Supporting Information
A Carbon Cloth-Based Lithium Composite Anode for High-
Performance Lithium Metal Batteries
Table S1 Li mass fraction and theoretical specific capacity of fabricated Li@CC electrode.
Li@CC m (Li) m (CC) Li wt% Theoretical specific capacity
For full cells 1.85 mg
9.50 mg 16.3 wt%
~629 mA h g-1
For symmetrical cells 7.40 mg
9.50 mg 43.8 wt%
~1691 mA h g-1
Fig. S2. The XRD spectrums of pristine CC (red) and CC layer after Li plating (blue, CC layer of Li@CC electrode after plating, but removing the Li foil) for 2 mA h cm-2.
Fig. S4. Electrical-resistance variation of CC at curvature to 209 m-1 (corresponding to a bending radius of about 4.8 mm). The electrical resistance shows a negligible variation of ≤0.40%.
Fig. S5. Electrical-resistance variation of CC under bending-releasing cycling for 200 cycles. The inset photos show photographs of a CC sample in straight and bending states, respectively. After bending-releasing cycling for 200 times at the same condition, the electrical resistance displays an obscure variation of ≤ 0.65%.
Fig. S6. Typical stress-strain curves of CC sample in fresh state (black) and after bending-releasing cycling for 200 times (red). The results show that the tensile strength and modulus for the samples of pristine CC and the CC after bending-releasing cycling for 200 times are 143.0 ± 1.55 MPa and 12.7 ± 0.84 MPa, respectively, which exhibited a negligible change.
Fig. S7. The SEM images of Li@CC electrode during plating/stripping process at current density of 0.5 mA cm-2. When plating at a capacity of (a1) (a2) 0 mA h cm-2
(b1) (b2) 0.5 mA h cm-2 (c1) (c2) 1 mA h cm-2 (d1) (d2) 1.5 mA h cm-2 and (e1) (e2) 2 mA h cm−2. When stripping (f1) (f2) 0.5 mA h cm-2 (g1) (g2) 1 mA h cm-2 and (h1) (h2) 2 mA h cm-2. (a1-h1) exhibit the top view SEM images and (a2-h2) exhibit the cross-section SEM images of electrode.
Fig. S8. The XPS spectrum of CC layer after Li plating (CC layer of Li@CC electrode after plating, but removing the Li foil) for 2 mA h cm -2. The sample was tested after Ar sputtering for 3 min. (a) C 1s spectra (b) Li 1s spectra.
0 25 50 75 100 125-4
-2
0
2
4
Vol
tage
(V)
Capacity (mA h cm-2)
short circuit1 mA cm-2
Fig. S9 Unidirectional galvanostatic Li plating from Li foil to CC at the current density of 1 mA cm-2. The short circuit time is 137 h.
Fig. S10. The typical galvanostatic discharge/charge voltage profiles of Li-LTO cell
(red) and Li@CC-LTO cell (black) at 1C.
Fig. S11. The typical galvanostatic discharge/charge voltage profiles of Li-NCM cell
(red) and Li@CC-NCM cell (black) at 1C.
0 10 20 30 40 500
40
80
120
160
0.1C
1C
Charge Discharge
New LTOLi-LTO
Cap
acity
(mA
h g
-1)
Cycle Number
0.1C
Fig. S12. The capacity profile of the reassembled cell: After cycling for 40 cycles at
1C, the cycled-Li of Li-LTO full cell assembled with new LTO for further cycling.
Fig. S13. The capacity profile of the reassembled cell: After cycling for 40 cycles at
1C, the cycled-LTO of Li-LTO full cell assembled with new Li for further cycling.
Fig. S14. Top view SEM images of (a) bare Li electrode and (c) Li@CC electrode
after cycling at 0.1C for 5 cycles. Scale bars, 40 μm. High-magnification images of
(b) bare Li electrode and (d) Li@CC electrode after 5 cycles. Scale bars, 10 μm.