkarRbEmRbmUlTwk nigkareRsacRsB ³ 55
k> TwkenAelIdI ³ sMxan;;RtUvrkSaTwkenAelIdITuk[Kg;vgS edaysagsg;GagTwksRmab;karBardMNaMrdUvvsSa ehIyCRmuj
kardaMduuHrdUvR)aMg. TMnb;Twk b¤GagTwkCYykarBarTb;Tl;nwgPaBraMgs¶Üt nigeRKaHTwkCMnn; ehIyGacCakEnøgbnþBUCRtI
nigciBa©wmRtIpg.
x> TwkeRkamdI ³ TwkeRkamdI nigkarrkSaTukTwkePøóg mansar³sMxan;enAeBlNaEdlminmanTwkelIdI.
K> GPi)alkic© ³ karbMBak;GPi)alkic©l¥ GacCYyEfrkSa nigEckcayTwkeRbIR)as;)anRbesIreLIg.
(55) B½t’manBisþarmanenAkñúg TGW Rkumkargarbec©keTsksikmμ nigTwk ¬2006¦.
mantMbn;CaeRcInEdlrgeRKaHedayTwkCMnn;pg edayeRKaHraMgs¶Ütpg
RbPB ³ kmμviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak RbcaMkm<úCa
rUbPaB 4>5 ³ tMbn;gayTwklic
78 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
TMnb;Twk b¤GagTwk GacCaRTg;RTayFM mFüm b¤tUc ehIymanragepSg²BIKña. enATItaMgxøH TMhMGagTwkEp¥keTAtam
sßanPaBdI cMNuHTwk niglMhUrénTwk b:uEnþkñúgkrNIdéTeTot TMhMGag nigTMnb;Twk GacseRmc)antamkareRCIserIs. TMnb;TwktUc²
eRbIbec©kviTüagayRsYlCYsCul k¾gayRsYlGacRKb;RKg)anenAfñak;vimCÄkar ehIytémøsagsg;k¾efak56. Ep¥keTAelI
eGkULÚsIurbs;km<úCa karsagsg;TMnb;Twk RtUvKitKUr[)anl¥itl¥n; edIm,Ikat;bnßyskþanuBlénplb:HBal;GviC¢manelIbrisßan.
bBaðaeRsacRsBGacedaHRsay)anhYsBIrcnasm<½n§sþúkTwk. enATINaEdlmanTwkenACit² ¬TaMgTwkelIdI TaMgeRkamdI¦
manviFIeRbIR)as;TwkxñattUceRcInEbbenAkñúgRbeTsenAGasIu. sUm,IenARbeTskm<úCa kEnøgNaEdlmansÞwg b¤bwgbYrenACit²
ksikreRbIviFIgay² bgðÚrTwkcUleTAkñúgERscMkarKat; edayeRbIfamBleRKOgynþbnþicbnþÜc b¤k¾min)ac;eRbI ¬RbGb;elx 4>5¦.
kñúgkareRsacRsB CeRmIsnanaeRkABIbgðÚrTwktamRbLayecjBIGag KWbUmykTwkBIeRkamdI edayeRbIkmøaMgEdlminGs;
éføeRcIn. bc©úb,nñenH enATItaMgxøHeKeRbIma:sIunbUmTwkEdlGs;témøeRcIn ehIynaM[plksikmμmantémøx<s; minGaclk;yk
cMeNj)an. RbeTsGasIuÉeTot² EdlmanRbB½n§ksikmμrwgmaM )anvinieyaKeTAkñúgkarbMBak;GKÁisnItamCnbT. karbMBak;
GKÁisnIenACnbT KWCaCeRmIsd¾BitR)akdmYy b:uEnþenAcenøaHeBlenH kareRbIstVBahn³[GUsTajRbdab;bUmTwk b¤karbUmTwk
edayéd GacykmkeRbIR)as;)an.
rUbPaB 4>6 ³ tMbn;gayraMgs¶Üt
RbPB ³ kmμviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak RbcaMkm<úCa
RbeTsÉeTot²enAGasIu Edlman
ksikmμrwgmaM )anvinieyaKeTAkñúg
karbMBak;GKÁisnItamTICnbT
(56) Éksarlm¥itsIþBITMnb;TwkmanenAkñúgr)aykarN_ nigÉksarsavtarbs;KN³kmμkarBiPBelaksIþBITMnb;Twk. sUmemIl http://www.dams.org
79r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 4>5 ³ karykTwkeRbIR)as;kñúgtémøefakenAkm<úCa
ksikrmñak;enAPUmisVayKn; )anBüayamrkviFIbUmTwkeRsacdMNaMEdlmantémøefak. enAeBlmYyenaH eTaHbICaRKYsarKat;man
dITMhM 2>5 hicta k¾eday k¾dIenaHmin)anpþl;plRKb;RKan;eLIy ehIyCIvPaBKat;RkIRketaky:akCaxøaMg. RKYsarenHmanEtreTHeKamYy
ehIyRtUveTAx©IeKaeKedIm,IykmkP¢ÜrdI. ksikrenH)anCYbGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYyeQ μaH ¬IDE¦ ehIy)aneXIjkarbUmTwkeday
Can;nwgeCIg. Kat;emIleXIjfa Rbdab;bUmTwkenaHGacpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;RKYsarKat; RbsinebIKat;GacTijvaykeTAeRbIkñúgksidæanKat;.
Kat;)anykR)ak;EdlKat;snSMTukbnþicbnþÜceTATijRbdab;bUmTwkenaH kñúgtémø 11 mWunerol esμInwg 30 duløarGaemrik. kartemøIgRbdab;
bUmTwkminGs;éføeRcIneT edaysarKat;eRbIEmkeQIsRmab;RTRTg; ehIyk¾BuMcaM)ac;eFVIlUbgðÚrTwkEdr eRBaHKat;ykRbdab;bUmTwkeTAdak;
cMkNþalERsEtmþg edImI,[TwkEdlKat;bUmhUreTAeRsacRsBBaseBjERs.
kalminTan;)anTijRbdab;bUmTwkenH Kat;GacdaMRsUvvsSa)anEtmYydgKt;kñúgmYyqñaM ehIyGacdaM«Lwk)anelIdIcMnYnEt 10Ga
b:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþeRkayBIdMeLIgRbdab;bUmTwkehIy Kat;GaceFVIRsUvR)aMg)aneTot ehIyBRgIkdIdaM«LwkBI 10Ga eTA 60Ga. Etkñúg
ry³eBlmYyqñaMb:ueNÑaH Kat;rkR)ak;)an 50 mWunerol esμInwg 142 duløar edayRKan;Etlk;Epø«Lwk nigrk)an 1>100>000 erol
¬esμInwg 314 duløar¦ BIlk;RsUvR)aMg. RKYsarenHseRmcykluyenHeTAsg;pÞHek,ÓgmYyxñg ehIyTijemeKamYyk,al edIm,IciBa©wmyk
kUn. Kat;enAEtRBYy)armÖGMBIGnaKtrbs;kUnecAKat; b:uEnþ\LÚvenHKat;mankarTukcitþkan;EteRcInehIy. qñaMeRkay Kat;eRKagnwgTij
Rbdab;bUmTwkmYyeTot edIm,IBRgIkplitkmμksikmμrbs;Kat; ehIyeRKagnwgCYldI 2 hictaEfmeTot. bnÞab;eTAeTot Kat;eRKagnwg
CIkRsHmYyTMhM 10 Em:Rt bYnRCugsRmab;ciBa©wmRtI.
bec©kviTüaQñan;bUmTwkEbbenH GacCa]bkrN_xøaMgkøamYysRmab;begáInR)ak;cMNUlCUnksikrtUctacenAkm<úCa. Gnu)atrvagcMeNj
nigcMNayrbs;va KW 5 Tl;nwg 1 edaymanGRtaTajcMNUlesμI 100 PaKry. Rbdab;bUmTwktUc²ÉeTot² k¾maneRbIEdrenAkm<úCa
dUcCasñb;Twkrév EdlCa]bkrN_eRsacRsBtamRbéBNImanlk;kñúgtémø 85 duløar.
RbPB ³ Frausto (2001); FnaKarBiPBelak (2005 k); http://www.ideas-at-work.org
sarKnøwH ³
karBRgIkRbB½n§Farasa®sþ KWCacMNucsñÚl sRmab;begáInplitPaBksikmμ nigR)ak;cMNUl CUnksikr. TwksRmab;eRsacRsB
GacykBIRbPBepSg² tamkRmittic b¤eRcIn edaymanPaKIBak;B½n§cUlrYmpg.
4>3 begáIt[man\NTan edayykkarR)ak;Tab
FnaKarBaNiC¢kmμkm<úCa minpþl;R)ak;kmI©sRmab;RbtibtþikarenACnbT b¤sRmab;kic©RbtibtþikarksikmμeT. pÞúyeTAvij
mansßab½npþl;\NTanxñattUcCagmYyry EdlkñúgenaH mansßab½n 7 manGaCaJb½NÑBIFnaKarCati kMBugEtpþl;R)ak;km©ICUnksikr
ehIynigGñkx©IÉeTot²enACnbT. sßab½n\NTanxñattUcCaeRcIn[GñkrksuI nigksikrtUctacx©IR)ak;bnþicbnþÜckñúgry³eBlxøI.
elIsBIenHeTot sßab½nTaMgenaH pþl;R)ak;km©IsRmab;cMNayeRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsartamry³kmμviFIR)ak;km©ICaRkum. R)ak;km©IEbbenH
mankarR)ak;BI 2 PaKry eTA 4 PaKry kñúgmYyEx. sßab½nTaMgenH k¾CYyENnaM[RbCaBlrdæmUldæanecHsnSMR)ak;Edr.
edayehtufa edImTunrbs;sßab½n\NTanxñattUcTaMgenH manmUldæanmkBIR)ak;EdlRbCaBlrdææ samBaØykeTAsnSMTuk
enAsßab½n nigR)ak;h‘unrbs;Gñkkan;PaKh‘un ehIyPaKeRcIneTot KWR)ak;rbs;RbeTspþl;GMeNaypgEdr lkçxNÐcaM)ac;mYy
kñúgkic©Rbtibtþikar\NTanTUeTA KWGñkx©IRtUvsgvijtameBlkMNt;. ebImin)ansgvijtamlkçxNÐenHeT m©as;luyEdldak;
enAkñúgsßab½nTaMgenaHnwgGs;esckþITukcitþ ehIykic©RbtibtþikarenHnwgRtUvbraC½y.
ksikrsamBaØCaeRcInenAkm<úCa minmanTMnak;TMngCamYyRbB½n§FnaKarTMenIbeT rYmTaMgsßab½n\NTanxñattUcTaMgenHpgEdr
BIeRBaHksikrTaMgenaH minmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; edIm,IsgR)ak;tamkalkMNt;eT. ksikrxøHk¾minFøab;)anlk;dUrpldMNaM
rbs;eKpg dUecñHBYkeKminenAkñúgRkummnusSEdlecHeRbIRbB½n§FnaKareT. sßitibc©úb,nñbgðajfa kñúgcMeNammnusSeBjv½yeFVIkar
5>29 lannak; ¬KW1>32 lanRKYsar¦ EdlRbkbrbrksikmμ manEt 0>42 lan b¤ticCag 1 PaK 3 eT EdlFøab;)aneRbIsßab½n
\NTan. KmøatenHRtUv)anQμÜjenAmUldæanCYybMeBj EdlRbEhlminEmnCaGñkrksuIpþac;muxeT bu:EnþeKmanluy[x©I ehIy
80 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
(57) RbPB ³ Acharya, Kim, Chap nig Meach (2003).
manlT§PaBGacdwgB½t’manGMBITIpSar EdlksikrTaMgenaHminGacdwg)an. QμÜjTaMgenaH[x©IbNþak;CasmÖar³brikçar ¬b¤x©ICaR)ak;
suT§CMnYssmÖar³¦ kñúgkarR)ak;BI 7 PaKry eTA 10 PaKry kñúgmYyEx. GRtakarR)ak;d¾x<s;TaMgenH eFVI[ksikrtUctac
RbfuyRbfannwgsßanPaBEdlcaj;eRbobCanic©.
RbeTsxøHCYy]btßmÖkarR)ak;dl;ksikrtUctac b¤pþl;CaR)ak;km©IsRmab;eFVIksikmμtamry³FnaKarrdæ. karCYy]btßmÖ
edayminykkéRmEbbenH RbEhlminmancIrPaBeTenAkm<úCa edaysarEtmUldæanénkardak;R)ak;cUlFnaKarenAtUceBk.
viFIenHGacGUsbnøayeBlmin[ksikrGaclUtlas;ecjputBICIvPaBksikmμsRmab;EtciBa©wmqñaMg. pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebITIPñak;gar
GnþrCati ¬dUcCaFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuICaedIm¦ manR)ak;km©IykkarR)ak;TabEbbenH sRmab;[km<úCaeRbIkñúg\NTanCnbT
b¤\NTanksikm μ ehIyFnaKarCatiepÞrR)ak;enH eTAFnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbTsRmab;[eTAksikrx©IEtmþg edayminmanQ μ Üj
kNþalekgcMeNjBIelIeRcIneBkenaH GñkCnbTnwgGacx©IR)ak;)anedaymankarR)ak;TabCagsBVéf¶. y:agehacNas;
k¾manFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμFMmYyEdr Edlcg;[ksikrx©IR)ak; RbsinebImanbøg;dIdak;Fana nigRbsinebImanvivaT vivaTenaHRtUv)an
edaHRsayy:agqab;rh½s57.
dUecñHRbsinebIkarecjbøg;dIcb;qab; GPi)alkic©mUldæannwgrIkceRmIn TIpSark¾nwgmankarRbkYtRbECgl¥sRmab;[ksikmμ
tUctacGacrkplcMeNj)an ehIyedaymanesvaKaMRTksikm μpg ksikrGacrkplcMeNj)ankan;EteRcInPøammYyrMeBc
dl;eBlenaH eTIbR)ak;km©IEdlmankarR)ak;Tab²CaeRcInhUrcUleTACnbT.
sarKnøwH ³
shKmn_ksikrRtUvkarCMnYyKaMRTedIm,I[BYkeKecHeRbIRbB½n§FnaKar. edIm,I[)anseRmctamTisedAenH RtUverobcM[mansmÖar³brikçarksikmμTMenIb dUcCa GKÁisnIsRmab;bUmTwkeRsacRsB nigRKab;BUCEdlmanTinñplx<s;CaedIm RBmTaMgmanCMnYy]btßmÖesvaRTRTg;ksikmμpgEdr.
RbGb; 4>6 ³ \NTanxñattUcEdlmanRbeyaCn_
GñkRsI eFom pløI Gayu 25 qñaM \LÚvenHKat;mansgÇwmelIGnaKtrbs;Kat;eLIgvijehIy ehIyk¾)anbMePøc
ecalGtItkald¾CUrct;rbs;Kat;. bu:nμanqñaMmun kalbþIKat;cakecalKat;eTA GñkRsI pløI RkxøaMgNas; ehIyBuMman
meFüa)ayciBa©wmTarkGayu 2 Ex rbs;Kat;eT. Kat;Ca®sþId¾GP½BVmYyrUbenAkñúgPUmi.
Kat;niyayfa edaysarbþI´cuHecaleTA CIvit´EsnevTna ehIykUn´k¾enAtUcNas;Edr. bu:EnþtamkarENnaM
BIGñkPUmipgrbgCamYy Kat;)anx©IR)ak; 5 muWnerol ¬12>50 duløa¦ BIsßab½n\NTanxñattUcmYy. KμanGñkNa
eCOfa TwkR)ak;EtbnþicbnþÜcenHGacpøas;bþÚrCIvitKat;)aneT bu:EnþlT§plCak;Esþg KYr[cab;GarmμN_xøaMgNas;.
CamYynwgR)ak;bnþicbnþÜcenH eFom pløI ecjBIpÞHtaMgBIema:g 3 PøW CiHkg;kBa©as;mYy dwkGgár 50 KILÚ ykeTAlk;rayenApSar.
Cag 2 qñaM Kat;EtgEtCiHkg;kat;Pk; nigdIrGil eTAlk;GgárenApSar. eRkaymk pløI GacsnSMluyTij)anmU:tUmYy ehIyGacebIktUblk;
GIva:n;tUcmYyenApÞHKat; kñúgXuMBamraMg RsukelIkEdk extþkNþal.
pløI niyayfa ´)anBRgIkmuxrbr´bnþicmþg² rhUtTal;Et´GacebIktUblk;\va:n;enAmuxpÞH´enHEtmþg. sBVéf¶enH tUbrbs; pløI
manlk;Ggár bEnø RtI nigsac;epSg².
enAkñúgkic©RbCuMkMBUlfñak;CatisþIGMBI\NTanxñattUc elak dak;køws háadNW tMNagRbcaMRbeTsénkmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati
)anrMlwkfa eCaKC½yén\NTanxñattUcGaRs½yeTAelIesvakmμEpñkhirBaØvtßú EdlecHEtmanCabnþbnÞab;CUnGtifiCn minEmnRKan;Et[
R)ak;x©IEtmþgenaHeT. karrkSa[manesvakmμhirBaØvtßúTUlMTUlay nigRbkbedaycIrPaBEbbenH KWCasar³sMxan;sRmab;GPivDÆmUldæan
nig]btßmÖhirBaØvtßúxñattUcsRmab;GtifiCn.
pløI enAEtbnþeRbIR)as;sßab½n\NTanxñattUcenHteTAeTot.
81r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
dUcGaCIvkrÉeTot²Edr kalNaplitplksikmμlk;)antémøx<s; Kat;k¾xMplit[kat;EteRcIn ³ KWBYkKat;nwgrkdIdaMbEnßm b¤BüayameFVI[)anTinñplx<s; b¤BüayameFVITaMg 2mux
4>4 karFanalMnwgtémølk;
dUcGaCIvkrÉeTot²Edr kalNaplksikmμlk;)anéføx<s; ksikrxMplitkat;EteRcIn ³ KWBYkKat;rkdI edIm,IdaMbEnßm b¤
BüayameFVI[)anTinñplx<s; b¤BüayameFVITaMg 2 mux. lT§plEbbenH ekItmancMeBaHRbeTsnana nigcMeBaHplksikmμepSg².
karviPaKsßitienAkñúgextþnana sþIBIGRtaTinñplEdl TTYl)an nigtémøRsUvenAkñúgERs bBa¢ak;[eXIjfa eBlNaRsUvmantémøx<s;
TinñplRsUvekIn ¬rUbPaB 4>7¦58. dUecñHtémølk;x<s;GacCYy[GRtaTinñpleLIgx<s; nigCYy[ksikrrkR)ak;cMNUl)aneRcIn.
rUbPaB 4>7 ³ viPaKsßitisþIBIItémøRsUv nigGRtaTinñplkñúgextþnImYy² enAqñaM 2005
cMNaM ³ emKuNshTMnak;TMng = 0>597 RtUvnwg 32>7 PaKry énbERmbRmÜl. RbPB ³ sRmab;GRtaTinñpl - RksYgksikmμ sRmab;témøyktamTinñn½ymUldæanRkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;énRksYgEpnkar.
l>r extþ
1 bnÞaymanC½y
2 )at;dMbg
3 kMBg;cam
4 kMBg;qñaMg
5 kMBg;s<W
6 kMBg;FM
7 kMBt
8 kNþal
9 Ekb
10 ekaHkug
11 RkecH
12 mNÐlKIrI
13 ]tþrmanC½y
14 éb:lin
15 PMñeBj
16 RBHvihar
17 éRBEvg
18 eBaF×sat;
19 rtn³KIrI
20 esomrab
21 RkugRBHsIhnu
22 sÞwgERtg
23 sVayerog
24 taEkv
(58) sUmemIl Sik (1999) sRmab;kic©BiPakSabEnßmelIRbFanbTenH
82 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbPB ³ Chea nig Sik (2001)
kñúgkarlk;dUrpldMNaMrbs;xøÜn
ksikr)anTTYlplticCageKbMput. mUlehtumYy KW edaysarBYkeK
xVHB½t’manecjBI mUlehtuCab;bMNul
nigedaysarksikrTaMgenaH
xVHluy
kalBIGMLúgqñaM 1981 eTA 1989 rdæaPi)al)anRbmUlTijRsUvTaMgGs;BIksikrkñúgtémøeTogTat;mYy. eRkayBIenaHmk
TIpSarTaMgGs;)ankøayCaÉkCnvij. bc©úb,nñenH TIpSarRsUvsßitenAkñúgédQμÜjeRcInRbePT eBalKWQμÜjtUctacCaGñkRbmUl
TijRsUvBIksikr QμÜjlk;duM m:asuInkinRsUv QμÜjlk;Eckcay QμÜjlk;ray nigQμÜjdéT²eTot ¬rUbPaB4>8¦. TIpSar
sRmab;pldMNaMepSg²eTot dUcCa eBat sENþkesog CaedIm k¾manQμÜjkNþaleRcInEdr edaymanykkéRmeCIgsarepSg²
kéRmdwkCBa¢Ún nigkéRmepSg²eTot.
esckþIsegátxøH² eTAelIRbB½n§bc©úb,nñ ³ 59
k> kñúgkarlk;dUrpldMNaMrbs;xøÜn ksikr)anTTYlplticCageKbMput. mUlehtumYy KWedaysarBYkeKxVHB½t’man mUlehtu
mYyeTot KWkarCab;bMNul nigedaysarksikrTaMgenaH RtUvkarluyEdlCaktþabgçM[BYkeKlk;pldMNaMrbs;eKecj
y:agqab;rh½stamtémøEdlmanenAeBlenaH. karTTYlB½t’manmines μ IKñaenH manplb:HBal;elIdMNaMÉeTot²Edr ³
CnCatiPaKticlk;RKab;sVaycnIÞrbs;xøÜnkñúgtémø 400 erol kñúg 1 KILÚRkam enAextþrtnKIrI bu:EnþGñkÉeTot²lk;
RKab;sVaycnÞI kñúgKuNPaBdUcKñaenATIpSardUcKña )antémøCit 1000 erolkñúg 1 KILÚ60.
x> éfølk; nigéføTijxusKñaxøaMgeBk ¬1 ³ 1>7¦ rvagtémøEdlksikrlk; nigtémøEdlGñkeRbIR)as; TijdUctémøRsUvEdr
¬rUbPaB 4>9¦. BitehIyfa karkinRsUvTTYlnUvPaKxøHénKmøatéfø bu:EnþGñkkin)anknÞk; nigGgáam EdlmantémøesμInwg
témøkin EfmTaMgmancMeNjKitTukCamunCaFmμtaeTotpg.
K> sßankarN_GaRkk;bMput KWeBlNaGñk[luyx©IedIrtYCaGñkpþl;smÖar³brikçaksikmμpg CaGñkRbmUlTijRsUvpg EdlbgçM
ksikr[enAeRkamkarRtYtRtaTaMgRsugrbs;QμÜj EdlCaGñk[luyx©I. enAeBlRbmUlplksikrlk;plitplTaMgGs;
rbs;xøÜn[eTAQμÜjkñúgtémømYyd¾TabEdlkMNt;CamunehIyeRsc. eBlNatémøTIpSareLIgéfødl;kMBUl KWQμÜjCaGñk
cMeNj minEmnksikreT ¬rUbPaB 4>10¦.
(59) RbPB ³ sUmemIl Sok, Chea nig Sik ¬2001¦; Nou ¬2005¦.
(60) Dapice, Vallely and Wilkinson (2006).
rUbPaB 4>8 ³ TIpSarRsUvenAkm<úCa
83r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 4>9 ³ témøxusKñarvagRsUv nigGgár nigtémøxusKñarvagksikr nigGñkeRbIR)as; ¬CaPaKry¦ qñaM 2003
RbPB ³ KNnaecjBITinñn½yRksYgksikmμ nigraCrdæaPi)al ¬2003¦
RbPB ³ RksYgksikmμ (Tinñn½½yedIm)
rUbPaB 4>10 ³ ninñakartémøRsUv nigGgár ¬páaxJI¦ enAkm<úCa
84 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
GñkERsBitCa)anplRbeyaCn_eRcInBItémøRsUvEdllk;)anx<s;enAkñúgERs
GñkERsBitCa)ancMeNjeRcIn RbsinebIRsUvenAkñúgERslk;)anéføx<s;. xageRkamenH CaCeRmIsmYycMnYnEdl
RtUvBicarNa61 ³
CeRmIsTI 1 ³
ksikrmñak;²minGaceFVIGVIekIteT eTAelItémølk;plitplrbs;xøÜn bu:EnþebIrYmkmøaMgKña eKGaclk;plitpl
TaMgenaH)antémøx<s;. GgÁkarksikrEdlCYy[ksikr Gaclk;pldMNaMrbs;xøÜn)ankéRmx<s; minmanTal;EtesaH
enAkm<úCa. manGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)aleRcInkMBugRbwgERbgkñúgTisedAenH62. edIm,I[ksikrlk;plitpl)an
éføl¥ KeRmagmYykMBugEtdak;[l,gBiesaFn_enAextþéRBEvg nigextþkMBt tamry³GgÁkarksikrmYyeQμaH
TIpSarcMhsRmab;RsUv. kñúgKeRmagenHRtUvmanXøaMgsþúkRsUvrYmmYy edIm,I[ksikrx©IluyEp¥kelIcMnYnRsUvrbs;xøÜn
CaCaglk;RsUvTaMgbgçMcitþ ehIyTukRsUvKat;sRmab;lk;enAeBlNaRsUveLIgéføx<s;bMput. kardkBiesaFn_enH
KYrBinitüBic½y[)anhμt;ct; edIm,IeRtomBRgIkkarl,gBiesaFn_enAkEnøgTIéT²eTot.
CeRmIsTI 2 ³
ksikreRcInnak;rYmKñacuHkic©snüaCamYym©as;eragm:asuInkinRsUvTaMgGs;rYmKñaEdr kñúgtémømYyEdl)ancrca
nigRBmeRBogKña edayksikrsnüafa nwglk;RsUvrbs;xøÜneTA[m©as;eragm:asuInkinRsUvenAeBlRbmUlpl.
kic©RBmeRBogRtUveFVICamYym©as;eragm:asuInkinRsUv CaTUeTA minEmnCamYyEteragm:asuInNamYyedayELkBIKñaeT
ehIykic©RBmeRBogenH RtUvEtcrcasarCaf μ Iral;²qñaM eTIbksikr)anplRbeyaCn_eRcInbMput. CeRmIsenHxus
GMBICeRmIsTI 1 Rtg;cMNuucEdlksikrTaMgGs;mincaM)ac;manXøaMgsþúkRsUvrYmeT. edIm,I[CeRmIsenHseRmc
eCaKC½y RtUvmanm:asuInkinRsUvTMenIb²enAmUldæan[)aneRcIn nigqab;bMput.
CeRmIsTI 3 ³
enHCaCeRmIsTI 2 EdlmanRTg;RTaykan;EtRbiteRbogCagmun eBalKWCakic©RBmeRBogpøÚvkarmYyrvag
ksikrCaeRcInCamYynwgRkumh‘unEkécñ ¬plitplksikmμ¦ eFVICamðÚbGahar. enAkm<úCa kic©RBmeRBogEbbenH
enAmankRmitxøaMgNas; bu:Enþy:agehacNas; k¾mankic©RBmeRBogEdl)aneCaKC½y 2 krNIehIyEdr KWkrNI
GgárRkGUb nigfñaMCk; 63.
RTg;RTayénksikmμkñúgkic©snüa mandUcteTAenH ³ 64
k> Rkumh‘unEkécñksiplFMmYy cuHkic©snüaTijksiplBIksikrtUctacCaeRcInkñúgtémø nigcMnYnEdl)ankMNt;Camun.
x> RtUvmankarRtYtBinitüy:agmuWgm:at;elIKuNPaB nigsmÖar³brikçaEdleRbIkñúgkarplitksipl.
K> ksiplRtUvEtmanbrimaNkñúgkRmitGb,brmamYyCadac;xat ebIBuMenaHesat Rkumhu‘nnwgmineXIjplRbeyaCn_
GVIkñúgkarcuHkic©snüaCamYyksikreT. edIm,IeFVIy:agenH )anksikrRtUvman]bkrN_RKb;RKan; dUcCa RbB½n§
eRsacRsB EdlGacRKb;RKg)an nigeRKOgynþepSg²sRmab;eRbIkñúgkarplit.
X> ksikrGaccuHkic©RBmeRBogCamYyRkumh‘unedaypÞal; b¤ksikrbegáItshkrN_FM²sin ehIy[shkrN_TaMgenaH
cuHkic©snüaCamYyRkumhu‘n ¬CaCMnYsksikrTaMgGs;¦. kñúgkrNIxøHeTot shkrN_xøÜnÉgk¾GacbegáItsib,kmμ
EkécñEdr bu:EnþKMnitenHenAminTan;GaceFVIeTA)aneTbc©úb,nñenH.
(61) krNImYysIþGMBIlkçxNÐBaNiC¢kmμsmRsbsRmab;plitkr/ ksikrsamBaØ RtUv)aneFVIeLIgeday UNDP enAkEnøgepSgeTot. sUmemIl http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCOnePager24.pdf.
(62) GgÁkar CEDAC kMBugbegáItsmaKmksikrenAextþtaEkv nigkMBt.(63) ACI (2005); http://www.angkorrice.com.
(64) Golletti (2004)
85r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
etIksikrExμr)anplRbeyaCn_BIksikmμCab;kic©snüa b¤BIRbB½n§lk;dUrCaRkum b¤eT ?
k> enAksidæanTaMgLayNa EdlCitpøÚvLan nigpøÚvrfePøIgksikrGacTTYlplRbeyaCn_eRcIn.
x> ksikrTaMgLayNa EdlGaceRbIR)as;dIrbs;xøÜnTaMgGs; b¤k¾mYyEpñk edIm,IplitpldMNaMsRmab;lk;enATIpSar[)aneRcIn
eTaHbICaksikrtUctack¾eday k¾GacTTYlplcMeNj)anEdr. ksikrRkIRkCageKbMputRbEhlCaminGacTTYlpl
BIRbB½n§enHPøam²)aneT edayehtufaksikrTaMgenaH BuMGacplitksipltamKuNPaB nigbrimaNEdlRtUvkar. b:uEnþ
ksikrtUc² EdlGacplit)aneRcInelIsBIesckIþRtUvkarkñúgRKYsar k¾GaccUlrYmRbkbedayeCaKC½y)anEdr.
K> karRbmUlpþúMksikrCaRkum KWCakarlM)akbMput b:uEnþminEmneFVIminekIteT. mankrNIeRcInEdrEdlFøab;)aneCaKC½y.
smaCikénGgÁkarEdl)aneCaKC½yBitCa)anplRbeyaCn_.
X> ksikrR)akdCacMeNj RbsinebIéfølk;ksiplminFøak;cuH nigmankarcrcaKñaeTAvijeTAmkGMBITMnak;TMngrvagéføplit
nigTMnijeLIgéfø.
g> dUcKñaenHEdr ksikrGaccMeNjRbsinebIbec©kviTüanana nigmeFüa)aysRmab;eRbIR)as;bec©kviTüa TaMgenaHRtUv)anepÞr
eTA[ksikr.
c> rkSatémøenAmUldæan)ankan;Etx<s; plRbeyaCn_enAmUldæank¾)ankan;EteRcIn.
CeRmIsTI 4 ³
enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn ¬Cacm,g KWGasIuGaeKñy_ GasIuxagekIt GasIubUBa’ nigenAGWru:ubPaKeRcIn¦ ksiplksikmμ
EtgEtTTYl)ankarFanaéfølk; y:agehacNas; k¾kñúgkRmitGb,brmatamry³RbB½n§éføKaMRTGb,brma ¬MSP¦.
RbB½n§ MSP enH mincaM)ac;[rdæaPi)alTijTaMgGs;eT. mindUckalBITsvtSr_qñμaM 1980 EdlRtUvEtlk;ksiplTaMgGs;
eTACUnrdæaPi)alkñúgtémømYyEdlRtUv)ankMNt;Camun. RbB½n§ MSPRKan;EtkMNt;témøkñúgkRmitmYy edIm,IkarBarksikr
Tb;Tl;nwgkarFøak;éføRbcaMrdUvEtb:ueNÑaH. Q μ ÜjÉkCnk¾GnuvtþRbB½n§enH)anEdr [Etmankar]btßmÖbEnßmBIrdæaPi)al
sRmab;bMeBjKmøaténtémørvagéfølk;enATIpSar nigéføEdlRbB½n§ MSP enH)anTij CaBiessenAeBlNaEdléfølk;
enATIpSarFøak;cuHTabCagtémøEdlTijBIksikr. pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIéfølk;enATIpSareLIgx<s;elIskRmitGb,brmaenH
rdæaPi)altRmUv[Q μ ÜjÉkCnbg;Bn§CUnrdæ. RbB½n§EbbenHRtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa R)ak;CYy]btßmÖ ¬témøEdlxat¦
nigR)ak;bg;Bn§ ¬elIR)ak;cMeNj¦ nwgTUTat;KñaeTAvijeTAmk)annaeBlxagmux.
b:uEnþRbB½n§ MSP enHk¾mancMNucexSayrbs;vaEdr. vamin)anelIkTwkcitþ[ksikrxMRbwgbegáInRbsiT§PaB nigelIkkm<s;
kardaMdMNaMeRcInmuxeT. enARbeTsxøH RbB½n§enHeFVI[man»nPaBfvikay:agF¶n;F¶r. dUecñHkñúgbribTRsukExμrRbB½n§enH RbEhlCa
eRbIminTan;)aneT.
TaMgenH KWCaCeRmIsbYnEbb b:uEnþk¾GacmanCeRmIsdéT²eTotEdr. eKalbMNg KWkarBarplRbeyaCn_ksikrTb;Tl;nwg
sm<aFbBa©úHéføRsUvkñúgGMLúgeBlRbmUlpl ehIydak;bBa©ÚlcMNayepSg²eTACabnÞúkrbs;QμÜj. cMNayGs;TaMgenaH minKYr
[ksikrTTYlbnÞúkeT.
4>5 TIpSarlk;RtI nigstVBahn³
EpñkTIpSarRtI
plRtIkm<úCaPaKeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgRbeTs mYyEpñkFMénplRtITaMgenaH eKbriePaKenAkñúgGnutMbn;Cati EdlCakEnøg
eKcab;RtI)an. RtIRtUveKbriePaKRss; b:uEnþþ 10 PaKry éncMnYnRtITaMgGs; eKhaléf¶[s¶Üt RbLak;GMbil eq¥I eFVIRbhuk-p¥k
b¤eFVITwkRtI. viFIEkécñRtIPaKeRcInBuM)aneRbI]bkrN_TMenIbeT b:uEnþmanRkumh‘unÉkCnFMmYy kMBugEteRbIbec©keTsTMenIbenAkñúg
TIRkugPñMeBj. elIsBIenHeTot enARkugRBHsIhnu mansib,kmμEkécñ 3 EdlmanCMnajxagEkécñ nignaMecjbgÁar eyovhWu
Rtecokfár EdlmankarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBRtwmRtUv HACCP 65. ehIyRtIxøHRtUv)aneKykeTAlk;eRkARbeTsCacm,g KWRbeTs
éf nigevotNam. BaNiC¢km μGnþrCati sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgmYyEpñk edayRkumh‘unmYyEdlerobcMedayrdæaPi)al
Edlcat;taMgPñak;garÉkCn[RbmUlTijplensaTedaybg;Bn§CUnrdætamkMNt;. plensaTmYycMnYnFM RtUv)annaMecjeday
minqøgtamRbB½n§pøÚvkaredIm,IeKcevsBIkariyaFibetyü.
TisedA KWkarBarksikrkuM[CYbRbTHnwgsm<aFéntémøRsUvcuHefakkñúgeBlRbmUlpl edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_[ksikr ehIyeFVI[cMNayepSg²eTACabnÞúkrbs;QμÜj
(65) karBinitüKuNPaBRtwmRtUv nigviPaKnUveRKaHfñak;énGaharsmuRT HACCP pþl;GaC£ab½NÑedaymCÄmNÐlsuvtißPaBcMNIGahar nigGaharUbtßmÖénrdæ)al»sf nigmðÚbGaharrbs;shrdæGaemrik.
86 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
(66) Yim and McKenney (2003); Rab, Hap, Seng, Ahmed and Viner (2005); Sok (2005).
rUbPaB 4>11 ³ témøRtIEdlxusKñaBITenøsabeTAPñMeBj
RbPB ³ Yim and McKenny (2003)
plb:HBal;énkareLIgéføTaMgenH
man\T§iBlTaMgeTAelIQμÚjtUctac
nigplitkrtUctacpgEdr b:uEnþ
PaKeRcIn KWb:HBal;xøaMgeTAelIGñkensaTtUctac
rhUtmkTl;qñaM 2001 plensaTmYyEpñkFMEdllk;ecjeTAeRkA)an KWCaplensaTrbs;LÚt_ensaT EdlRtUv)anRbmUl
TijedayQμÜjenAtamRcaMgTenø nigTIpSarmYycMnYn. karkat;bnßyLÚt_ensaT )anebIk»kas[GñkensaTsamBaØGacrkRtI
)aneRcInCagmun. b:uEnþkEnøgeLIgRcaMgsRmab;ykRtImklk;k¾kan;EteRcIn ehIykEnøgnImYy² manRtIsRmab;lk;EtbnþicbnþÜc.
ktþaenHbNþal[manbBaðaEpñkTIpSar eRBaHkarRbmUlRtIEtbnþicbnþÜcBIkEnøgeRcInepSg²KñatamRcaMgTenøenH minGMeNaypl
sRmab;eFVICMnYjeT.
GñkensaTlk;tamtémøRtI EdlQÜ μjkNþaleTATijenAmat;RcaMgEdlCatémøminsUvCal¥b:un μaneT. Q μ ÜjkNþal)an
plBI 65-75 PaKry rIÉGñkensaT)anRtwmEt 25 b¤ 35 PaKry Etb:ueNÑaH ¬rUbPaB 4>11¦. kic©snüasgÁm nigkic©snüa
BaNiC¢kmμ tamry³R)ak;km©IEdlmankarR)ak;x<s; KWCacMNgcgGñkensaTtUctacCamYYynwgQμÜjkNþal. QμÜjkNþal[
R)ak;GñkensaTx©ICamun dl;qñaMbnÞab; GñkensaTRtUvsgvijCaRtI kñúgtémømYyEdl)ankMNt;CamunehIyeRsc. eFVIEbbenH
Q μ ÚjkNþalRKb;RKgTaMgRsugelImuxrbrenH ehIyGñkensaTminGaceFVIGVIekItTal;EtesaH edaysarBYkeKxVHmeFüa)ay
rkTIpSar nigxVHmeFüa)ayhirBaØvtßú 66.
cMNayelIkardwkCBa¢Únx<s; ¬yanynþyWt pøÚvGaRkk;¦ KYbCamYynwg]bkrN_rkSaRtImin)anl¥ bNþal[xUcxatplensaT
Gs;eRcIn EdlCaehtunaM[ekIntémøelIÉktanImYy² karbg;luyeRkARbB½n§ k¾naM[éføedImkan;EtéføEfmeTotEdr. plensaT
mYyEpñkRtUv)anlk;eTARbeTséf EdlCakEnøgmanPaBminR)akdRbCamYyeTot edaysarQ μ ÜjéfvaytémøCaR)ak;)at
rIÉtémødwkCBa¢ÚnepSg²enAkm<úCaKitCaR)ak;duløar. kareLIgcuHénGaRtabþÚrR)ak;)at nigduløarmanplb:HBal;GviC¢mandl;Gñk
ensaTEx μr. TIbBa©b; eRbg\nÞn³eLIgéfø EdlpÞúynwgtémøRtIEdlcuHefak manplb:HBal;GviC¢manxøaMgeTAelIGñkensaT
RsedogKañeTAnwgplb:HBal;GviC¢mancMeBaHksikrEdr. plb:HBal;énkareLIgéføTaMgenH man\T§iBlTaMgeTAelIQμÜjtUctac
nigplitkrtUctac b:uEnþb:HBal;xøaMgCageK KWeTAelIGñkensaTtUctaccugeRkaybMput.
87r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 4>7 ³ karCYjdUrRtI - karsegáttammUldæanBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM 2000
karsegátTI 1 ³ R)ak;bg;éfønaMecjx<s;
GñknaMTMnijeTAlk;enARbeTséfRtUvbg;R)ak; 28 dg ¬rYmTaMg 3 dg enAkñúgTwkdIRbeTséfpgEdr¦ kñúgenaHman 8 dg RtUvbg;[
nKr)alesdækic© 3 dg bg;[EpñkensaTextþ 2 dg bg;[GavuFhtß nigPaKIdéT²eTot Edlkarbg;xøHRsbc,ab; xøHeTotk¾minRsbc,ab;.
kñúgcMeNamkarcMNayTaMgGs;enH karbg;Bn§[Kyéf ¬edayminmanmUldæanc,ab;¦ KWCakarbg;Edlx<s;CageKbMput KWeRcInCagBIrdg
énBn§pøÚvkarCUnKykm<úCa. karbg;sMxan;²déTeTot KWbg;CUn KAMFIMEX EdlCakarbg;Bn§pøÚv ehIybg;CUnGaCaJFrénnaykdæan
ensaT nigkariyal½yensaTextþenAe):ayEb:t. R)ak;EdlRtUvbg;TaMgGs;enH esμInwg 33 PaKry énR)ak;cMeNjrbs;GñknaMecj
ehIy 52 PaKry sRmab;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnéføBlkmμ nigéføkic©karepSg²eTot enAsl;Et 15 PaKryeT EdlCaR)ak;cMeNjsuT§saF.
karsegátTI 2 ³ kardwkCBa¢Únmantémøx<s;
RtIRss;k¾eKdwkykeTAlk;enARbeTséfEdr. BITenøsabeTAe)a:yEb:t QμÜjkNþalRtUvcMNay dwkCBa¢Ún 1 KILÚ éfø 5 )at
¬dwkmYyLanTm¶n; 30 etan¦ sRmab;éfødwkCBa¢Ún ¬témøeRbgm:asU‘t nigcMNayepSg²¦ témøpøÚv nigtémøenAtamkugRtUlnana.
BYkeKRtUvbg;bEnßméføGaCJab½NÑmYykñúgtémø 10 mWunerol mYYyeCIg nigQñÜlkmμkr 40 mWunerol kñúgmYyEx. enARBMEdn XøaMgsþúkTMnij
éføBI 3-4 mWunerol ¬kñúgmYyLan-mYyeCIg¦ eTaHbImanEtQμÜjFM²EdleRbIXøaMgenHk¾eday. kareFVIEbbenHminceRmInkñúgpøÚvesdækic©eT
edayELkvaCakarx¢Hx¢aycMNayeRcIn. TwkkksRmab;sþúkrkSaRtIiRss;kñúgXøaMgéfø 5 mWunerol. bEnßmelItémøTaMgGs;enH KWmantémø
qøgRBMEdn 10 mWunerol Bn§Kyéf ¬500)at kñúgmYyetan¦ RBmTaMgkarsUkbEnßmeTotedIm,IqøgRBMEdn. Q μ ÜjtUc²qøgRBMEdn
niglk;TMnijrbs;xøÜn[EtGs;tamtémøeKkMNt;. cMNaysRmab;dwkTMnijtamk)a:l;mklk;enATIRkugPñMeBjvij KWTabCag BIeRBaH
cm¶aypøÚvCitCagcMNucEqkeqrticCag ehIykarbg;luyeRkApøÚvkark¾ticEdr. k¾b:uEnþenAPñMeBjéfølk;TMnijTaMgenH k¾TabCagéfølk;enA
e)a:yEb:tEdr.
RbPB ³ esckIþsegát 1 Achaya, Kim, Chap and Meach (2006); esckIþsegát 2 Rab, Hap, Seng, Ahmed and Viner (2005)
RbPB ³ TsSnkic©dl;TIkEnøg enAextþkMBg;qñaMg Ex kBaØa-FñÚ qñaM 2006
RbGb; 4>8 ³ éfødwkCBa¢Únx<s; EdlGñkPUmienATenøsabCYbRbTH
PUmiCaeRcInenAray)a:ytamdgTenøsab PaKeRcInénGñkPUmi KWCaGñkensaT EdlmandIbnþicbnþÜc ehIydITaMgenaHlicTwkenA
rdUvvsSa eKeFVIdMeNIreTAmk)anedaysarTUkenARKb;rdUv. CIvPaBcm,grbs;BYkeKBwgEp¥kelIrbrensaTRtI. dUecñH]bkrN_ensaT
nigtémødwkCBa¢Únefak nigB½t’mansIþGMBItémølk;-dUrplensaTmansar³sMxan;Nas; sRmab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;eK.
TsSnkic©dl;TIkEnøgenAextþkMBg;qñaMg )anrkeXIjfa éføeRbgm:asU‘tenAPUmiGs;TaMgenaH mantémøRbEhl 20-25 PaKry x<s;Cag
éfølk;enApSarEdlmancm¶ayEt 2-3 KILÚEm:Rtb:ueNÑaH. dUcKñaenHEdr RtIRss; nigplitpleFVIBIRtI EdleKlk;[QμÜj EdleTATij
dl;PUmiTaMgenaH efakCagBI 10-20 PaKry ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgéfølk;enATIpSarTaMgenaH. rIÉTwkkksRmab;sþúkrkSaRtIRss;enA
PUmiTaMgenaH k¾éføx<s;CagTwkkkEdllk;enApSarEdr.
enAtamkEnøglk;RtInImYy² RtIEdlmanKuNPaBGaclk;ecj)anmanEtbniþcbnþÜc ehtuenHkardwkCBa¢Ún tamTUkmantémøx<s;.
QμÜjkNþalRKb;RKgelIR)ak;km©I nigtémøTijdUrTaMgRsug KWeK[x©IR)ak;Camun ehIyRbmUlykRtIsgCMnYsR)ak;km©IenaHvij kñúgGaRtakar
R)ak;BI 4-6 PaKrykñúgmYyEx. fVIt,itEtshKmn_ensaTCaeRcIn)anbegáItR)ak;snSMtamRkumk¾eday k¾cMnYnénR)ak;snSMsBVéf¶enH
enAticeBk minTan;GaceRbIR)as;CaedImTunrksIu)an eBalKWR)ak;TaMgGs;enHeRbI)ansRmab;Etx©IykeTATijes,ógGaharenAkñúgrdUv
xVHxat. edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaEdl)anerobrab;xagelIenH RtUvmanRbB½n§dwkCBa¢Ún nigRbB½n§TMnak;TMngefak.
bc©úb,nñenH shKmn_RKb;RKgkarensaTykcitþTukdak;EteTAelIkarRKb;RKgFnFan ³ bBaða eGkULÚsIu ]bkrN_ensaT nigkar
XøaMemIlRbqaMgnwgkarensaTxusc,ab; nigvis½yepSg²xøHeTotEtb:ueNÑaH. rIÉkarrkTIpSar karerobcMRbB½n§\NTan b¤karRKb;RKgtémø
lk;RtI minmanenAkñúgrebobvar³énkic©karrbs;shKmn_ensaTeT.
88 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaB 4>12 ³ bNþajlk;RtITwksab
RbPB ³ dkRsg;GMBI Sok (2005), Rab, Hap, Seng, Ahmed and Viner (2005), and Acharya, Kim, Chap and Meach (2003)
etIRtUveFVIy:agNaedIm,IelIkkm<s;plitPaB nigbegáInTIpSarsRmab;plitkrtUctacrYmTaMgGñkensaTRtI EdlCa®sþI
ehIynigGñkEkécñplRtI ?
k> kñúgkarepþImeRbIR)as;bec©keTsensaTTMenIb karcab;RtIedaym©as;LÚt_ensaT nigGñkensaTRtIÉkCn mankarxusKñakan;Et
FMeLIg. ®sþI nigCnCatiPaKtic EdlCaGñkensaTRtITTYlplb:HBal;enH F¶n;CageK¬67¦. CakarsMxan;RtUvpþl;[GñkTaMgenaH
nUv]bkrN_ensaTTMenIbxøH ¬dUcCa mg nigTUkeFVIedayC½rpøas;sÞikCaedIm¦ EfmTaMgkarxMRbwgERbgEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_
CUnGñkTaMgenaH rYmTMag®sþIpg. CYnkal karpþl;]bkrN_ensaTTMenIb GacCYybegáItkargardl;GñkPUmienAxageRkay
eTotpg. kar]btßmÖGs;TaMgenH GaceFVI)antamry³EpnkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRk nigelIksÞÜyCIvPaBrbs;Blrdæ.
x> éfølk;RtIenAtamRcaMg EdlsBVéf¶enHlk;tamEtQμÜj[éfø KYrEteFVI[l¥RbesIrCagsBVéf¶. viFIlk;RtIrYmKña GacCa
meFüa)ayCYy[GñkensaTlk;RtI)antémøl¥RbesIrCag ¬RbGb; 4>9¦. shKmn_ensaTRtI KYrEtGacbegáItynþkar
sRmab;karBartémølk;RtI ¬68¦¬69¦.
K> kEnøgykRtIeTAlk;sBVéf¶enHminman]bkrN_RKb;RKan;eT. shkrN_lk;RtIrbs;RkumGñkensaT RtUvEtmanFnFan
pÞal;xøÜn sRmab;erobcM[man]bkrN_eRbIR)as; dUcCa karrkTwkkksRmab;rkSaRtI b¤manTUTwkkksRmab;bgákRtIrYmKña
]bkrN_dwkCBa¢ÚnxøH TUrs½BÞTak;Tg nigedImTunmYycMnYntUc sRmab;CYyrMedaHksikrRkIRkecjGMBIGnÞak;rbs;Pñak;gar
ekgRbv½Ba©.
X> KYrBicarNaelIkarEkécñedIm,IbegáInKuNPaBRtI CaCagTuk[RKYsarnImYy² ykRtIeTAhal RbLak; GMbil eq¥Ir b¤eFVIGVI
epSg²eTot tamEdlGñkensaTyl;facMeNj. plitkr®sþIEdlmantYnaTIcm,gkñúgkarEkécñRtI Gacnwg)anpl
CaBiess GMBIEpnkarenH.
g> rdæaPi)alKYrbgálkçN³gayRsYltamEpnkarenH edaykat;bnßykarbg;R)ak;enAtampøÚv bnÞabtémøPasIuenApSar nigbegáIn
cMnYnpSarsRmab;lk;RtI ]TahrN_ dUcCasBVéf¶enH enAPñMeBjmancMNucsRmab;lk;RtIEt 3 kEnøgeT.
KYrykemerontamBiesaFn_RbeTsdéT²eTot EdlTIpSarshKmn_lk;RtImandMeNIrkarl¥. SIF FS EdlCasmaKmelIk
sÞÜy nigbegáInTIpSarlk;RtI ehIynig AMUL shkrN_TwkedaHeKa GacykCa]TahrN_kñúgvis½yenH)an. ¬RbGb; 4>10¦.
KYrykemerontambTBiesaFn_
RbeTsdéT²eTotEdlTIpSarshKmn_
lk;RtIsac;mandMeNIrkarl¥
(67) ®sIþmantYnaTIcm,gkñúgkarEkécñ niglk;RtI. sUmemIl Kusakabe, Prak, Ubolratana, Napaporn (2005).
(68) GgÁkar Oxfam ¬2005¦ vaytémøsßanPaBbc©úb,nñénshkrN_ ehIyrkeXIjfa B½t’manTaMgLaymin)anEckcayeTAdl;ksikreT ehIyGgÁkarksikr k¾minTan;cab;kMeNItEdr. cMNucenHTamTar[mankarBRgwg.
(69) RbeTs Norway k¾mankarcrcatémølk;RtIEdr. TaMgsaFarNrdækUer: TaMgRbeTsCb:un suT§EtmanshkrN_sRmab;lk;RtI (the Zengoren).Sok ¬2005), Bush nig Minh (2005) nig Kurien, So nig Mao (2006) )andak;esñIviFIenHsRmab;km<úCa enAkñúgshKmn_GñkensaTRtI.
89r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 4>9 ³ Parkic©TTYlxusRtUvrbs;RbB½n§TIpSarlk;RtIshKmn_enAkm<úCa
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TaMgGs;[shkrN_GñkensaT RBmTaMgbegáItTItaMgRtYtBinitüKuNPaBRtIenAtamRcaMgTenøEdlykRtIeTAlk;.X> crcaedIm,Ikat;bnßykarTar[bg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar nigkat;bnßycMNucEqkeqr.
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karciBa©wmstV 70
karciBa©wmstVrYmcMENkRbEhl 16 PaKry eTAelIesdækic©Epñkksikmμ. CaTUeTA KWCaskmμPaBRbcaMRKYsar ehIyEdlpþl;R)ak;cMNUlbEnßmCUnRKYsar. karciBa©wm eKa RCUk BEB ecom nigman;-Ta BitCamankarrIkceRmInx<s;. elIsBIenHeTotkarciBa©wmstVsuIsgVak;Kñal¥Nas; CamYynwgRkbx½NÐTUeTAénRbB½n§ksikm μTMenIb. karnaMstVBahn³eTAlk;eRkARbeTsmanskþanuBlx<s;edayenAqñaM 2004 eKa BI 8-15 mWunk,al )annaMecjeRkApøÚvkar. b:uEnþcMnYnpøÚvkarénkarnaMecjTabCagenHq¶ayNas;-Et 10>6 Ban;k,alb:ueNÑaH esμInwg 2 PaKry éncMnYnstVEdlRbeTsGasa‘n)anlk;ecj. vis½yciBa©wmstV rYmman ³
k> karciBa©wmstVenAkm<úCa minpþl;GaharenAkñúgRTug b¤EfTaMdUcenARbeTsCaeRcInEdllk;stVBahn³eT. RbsinebIskmμPaBciBa©wmstVmankarRKb;RKgRbesIrCagenH karciBa©wmstVBitCaGacbegáItR)ak;cMNUleRcInsRmab;esdækic©CnbT.
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eBTüstVKμanRBMEdn ¬VSF¦ )anepþImbegáItRkumeBTüstVPUmimYycMnYnkalBIqñaM 1996. 5 qñaMeRkaymk edaymanCMnYyBIeBTüstVKμanRBMEdn FnaKarBiPBelak nig IFAD RkumRbwkSardæm®nþI )anTTYlsÁal;eBTüstVPUmiGs;TaMgenaH. enAqñaM 2004 RksYgksikmμ)anraykarN_fa )anbegáIteBTüstV PUmicMnYn 4449 nak; esμInwg 75 PaKry éneBTüstVPUmi EdlRtUvkarTaMgGs; ¬cMnYn 5906 nak; sRmab;mYyXuM 4 nak;¦. kñúgry³eBl 8 qñaM tmk ¬1996-2004¦ ksikrtUctaccMnYn 2 lannak; TTYl)an esvaBIeBTüstVPUmiTaMgenH RbkbedaylT§plCaTIeBjcitþ. bu:EnþrhUtmkTl;qñaM 2004 man 80PaKry énkEnøgciBa©wmman;TaMgGs; minTan;TTYl)anesvaBIeBTüstVPUmienAeLIyeT. karRbmUlpþúMplRbeyaCn_tamry³esvarbs;eBTüstVPUmi mansar³sMxan;Nas; kñúgkareFVI[rIkceRmIndl;plitPaBénkarciBa©wmstVenAkm<úCa.
km<úCaGaccMeNjGMBIesrIParUvnIykmμénBaNiC¢kmμenAGas‘an ¬nigGas‘anbUk 4¦ ehIyCRmujkarnaMstVBahn³eTAlk;enARsukeRkA[kan;EteRcInenAkñúgcMeNamRbeTsGas‘an nigRbeTscin. cMeBaHkic©karenH kareFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;viFIEfrkSastV KWCasar³sMxan;. KYrBinitülT§PaBeTAelItémøbEnßménTMnijnaMecj dUcCa sac; nigTwkedaHeKaCaedIm.
(70) EpñkenHdkRsg;ecjBI Ear (2005).
90 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
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shkrN_lk;TwkedaHeKa AMUL ³
begáItenAqñaM 1946 shkrN_ AMUL epþImclnaerobcMshkrN_TwkedaHeKaenARbeTs\NÐa PaKxaglic ehIy)anbegáItGgÁkarshkrN_kMBUlmYyeQμaH shkrN_ Gujarat énshB½n§cMkat;rkTIpSarlk;TwkedaHeKa ¬GCMMF¦ EdlsBVéf¶enH Casm,tþirYmrbs;GñkplitTwkedaHeKaRbEhl 2/2 lannak; enAkñúgextþ Gujarat RbeTs\NÐa. dMbUgepþImBIshkrN_rkTIpSarlk;TwkedaHeKa eRkaymk epþImcUlrYmkñúgsib,kmμEkécñTwkedaHeKa. plitplTaMgLay rYmman emSATwkedaHeKa ePsC¢³TwkedaHeKa layCatiEpøeQI TwkedaHeKacRmaj; b‘År RhVÚma: sUkULa kaer:m CatieRkmTwkedaHeKa ehIynigplitpleFVIBITwkedaHeKaCaeRcInRbePTepSg²eTot bEnßmeTAelITwkedaHeKaGnam½ysuT§. R)ak;cMNUlRbcaMqñaM 2005 mancMnYn 38 Ban;lanrUbBI esμInwg 850 landuløarGaemrik.
TisedAbzmrbs;GgÁkarenH KWbegáItbNþajshkrN_ edIm,Ipþl;esvad¾manKuNPaB ehIynigplitplnana CUnGtifiCnEdlCaGñkTTYlTanTwkedaHeKa nigedIm,ICYyGñkplitTwkedaHeKa[)anR)ak;kéRmeRcIn. bec©kviC¢aB½t’man ¬IT¦ )anedIrtYsMxan;mYykñúgkarGPivDÆekrþ×eQμaHrbs;GgÁkar AMUL. PUminImYy²manmnÞIrpþl;B½t’mantamRbB½n§eGLicRtUnic EdlCacMNucgayRsYlsRmab;TMnak;TMngtamRbB½n§GiunFWeNt nigskmμPaBGPi)alkic©ÉeTot² tamRbB½n§eGLicRtUnic EdlCarYmmantémølk; karlk;dUr kardwkCBa¢Ún nigKuNPaB. EpñkPsþúParsRmbsRmYlkarRbmUlTijTwkedaHeKacMNuH 10 lanlIRt kñúg 1éf¶ BIsgÁmshkrN_PUmicMnYn 1 mWunPUmi enATUTaMgextþ Gujarat ehIybnÞab;mkrkSaTuk Ekécñ nigplitecjCaplitplTwkedaHeKaenAsib,kmμkñúgRsuk 12 énshCIBEkécñTwkedaHfñak;Rsuk. karsagsg;sßanIysV½yRbvtþisRmab;RbmUlTijTwkedaHeKacMnYn 4 Ban;sßanIy_ CYyRbmUlpþúMB½t’mansþIGMBIsmaCik kRmitxøaj;enAkñúgTwkedaHeKa cMNuHTwkedaHeKaTaMgGs;EdlRbmUl)an nigcMnYnTwkR)ak;Edlbg;CUnsmaCikmñak;². kic©karenHCaskçIPaBEdlminGackat;éfø)ankñúgkarFanaenAsmFm’ nigtmøaPaBenATUTaMgGgÁkar AMUL. edIm,IsRmYldl;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTwkedaHeKa shkrN_)anCYl b¤eRbIR)as;rfynþ m:asIunRtCak;mYycMnYnFM.
RbPB ³ http://www.siff s.org nig http://www.amul.com
sarKnøwH ³
1> RtUvCYyBRgwgshKmn_ kñúgEpnkarrkTIpSarlk;RtI edIm,ICYyGñkensaT[lk;RtIrbs;xøÜn)antémøl¥. kñúgEpnkarTaMgenH KWRtUvmanFugTwkkksRmab;sþúkRtI b¤LanmanTUTwkkksRmab;dwkRtI ehIynigXøaMgrkSaRtI edIm,ITb;sáat;kuM[xUcKuNPaBRtI EdlnaM[lk;)antémøefak.
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91r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 4>11 ³ krNIsikSaGMBIkarbEnßmtémøelIGahar
ksidæanciBa©wmman;mYy ³ KuNPaBl¥naMeTArkeCaKC½yedaymankarFanaKuNPaBRtwmRtUv RBmTaMgmanTIpSarc,as;las; ksikrciBa©wmman;mñak;enAcm¶ayRbEhl
50 KILÚEm:Rt BITIRkugPñMeBj)anBRgIkedImTunmYyCadb; eBalKWBI 1 muWn eTA 10 muWnduløarGaemrik BIqñaM 1994-2001. Kat;ecHbec©keTsciBa©wmman;tamry³Rkumhu‘néfmYyenAPñMeBj. kalBIKat;eFVIkarenAÉshRKasciBa©wmman;mYykñúgRbeTséf Kat;)aneronsURtGMBIbec©keTsciBa©wmman; nigmuxrbrrksuIkñúgvis½yenH. eRkaymkeTot edIm,IrkSaKuNPaB Kat;TijkUnman;BIRkumhu‘néf eRBaHKat;emIleXIjfa kUnman;TaMgenH)anqøgkat;viTüasa®sþciBa©wmRtwmRtUv ¬pþl;BgFM nigRtUvxñat ehIyemman;mYy²pþl;BgeRcIn¦ cMNIman;k¾Kat;TijBIRkumhu‘néfEdr ehIyxøÜnKat;EdlCam©as; k¾ecHécñRbDitpSMcMNIman; nigcMNIstVEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;. edImTunTaMgGs;sRmab;smÖar³brikçar nigkarcMNayRbcaMéf¶ KWCaedImTunpÞal;rbs;Kat; b¤)anmktamry³Rkumhu‘néf edayBuMcaM)ac;eTAFnaKareLIy.
sac;man; nigBgman;Cag 80 PaKry Kat;lk;eTA[ePaCnIydæanFM² sNaæKar nigpSarTMenIbCaeRcInkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. ehtuEdlKat;lk;)anéføCagksikrÉeTot edaysarEtBgman;Kat;FM²CageK. bu:EnþenAEtmankarRbkYtRbECgxøaMgBIksikrkñúgRsuk RBmTaMgBgman;efak²BIbreTs. edaysarsVaKmn_[mankarRbkYtRbECg mansac;man;nigBgman;rt;Bn§qøgEdn EdlbNþal[b:HBal;F¶n;F¶rdl;rbrrksuIrbs;Ex μrEdlkMBugkekIt. raCrdæaPi)al)anBüayamTb;sáat;GMeBIrt;Bn§Gs;TaMgGs;enH bu:Enþmin)aneCaKC½ybu:n μaneT. QμÜjlk;duMTTYlTijTMnijnaMcUlGs;TaMgenH KWCaktþaCRmuj[plitplkñúgRsukFøak;éfø nigeFVI[ksikrExμr)at;bg;R)ak;cMeNj.
knøgmk mankarBüayambegáItsmaKmksikrciBa©wmman; edIm,IkarBartémøsac;man; nigBgman;. bu:EnþkgVHcMeNHdwg nigbTBiesaFn_ eFVI[dMeNIrkarenHraMgsÞH.
KuNPaBFanaeCaKC½y[LdutnMbu½gmYykalBIqñaM 1979 manLnMbu½gEx μrmYy epþImlk;nMbu½genAkñúgRsuk. dl;qñaM 1995 LnMbu½genaH)anrIkduHdaleTACaLd¾FMmYy.
sBVéf¶LenH)anlk;nMepSg²rbs;xøÜneTA[RbeTsCitxag fVIt,itEtenAmanbBaðaCaeRcInkþI.
m©as;hagenHman»kasebIkhagkñúgcMeNamGñkebIkhagdMbUgeK. hagenHmaneRbIm:asuInBak;kNþalsV½yRbvtþi nigman]bkrN_sRmab;layemSAmI nigdutnM. eRKOgm:asuInTaMgGs;naMcUlBIRbeTscin rIÉRbdab;evcx©b;naMcUlBIRbeTséf EdlmankarGUsbnøay nigmantémøx<s; edaysarkardwkCBa¢ÚnyWt ehIyRtUvbg;R)ak;bEnßm. karBüayamCYlRkumhu‘nkñúgRsuk [pþl;smÖar³evcx©b; min)aneCaKC½yeT edaysarxVHKuNPaB nigtémøx<s;eBk.
eRkayBITTYlTMnijTaMgenaHehIy hagTaMgmUlk¾RtUv)anbg;R)ak;pþac;. cMeBaHedImTunsRmab;cMNayRbcaMéf¶vij m©as;hagEtgEtx©IR)ak;BIFnaKarmYy kñúgkarR)ak; 22 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM. plitplefak²BIbreTsRbkYtRbECgCamYyplitplKat;. TMnijrt;Bn§ GKÁisnIéfø éfødwkCBa¢Únx<s; nigkarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar eFVI[Kat;)at;bg;plcMeNj. éfølk;eLIgcuHCaxøaMg BI 30 eTA 50 PaKry edaysarTIpSarFøak;éfø. m©as;haglk;)antémøl¥ EtcMeBaHGtifiCnGnþrCatiPaKeRcInEdlCaExμrenAbreTsmkTsSnakm<úCa.
RbPB ³ Sok nig Acharys ¬2003¦
4>6 skmμPaBeRkAksidæan nigminEmnksikmμ
sgÁmmYyEdlBwgEp¥kEtelIksikmμ RtUvEtmanskmμPaBepSg²eTot EdlCaskmμPaBminEmnksikmμ nigeRkAksidæan
edIm,IbEnßmtémøelIpldMNaMrbs;xøÜn nigbegáInkargar. kñúgn½yenH manCeRmIsBIr ³
k> bEnßmtémøelIpldMNaMksikmμEdlmansBVéf¶ dUcCa ³ RsUv RtI EpøeQI ehIynigplitplksikmμdéTeTot. manskþanuBl
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sMNg; CYsCulm:asuIn nigesvadéT²eTot71.
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vis½yGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCn. dUecñHmankarTTYlsÁal;CaBiessnUvsar³sMxan;énEpñkenH.
(71) RbEhl 70 PaKry énEpøeQI nigbEnø RtUv)annaMcUlBIbreTs b:uEnþmanskþanuBlTUlMTUlaysRmab;bMeBjbEnßmelIkarnaMcUl eyagtamRkumkargarbec©keTs - ksikmμ nigTwk ¬2006¦.
92 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
(72) RbEhl 70 PaKryénEpøeQI nigbEnø RtUv)annaMcUlBIbreTs b:uEnþmanskþanuBlTUlMTUlaysRmab;bMeBjbEnßmelIkarnaMcUleyagtamRkumkargarbec©keTs-ksikmμ nigTwk ¬2006¦.
(73) MPDF (2005) pþl;nUvtaragvis½y]sSahkmμmYycMnYnEdlGaceFVIenAkm<úCa. b:uEnþBMueXIjmankarbgðajBI]bsKÁEdlnaM[karBRgIkvis½yTaMgenaHraMgsÞH.
skmμPaBEkécñRsUvmanskþanuBlFMeFg
bu:EnþxVHedImTuun
EpñkEkécñmðÚbGahar
EpñkEkécñmðÚbGaharmYymanenARsukExμr TaMgEbbburaN nigEbbTMenIb bu:EnþminmanTinñn½yGegátTUlMTUlayenAeLIyeT. skmμPaBEkécñRsUv-Ggár manskþanuBlFMeFg bu:EnþxVHedImTun. bec©kviTüaenAGtþxat; minTan;TMenIb nigtémøGKÁisnIx<s; naM[karGPivDÆEpñkenH CYbRbTHnwgkarlM)akeRcIn. CaerOy² RsUvRtUv)anlk;ecjeTARbeTséf nigRbeTsevotNam ehIyTijGgárBIRbeTsTaMgenaHcUlmkRsukExμrvij. eFVIy:agenH naM[km<úCaxatbg;TaMgkargarxatbg; TaMgtémøbEnßm. karevcx©b;Gahar ¬bEnøEpøeQI nigsac;¦ )ancab;epþImkñúglkçN³CaxñattUc nigkarEkécñRtI nigbgÁa k¾)ancab;epþImEdr. sBVéf¶enH skmμPaBTaMgenHenAmantictYc ehIyRbmUlpþúMEtenACitTIRbCuMCnFM². dUecñHkarbegáItkargarsRmab;BlkrenAtamCnbTenAmankRmitTabenAeLIy72.
mUldæanRKwHsRmab;eCaKC½ykñúgkarEkécñmðÚbGahar KW ³
k> RtUvmankarpÁt;pÁg;plitpleqACab;Canic© minecHdac; nigRbkbedayKuNPaB.x> RtUvmansmÖar³dwkCBa¢ÚnmanRbsiT§PaB ¬sRmab;plitplEdlGacxUcrlYy RtUvmanFugTwkkksRmab;rkSaKuNPaB¦K> RtUvmanRbB½n§evcx©b;FMmYy nigmanRbB½n§TIpSar.
TaMgGs;enHTamTar[manbec©kviTüa ksikmμ nig]sSahkmμ GgÁkarGaCIvkmμ nigedImTunbEnßmeTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ CaBiess GKÁisnIenACnbT. eTaHbICay:agenHkþI GñkvinieyaKbreTsminha‘nmkrksuIkñúgvis½yTijdUrmðÚbGahareT edaysarEtKuNPaBplitpl nigkarpÁt;pÁg;minR)akdRbCa. GaCIvkmμkñúgRsukCaeRcInk¾mankþI)armÖdUcKñaenHEdr. dUecñHetIRtUveFVIy:agNa ? CeRmIsnana rYmman ³
k> begáInplitPaBksikm μ nigbegáItplitpleRcInmux. CaTUeTA eragcRkEkécñmðÚbGaharnwgekItenAkEnøgNa nigenAeBlNaEdlmanplitpleRcInbribUN’sRmab;TIpSar.
x> begáItbec©kviTüasRmab;CYyKaMRTdl;vis½yksikmμ.
K> Fana[manehdæarcnasm<n½§RKb;RKan;edaybMBak;GKÁisnI EdlmantémøefakenACnbT rkSatémøTMnij[)anc,as;las; edaymantmøaPaBEpñkGPi)alkic© EdlCabuerlkçxNÐsRmab;vinieyaKfñak;mUldæankñúgvis½yksikmμEkécñ.
X> bgálkçN³gayRsYldl;\NTanEdlmankarR)ak;Tab.
g> begáItshRKasxñattUc nigmFümsRmab;Ekécñ evcx©b; nigbegáItRbB½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnenAmUldæan.
edaysarkic©karenHmanTMhMFMKYrsm rdæaPi)almincaM)ac;RbwgERbgeFVIkic©karenHTaMgRsugeT. Cakarcab;epþIm RbsinebImanfamBlGKÁisnIefak ehIyminecHdac; enaHEpñkÉeTot²nwgcUlmkedayxøÜnÉg.
EpñkminEmnmðÚbGahar 73
esvakm μ nigsib,km μ μ eRkABIGaharxøHebIkdMeNIrkarenAtamCnbT fVIt,itEtenAq¶ayBIskm μPaBTMenIb²enATIRbCuMCnk¾eday. sib,kmμTaMgenaH rYmman ³
k> tm,ajsURt nigrévGMe)aH x> L\dæK> sib,kmμEkécñeQI nigpliteRKOgsgðarwm X> tm,ajkenÞlGMBIepþA nigsrésFmμCatiÉeTot²g> cmøak;fμ c> k¥mqñaMg nigvtßúeFVIedayéddéTeTot q> RbB½n§TwkeRbIR)as; nigRbB½n§pøÚvdwkCBa¢Ún ¬Gnuvtþ nigCYsCul¦C> Es,kstV Q> RbB½n§GKÁisnIenACnbT-m:asuInePøIgsRmab;EckcayePøIgeRbIR)as; nigsakGaKuyenAtamPUmiCaedIm j> lk;dUrrayrg nigdwkCBa¢ÚnepSg².
93r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 4>12 ³ tm,ajsURtenAkm<úCa
sib,kmμsURtenAkm<úCamanTItaMgenAextþ 4 ³ kNþal taEkv éRBEvg nigkMBg;cam. 85 PaKryénsib,kmμ
tm,ajsURtmanenAextþkNaþl nigtaEkv. GMe)aHsURtnaMcUlBIRbeTsevotNam ykmkt,ajecjCasMBt;
enARbeTskm<úCa.
skmμPaBtm,ajsURtesÞIrEtTaMgGs;eFVIenAkñúgrgVg;RKYsar. eFVIEbbenH edIm,IkuM[Gs;QñÜleRcIn ehIyGñk
eFVIkarTaMgGs;rs;enA nighUbcukenApÞHEtmþg. QμÜjkNþal b¤BaNiC¢krCaGñkRKb;RKgTIpSar eBalKWBYkeK
pþl;GMe)aHsURteTA[Gñkt,ajenAkñúgPUmi ehIyRbmUlTijsMBt;sURtBIGñkPUmiykeTAlk;enATIpSarxageRkA.
tamviFIenH QμÜjkNþaltP¢ab;Gñktm,ajsURtCaeRcInBan;nak;eTAkñuúgbNþajénGgÁPaBplitd¾FMmYyEdlemIlmineXIj. bnÞab;mkeTot
BYkQμÜjkNþalsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;BYkGñklk;duM EdlCaGñkdak;témø. karRtYtRtaenARKb;dMNak;kal eFVIeLIgtamTMnak;TMng
kñúgsgÁm nigkñúgbNþajminEmneFVItamRbB½n§sßab½nNamYyeT.
bu:Enþ viFIenHk¾mancMNucxVHxatEdr eRBaHvaminman»kasTTYl)anbec©kviTüafμI nigTTYl)ankarvivDÆkñúgvis½ysib,kmμ nigTIpSar.
rIÉGñkt,ajvij k¾minman»kas)anCYbRbTHcMeNHfμI² ehIysib,kmμkñúgRKYsarEbbenH k¾min)anTTYlykGñkfμI[man»kas)ancUl
eronpgEdr eRkABIsmaCikRKYsarxøÜn. Gñkt,ajTaMgGs;eFVItamEteKecHBImunmk ehIymin)anécñRbDittamesckþIRtUvkarTIpSareT
dUecñHehIy)anCaminmanGVIfμI. sURtExμrminEmnCaTMnijsRmab;naMecjeT ehIyk¾minmanGVIeRcInEdlGacTak;TajePJóveTscrN_)anEdr.
sURtExμrCag 95 PaKry lk;dUr-eRbIR)as;EtenAkñúgRsuk.
Gñkt,ajPaKeRcInCa®sþI EdlmancMnYnRbEhl 2 muWnnak; kñúgqñaM 2003 ekInBI 1 muWnnak; kñúgqñaM 2000. mñak;²rkR)ak;)an
BI 40 eTA 50 duløar kñúg 1 Ex GaRs½yeTAelITItaMglk;dUr nigRbePTénsMBt;sURt.
ebIcg;[tm,ajsURtenH mantémøRbesIrCagsBVéf¶ edIm,ICYyelIkkm<s;CIvPaBGñkt,ajsURt caM)ac;RtUverobcMCaGgÁkarcat;taMg
RtwmRtUv RBmTaMgbMBak;bec©kviTüaTMenIbpg. dMbUg BYkQμÜjkNþalRtUvrkTIpSarsRmab;lk;sURt[)aneRcInCagsBVéf¶ nigRtUvdwgBI
RbePTk,ac;-RkLasMBt;hUlEdleBjniym. bnÞab;mk sMBt;sURtTaMgenHRtUveFIVtamkarniymrbs;TIpSar nigRtUvecHpøas;bþÚrk,ac;k,Úr
edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarcg;)anrbs;GtifiCn. edIm,IeFVIy:agenH)ancaM)ac;RtUveRbIbec©kviTüaTMenIb. RtUverobcMsþg;darBlkmμ[smRsb
dUcEdlGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigTIPñak;garmYycMnYn)annigkMBugBüayameFVI. ]bsKÁcm,gkñúgKeRmagenH KWRbsinebIskmμPaB
tm,ajsMBt;sURtenHeFVIenAEtkñúgrgVg;RKYsar nigkñúgbNþajénsgÁm enaHkarxMRbwgERbgrbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alminGaceFVI
GnþraKmn_)aneT luHRtaEtkic©GnþraKmTaMgenaH FMTUlayRKb;RKan;GacRCabcUleTAkñúgbNþajsgÁmRKYsarTaMgenaH)an.
RbPB ³ Seng, Dongleman nig tier Horst ¬2006¦ Acharya, Kim Chap nig Meach ¬2003¦
edIm,IelIkkm<s;skm μPaBkñúgvis½yenH RtUvmankarCMruuj[xøaMgmYy eBalKWdMeLIgKuNPaB bec©kviTüa nigbegáInkar
buinRbsb;rbs;mnusS begáItnigCRmujbNþajTIpSar[)aneRcIn nigBRgIksßab½n \NTan [TUlMTUlay. bEnßmelIenHeTot
edIm,I[skmμPaBTaMgenHduHdal)an caM)ac;RtUvmanehdæarcnasm<½n§l¥.
PaKeRcInénskmμPaBTaMgenH eRbIbec©kviTüaminTan;sm½y Edlmantémøx<s; ehIymanplitPaBTab - elIsBIenHeTot
RtUvCYbnwgkarKMramkMEhgBI\v:an;naMcUlBIbreTs. kmμkrmñak;eFVIkarmYyéf¶)anR)ak;QñÜlBI 3000 eTA 6000 erol PaKeRcIn
Cakic©karRbcaMrdUv b¤mineBjem:ag. rbrrksuInanasßit enAeRkamkarRtYtRtaBIBYkQμÜj EdlmanbNþajTMnak;TMngTIpSar ¬RbGb;
4>12¦. bu:EnþeTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾skmμPaBGs;TaMgenaHpþl;esvacaM)ac;nanaenAtamCnbT nigbegáItkargarenATIenaHCaeRcIn
Edr. skmμPaB nigesvaTaMgenaH CaKnøwHsMxan;mYyCYybn§ÚrbnßybnÞúkBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ nigensaTRtI. TIPñak;garGPivDÆn_nana
)anRbwgERbgbBa©Úlbec©kviTüaTMenIb bNþúHbNþalbuKÁlik nigbegáItTIpSarkñúgvis½ysib,kmμminEmnmðÚbGahar ¬GgÁkar Artisans
D’Angkor )anCYyCRmujbec©kviTüaTMenIb nigCYYyrkTIpSar FnaKareGsuIlIdapþl;R)ak;km©I nigPñak;gardéTeTot manEcgBisþar
enAkñúg ¬RbGb; 4>13¦. skmμPaBGs;TaMgenH BitCamanRbsiT§PaB.
94 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 4>13 ³ GaCIvkrenAextþ mNÐlKIrI )anplRbeyaCn_BIR)ak;km©Irbs;eGsuIlIda
GtifiCnTI 1
GñkRsI TI suxelob Gñklk;eRKOgeTsmñak;enAPUmikNþal extþmNÐlKIrI )anx©IluyBIÉkCnmñak;kñúgkarR)ak; 10 PaKry kñúg 1 Ex. kñúgkRmitkarR)ak;EbbenH rbrrksuIKat;min)anplcMeNjeLIy. eRkaymk Kat;)anx©IR)ak;BIFnaKareGsuIlIdakñúgkarR)ak;TabCag. Kat;)anykR)ak;enHeFVIedImTunTijTMnijCaeRcInkñúgtémøefak. \LÚvenH muxrbrKat;edIrl¥Nas; Kat;TijTMnij 2 s)aþh_mþg edaydwk tamLantak;suIBIPñMeBj. kalBIKat;minTan;x©IR)ak;BIFnaKareGsuIlIda Kat;lk;)anEt 150>000 eTA 200>000 erolkñúg1éf¶bu:eNÑaH bu:EnþeRkayBIKat;)anR)ak;km©IeGsuIlIda rbrlk;dUrKat;ekIndl; 400>000 erolkñúgmYyéf¶. \LÚvenH RKYsarKat;rs;y:agRsYl ehIyEfmTaMgGacpÁt;pÁg;esckþIRtUvkarsRmab;GnaKtkUnKat;eTot.
GtifiCnTI 2
GñkRsI ehg qaylI CaGñklk;eRKOgsMNg;enAkñúgPUmicMbk; extþmNÐlKIrII Kat;)anx©IR)ak;BIFnaKareGsuIlIda ykeTATijLandwkTMnijFuntUcmYy kñúgtémø 15>000 duløar. BImunKat;CYlLaneKdwksmÖar³sMNg; dUcCa dIxSac; \dæ Edk eRbg\n§³ nigsuIm:g;BIPñMeBj. CYnkalKat;)at;bg;muxrbr eRBaHKat;minGacpÁt;pÁg;smÖar³Tan;eBlevla edaysarkardwkCBa¢ÚnmineTogTat;. \LÚvenH edaysarKat;manLanpÞal;xøÜnmYy Kat;GacpÁt;pÁg;smÖar³[GtifiCnKat;)aneTogTat; nigTan;eBlevla. BIedImKat;lk;)anRtwmEt 400 eTA 500 duløar bu:Enþ\LÚvenH karlk;dUrrbs;Kat;ekInBI 1000 eTA 1500 duløar.
FnaKareGsuIlIda)anrkeXIjfa sUm,IenAtMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyalk¾eday FnaKarminRKan;Et[x©IR)ak;bu:eNÑaHeT KWGacCasßab½nsRmab;snSMR)ak;pgEdr. enAextþmNÐlKIrI R)ak;Edl[x©IPaKeRcIn KWCaR)ak;snSMenAkñúgextþ minEmnCaR)ak;ykBIeRkAcUleTAkñúgextþeT.
RbPB ³ FnaKar eGsIulIda/ TMnak;TMngÉkCn
sarKnøwH ³
muxrbrEdlEp¥kelIskmμPaBksikmμ RtUvbBa©ÚleTAkñúgRbB½n§mYy EdlgayERbpøas;BIksikm μsRmab;hUbcuk eTACaksikmμ
EdlmanKuNtémøsRmab;lk;enATIpSar. ksikrRtUvEtecHrYmédKñaplitdMNaMksikmμ[)aneRcInRKb;RKan;sRmab;lk;enATIpSar.
dUcKñaenHEdr plitkmμEpñkminEmnmðÚbGahar k¾RtUvkarCRmuj[eRbIR)as;bec©kviTüafμI[manhirBaØvtßú nigTIpSarRKb;RKan;.
4>7 esckIþsrub
edIm,ICRmujskm μPaBGPivDÆn_esdækic©[TUlMTUlayenACnbT RtUvelIkkm<s;KuNPaBbec©kviTüa nigbegáItbriyakas
RbkYtRbECgenATIpSar.
edIm,ICRmujkareRbIsmÖar³brikçaksikmμ[kan;EteRcInEfmeTot RtUvFana[mansmÖar³brikçaRKb;RKan; niglk;eCOCUnksikr
kñúgtémøEdlmankMNt;TukCamunc,as;las;RbkbedaykarR)ak;smRsb. plcMeNjBIplitPaB RtUvmankRmitx<s;
RKb;RKan;sRmab;TUTat;eTAelIkarxatbg;kñúgdMeNIrkarénmuxrbr enAeBlNaéføedImekIneLIgelOnCagéfølk;.
CIvbec©kviTüaTaMgGs;duHlUtlas;l¥Nas; kalNamanRbB½n§eRsacRsBl¥. ebIcg;dMeLIgplitPaBdMNaM nigbegáIn
R)ak;cMNUlCUnksikr RtUvBRgIkRbB½n§eRsacRsB[)anqab;bMput. valTMnabenAkm<úCa manTwkeRcInCagRbeTsPaKeRcIn
déTeTot dUecñHmanskþanuBleRcInNas; kñúgkarBRgIkRbB½n§eRsacRsB[TUlMTUlayCagsBVéf¶.
karrkSaéfølk;[nwgn GacCYyksikr nigplitkrtUctac ehIyGac):an;sμan)aneTAelIbriyakasesdækic©enATIpSar.
cMNucenHsMxan;Nas; BIeRBaHksikrPaKeRcInGacsþúkplitplrbs;eKTuklk; eBlNamantémøx<s;. viFIrkSatémølk;
[manlMnwgmanKMrUmYycMnYnenAelIBiPBelak dUcCa ¬1¦ begáItFnaKarRsUv ¬2¦ cuHkic©snüaCamYym:asuInkinRsUv
¬3¦ eFVIksikmμkñúgkic©snüa ¬sRmab;pldMNaMepSgBIRsUv ¦ b¤ ¬4¦ begáItRbB½n§KaMRTtémøGb,brma. viFITaMgenHGacyk
mkeRbIR)as;EtmYy b¤elIsBImYyk¾)an.
95r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
TIpSarlk;dUrRtI nigstVBahn³ bc©úb,nñenHmanbBaðaBukrlYy nigkariyaFibetyü RBmTaMgbBaðabNþajTIpSarxVH
RbsiT§PaB. edaysarEtbBaðaGs;TaMgenH ksikr nigGñkensaT EdlCaGñkplitTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUlbnþicbnþÜc
sRmab;rs;Etbu:eNÑaH. CakarcaM)ac;bMput KWRtUvbegáItbNþajlk;dUrenAkñúgshKmn_ nigbMBak;bec©kviTüaTMenIb. km<úCa
KYrykbTBiesaFn_RbkbedayeCaKC½yBIRbeTsÉeTot²mkl,gGnuvtþ.
skm μPaBeRkAksidæan nigminEmnksikm μkñúgTRmg;EkécñmðÚbGaharmanskþanuBlTUlMTUlayNas;enAkm<úCa. enAkñúg
sib,kmμEkécñmðÚbGahar karRKb;RKgl¥elIbNþajpÁt;pÁg; nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ EdlFUréføGacCYyCRmujskmμPaBTaMgGs;
enH[rIkduHdal.
rUbPaB 4>13 ³ kardMeLIgR)ak;cMNUlCUnksikr nigR)ak;cMNUlenACnbT - segçb
RbPB ³ GtßbTénCMBUkenH nigEpñkenAkñúgCMBUk 3
skmμPaBeRkAksidæan nigminEmnksikmμ kñúgTRmg;EkécñmðÚbGaharmanskþanuBlTUlMTUlayNas;
96 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
CMBUk 5CMBUk
98 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
5CMB Uk
arbegIánR)ak;cMNUlenACnbTTamTar[manCeRmIsepSg²eRcInCagyuT§sa®sþ nigCeRmIstamvis½ynImYy² dUcEdl
)anbgðajxagedIm. KMnitpþÜcepIþmelIKeRmagkarxñatFMnana KWCaktþacaM)ac;dUcEdlmanbgðajmYycMnYnenAkñúg
CMBUkenH. KMnitTaMgenaHrYmman ³ ¬1¦ karpþl;famBlGKiÁsnIenAtamCnbT kareFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;meFüa)ay
dwkCBa¢Ún nigerobcMTIRbCMuCntamtMbn;RbkbedaytulüPaB ¬2¦ karbegIátehdæarcnasm<½n§tamry³kmμviFIkargarsaFarN³
EdlbegáItsmiT§pl nigesvakm μd¾mansarRbeyaCn_dl;GñkRk ¬3¦ karGPivDÆsgÁm CaBiesstamry³karGb;rMviC¢aCIv³
nigkarBRgIkesvakmμsuxaPi)al ¬4¦ maneKalneya)ayskmμsRmab;CYydl;CnCatiedImPaKtic nig ¬5¦ manRbB½n§RtYtBinitü
nigvaytémørwgmaM sRmab;tamdanemIllT§plénEpnkaryuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_Cati.
5>1 karGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigerobcMTIRbCMuCnRbkbedaytulüPaBtamtMbn;
karpþl;GKÁisnItamCnbT
bc©úb,nñenH RKYsarenAtamCnbTcMnYn 7/9 PaKry )antP¢ab;ExSbNþajGKÁisnIsRmab;eRbIR)as;. cMnYn 1/3 PaKry
manfamBlGKÁisnIedayeRbIm:asuInePøIg ehIy 17/4 PaKry eRbIGaKuyEdlbBa©ÚlePIøgedaym:asuInm:as‘Ut74. famBlBIExS
bNþajGKiÁsnIsßitenAkñúgbrimaNmankRmit edaysarxVHm:asIunePøIgpg nigedaysarbNþajbBa¢ÚnfamBlminRKb;RKan;pg.
m:asuInePIøgPaKeRcInenAtamextþ b¤enAtammUldæan mansPaBcas;RTuDeRTam nigxVHRbsiT§PaB RBmTaMg]sSah_xUc. m:asuInePIøg
TaMgenaH k¾CYbRbTHnwgkgVHxathirBaØvtßúpgEdr. famBlGKiÁsnImYyEpñktUcEdleRbIenAtambNþaextþCab;RBMEdn manRbPB
BIRbeTsCitxag.
témøGKiÁsnICamFümKWcenøaHBI 1>200 eTA 2>000 erol ¬0>30 eTA 0>50 duløarGaemrik¦ kñúgmYyKILÚva:t;em:ag témøenH
x<s;bniþc ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgtémøGKiÁsnIenARbeTsdéT EdlmantémøcenøaHBI 0>10 eTA 0>12 duløarGaemrik. GKiÁsnI
mantémøx<s; eFVI[mUldæancMNUlexSayEdlCamUlehtumYy minGacmanlT§PaBbMBak;m:asIunePøIgfIμ² CaBiess KWBYkGñklk;
famBlGKiÁsnIÉkCn. esvaenH Cacm,g KWsRmab;eRbIR)as;bMPøWtamRKYsarEtb:ueNÑaH. GñkpÁt;pÁg;esvafamBlGKiÁsnI
ticCag 10 PaKry Etb:ueNÑaH EdlGacpþl;famBlelIsBIkareRbIR)as;sRmab;bMPøWtamRKYsar. m:asIunePøIgminGacpÁt;pÁg;
famBlRKb;RKan;sRmab;vis½y]sSahkm μ75 ehIykñúgtémøEbbbc©úb,nñenH kareRbIkñúgvis½y]sSahkm μPaKeRcInminman
RbsiT§PaBeT.
b:uEnþkarpÁt;pÁg;GKiÁsnItamCnbT KWCacMNucsMxan;sRmab;eFVI[TMenIbdl;RbB½n§Farasa®sþ sib,kmμxñattUc nigmFüm
BaNiC¢km μ nigkareRbIR)as;tamRKYsar. kñúgs μartIenH c,ab;sIþGMBIGKiÁsnIqñaM 2001 pþl;Parkic©TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;
nigkarerobcMCUnrdæaPi)al EdlmanEpnkareFVICaédKUCamYyvis½yÉkCnenAkñúgdMeNIrkarbBa¢Ún nigEckcaybEnßmBIelIkarTij
famBlGKiÁsnIBIRbeTsCitxagpg.
k
KMnitpþÜcepIþmelIKeRmagkarxñatFM
edIm,IelIkkm<s
;CIvPaBenACnbT nigelIkkm<s
;karGPivDÆmnusS
(74) RbPB ³ GegátBak;kNþalCMerOnRbCaCnkm<úCa 2004 (ICPS-2004)
(75) RbPB ³ Dapice, Valley and Wilkinson 2006 karR)aRs½yTak;TgpÞal;xøÜnCamYy EDC
99r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
5CMB Uk
karpÁt;pÁg; nigbBa¢ÚnGKiÁsnItamExSbNþaj kMBugeRKagdak;BRgayenAkñúgtMbn;PaKxagt,Úg ¬KWextþtaEkv kMBt nigRkug
RBHsIhnu¦ edayeRbIfamBlvarIGKiÁsnIFM² EdlmanTItaMgenAextþkMBt nigekaHkug nigeragcRkplitfamBlGKiÁsnIeRbIFüÚgfμ
enARkugRBHsIhnu. rMBwgfaTItaMgTaMgenHnwgGacepþImdMeNIrkar)anenAqñaM 2010. karTijfamBlGKiÁsnIBIRbeTsevotNam
sRmab;extþkMBg;cam RkecH k¾RtUv)anerobcMCaKeRmagrYcehIyEdr. cMENkÉkic©RBmeRBógTijfamBlGKiÁsnIBIRbeTséf
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esomrab RbEhlCaenAqñaM 2008. ExSbNþajEckcayGKiÁsnImYyExSsRmab;tP¢ab;BIextþ)at;dMbg eTATIRkugPñMeBjrMBwgfa
nwgrYcral;enAqñaM 2010.
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famBlGKiÁsnIkñúgtémøTab)an eTaHbICafamBlvarIGKiÁsnIGacmanplRbeyaCn_eRcInCagcMeBaHbrisßank¾eday.
kñúgsßanPaBbnÞan; edIm,IbegáInkarpþt;pÁg;GKiÁsnI dMeNIrkardMeLIgsmÖar³fIμ²sRmab;plitfamBl nigdMeNIrkarEklm¥
]bkrN_cas;² KYrEteFVIdMNalKña. TMhMvinieyaKGacGaRs½yeTAtamTMhMGtibrmaénkareRbIR)as; ¬]TahrN_ ³ karRbIR)as;
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k> edIm,IBRgaykarpÁt;pÁg;famBleTAtamPUmi RbkarsMxan;RtUvmanbNþajEckcayecjBIbNþajem kñúgkrNIxøH karbMBak;
famBlGKiÁsnIenACnbTminGaceFVIeTA)an edaysarEtxVHExSbNþajlMdab;EckcaysRmab;BRgayfamBl.
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\LÚvenH Cabec©kviTüaGaceRbIR)as;)an nigGacmanplcMeNjdl;esdækic©eTotpg.
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mansßirPaBpgEdr.
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cenøaHBI 300-500 erol kñúgmYyKILÚv:at;em:ag.
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kñúgkrNINaEdlmanskþanuBlx<s;sRmab;TajykKuNtémø.
100 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 5>1 ³ krNIsikSa ³ GKiÁsnIenAtamCnGacbegIátkargar)aneRcInsRmab;GñkRk
Gs;ry³eBlCag1qñaMehIy elak Dug lI CaGñkdwknaMshKmn_enAkEnøgplitfamBl GKiÁsnImYy
enAPUmiGnøúgtamuI extþ)at;dMbg. m:asuInePøIgtUcrbs;Kat;dMeNIrkar 8 em:agkñúg 1 éf¶ ehIypÁt;pÁg;GKiÁsnICUn
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TUrTsSn_ 1 eRKÓg nigGMBUlEvgcMnYn 2 ehIyRtUvbg;éføcMnYn 1/500 erol ¬0/37 duløarGaemrik¦ kñúg
1 KILÚva:t;. témøenHvaenATabsmrmüebIeFobeTAnwgtMbn;epSg²eTot EdlmantémørhUtdl; 4/000 erol
¬1 duløarGaemrik¦ kñúg1KILÚva:t;.
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rbs;Kat;nwgdMeNIrkar)anl¥ ehIyminmankarxkcitþteToteLIy.
eqøIytbeTAnwgesckIþRtUvkarenH enAEx mkra qñaM 2006 kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati (UNDP) )anKaMRTdl;KeRmagmYytam
ry³fvikaCMnYyxñattUc Edl]btßmÖedayfvikasRmab;kic© - karbrisßanskl. KeRmagenaH Edl)andMeNIrkarrhUtdl;Exmkra
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cMnYn 180 RKYsar EfmeTotenAkñúgPUmiCab;KñacMnYn 2.
gwn NavIr³ RbFanRKb;RKgKeRmagmanRbsasn_fa {KeRmagenHmanTisedApþl;GKiÁsnIdl;PUmienACnbT edayeRbIRbPBfamBl
kekIteLIgvij 100 PaKry ehIyeRbIEtedImeQI EdldaMduHenAkñúgshKmn_mUldæanEtb:ueNÑaH}.
dUcKñaeTAnwgm:asuIncas;rbs; Dug lI Edr m:asuInePøIgfI μenHedIredaykardutedImkn§Meft EdldaMduHenAkñúgshKmn_mUldæan
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eTotfa {enAeBlNamanGKiÁsnIRKb;RKan; RbCaBlrdæGaceRbIkñúgeKalbMNgCaeRcInepSgeTot dUcCa bUmTwkdak;ERscMkarCaedIm }.
{enHBitCalT§plrMBwgTukCak;Esþgrbs;KeRmagenH } tamRbsasn_rbs;elak Lay XIm ]bkarIrbs;tMNagRbcaMRbeTs
EdlTTYlbnÞúkkargarEpñkbrisßan. {eyIgsgÇwmfanwgbegIánkargar nigbegIánR)ak;cMNUl tamry³skmμPaBplitkmμEbbBaNiC¢kmμ
edayeRbIGKiÁsnIEdlmantémøefak ehIyTnÞwmKñaenHEdr k¾GacCYyelIksÞÜybrisßanedaykardaMedImeQIenAtam shKmn_mUldæan }.
101r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún
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dl;kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. elIsBIenHeTot kardwkCBa¢Únrh½s nigefak GacCYykat;bnßyéføplit nigéførs;enA
pgEdr. fVIt,itEtpøÚvlMCnbT nigpøÚvCatimYycMnYnRtUv)an nigkMBugsagsg; nigCYsCuleLIgvij76k¾eday k¾enARtUvkarpøÚvCaeRcIn
EfmeTot sUm,IEtsBVéf¶enH enAtMbn;mYycMnYnénRbeTskm<úCa karecjcUlBIRbeTsCitxaggayRsYlCagkareFIVdMeNIrBIkñúg
RbeTs.
meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Únrh½ssRmab;pÞúkTMnijeRcIn nigsmÖar³F¶n;² b¤dwkGñkdMeNIreRcInTamTar[manbNþajpøÜvrfePøIg
tP¢ab;RkugsMxan;² eTAnwgtMbn;TIRbCMuCnCMuvijRkug. sUm,IEtGKiÁsnIenACnbTk¾eday k¾RtUvmankardwkCBa©ÚnFüÚgfμkñúgbrimaN
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EpñkFMminGaceRbIkar)an nigRbB½n§pþl;sBaØa k¾enAcas;buraNpgEdr.
pøÚvdwkCBa¢ÚnGasuI (Trans-Asia) RtUv)aneRKagnwgtP¢ab;BIRbeTssigðburIeTAkan;extþKunmIg PaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTscintP¢ab;
TIRkug nigRbeTsCaeRcInEdlenAtamenaH. pøÚvenHcUlRbeTskm<úCatamRcke)a:yEb:t qøgkat;TIRkugPñMeBj extþkMBg;cam
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tMbn;GasuIGaeKñy_. vis½ydwkCBa¢Ún rYmman ³
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RkugRBHsIhnu k¾RtUvsþareLIgvijCabnÞan;pgEdr.
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enAkñúgRbeTs.
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CashRKasmYy Edldac;edayELkeT.
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TMhMTUlayCag dUecñHeKQb;eRbITUrfePøIgrbs;eKsBVéf¶ EdlenAmanKuNPaBl¥enAeLIy. km<úCaGaccrcaTij
TUrfePøIgTaMgenaHkñúgtémøsmrmü)an.
nKrUbnIykmμ nigTIpSar
rhUtmkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñenH karGPivDÆCaeRcInmanenAEtkñúg nigCMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj nigmYyEpñkenAkMBg;EpRkugRBHsIhnu.
cMENkÉextþesomrabvij CakEnøgTak;TajePJóveTscrEdleTATsSnaR)asaTburaN. CakarBitehIy nKrUbnIykm μ
manTMenarRKbdNþb;EttamtMbn;xøH² dUecñHehIy)anCamanmnusSCaeRcIneFIVcMNakRsukBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot edIm,IEsVg
rkkareFVI 77.
kardwkCBa¢Únrh½snigefakGacCYykat;bnßyéføplit nigéførs;enApgEdr
(76) sUmemIl gI ¬2006¦ sMrab;B½t’manfIμGMBIkarGPivDÆpøÚv
(77) GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati ¬2006¦
102 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
karxitxMelIksÞÜydl;karbEnßmKuNtémøelIplksikm μ nigCRmuj[manksi]sSahkm μenACnbT GacnwgTTYl)an
eCaKC½y RbsinebImanRbCaBlrdæpþMúKñars;enACit²enaH rYmTaMgmansmÖar³brikçarénehdæarcnasm<½n§CabEnßmeTAelITIpSar
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EdlGaceFVI[lTi§RbCaFibetyükan;EtsIuCeRmA. karGPivDÆpøÚvdwkCBa¢Ún KWCameFüa)aymYy edIm,IelIksÞÜydl;karlUtlas;
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pøÚvfñl;sMxan;² CitpøÚvrfePøIg b¤pøÚvTwk dUecñHkarsVHEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaykñúgvis½yenHminEmnCaerOgfI μ b¤k¾RtUvcMNayeRcIn
Nas;NaenaHeT.
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sßitenACitsmuRT EdlGactP¢ab;eTAmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvTwk. kñúgeBlqab;²xagmuxenH RkugRBHsIhnuk¾nwgRtUv)antP¢ab;
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edaysarrebogenH manRbCaBlrdærs;enAeRcInKYrsmpgEdr tMbn;nImYy²enHGaceFVICatMbn;]sSahkm μnwgkøayeTACatMbn;
eTscrN_EdlmantémøTab78.
sarKnøwH ³
bMBak;GKiÁsnIenACnbT[mantémøefak meFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvEdk nigbegáIt]sSahkmμeRcInRbePT nwgCYyelIk
temáIgkarGPivDÆesdækic©CnbT nigpþl;CIvPaBrs;enAkan;EtRbesIrCUnRbCaBlrdæenAtamRsukERs.
5>2 karbegáItehdæarcnasm<½n§edaymanbec©kviTüaRsUbykmøaMgBlkmμeRcIn79
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eT kñúgeBlfμI²enH ¬taragTI 5>1¦.
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kargareRcInsRmab;yuvCnenAtamCnbT.(79) RbeTsCaeRcIn TaMgRbeTslUtlas;elOn TaMgRbeTslUtlas;yWt )anGnum½tkmμviFIRbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRkedaypÞal; EdlkmμviFIxøHk¾manBak;B½n§
dl;karbegáItsmiT§plEdr b:uEnþkmμviFIxøHeTotk¾minmanBak;B½n§eT.
taragTI 5>1 ³ karERbRbYlénR)ak;QñÜlBitRbcaMéf¶rbs;kmμkrsIuQñÜleFVIERsBIqñaM 2000 dl; 2006 ¬témøkñúgqñaM 2000¦
RbPB ³ karBinitüelIkarGPivDÆkm<úCa ¬bBaðaepSg² RkumBlkrEdlgayrgeRKaH {segátkarN_esdækic© :- sUcnakrnana¦
BlrdæCaeRcInmin)anTTYlkar
pÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBrs;enARKb;RKan;BIFnFan
dIFøIeT. PaBKμandIFIø
k¾kMBugEtekIneLIgpgEdr
103r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
BlrdæRkIRkkm<úCaGacTTYlplRbeyaCn_FMeFgBIkmμviFIkargarsaFarN³epSg² edIm,IbeRmIeKalbMNgBIr KW ³
k> CYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRktamrdUv nigPaBGt; b¤xVHkargareFVItamtMbn;CnbTnana
x> begáItsmiT§pl nigesvakmμnanaEdlmanRbeyaCn_sRmab;esdækic©.
GVIEdlbgáb;enAkñúgesckIþsm¥agTaMgenaH KWKMnitkñúgkarBRgwgGMNacdl;GñkRkIRk ¬tamry³karpþl;kargar¦ nigvimCÄkar
esdækic© EdlTaMgBIrenHCalkçxNÐdMbUgsRmab;[seRmc)annUvkarGPivDÆmnusS.
km μviFInanadUcCamUlniFisgÁm nigkm μviFIes,ógBlkm μrbs;km μviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak KWCaKeRmagEdl)anTTYl
eCaKC½yenAkñúgRbeTs. kmμviFIkargarsaFarN³nana RtUv)anpþÜcepIþmeLIgedayRkumRbwkSaXMu nigRkum])askeCIgvtþnana
Edl)anbegáItCasmiT§plxñattUc² ¬dUcCa dak;lU pøÚvlMtam mUldæan sþarGagTwk CaedIm¦ edayeRbIkmμkrEdlenAtamPUmi.
esckIþesñIRtg;cMNucenHRsedogEtKñaeT KWRKan;EtesñI[dak;karbegáItkargarCacMNucsñÚlrbs;vaEtb:uNwÑg. elIsBIenHeTot
mankarelIkeyabl;fa kmμviFIenHKYrEtmanEpñkksagsmtßPaBenABIkñúgEtmþg. karcUlrYmBIvis½yÉkCn nigkarpþl;hirBaØvtßú
rYmKñakñúgdMNak;kalNamYyenaH k¾RtUv)anesñIeLIgEdr.
RbGb; 5>2 ³ smiT§plEdlbegáIteLIg eRkamkmμvIFIpþl;kargarCYypþl;bEnßmtémøBit
sMNYr ³ etIkarbEnßmtémøBit EdlbegáIteLIgedayKeRmagepSg² eRkamkm μviFIEdlRtUvkarBlkm μeRcInmanTMhMsmehtusmpl
Edr b¤eT - ebIniyay[cMeTA KWfaetIKeRmagTaMgenHmanRbeyaCn_RKb;RKan; edIm,IykeTACYykñúgvis½yksikmμ nigCnbT)an b¤eT ?
cemøIy ³ CaTUeTA RbsinebIKeRmagTaMgenHelIkkalviPaKmin[b:HBal;dl;rdUvEdlRtUvkarBlkmμeRcInsRmab;eFVIksikmñ bBaðaxagelIenH
GacsRmal)an. valTMnabdIsNþTenøemKgÁ nigtMbn;bwgTenøsab EdlmanRbCaBlrdærs;enAkuHkr mankmøaMgBlkmμeRcInbribUN’
GacbBa©b;KeRmagehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbTenH. dUceXIjenAkñúgTinñ½yénRbeTsbg;køaeds EdlmanRbCaBlrdærs;enAkuHkrGBa©wgEdr
vis½yksikmμTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BitR)akdEmn BIeRBaHksikrtUctacEdlbeRmIkarkñúgkmμviFIkargarsaFaN³TaMgenH )anykR)ak;
kéRmEdleKrk)aneTAeRbIelIdIFøIrbs;eKedIm,IbegáInTinñpl.
]TahrN_EdleFVI[cab;Garm μN_CageKbMputenaH KWenAkñúgRbeTscinmansm,tiþFnFankñúgRTg;RTayFMmYy RtUv)anbegáIteLIg
kñúgcenøaHBIcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 eTAedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990. eRkamkmμviFI yIhÁÚg-dayehSn (Yigong-Daizhen) pøÚvfñl;CnbT
RbEvg 130/000 K/m nigs<ancMnYn 8/000 RtUv)ansßabnaeLIgtP¢ab;PUmicMnYn 10/000 PUmi nigpÁt;pÁt;Twks¥atsRmab;briePaKCUn
RbCaBlrdæCnbT cMnYn 21 lannak;.
RbPB ³ GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati-Bappenas (2005); Ling nig Zhongyi (1995)
km μviFIEbbenHmanKMrUCaeRcIn EdlGacykCaemeron)an80. edIm,IeCaKC½yénkm μviFIenH RtUveKarBtambuerlkçxNÐR)aM
dUcxageRkamenH ³
k> kmμviFIkargarRtUvEtGacbTEbn)anenAfñak;mUldæan edIm,I[RtUveTAtamesckIþRtUvkarkargarCamYynwgkarpÁt;pÁg;.
x> kmμviFIkargarKYrEtmaneKaledAeTArkGñkRk kargarmYycMnYnFMKYrEtCakargareFVIedayéd ehIyR)ak;kéRmRbcaMéf¶
KYrEtkñúgcenøaH 4>000 erolkñúgmYyéf¶ edIm,ITak;TajGñkEdlRtUvkarBitR)akd.
K> RtUvEtmanEpnkarkargarEdlmansarRbeyaCn_cMeBaHesdækic© nigsgÁm EdlGacykmkeRbI)anPøam²enAkñúgcenøaH
ry³eBlxøI².
X> caM)ac;RtUvmanRbB½n§tamdan nigvaytémømYyd¾rwgmaM.
g> karBRgwgsmtßPaBenAnwgkEnøgkargarxøH² GacbBa©ÚlCaEpñkmYyénkBa©b;kmμviFI.
sarKnøwH ³ km<úCaKYrEtepþImKMnitbegáItkm μviFIkargarsaFarN³EdlRsUbykkmøaMgBlkm μeRcIn edIm,Ipþl;kargareTAGñk
EdlRtUvkarkargarBitR)akdkñúgeBlEdlBYkKat;xVHxat ehIynigCYybegáItsmiT§plenACnbT Edlman
sarRbeyaCn_ dUcCa pøÚvtUc² bEnßmRbB½n§lUTwk nigRbB½n§TMnb;TwkepSg².
104 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
5>3 karGPivDÆsgÁm
karbgábegáItFnFan ¬stibBaØa¦ mnusS
karbgábegáItFnFanmnusS KWCacMNucsñÚlmYyénEpnkaryuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_Cati. dUcCavis½ydéTeTotEdr karGPivDÆ
CnbTtamEbbTMenIbTamTar[manbec©kviTüaTMenIb dUecñHebIminmanFnFanmnusSRKb;RKan;eT enaHRbEhlCamanplvi)akFM
ehIy. ehIyRbCaBlrdæEdlGaceRbIR)as;bec©kviTüaTMenIbenH)an nigGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)anRKan;ebI KWmanEtRbCaBlrdæ
EdlmankarGb;rM nigmanKuNsm,tþiRKb;RKan;xagEpñkbec©keTs.
karGb;rMkRmitbzmsikSa
karGb;rMbzmsikSaCasakl RtUv)antmál;TukkñúgeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_km<úCa ehIyEdlEpnkaryuT§sa®sþ
GPivDÆn_Cati)anbþÚrpþac;eFVI[)aneCaKC½y. bc©úb,nñenH karEdlsisSQb;eroneRkayBI)aneroncb;Rtwmfñak;TI 1 b¤fñak;TI 3
KWCakarRBYy)armÖcMeBaHGnaKténbrimaNFnFanmnusSenAtamCnbT. karbBa©b;karsikSaenAbzmsikSaGacseRmceCaKC½y
)aneRcIn RbsinebI ³
k> karGb;rMminRtUvmankarbg;éføGVITaMgGs;. bc©úb,nñenH vakMBugmanPaBbnþúcbg¥ak;CaeRcIn dUcCatRmUv[sisSCnbT
kñúgmñak;² bg;éføsemøókbMBak;ÉksNæan nigbg;R)ak;eRkARbB½n§[RKURbEhl 54>000 erol kñúgmYyqñaM eyageTAelI
Gegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© qñaM 2004 (SES-04).
x> sisSTaMgLayNaEdleronminTan;eK edaysarxVHCMnYyKaMRTBI«Bukmþay ¬«BukmþayGacminecHGkSr¦ b¤edaysar
Cab;rvl;rYmcMENkkñúgBlkmμxøH ¬dUcCa ensaTRtI b¤EkécñRtI¦ b¤edaysarbuBVehtudéTeTot RtUv[sisSTaMgenaH
eronbMeBjbEnßmkñúgfñak;Biess.
K> RtUvpþl;GaharbEnßm[sisS edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðasisSRkIRkxVHGahar. karpþl;Gaharéf¶Rtg;[sisSenAsala
CYysRmYlkñúgkarrkSa[mansisSeron)aneRcIn nigCYy[sisSmUlGarmμN_elIkarsikSa.
X> RtUv[R)ak;ExRKUbeRgonsmlμmGacrs;)an. salak¾GaceRCIserIsyuvCn EdlmancMeNHdwgenAtammUldæan[
sμ½RKcitþeFVICaRKUCMnYy.
RtUvykcitþTukdak;[)anBiessEmnETncMeBaHsisSCakumarI nUvral;TidæPaBTaMgGs; BIeRBaHBYkeKqab;Qb;eronCagsisS
Rbus².
karGb;rMviC¢aCIv³
TIpSarBlkmμenAkm<úCa RtUvkarkmμkrCMnajkñúgkRmitkNþalCaeRcIn dUcCa Cagm:asIun Gñkemkar CagGKÁisnI CagrMum:UT½r
CagCYsCulm:asIun CagkMe)ar nigCagepSg²eTotCaedIm. GñkCMnajBIRbeTseRkAkan;muxtMENgTaMgenH GñkxøHRsbc,ab;
nigxøHeTotminRsbc,ab;.
esckIþRtUvkarkargareFVIk¾eRcIndUcKñaEdr. qñaMeRkay²eTA Cnv½yek μgCag 200/000 nak; tamshKmn_CnbTnana
RbEhlCanwgecHGkSr b¤TTYl)ankarGb;rMepSg²Caerogral;qñaM ehIyPaKeRcInnwgEsVgrkkargareFVItamCeRmIsepSg² eRkABI
kargarksikmμ. b:uEnþRKan;EtecHGkSr b¤mansBaØab½RtBIsalabzmsikSaminGacmanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; edIm,Irkkargar
eRkABIksidæanEdl)ankéRméfø)aneLIy. dUecñHTamTar[mankarbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs[)aneRcInbEnßmeTot.
karGb;rMviC¢aCIv³minEmnCaerOgfμIeTsRmab;km<úCa. tamkRmitpøÚvkar KWmankmμviFIbNþúHbNþal nigGb;rMviC©aCIv³ nigEpñk
bec©keTsenAtamfñak;eron k¾dUcCaenAtambNþashRKasFM²pgEdr. sRmab;®sþI mankm μviFIbNþúHbNþalBiessdac;eday
ELk. cMeBaHsisSEdlQb;eron KWmanmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþaltamextþcMnYn 30 mNÐl Edlpþl;muxviC¢aepSg² kñúgry³eBl
BImYys)þah_dl;R)aMmYyEx ¬enARKb;extþTaMgGs;¦. eTaHbIy:agenHkþI cMnYnsisScuHeQμaHcUleronenAmankRmittictYc. kñúgqñaM
2005 manEt 1200 nak;bu:eNaÑH )aneroncb;mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþaltamextþTaMgGs; EdlCacMnYnticCagBIGtItkalbnþic81.
(80) sUmemIl ]> Deveaux S nig C Solomon ¬2005¦ GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati - Bappenas ¬2005¦
(81) GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati ¬2006¦
TMenarbc©úb,nñEdlmansisS
Qb;eroneRkayBI)aneroncb;Rtwm
fñak;TI1 b¤fñak;TI3 KWCakarRBYy)armÖcMeBaHGnaKténbrimaNFnFan
mnusSenAtamCnbT
105r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ RtUvEtBRgwg nigBRgIk edIm,IbMeBjcenøaHxVHxat edayBRgay[TUlMTUlaytamtMbn; edIm,Ibgá
lkçN³[GñkRktamCnbTGaceron)an. karbNþúHbNþalenHRtUvEteqøIytbeTAtamesckIþRtUvkar edayeyagtamkarkMNt;
rbs;karsÞg;emIlCMnajtamEpñk EdlkMNt;GMBIesckIþRtUvkarkmμkrCMnajtamRbePT nigtamTItaMg. karxMRbwgERbgBiessmYy
edIm,IbNþúHbNþalekμgRsI² GactP¢ab;cenøaHxVHxatxagEpñkeynD½r82.
(82) manKMrUCaeRcInkñúgkic©karenH ¬RbGb;TI 5>3¦.
RbGb; 5>3 ³ KMrUepSg²kñúgkarpþl;CMnajviC¢aCIv³EdlmantémøTab
k/ mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalxñattUc²enAtamTItaMgyuT§sa®sþnanaGacbeRmI minRtwmEtsRmab;esckþIRtUvkardMbUg²b:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMg
Gacpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalenAeBlbnþbnÞab;eTot. EpñkbuKÁlikGacmanRKUmñak; nigsmÖar³bNþúHbNþalbniþcbnþÜcenACab;CamYynwg
GaKareragCagCYsCulrbs;]sSahkm μ nigshRKasxñattUc². sikçakamGacRtUvnaMmkkan;GaKareragCagenH edIm,ITTYlkar
bNþúHbNþalCamYyskmμPaBCYsCulEtmþg.
x/ vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½t KWCaCeRmIsmYysRmab;sikçakamEdlBMumanlT§PaBeFVIdMeNIr edaysarbBaðafvika nigxVHeBlevla. CeRmIs
epSg²eTotsRmab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½t KWpÞúksmÖar³bNþúHbNþalelILanFMmYy ehIydwkeTAkan;PUmimYymþg²tameBlkMNt;
Cak;lak;. karbNþúHbNþalcl½tEbbenH k¾mansarRbeyaCn_pgEdr kñúgkarBRgIkCMnajtamkEnøgeFVIkar GacCYuyBRgwgsmtßPaB
dl;Cagkat;edr CagCYsCulm:asIun CagGKÁisnI nigCYybegáInsmtßPaBkm μkrRsedog²KñaenHeTotEdr. bEnßmelIenHeTot
RKUbNþúHbNþalvKÁcl½t GacrkeXIjbBaðaCak;Esþg EdlsikçakamRbQmmux ehIyedIrtYCaGñkedaHRsaybBaða.
muxviC¢a nigemeronbNþúHbNþalsRmab;ry³eBlBIBIrbIs)þah_eTABIrbIEx GacCYypþl;CMnajviC¢aCIv³ nigkarGnuvtþCak;EsþgepSg²
dl;sisSEdlQb;eronBIviTüal½y b¤sisSEdlminTan;)aneroncb;salabzmsikSa. emeronxøHmanenAtamGIunFWENt.
RbPB ³ Acharya, Iyer nig Basak (2005)
sMeNICak;lak; rYmman ³
k> vKÁbNþúHbNþalRTg;RTayFMsRmab;ekμgRbus-RsI GayuBI 14 eTA 17 qñaM EdlRbEhlCa)anbBa©b;karsikSaBIfñak;TI 3
eTATI 8 b¤ TI9 ehIycakecalsala. GñkTaMgenHCaGñkecHGkSrenAv½yekμg lμmGaccUlRbLÚkkñúgTIpSarBlkmμ nig
eronvKÁbNþúHbNþalGnuvtþpÞal;)ankñúgry³eBlBI 6 eTA 15 s)aþh_ kñúgmuxCMnajsRmab;GaCIvkmμnana EdlCYy[BYkeK
GacrkkargarsmRsb)aneFVI. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalRtUvdak;BRgaytamTItaMgPUmisa®sþsmRsb edIm,I[sikçakam
RsYleTAeron. RbsinebIvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH manrYmbBa©ÚlemeronEpñkbegáItmuxrbrb¤rebobrkkargareFVI ehIyEfmTaMg
manP¢ab;CamYynwgTRmg;km μviFIpþl;R)ak;kmI©sRmab;begáItmuxrbrpgenaH sikçakamnwgmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan;GaccUl
RbLÚkkñúgTIpSarkargar)an. karerobcMkEnøgsRmab;[sisSRsIsñak;enA KWCakarcaM)ac; edIm,IkuM[BYkeKeKcevsecjBI
kareronsURt.
x> vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajfñak;kNþal ³ sBVéf¶enHmankmμkrEdlmanCMnajBIfñak;kNþaldl;fñak;visVkr nignisSitEdl)an
bBa©b;viC¢aCIv³ ehIyEdlGaceFVICaemkar GñkKUrbøg; b¤kmμkrtamhag. bnÞab;BI)ansikSaGs;ry³eBl 10 eTA 12 qñaM
vKÁbNþúHbNþal 1 qñaM xagBhubec©keTsEpñkvisVkmμ nigCMnajepSg² Bak;B½n§vis½yesvakmμTaMgenaH KWCakarRKb;RKan;.
TMnak;TMngkargar dUcCaTIPñak;garCYyrkkargar b¤pSarP¢ab;eTAnwg\NTansRmab;begáItmuxrbrnwgCYy[sikçakamman
CeRmIskan;EtRbesIreLIgkñúgkarrkkargareFVI.
K> esvabNþúHbNþal nigKaMRTEpñkepSg² KWCaEpñkmYysRmab;QaneTAbnþkarsikSateTAeTot eTaHCasRmab;kmμkr b¤
shRKinkIþ. kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_PaKeRcIn karecjdMeNIreq<aHeTArk]sSahUbnIykmμ CMnYyKaMRTEpñkbec©keTs nig
TIpSarsRmab;BRgIkGaCIvkmμmansar³sMxan;Nas;. RbsinebIminmanCMnYyKaMRTenHtamry³TIpSareT KWrdæaPi)al b¤Gñkpþl;
CMnYyRtUvEtpþl;[ y:agehacNas; k¾sRmab;mYyry³xøIsinEdr.
106 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 5>4 ³ karbgábegáItFnFanmnusStamry³esvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ
sRmab;RbeTsCaeRcInEdlminTan;GPivDÆn_ karBRgwgplitkmμmansar³sMxan;. meFüa)aymYykñúgTisedAenH KWRtUvbegIátesva
GPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ (BDS).
esvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ rYmman karbNþúHbNþalesvaRbwkSanigpþl;eyabl; CMnYyrkTIpSarB½t’man karbegáItnigbBa¢Únbec©kviTüa
nigkarCRmujTMnak;TMngGaCIvkmμ nigkic©karRsedogKñaenHCaeRcIneTot. esvaGPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmμRtUvkarTaMgyuTæsa®sþ TaMgRbtibtþikar.
esvasRmab;Rbtibtþikar KWesvaEdleKRtUvkar nigRtUvpþl;[RbcaMéf¶ rIÉesvayuTæsa®sþvij KWeKRtUvkarsRmab;eFVIEpnkar nigBRgIk
GaCIvkmμkñúgry³eBlmFüm nigry³eBlEvg. esvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμenH GacCaesvamYy²dac;²BIKña k¾dUcCaesvaCaRkum edayGaRs½y
eTAtamesckIþRtUvkarénTIpSar.
GñkedIrtYepSg²enAkñúgesvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμenH KWshRKasÉkCn ¬CaGtifiCn¦ GñksRmbsRmYl ¬Gñkpþl;eyabl; TIRbwkSa
eKalneya)ay¦ Gñkpþl;esva ¬GñkbBa¢ak;plitpl GñkpÁt;pÁg;bec©kviTüa GñkedaHRsaybBaða RKUbNþúHbNþal¦ RBmTaMgm©as;CMnYy
rdæaPi)al. TMnak;TMngKñarvagPñak;garepSg² KW ³
Gñkpþl;CMnYy rdæaPi)al GñksRmbsRmYlesvakmμGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ Gñkpþl;esva GtifiCn
GtifiCncg;)anesvakmμtamesckIþRtUvkarrbs;eK nigtamtémørbs;esvaenaH. RkumGñkpþl;esva k¾CaTIPñak;garÉkCneFVItamEt
esckIþRtUvkar edIm,IrkR)ak;cMeNj rIÉGñkpþl;CMnYy GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al b¤rdæaPi)al KaMRTGñksRmbsRmYlenAdMNak;kalcab;epþImén
karGPivDÆ b:uEnþenATIbBa©b; GñksRmbsRmYl k¾køayCaGñkeFVItamTIpSarEdr. CYnkal sUm,IEtFnaKarxøH k¾edIrtYnaTICaGñksRmbsRmYl
Edr. enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn FanaKarBiess² EdleKsÁal;faCaFnaKarGPivDÆn_ k¾)anedIrtYkñúgkarpþl;esvatamrebobTaMgenHEdr.
rdæ b¤Gñkpþl;CMnYynana Gacpþl;esvadéTmYycMnYneTot EdlCYyBRgwgvis½yÉkCn drabNaesvaTaMgGs;enHminEmnCakarpþl;
CMnYyedaypÞal; b¤kar]btßmÖCaR)ak;kas. BYkeKGacpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþal ¬kñúgRbeTs b¤eRkARbeTs¦ esvaKaMRTkñúgkarbegIát
]sSahkm μ b¤TIRbCMuXøaMgpÞúk]bkrN_bec©kviC¢a karsßabnasmÖar³sRmab;eRbIR)as;rYmKña ¬]> TUTwkkkFM²sRmab;GñkensaTtUctac
rkSaRtITuk¦ CYybegIátmNÐlKUrbøg; b¤eFVIKeRmagepSg² sRmab;GaCIvkm μnana ¬dUcCa eragsib,km μkat;edr b¤eragcRkplit
Es,kFn;tUc¦ b¤CYyerobcMsmaKmRkumGaCIvkr.
caM)ac;RtUvsikSaRsavRCavGMBIesckIþRtUvkarTIpSar RbPBmUlniFi nigEpñkÉeTot² kñúgskmμPaBesvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ.
RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak ¬2001¦ GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati ¬2001¦
karGb;rMkRmit]tþmsikSa
bc©úb,nñenH km<úCamansalaCaeRcInsRmab;kRmit]tþmsikSa Edl]btßmÖedayrdæaPi)al nigvis½y ÉkCn. kñúg]tþmsikSaenH
m©as;CMnYy)anpþl;CaCMnYyxøH² nigkic©shRbtibtiþkarGnþrCatipgEdr. b:uEnþTMhMénmuxviC¢aEdlpþl;[TaMgenaHenAmankRmit.
ehtuenHehIy)anCamanGtulüPaBrvagmuxCMnaj Edlkm<úCaRtUvkar nigGñkCMnajEdlkm<úCaGacplit)an eBalKWbuKÁlik
CMnaj dUcCa visVkr sßabtükr GñkKUrbøg; buKÁlikEpñkB½t’manviTüa kmμviFIkMuBüÚrTr½ RKUeBTü nigmuxCMnajRsdog²KñadéTeTot
enAmancMnYntictYcNas; ehIysm,ÚN’EtGñkmansBaØab½RtTUeTA dUcCaKNenyükr nigkarRKb;RKg. elIsBIenH sþg;dar
sikSaERbRbYlxus²KñaBImhaviTüal½ymYyeTAmhaviTüal½ymYyeTot nigBIsaklviTüal½ymYyeTAmhaviTüal½ymYyeTot.
cugbBa©b; muxviC¢axøH beRgonCaPasaGg;eKøs xøHCaPasa)araMg nigxøHeTotCaPasaExμr.
107r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
viFIsa®sþEklm¥karGb;rMman ³
k> EktRmUvGtulüPaBrvagkarpÁt;pÁg; nigesckIþRtUvkartamCMnajepSg² edaybBa©ÚlmuxviC¢abec©keTs[)aneRcIneTAkñúg
kmμviFIsikSa ³ kñúgsμartIenH RtUv):an;RbmaNeTAelIesckIþRtUvkarFnFanmnusSsRmab;BIrbIqñaMeTAmux. enARbeTsCaeRcIn
eKEtgEteFVIy:agenHCaFmμta ehIykic©karenHminBi)akeFVIeT. GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati (ILO) manÉksarTaMgenHRsab;.
x> begáItkRmitsþg;darKuNPaBGb,brmasRmab;karGb;rM ³ edIm,IeFVIy:agenH)an RtUvbegáItGgÁPaBmYYysRmab;TTYlsÁal;
KuNPaBGb;rM. GNtþiénsklviTüal½y nigmhaviTüal½yTaMgGs;dac;xat RtUveTAcuHbBa¢ICamYyGgÁPaBenH edIm,IkMNt;
KuNPaBsBaØab½Rt[RtwmRtUvtambTdæanEdlkMNt;edayGgÁPaBenH.
K> esvaGb;rMRtUveFVI[mantulüPaBkñúgtMbn; ³ bc©úb,nñenH mhaviTüal½ynanaenAeRkARkugPñMeBj beRgonmuxviC©aEpñkviTüasa®sþ
ksikmμCacm,g. caM)ac;RtUvEtedAbBa¢ak; edIm,IseRmc)antulüPaBrvagtMbn;kñúgmuxviC¢aepSg²KñaenATIRkugdéTeTot.
X> RtUveFVI[karGb;rMkRmit]tþmsikSaFUréfø ³ témøénkarsikSaEpñkbec©keTsenATINa k¾éføx<s;CagéføsikSaEpñkmnusSsa®sþ
nigEpñkRKb;RKgEdr. ebIminmankm μviFICMnYyTUlMTUlaysRmab;nisSitRkIRkeT enaHeKaledAénkarbgábegáItCMnajenA
tamCnbTnwgRtUv)at;bg;. eTaHbICay:agNakþI KYrEtCYypþl;R)ak;]btßmÖ[bnþkarGb;rMeTA]tþmsikSa)anenARbeTsNa
EdlmancMNUlTab RbsinebInisSitPaKeRcInminmanR)ak;RKb;RKan;sRmab;sikSabnþeTenaH.
karsVHEsVgbegáInFnFanmnusSminRtUvePøcKitBIeynDr½eT. ®sþIrYmcMENkmYyEpñkFMenAkñúgkarEkécñRtIeFVICaGahar karlk;
dUr sib,kmμ nigenAsib,kmμEkécñmðÚbGaharepSg²CaeRcIneTot. edaymanTMenIbkmμénskmμPaBkargar burs²Edlmankar
bNþúHbNþaleRcIn manninñakarcab;ykkargarCMnYs®sþIkñúgmuxkarCMnajnana e)aHbg;®sþIEdlFøab;eFVIkargarkRmitTabCagTuk
[enAkñúgkargarCan;TabdEdl. dUecñHcaM)ac;RtUvxMeFVIy:agNa Fana[®sþI)ancUlrYmkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalenARKb;kRmitCanic©83.
esvasuxaPi)al
dICaeRcInkEnøgRtUv)anlk;TaMgbgçMcitþ edaysarRtUvkarR)ak;sRmab;Büa)alsuxPaB EdlCasUcnakrbgðajy:agc,as;fa
esvakm μsuxPaBtamCnbT RtUvkarBRgIk[TUlMTUlay nig[sIuCeRmA. enAkñúgÉksar karpþl;esvasuxPaBemIleTAKYr[
cab;GarmμN_. rUbPaBTI 5>2 bgðajBImNÐlsuxPaB nigmnÞIreBTübEg¥kenAkñúgépÞRbeTsTaMgmUl ¬Cag 900 mNÐl¦.
ebIKit[sBVRKb;eTA cMnYnenHsmlμmeTAnwgdg;sIuetRbCaBlrdækm<úCaehIy. b:uEnþeTaHy:agenHkþI enAmancMNucxVHxatBIrcMNuc
eBalKW ³
k> RbCaBlrdæeRcInrs;enAtamkEnøgEdlmandIRbkbrbrksikm μ rIÉmNÐlsuxPaB b¤mnÞIreBTüsißtenAEtCit²pøÚvfñl;.
mNÐlsuxPaBenAq¶ayBIPUmitUc² RbEhlbIbYnKILÚEm:Rt ehIyedayminsUvmanyanynþdwkCBa¢Ún karcUleTAdwkGñkCm¶W
dl;TIkEnøgTaMgenaHRbEhlCalM)ak. bBaðakan;EtF¶n;F¶rCagenHeTot enAEb:kxag|san EdlmanRbCaBlrdætic
ehIyrs;enAdac;RsyalBIKña. dUcKñaenHEdr karTTYlesvasuxPaBmankarBi)akenAtMbn;licTwk CaBiessenArdUvEdl
tMbn;TaMgenHRtUvTwklic.
x> TMhMTayC¢TantammNÐlnImYy² TaMgbuKÁlik fñaMeBTü Rbdab;eraKvinicä½y mancMnYnticCagesckIþRtUvkarCak;Esþg. Kμan
esvasuxPaBEdlminbg;R)ak;eLIy elIkElgEtCm¶WbniþcbnþÜc b¤karcak;-EckfñaM bgáareraK ¬]> eraKrebg>>¦.
(83) GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati (2006).
108 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbPB ³ http://www.nis.gov.kh
rUbPaBTI 5>2 ³ TItaMgmnIÞreBTü nigmNÐlsuxPaBenAkm<úCa
CeRmIsepSg² edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;karrkSasuxPaB
k> ebIeyIgKitfa buKÁlikeBTü Edl)aneronsURtx<g;x<s; ehIyRbEhlCa)ancMNayR)ak;eRcInsRmab;eronmuxviC¢aeBTü
enAsaklviTüal½y RBmeTAeFVIkarenAkEnøgdac;Rsyal EdlmankéRmTab nigEdlminsUvmanGñkNacg;)anenaH KWCa
karRcLMFMehIy. edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH rdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvbegáIt[manGaharrUbkrN_enAtamsalaeBTünana
eday]btßmÖTaMgRsug[sisSNaEdleronBUEk. eBlenaHCaEpñkmYyénkic©snüaGaharrUbkrN_ KWnisSit)anEdlbBa©b;
karsikSa RtUveTAbeRmIkarenAmnÞIreBTüCnbT tameBlkRmitGb,brmamYy ]TahrN_ 5 qñaM.
x> KYrpþl;karbNþúHbNþalbEnßmdl;RkumeBTüCMnYybc©úb,nñ EdlbeRmIkarenAmNÐlsuxPaBCnbT sRmab;[BYkeKeFVIkar
kñúgEpñk {bgáaeraK} ¬dUcCa B½t’manGMBICm¶Wqøg karbgáarCm¶WsamBaØ Gnam½y nigkaryl;dwgCm¶WeGds_CaedIm¦ nig
eraKviPaKFmμta. BYkeKk¾GacEck b¤cak;fñaM)anEdr sRmab;Cm¶WRKuncaj; Cm¶WRkBH b¤Cm¶WxVHTwkkñúgragkay ehIyBYkeK
TaMgGs;enH KYreTAeFVIkartamPUminana.
BlrdæeTArs;enAtamkEnøgman
dIRbkbrbrksikmμ rIÉmNÐl
suxPaB b¤mnÞIreBTüsißtenAEtCit²
pøÚvfñl;
109r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
RbGb; 5>5 ³ TwkbriePaK - bBaða nigdMeNaHRsay
enARKb;kEnøgtamRsukERs eKbriePaKTwkeqATaMgGs;Kña. enHminEmnmann½yfa RbCaBlrdæmin)anyl;GMBIKuNtémøénkarcm¥in b¤eRcaHTwkenaHeT. Ep¥ktamkarsÞg;mtiBYkeKPaKeRcInniyayfa enAkñúgrdUvvsSaeBlEdlTwkbwg nigTwksÞwgeLIgl¥k; eKeRbIceRmaHedIm,IeRcaHykkkrPk;ecj b¤k¾daMTwk. eBlEdlsYrfa ehtuGVIk¾mineFVItamrebobhñwgrhUteBjmYyqñaMeTA eKeqøIyfa mincaM)ac;eT eRBaHGIeKrs;enAtaMgBIedImmkedaysarTwky:agenH etIcaM)ac;eFVIGVIeTot ? karyl;dwgGMBIGVIeTAEdlehAfa {Twks¥at} KWCaktþasMxan; ³eRBaHbc©úb,nñenH BYkeKRKan;Etdwgfa Twkl¥k;kkr EtBYkeKmindwgfamanemeraKenAkñúgTwkenaHeT. elIsBIenHeTot mankaryl;dwgtictYcNas;fa edaysarEtbriePaKTwkEdlmanemeraK BYkeKekIteraKepSg² b¤FMlUtlas;min)anl¥. BitNas;ehIyfa karmindaMTwkbriePaKminEmn edaysarGs;luyeRcIneT BIeRBaHeKGacrk»sedayxøÜnÉg)an b¤k¾GacTijGus)anBI 1 eTA 2 K>Rk témøEt 100 erol dutdaMTwksRmab;mYyRKYsarkñúgmYyéf¶.
edIm,Ism¥atTwk mandMeNaHRsayCaeRcIntambec©kviTüaEdlmantémøTab b¤mincaM)ac;cMNayGVITal;EtesaH. Ca]TahrN_ dak;TwkkñúgdbTwkRkUckUkakULaFmμta EdlCadbBN’s ehIydak;haléf¶[RtUvBnøWRBHGaTitü 24 em:ag ¬b¤ 48 em:agenAéf¶NaEdlmanemXRsTMu¦ enaHcMhayviTüúskmμBnøWRBHGaTitünwgeFVI[Twks¥at ehIykmμrsμIG‘ulRtaviy:Uelnwgsmøab;ral;GtisuxumR)aN Edlbgá[eRKaHfñak;. viFankarN_déTeTot dUcCakareRbIsac;CUrkUrkñúgTwk b¤b:UtasSÚm EBm:g;kaNat Edlmanlk;efak²enA»sfsßan.
buKÁlikbeRmIkarEpñksgÁmkic© GacbMeBjkargarenAtamshKmn_)an b¤k¾rkGñks μ ½RKcitþenAtammUldæanykmkbNþúHbNþal edIm,I[BYkKat;bMeBjkic©kar EdleqøIytbeTAnwgesckIþRtUvkarkñúgvis½yGb;rM nigBRgIkkaryl;dwgnigcMeNHdwgBIsuxPaB.
RbPB ³ TsSnkic©kñúgextþkMBg;qñaMg ExkBaØa dl; ExFñÚ qñaM 2006 http://www.sodis.ch
K> fñaMeBTüenAkm<úCaBMusUvsm,ÚN’ ehIyéføeTot. CeRmIsmYy KWTijfñaMeBTüBIRbeTsNaEdlCaRbPBedImplitfñaMeBTü
TUeTAeRcIn EdlmantémøbI-bYndg efakCagfñaMeBTüEdlmanm:akyIehaRsab;. dMeNaHRsaybnþeTot KWRtUvbMpus[
begáIt]sSahkmμplit»sfkñúgRsuk edaymankMNt;sþg;darKuNPaBfñaMRtwmRtUv.
X> éføbg;tammNÐlsuxPaBGacKittémøtictYc)anehIy Tuk[GñkCm¶WTTYlbnÞúkeBjTIEtelIesah‘uyeFVIdMeNIrcuH.
dUcmanBN’naenACMBUkTI 2 Twks¥atsRmab;briePaK KWCaGaTiPaBcm,g b:uEnþenAminTan;mankarykcitþTukdak;RKb;RKan;eT.
edayRbkan;x¢ab;nUvsar³sMxan;enH sUmelIkykbBaðaTwks¥atmkniyaymþgeTot ¬enAkñúgRbGb;TI 5>5¦.
sarKnøwH ³
karvinieyaK nigkarécñRbDit[RbesIreLIgkñúgvis½yGb;rMRtUvsßitkñúgGaTiPaBx<s; edIm,I[BlrdæGaceFVIkargar)ankéRm
x<s;. dUcKñaenHEdr EpñksuxaPi)alRtUvEtcUl[)aneRCAeTAtamRsukERs ehIyKYr[mantémøefak. karGb;rMl¥ nigsuxaPi)all¥
GacCYyBRgwgbJsKl;énlT§iRbCaFibetyü.
110 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
5>4 CnCatiedImPaKtic
CnCatiedImPaKtic CaBiessenAPaK|san manrebobrs;enA niglMenAsßanEbøkBIeK ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgdMeNIrCIvitrbs;
CnCatiExμrEdleTAenATIenaH. BYkeKeFVIksikmμBencr ¬eFVIERscMkaredaypøas;bþÚrBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy¦ plitGVI²BIéRBeQI
BwgBak;GaRs½yelIéRBeQI manPasaxus²Kña rs;enACaPUmitUc² dac;²BIKña nigeFVIGVI²eTotxusBIeK. cMENkÉPaBRkIRk nigkar
GPivDÆmnusSvij PaK|sansißtenAlMdab;fñak;TabCageK ehIyCnCatiedImPaKticenATIenaHk¾RkCageKEdr. F¶n;F¶rCagenH
eTAeTot BYkGñkkan;kab;éRB dIsm,Tan )anraraMgCnCatiedImPaKticCaeRcIn min[eRbIR)as;TwkdI EdlBYkeKFøab;kan;kab;
rs;enACaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIy. Psþútagbgðaj[eXIjfa BYkeKkMBugRbQmnwgkar)at;bg;dIFøI edaysarEtGñkxageRkAcUl
eTARbmUlTijdIGs;CaeRcInenAtambNþaextþTaMgenaH. eBlxøHmanpÞúHkarRbyuT§ttaMgKñarvagGñkmktaMglMenAfμI nigshKmn_
CnCatiedImPaKtic CaBiess KWCemøaHdIFøI 84. CemøaHkan;Etbgðaj[eXIjc,as;eLIg enAeBlEdlRkumh‘unBaNiC¢kmμEpñkGPivDÆn_
ehdæarcnasm<n§½FM² EdlTak;Taj[mankarTijdIsRmab;lk;ykcMeNj. CnCatiedImPaKtic Edlmin)ancUlrYmRKb;RKan;eTA
kñúgRbB½n§TIpSar KWCaGñkcaj;TaMgRsug. edaysaréRBeQIfycuH nigRbCaBlrdæekIneLIg CemøaHrwtEtxøaMgeTA². edIm,IedaHRsay
bBaðaTaMgenHRtUvmanviFankarN_ dUcteTAenH ³
k> CRmuj[RbtibtþitampøÚvc,ab; nigtamsμartI nUvbBaØtiþnanasþIGMBIdIFøICnCatiedImPaKticenAkñúgc,ab;éRBeQI nigc,ab;PUmi)al.
bEnßmelIenHeTot KYrepþImecjbøg;dI[shKmn_ nigral;karkab;edImeQI RBmTaMgkareFVIsm,TanepSg²elIdIrbs;CnCati
edImPaKtic RtUvbBaÄb; ¬CMBUk 3¦.
x> begáItc,ab;hamlk;dUr b¤dkhUtdICnCatiedImPaKtickñúgry³eBlkMNt;NamYy GackarBarBYkeKBIkarlk;dUrPøam²
nig\Ti§BlGaRkk;BIxageRkA.
K> karpþÜcepþImbegáItshKmn_éRBeQI KYrTukCaGaTiPaBenAtambNþaextþnana EdlmanCnCatiedImPaKticrs;enA.
X> enAkñúgkBa©b;éneKalneya)ay KYrdak;bBa©ÚlnUvkarRbwgERbgBiessnana edIm,IBRgIkvis½yGb;rM suxaPi)al nigTwks¥at
sRmab;briePaK edaymanbEnßmCMnajepSg² RBmTaMgB½t’manGMBIplitpl nigTIpSarpg.
sarKnøwH ³
siT§irbs;CnCatiedImPaKticEdlmankarTTYlsÁal;edayc,ab; nigedayrdæFm μnuBaØ RtUvEtmankareKarB RBmTaMgman
viFankarN_viC¢mankarBarplRbeyaCn_BYkeK.
5>5 kartamdan nigkarvaytémø
RbB½n§tamdannigvaytémø Edldak;enAkñúgEpnkaryuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_Cati sRmab;tamdanBinitüemIleKaledAepSg²rbs;
vaEp¥kelIkarbnþtamemIl FatucUl¼skm μPaB niglT§pl¼plRbeyaCn_. kargarenHRtUveFVIeLIgedayRksYgBak;Bn§½nana
nigTRmg;rdæ)alrbs;eK eRkamkic©sRmbsRmYlrbs;viTüasßanCatisißti. kic©karenHRtUvbMeBjbEnßmedayRbB½n§Tinñn½ymYy
Edlgayyl;ykRbCaBlrdæCasñÚl nigmantmøaPaB EdlmankarRtYtBinitüy:agTUlMTUlayBIGñkeRbIR)as;tamshKmn_.
karenHRtUvEtmankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;svnkmμsgÁmpgEdr.
kmμviFIGPivDÆn_
Tinñn½ysIþBIGefrsMxan;² dUcCamUlniFisRmab;km μviFI nigsmiT§plrbs;km μviFI RtUvcgRkgsRmab;PUmi-XMunImYy².
eFVIy:agenH KWedIm,Ipþl;B½t’manRtLb;eTAPUmi-XMuvij GMBIkarGnuvtþkargar b¤GMBIcMNucxVHxatrbs;BYkeK ehIiyCUndMNwgdl;
Pñak;garGnuvtþn_Epnkarnana. Tinñn½yEdlRbmUl)aneRkamkmμviFIRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; KWCaKMrUmYysRmab;eFVItam eTaHbICa
sMNMuTinñn½yenaHRtUvykmkEksRmYl edIm,Iepþat[RtUveTAnwgkm μviFIedaypÞal;Etmþgk¾eday. EpñkxøHénTinñn½yGacerobcM
eLIgedayGñkeRbIR)as;xøÜnÉgpÞal;edayrYmKñaCamYynwgPaKIÉkraCünana ³ RkumnImYy²énBYkGñkeRbITinñn½y b¤GñkTTYlpl
BIkmμviFIenH RtUvpþl;karvaytémørbs;xøÜn[)aneTogTat; ehIybnÞab;mk Tinñn½yenHRtUvRbmUlpMþúenAfñak; PUmi-XuM.
(84) sUmGan Bottomley (2002).
niyayBIPaBRkIRknigkarGPivDÆmnusS
RbCaCnCatiedImRkCageK. F¶n;F¶rCagenHeTAeTot BYkGñkkan;kab;éRBdIsm,Tan
)anraraMgCnCatiedImCaeRcInmin[eRbIR)as;TwkdI
EdlBYkeKFøab;kan;kab;rs;enACaRcInstvtSr_
mkehIy
111r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
dIFøI
Tinñn½yénkarkt;RtadIFøIRtUvbBa©ÚlkñúgRbB½n§kMuBüÚTr½ ehIyEckcay[)andl;fñak;mUldæan. karsMxan;mYyeTot KWRtUvkMNt;
[c,as; ehIypSBVpSayCasaFarN³ GMBIsßanPaBénkareRbIR)as;dIFøI EdlminEmnCadIkmμsiTi§ÉkCn ]TahrN_ dIsaFarN³
EdllicTwkxøH b¤dIsm,ÚN’éRB b¤dIKμandMNaMTuksRmab;esμAeKaRkbI b¤sRmab;ensaTRtI b¤sRmab;GVIepSgeTotenAkñugPUmi.
RbsinebIeKdwgBIsßanPaBénkareRbIR)as;dI enaHkareRbIR)as;dITaMgenaHenAtammUldæan GacmankartamdanRtwmRtUvCag
ehIyGacnwgecosvagCemøaH)an.
sßitiBak;B½n§nwgsuxumalPaBRKYsar nigkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA
enAfñak;XMu RtUvkar[manTinñn½ytamRbB½n§elIGRtaekIt søab; erobkar manépÞeBaH nigkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAtamrdUvkal
b¤tamrebobepSg². Tinñn½yrebobenH EdlmansarRbeyaCn_edIm,ItamdanemIlkarERbRbYlRbCasa®sþ sßanPaB®sþI
sßanPaBénsuxPaBRKYsar nigkareFVIEpnkarRKYsar GacbegáIteLIg)antamRbB½n§rdæ)alsRmab;Binitütamdan.
karrkSasßitisMxan;²enAfñak;mUldæan
enAfñak;PUmi-XMu dMeNIrkarGnuvtþkic©karepSg²RtUvEtmantmøaPaBCUnsaFarNCn. pÞaMgB½t’manFM² RtUv)anerobcMbiTpSay
enABIeRkAkariyal½yPUmi-XuM edayerobrab;BisþarGMBIEpñkénkargarRbCaBlrdæ Gnu)atePT rcnasm<n§½GaCIvkmμ plitPaBéndIFøI
RbB½n§Farasa®sþ karGb;rM nigGkçrkmμ karpøas;bþÚr TIlMenAecj/cUl B½t’manlm¥itGMBIdIFøII sisSQb;eronnigcUleron
esckþIRtUvkarCamUldæan dUcCa karpÁt;pÁg;Twk karpþl;kareronsURt mNÐl/mnÞIrsuxPaB nigsßanPaBénkmμviFIGPivDÆn_
¬]> ³ kardak;eKaledA nigkarseRmctameKaledA¦. dUcGaceFVIeTA)an sißtiRtUverobcMbgðajtamePTedayELkBIKña.
Tinñn½yRtUvBinitüemIlsareLIgvij[)aneTogTat; ]> R)aMmYyExmþg. karbiTpSayrebobenH CYyrMlwk[dwgCaRbcaMnUvral;
kargarEdl)an nigkMBugGnuvtþ nigsmiT§kmμnana b¤rMlwk[dwgGVI²EdlxVHxat.
svnkm μBIsMNak;sgÁmelIkm μviFIGPivDÆn_ RtUvEteFVIeLIgCaerogral;qñaM edIm,IBRgwgesckþITukcitþkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæ
tUctac GMBIesckþIesμaHRtg;rbs;Pñak;garGnuvtþ.
sarKnøwH ³
RbBn§½d¾rwgmaMmYysRmab;vaytémø nigtamdanRbkbedaykarcUlrYm edaymanTinñn½ytamkEnøgsaFarN³ nwgCYy[kar
Gnuvtþkm μviFIGPivDÆn_)anRbesIreLIg ehIyFana[plRbeyaCn_Føak;dl;RbCaBlrdæ. p;lRbeyaCn_TaMgenHnwgbegáIt)an
CamUldæanénkarTukcitþeTAelIRbB½n§.
5>6 esckIþsrub
karelIkkm<s;CIvPaBrs;enAtamCnbTCaBiess nigelIkkm<s;karGPivDÆFnFan ¬stibBaØa¦ mnusSCaTUeTA EdlTamTar
[mandMeNaHRsayeRcInEpñk dUcCa Epñkesdækic© sgÁm nigsßab½n.
kñúgvis½yehdæarcnasm<½n§ RtUvmanRbB½n§GKÁisnItamCnbT pøÚvdwkCBa¢ÚntamrfePøIg nigkarGPivDÆmNÐl]sSahkmμ nig
TIRbCMuCnEbbvimCÄkar. cMNuccm,gEdlKYrBicarNakñúgCeRmIsenH KWkarbegáIt[manKuNtémø nigR)ak;cMNUlGtibrma
kñúglkçN³mYy EdlmantulüPaBtamPUmisa®sþ[)aneRcInbMputkñúgmUldæanmYyRbkbedaycIrPaB. edaysarman
bNþajpøÚvrfePøIgRsab; ehIykarsþareLIgvijRbEhlCaminBi)akeBkeT.
kmμviFIkargarsaFarN³EdlRtUvkarBlkmμeRcIn EdlmaneKalbMNgBIry:ag KWbegáIt[mankargartamrdUv nigsagsg;
smiT§pl GacCYybn§ÚrbnßykarGt;kargareFVItamrdUv nigedaHRsaybBaðaPaBRkIRk. kmμviFIrebobenH GacCYyksag
smtßPaBmnusS.
karelIkkm<s;CIvPaBrs;enAtamCnbT CaBiess nigelIkkm<s;karGPivDÆFnFan ¬stibBaØa¦mnusSCaTUeTA TamTar[mandMeNaHRsayeRcInEpñk dUcCa Epñkesdækic© EbbsgÁm nigEbbsßab½n
112 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007
rUbPaBTI 5>3 ³ segçbKeRmagkarxñatFM
RbPB ³ GtßbTenAkñúgCMBUkenH
karksagFnFanmnusS ¬karGb;rMkRmitbzmsikSa Gb;rMviCa¢CIv³ ]tþmsikSa karEckrMElk cMeNHdwgGaCIvkmμ¦ RtUvdak;
bBa©ÚlkñúgmuxviC¢abeRgonepSg² EdlGacCYyeFVI[vis½yksikm μTMenIbeLIg nigEkécñvtßúFatuedImecjBIplksikm μ[
manKuNtémøCamðÚbGahar nigEdlbegáIt[manCeRmIsmuxrbr nigkargarEdlGacrk)ankéRmeRcIn. GaTiPaBÉeTot²
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kar]btßmÖTwks¥atsRmab;briePaK.
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PTC mNÐlbNþúHbNþalfñak;extþ
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UNHCHR sñgkarCan;x<s;shRbCaCatisRmab;CnePosxøÜn
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USAID TIPñak;garshrdæGaemriksRmab;GPivDÆn_GnþrCati
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WTO GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak
WUA smaKmGñkeRbIR)as;Twk
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