Supporting Information

A Carbon Cloth-Based Lithium Composite Anode for High-

Performance Lithium Metal Batteries

Table S1 Li mass fraction and theoretical specific capacity of fabricated Li@CC electrode.

Li@CC m (Li) m (CC) Li wt% Theoretical specific capacity

For full cells 1.85 mg

9.50 mg 16.3 wt%

~629 mA h g-1

For symmetrical cells 7.40 mg

9.50 mg 43.8 wt%

~1691 mA h g-1

Fig. S1. (a) Cumulative pore volume and (b) cumulative pore area of CC.

Fig. S2. The XRD spectrums of pristine CC (red) and CC layer after Li plating (blue, CC layer of Li@CC electrode after plating, but removing the Li foil) for 2 mA h cm-2.

Fig. S3. The Raman spectrum of CC.

Fig. S4. Electrical-resistance variation of CC at curvature to 209 m-1 (corresponding to a bending radius of about 4.8 mm). The electrical resistance shows a negligible variation of ≤0.40%.

Fig. S5. Electrical-resistance variation of CC under bending-releasing cycling for 200 cycles. The inset photos show photographs of a CC sample in straight and bending states, respectively. After bending-releasing cycling for 200 times at the same condition, the electrical resistance displays an obscure variation of ≤ 0.65%.

Fig. S6. Typical stress-strain curves of CC sample in fresh state (black) and after bending-releasing cycling for 200 times (red). The results show that the tensile strength and modulus for the samples of pristine CC and the CC after bending-releasing cycling for 200 times are 143.0 ± 1.55 MPa and 12.7 ± 0.84 MPa, respectively, which exhibited a negligible change.

Fig. S7. The SEM images of Li@CC electrode during plating/stripping process at current density of 0.5 mA cm-2. When plating at a capacity of (a1) (a2) 0 mA h cm-2

(b1) (b2) 0.5 mA h cm-2 (c1) (c2) 1 mA h cm-2 (d1) (d2) 1.5 mA h cm-2 and (e1) (e2) 2 mA h cm−2. When stripping (f1) (f2) 0.5 mA h cm-2 (g1) (g2) 1 mA h cm-2 and (h1) (h2) 2 mA h cm-2. (a1-h1) exhibit the top view SEM images and (a2-h2) exhibit the cross-section SEM images of electrode.

Fig. S8. The XPS spectrum of CC layer after Li plating (CC layer of Li@CC electrode after plating, but removing the Li foil) for 2 mA h cm -2. The sample was tested after Ar sputtering for 3 min. (a) C 1s spectra (b) Li 1s spectra.

0 25 50 75 100 125-4

-2

0

2

4

Vol

tage

(V)

Capacity (mA h cm-2)

short circuit1 mA cm-2

Fig. S9 Unidirectional galvanostatic Li plating from Li foil to CC at the current density of 1 mA cm-2. The short circuit time is 137 h.

Fig. S10. The typical galvanostatic discharge/charge voltage profiles of Li-LTO cell

(red) and Li@CC-LTO cell (black) at 1C.

Fig. S11. The typical galvanostatic discharge/charge voltage profiles of Li-NCM cell

(red) and Li@CC-NCM cell (black) at 1C.

0 10 20 30 40 500

40

80

120

160

0.1C

1C

Charge Discharge

New LTOLi-LTO

Cap

acity

(mA

h g

-1)

Cycle Number

0.1C

Fig. S12. The capacity profile of the reassembled cell: After cycling for 40 cycles at

1C, the cycled-Li of Li-LTO full cell assembled with new LTO for further cycling.

Fig. S13. The capacity profile of the reassembled cell: After cycling for 40 cycles at

1C, the cycled-LTO of Li-LTO full cell assembled with new Li for further cycling.

Fig. S14. Top view SEM images of (a) bare Li electrode and (c) Li@CC electrode

after cycling at 0.1C for 5 cycles. Scale bars, 40 μm. High-magnification images of

(b) bare Li electrode and (d) Li@CC electrode after 5 cycles. Scale bars, 10 μm.

Fig. S15. The SEM image of Li@CC anode surface away from LTO cathode after 40 cycles.

Fig. S16. The SEM image of bare Li anode surface before cycling.