FINAL REPORT
National Agricultural Innovation Project
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and
Profitability of Pashmina Fibre
Sher-e-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir
Shalimar, Srinagar (J&K) India
2014
Printed on : August 2014
Component : Production to Consumption System (PCS-II)
Citation : Prof. Sarfaraz A Wani. 2014. A Value Chain on Enhanced
Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina Fibre. ICAR funded
NAIP Reseacrch Project 20030101. FVSc & AH, SKUAST-K
Shuhama Srinagar (190006) J&K India.
Copyright : Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
Disclaimer : This report is based on the research findings by the consortium.
NAIP is not responsible for the content, quality and technical
information provided herein.
Published by : Vice-Chancellor
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and
Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar 190025 (J&K) India.
Tel: 0194-2462159; Fax: 0194-2462160
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Website: www.skuastkashmir.ac.in
Edited by : Prof. Sarfaraz A Wani.
Dean, FVSc & AH
SKUAST-K, Shuhama Srinagar (190006) J&K India.
Compiled by : Dr Asif Hassan Sofi
Assistant Professor
Division of LPT, SKUAST-K
Hindi translation : Dr. Dinesh Krofa
Assistant Professor
Division of LPT, COVAS, CSKHPKVV, Palampur-176062 (HP)
Cover page
photographs
: Pashmina Goat Farm units in NT Area of Kargil.
Table Top Paddle Operated Innovative NAIP Charkha. (Pic by Dr. Asif H Sofi and Dr Zahid A Kashoo)
______________________________________________________________________________
Printed at: Accurate Printers, Srinagar
CONTENTS
Page No’s
Foreword 1
Preface 2
4
Executive Summary/ Key words 8
Part-I: General Information of Sub-project 11
Part-II: Technical Details
1. Introduction 14
2. Overall Sub-project Objectives 15
3. Sub-project Technical Profile 15
4. Baseline Analysis 20
5. Research Achievements 24
6. Innovations 80
7. Process/Product/Technology/Value Chain/Rural Industry Developed 82
8. Patents (Filed/Granted) 83
9. Linkages and Collaborations 83
10. Status on Environmental and Social Safeguard Aspects 84
11. Constraints, if any and Remedial Measures Taken 85
12. Publications 85
13. Media Products Developed/Disseminated 98
14. Meetings/Seminars/Trainings/Kisan Mela, etc. organized 101
15. Participation in Conference/ Meetings/Trainings/ Radio talks, etc. 110
16. Foreign Trainings/Visits undertaken 119
17. Performance Indicators 120
18. Assets Generated 121
19. Awards and Recognitions 131
20. Steps Undertaken for Post NAIP Sustainability 132
21. Possible Future Line of Work 133
22. Personnel 134
23. Governance, Management, Implementation and Coordination 137
Part-III: Budget and its Utilization 141
Part-IV: Declaration 143
Pro-forma
Details of Technologies Developed/ Validated/ Adopted 144
Bibliography cited 159
Annexure
Success Stories 162
Value Chain Analysis 167
Beneficiary List 170
Water quality of Changthang Area 178
Overall variation of soil parameters of pashmina growing area 180
Block wise varaiation of soil parameters of pashmina growing area 181
Soil fertility of different location of pastures 189
Village wise status of soil paramtres in Traditional and Non-traditional
areas of HP.
191
Village wise status of water paramtres in Traditional and Non-traditional
areas of HP.
192
Budget and its utilization from different consortium partners 193
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Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir
Dr. Tej Partap Vice Chancellor
FOREWORD
It gives me a great pleasure that Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of
Kashmir has successfully completed World Bank funded National Agricultural Innovation Project from ICAR entitled
“A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina Fibre”. The project was executed in a
consortium mode with SKUAST-K as lead Centre and CSK HP KVV, Palampur, Central Sheep and Wool Research
Institute, Avikanagar and Sheep Husbandry Department, Kashmir as Consortium partners, besides All Chagthangi
Pashmina Growers Association, Kashmir Handmade Pashmina Promotion Trust (KHPPT), TAHFUZ, All J&K
Handicraft Society Srinagar, Bhuttico Weavers Association (BWA), Kullu and Shivaco shawls, H.P and many more
as Associated Partners.
The project was envisaged with the objectives of increased productivity, production and profitability of
pashmina fibre by breed improvement, intervention in production system, expansion in pashmina production areas,
improvisation in harvesting and processing tools and techniques, development of quality standards, skill development,
capacity building and linkage/integration among stakeholders.
It is a matter of satisfaction that under the subproject, number of technologies including portable dipping
tanks, improvisation of handloom, warping system have been developed, besides two patents have been filed for the
technologies developed viz; improvisation of traditional charkha and PCR based technique for identification of
pashmina fibre.
At the end of the day, the outcome of the work gets reflected by its effects on the beneficiaries. The
subproject lead to the improvement in the livelihood security of the farmers besides self sustainability of work as
number of projects/schemes has been sanctioned by ICAR, CWDB, DST, Govt. of HP for carrying forward the
technologies/activities developed under NAIP and their further popularization in the field.
I congratulate the project team of whole consortium in general and team from SKUAST-Kashmir in particular
under able leadership of Prof. (Dr.) Sarfaraz A Wani for their dedication and commendable work .
Shalimar Srinagar-191121, J&K, India, PO Box No 262, GPO Srinagar-190001, J&K
Phone (O):- 0194-2462159, 2464028; Fax: 0194-2462160; (R) 0194-2461543, 2463655; Fax: 0194-2461543
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
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Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir
Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani
Dean, FVSc & AH
PREFACE
It is a great honor for me that we as a consortium have successfully completed the activities of the National
Agricultural Innovation Project entitled “A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina
Fibre”. The project was envisaged with two broad objectives viz; Augmentation of pashmina productivity and
production and improvement in pashmina utilization.
Pashmina is one of the best naturally available animal fiber having aesthetic feel and high value. But the
production and productivity of pashmina in India is very low as compared to world average. The main reason for this
is high degree of inbreeding, poor husbandry practices, poor/inadequate nutrition, inadequate animal health facilities
and shelter. To address these issues of low productivity/production of pashmina besides improving processing tools
and techniques, a multidimensional research project was sanctioned by ICAR under National Agricultural Innovation
Project, entitled “A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina Fibre” in year 2009 with
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir as Lead Centre and CSK HP KVV,
Palampur, CSWRI-Avikanagar and Sheep Husbandry Department, Kashmir as Consortia partners. The envisaged
activities of the subproject included breed improvement, intervention in production system, expansion in pashmina
production areas, improvisation in harvesting/processing tools and techniques, development of quality standards, skill
development, capacity building and linkage/integration among stakeholders.
The final progress report is the outcome of the contributions made by all the CCPI‟s/ Co-PI‟s/ Scientists at all
the consortium centres which is worth appreciating. During the project period of more than five years, team of whole
consortium did a remarkable job in achieving envisaged targets. The work done is even more commendable as the
project team worked in the far flung areas of Ladakh and HP where the temperature even drops to -40oC during
winters. All the envisaged activities were completed insipite of inaccessible areas for about six months of the year.
Number of technologies included expansion of pashmina goat rearing areas in non-traditional areas, shelter
management, portable dipping tanks, improvisation of processing tools and techniques etc were developed. Two
patents were also filled for improvisation of traditional charkha and PCR based technique for identification of
pashmina fibre which gives more satisfaction.
The major outcome of the subproject is improvement in the livelihood security of the farmers/artisans. The
farmers in the non-traditional areas of pashmina rearing had an additional income of about Rs. 50000.00 per year
from the pashmina enterprises. The increase in monthly remunerations of spinners and weavers on improvised
charkha and handloom as compared to traditional one is 146.64 (%) and 28.02 (%) respectively. The self
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sustainability of the activities is in itself a success of the project as number of the project/ schemes have been
sanctioned by CWDB, DST, and ICAR for continuous implementation.
The constant input and/or advice given by the Consortium Advisory Committee and Consortium
Implementation Committee has helped a lot in execution of the project activities which is highly acknowledged.
The support and dynamic leadership under Dr. S. Ayyappan, Secretary (DARE) and Director General ICAR
is highly acknowledged. Thanks are due to DDG (AS) and other ADG‟s at ICAR for time to time support and
cooperation.
Sincere thanks are due to National Director/s (NAIP) Dr Bengali Babu and Dr. D. Rama Rao for their
determination and time to time support during the course of the project. This is to place on record and acknowledge
the trustful support and motivation by past and present National Coordinators, NAIP (PCS-II) viz; Dr. J P Mittal, Late
Dr R K Goyal and Dr R Ezekiel. They have always been providing immense help and encouragement in the
implementation of the subproject and thereby more systematic approach in doing the things. Thanks are also due to
the Director Finance S Bilgrami and Undersecretary/Deputy secretary NAIP for constant help and encouragement.
Thanks are due to all the staff of NAIP/ ICAR, staff in PIU, administrative officers, financial officers, research
associates Component-2 and office assistants for their support.
Special thanks are for Hon‟ble Vice Chancellor SKUAST-Kashmir Dr Tej Partap for his immense help and
motivational force to perform under all sorts of conditions.
Immense help provided by Prof. Anwar Alam, former Vice Chancellor SKUAST-K and Dr. A R Trag, former
Director Research, SKUAST-K during the formulation and initial stages of the project is highly appreciated.
The support and help rendered by the Director Research, SKUAST-K Dr. Shafiq A Wani and staff in
Directorate of Research is highly acknowledged. Thanks are due to Comptroller, SKUAST-K and staff for carrying
out the financial matters of the subproject. Thanks are due to all the Research Associates, Senior Research Fellows,
field assistants, office assistants, skilled labourers and other staff of the subproject at Lead centre and other
consortium centres for successful completion of the subproject in its best possible manner.
Last but not the least thanks are to the staff of all the Divisions of SKUAST-Kashmir associated with the
project including Dvision of Livestock Products Technology, for their help and support during the course of the
project.
There may be many hands who must have played their role knowingly or unknowingly in accomplishment of
the project are highly acknowledged.
Prof. (Dr.) Sarfaraz A Wani
CPI NAIP Pashmina
(SKUAST-K)
Faculty of Veterinry Science and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Srinagar-190006, J&K, India,
Phone (O):- 0194-2262207; Fax: 0194-22262207; Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
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Executive Summary
Ladakh region (J&K), Lahul, Spiti and Kinnaur valley (HP) are the only areas in India that represent the
Trans-Himalayan high altitude cold desert environment with an elevations ranging from 3500 to 4500 m above MSL.
These areas experience harsh dry climate characterized by wide temperature fluctuation, ranging from -400C (winter)
to 300C (summer), very low precipitation and hypoxia. These climatic conditions along with qualitatively poor soil
profile, deficient irrigation facilities and undulating terrain makes most of the area in the region unsuitable for crop
based agricultural activities. Accordingly, livestock based farming system in these areas forms the main source of
livelihood for the populace. Fortunately, nature has endowed these areas with some specific species/breeds of
livestock highly adapted to these agro-climatic and agro-ecological conditions. The pashmina producing goat breeds
(Changthangi and Chegu breeds) are amongst these special livestock breeds that have adapted to the harsh agro-
climatic and agro-pastoral conditions.
The pashmina goat farming, the sole source of sustenance of the economically and socially deprived nomadic
tribes (Changpa), confronted with the low productivity and production of pashmina, yielding low remuneration has
been the main reason for poor and static socio-economic status of these tribes. The reasons for low productivity and
production of pashmina include high degree of inbreeding, poor husbandry practices, poor/inadequate nutrition,
scanty surface grazing, inadequate animal health facilities and improper shelter besides its restriction to traditional
areas.
Furthermore, the economically weaker sections of society (spinners, weavers and shawl bafs) including
women are involved in processing of pashmina at cottage industry level. Also, the processing tools used and
techniques followed are very old, labour intensive, full of drudgery, less efficient, yielding low output per unit of time
spent, there by rendering the job less remunerative. Further, the ban imposed on Shahtosh trade in any form has
rendered about 40,000-45,000 highly skilled craftsmen/ women jobless. These skilled artisans could be provided with
gainful employment through their engagement in processing of pashmina and thereby saving them from starvation
and also preserving an age old heritage. Moreover, the absence of quality standards for pashmina and pashmina
products has rendered this trade open to the exploitation by unscrupulous traders at the cost of genuine pashmina and
pashmina products.
Hence the subproject was envisaged to fill the gaps by designing a multidimensional research programme
involving breed improvement, intervention in production system (health cover, shelter, pasture improvement etc),
expansion in pashmina production areas, improvisation in harvesting/processing tools and techniques, establishment
of quality standards, skill development, capacity building and linkage/integration among stakeholders (farmers,
processors, extension and R&D agencies) resulting in improvement in both productivity and production of pashmina
and its utilization, thereby increasing the profitability and sustainable livelihood.
In order to achieve the targets, the envisaged activities were executed by identifying the beneficiary farmers
in the production sector on the basis of their socio-economic status. The elite pashmina goat germ plasm was procured
from the potential areas of Ladakh and HP. Farm units were established in traditional area (by providing elite bucks to
the extent of 3% of their breedable does) and non-traditional area (1 buck and 9 does). All the interventions in terms
of shelter, feeding and health management were provided. The shelter management included kid shelter in traditional
area and angle irons, chain link fencing and tin sheets for erecting pashmina goat sheds in non-traditional areas.
Feeding management included complete Feed blocks, UMMB and concentrate feed while health management
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comprised of dosing/dipping, vaccination and need based treatment. In the processing sector families were also
selected on the basis of their socio-economic status. The processing tools/techniques were improvised by fabricating
improvised charkha, handloom, warping system and their distribution in the field. Further, keeping the environmental
safeguard into consideration, the application of natural dyes on pashmina was standardized. To prevent imitation of
pashmina fabrics, the quality assurance tests including PCR based technique for identification of animal fibres were
also standardized.
The interventions in the pashmina production areas of ladakh has lead to an improvement in pashmina
production and kidding percentage by 40.07 (%) and 10 (%) respectively besides improving the birth weight of kids
from 2.37±0.12 to 2.61±0.18. The kid shelter in the form of thermo-chambers covered by tarpaulin has reduced the
kid mortality among the beneficiary families from 67.54 (%) to 31.33 (%). The horizontal expansion of pashmina
production area to non-traditional areas of Kargil, Leh and HP has been a great success with overall survivability,
kidding percentage and kid mortality as 89.73±0.40, 85.09±0.53 & 74.79; 85.16±0.66, 50.58±0.80 & 59.61; and
30.52±0.54, 26.07±0.78 & 24.19 percent respectively. The overall pashmina yield (gm) in Kargil and Leh was
reported as 182.33±0.30 & 161.61±0.52 with the quality in terms of fibre diameter (µ) and fibre length (mm) as
14.04±0.09 & 15.03±0.37; and 56.02±0.16 & 48.26±0.56 respectively. By adopting the pashmina goat farms in Kargil
and HP under strengthening of pashmina goat farms, there has been an improvement in the pashmina yield from
146.22 to 213.53 gm and 176.29 to 188.46 gm respectively. In processing sector, 105 modified/innovative charkha
(Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha) were fabricated and distributed to beneficiary spinners in Kashmir,
Ladakh and Palampur. The field results have shown that innovative charkha is proving efficient in terms of time
consumed for spinning by 73.50% over traditional one besides decreasing physical drudgery. In terms of income,
there is an increase of 146.64% (Rs 1638 to Rs 4040) remuneration over traditional one for same period of time
without deteriorating the quality of yarn. Provisional patent application was filed vide number 3616/Del/2011 dated:
13-12-2011. Field results of fabricated improved handloom with multiple shuttles for multiple design development
have shown that there is an increase in net return to weavers by 28.02% over traditional one. The advantages of
Improvised warping systems (installed on community basis) includes reduction of physical drudgery, saving of
warping time (150%), reduction in warping cost from Rs 100 to only Rs 50 per shawl. Organic substances viz: walnut
husk, onion peel, saffron flower petals, pomegranate rind, silver oak, myrobalan, meddar, henna , tulip and Lumb
(Biden pilosa) were used for natural dyeing of pashmina fabric. Study revealed that pashmina could be dyed with
these organic sources with good fastness. Dehairing machine for dehairing of pashmina was improvised. The
improvement has resulted in reduction in passage of pashmina from five to only three which not only reduced the
damagaing effect to the delicate pashmina fibre but also improved its recovery percentage. The use of PVA as carrier
fibre in machine spinning has shown an advantage over the utilization of nylon as the former can be dissolved in hot
water as against HCL. This technique has prevented the damage to the delicate fibre as was encountered in the nylon
dissolution method. The standardization of PCR based technique for identification of animal fibres has revealed that
the falsification/adulteration of pashmina with the wool up to 10% can be detected. The applications for grant of
patent has been filed vide No: 3400/Del/2012 dated: 05/11/2012.
The significant achievements of the project are as under:
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Production technologies developed and adopted : 05
Processing technologies developed, adopted/ commercialized : 07
Rural industries established/commercialized : 96
Patents (filed/granted) : 02
Publications :
Research papers published : 20
Popular articles published : 01 Books/book chapters published : 03
Bulletins/brochures/leaflets published : 17
Training manuals published : 07 Seminars/symposium/Conference Proceedings 64
Film/ CD developed Coverage in press, TV, media : 07
Trainings undertaken and scientists/other staff trained
(national/international)
: 58
Trainings organized and farmers/other stake holders trained : 124 trainings organized covering 2933 farmers/
artisans
Field demonstrations organized : ---
Field day/farmer day/mela‟ organized : ---
Awards/honors : 06
By the interventions made in the project, the environmental issues have been taken care of. All the
technologies developed have a positive impact on environment. The additional increase in livestock strength in the
non-traditional belts has resulted in increase in soil fertility due to production of organic manure. The utilization of
natural sources for dyeing of pashmina has reduced the environmental contamination caused by synthetic dyes and
anti moth agents. Further regarding the social issues, the subproject has contributed in this area in many ways. Firstly,
the technologies developed in the sub-project have improved the livelihood security of farmers/artisans. e.g
establishment of pashmina goat units improved the livelihood of farmers as they earn additional 50000 to 60000 per
year from the enterprises by the sale of pashmina and additional animals. Secondly, subproject has also contributed
towards women empowerment e.g. by the improvisation and introduction of traditional charkha, the women folk got
benefitted by increase in monthly net returns by 146.64% (from Rs 1638 to Rs 4040) over traditional one for same
period of time with good efficiency and decreased drudgery. Capacity building of unemployed and educated women
folk in the fields of health care, processing and quality evaluation was carried out which in turn empowered them to
run small enterprises and earn their livelihood.
Breed up gradation and decreased inbreeding in traditional pashmina belts and expansion of pashmina
production belts to non-traditional areas was successfully achieved. All the interventions and technologies developed
were well adopted by Development Departments for sustainability. Technologies developed in processing sector have
been transferred to artisans, Development Departments, NGO‟s for adoption and propagation. Continuous logistic and
technical support will be given to the stakeholders from the consortium partners for further development vis-a-viz
projects/research/field work etc. Fresh funds were attracted from ICAR, CWDB, DST and Department of Animal
Husbandry GOI for continuous development in the identified areas and consolidation of the achievements already
made.
Key words: Non-traditional area, Pashmina, Traditional area, Value Chain.
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Part-I: General Information of Sub-project
1 Title of the sub-project : A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and
Profitability of Pashmina Fiber.
2 Sub-project code : 20030101
3 Component : PCS-2
4 Date of sanction of sub-project : 28 Jan 2009
5 Date of completion : June 2012
6 Extension if granted : July 2012 to March 2014
7 Duration of the sub project : 5 years and 2 months
8 Total sanctioned amount for the
sub-project
: 1243.08
9 Total expenditure of the sub-
project
: 1078.6540305
10 Consortium leader : Dr. M. A. Kirmani
Dean
FVSc & AH, SKUAST-K Shuhama, Srinagar-190006 (J&K) India
(w.e.f. 28 Jan 2009 to 28 Feb 2011)
Dr. Shafiq A Wani
Director Research,
SKUAST-K, Shalimar-190025 (J&K) India Phone:0194-2461103
(w.e.f. 01 March 2011 to 31March 2014)
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List of Consortium Partners:
Name of CPI/ CCPI
with designation
Name of organization and
address, phone & fax, email
Duration
(From-To)
Budget
(Lakhs)
CPI Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani
Professor LPT/
Dean
Faculty of Veterinary Science and
Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K,
Shuhama, Srinagar-190006 (J&K) India
Telefax: 0194-2262207
Mobile: 09419088688 [email protected]
28 Jan 2009 to
31 March 2014
794.01
CCPI1 Dr. Farooq A Matto
Professor
Division of Animal Nutrition
Faculty of Veterinary Science and
Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Shuhama, Srinagar-190006
(J&K) India
28 Jan 2009 to
6 Sep 2012
CCPI2 Dr. D.B Shakyawar Principal Scientist
Division of Textile Manufacturing and Textile
Chemistry
CSWRI-Avikanagar, Jaipur Rajasthan-344501
Phone: 01437-220179
Mobile: 09887896766 Email:
28 Jan 2009 to 31 March 2014
270.17
CCPI3 Dr. Y P Thakur
Professor
Division of Animal Genetics &
Breeding, COVAS CSKHPKVV, Palampur-176062
Email:[email protected]
28 Jan 2009 to
26 July 2010
129.80
Dr. R.K Mandial
Professor
Division of Veterinary Medicine,
COVAS CSK HP KVV, Palampur-176062
Mobile: 09418298994
Email:[email protected]
26 July 2010 to
31 March 2014
CCPI 4 Dr. Tsering Phunstog,
DSHO
Department of Sheep Husbandry,
Leh
Phone:01982-251122
01982-252037 Email:[email protected]
28 Jan 2009 to
31-10-2011
49.09
Dr P Angchuk
DSHO
01-11-2011to
29-09-2012
Dr. Mohammad
Sharief
DSHO
30-09-2012 to
31 March 2014
CPI-Consortia Principal Investigator; CCPI-Consortia Co-Principal Investigator
Page | 13
Statement of budget released and utilization partner-wise (in Lakhs):
CPI/ CCPI Name,
designation &
address)
Total budget
sanctioned
Fund released
(up to closing date)
Fund utilized
(up to closing date)
CPI Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani
Dean FVSc & AH,
SKUAST-K Shuhama
190006 (J&K)
794.01 829.21958
752.87887
CCPI1 Dr. D.B Shakyawar
Principal Scientist
Division of Textile
Manufacturing and Textile Chemistry
CSWRI- Avikanagar,
Jaipur Rajasthan-344501
270.17 270.46975 178.21917
CCPI2 Dr. R.K Mandial
Professor
Division of Veterinary Medicine, COVAS
CSK HP KVV,
Palampur-176062
129.80 122.8467 112.12478
CCPI 3 Dr. Mohammad Sharief District Sheep
Husbandry Officer, Leh
49.09 35.4554 35.43128
Total
1243.08 1257.99143 1078.6541
CPI-Consortia Principal Investigator; CCPI-Consortia Co-Principal Investigator
Page | 14
PART II- Technical Details
1. Introduction
North West Himalayan Region comprising states of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), Himachal Pradesh (HP) and
Uttarakhand, is spread over 33 million hectare area and inhabited by 24.5 million people. However, due to
hilly/mountainous topography, poor soil profile and other adverse factors, only 6% of the area is suitable for
agriculture use. Further, agriculture in these areas is mostly rain fed and crop failures are not uncommon. Under these
ecofragile conditions, livestock rearing especially small ruminants plays a vital role in livelihood security of the
people in the region.
Ladakh region (J&K), Lahul, Spiti and Kinnaur valley (HP) are the only areas in India that represent the
Trans-Himalayan high altitude cold desert environment with an elevations ranging from 3500 to 4500 m above MSL.
These areas experience harsh dry climate characterized by wide temperature fluctuation, ranging from -400C (winter)
to 300C (summer), very low precipitation and hypoxia. These climatic conditions along with qualitatively poor soil
profile, deficient irrigation facilities and undulating terrain makes most of the area in the region unsuitable for crop
based agricultural activities. Accordingly, livestock based farming system in these areas forms the main source of
livelihood for the populace. Fortunately, nature has endowed these areas with some specific species/breeds of
livestock highly adapted to these agro-climatic and agro-ecological conditions. The pashmina producing goat breeds
(Changthangi and Chegu breeds) are amongst these special livestock breeds that have adapted to the harsh agro-
climatic and agro-pastoral conditions.
Pashmina production in the country, however, faces a number of constraints which makes it a non-vibrant
economic activity. The total world pashmina production is 15000-20000 T (Anon, 2009). Out of this, China alone is
producing 72% followed by Mongolia (18%) where as India contributes only less than 1%. Out of 50 tons of
pashmina produced in India, Jammu & Kashmir alone produced 40 tons (Wani and Wani, 2007) which is considered
as best of the lot. The average productivity of pashmina per animal in India has been reported to be 250g/year for
Changthangi breed and 100 g/year for Chegu breeds which is far less compared with the average global productivity
of 750-1000g/animal/year (Singh, 2004). The reasons for low productivity and production of pashmina are many and
varied. However, high degree of inbreeding, poor husbandry practices, poor/inadequate nutrition, scanty surface
grazing, inadequate animal health facilities and improper shelter are major factors contributing to low productivity
and production besides its restriction to traditional areas. The average survivability of these breeds has been reported
to be 60% (Ganai et al. 2004). The present population of Changithangi and Chegu breeds has been estimated to be
1.45 lac and 0.06 lac, respectively (Singh, 2004). Harvesting techniques in vogue are also primitive and labourious
(one man day/goat).
The pashmina goat farming, the sole source of sustenance of the economically and socially deprived nomadic
tribes (Changpa), confronted with the low productivity and production of pashmina, yielding low remuneration has
been the main reason for poor and static socio-economic status of these tribes. Furthermore, the economically weaker
sections of society (spinners, weavers and shawl bafs) including women are involved in processing of pashmina at
cottage industry level. Also, the processing tools used and techniques followed are very old, labour intensive, full of
drudgery, less efficient, yielding low output per unit of time spent, there by rendering the job less remunerative (Rs
50-60/man/day). Further, the ban imposed on Shahtosh trade in any form has rendered about 40,000-45,000 highly
Page | 15
skilled craftsmen/ women jobless. These skilled artisans could be provided with gainful employment through their
engagement in processing of pashmina and thereby saving them from starvation and also preserving an age old
heritage. Moreover, the absence of quality standards for pashmina and pashmina products has rendered this trade open
to the exploitation by unscrupulous traders at the cost of genuine pashmina and pashmina products.
The survey of literature revealed that few studies have been conducted on pashmina goat production system,
including its impact on social, economic, environmental and natural resource aspects in India. It has also been
observed that no systematic work has been undertaken on improvement/improvisation of harvesting and processing
tools/techniques, development of quality standards and designs in the country.
In view of the above findings, it was hypothesized that by designing a multidimensional research programme
involving breed improvement, intervention in production system (health cover, shelter, pasture improvement etc),
expansion in pashmina production areas, improvisation in harvesting/processing tools and techniques, establishment
of quality standards, skill development, capacity building and linkage/integration among stakeholders (farmers,
processors, extension and R&D agencies) will result in improvement in both productivity and production of pashmina
and its utilization, thereby increasing the profitability and sustainable livelihood.
2. Overall Subproject Objectives
a) Augmentation of Pashmina Productivity and Production.
b) Improvement in Pashmina Utilization
3. Sub-Project Technical Profile
3.1 Objective wise work Plan
Objective I: Augmentation of Pashmina Productivity and Production
1) Identification of farm families (goat breeders) as per the stratified random sampling procedure for
interventions in the identified traditional pashmina belt.
2) Selection of beneficiary families using random sampling technique in identified non-traditional areas.
3) Identification of elite germplasm with a production record of upto 500g (males) and 400g (females) of
pashmina against a population average of 250 g/animal/year.
4) Distribution of elite bucks at the rate of 3-4% of breedable does with a minimum of one buck among
identified farm families in traditional pashmina belt.
5) Establishing pashmina goat units in identified non-traditional areas by providing 9 does and 1 buck to
identified beneficiary families.
6) Health cover viz; vaccination, dipping and dosing shall be provided to all the livestock.
7) Dipping tanks shall be constructed in the identified villages/clusters.
8) Conduct of complete metabolic profiles of the pashmina goats in the operational areas and monitored for
required interventions.
9) Introduction of feed and mineral blocks to overcome nutrient deficiencies during periods of scarcity.
10) Development of pasture which will include:
a) Study of soil mineral profile for requisite intervention.
b) Introduction of fenced/rotational grazing system in selected grazing areas, on pilot basis, to facilitate
availability of surface grazing and also lessen deterioration of pastures.
Page | 16
c) Introduction of land races of legumes in selected pastures shall be attempted.
11) Introduction of low cost shelters to combat harsh winters and natural calamities.
12) Hands-on training to farmers on improved goat production practices covering breeding, health, feeding and
other management aspects.
13) Strengthening of the two existing Pashmina Goat Breeding Farms of Sheep Husbandry Department, located at
Upshi, Leh and Khangriyal, Kargil for sustained production and supply of elite pashmina germplasm to the
farmers.
Objective II: Improvement in Pashmina Utilization
1) Surveillance for identifying beneficiary families for intervention in pashmina harvesting and processing.
2) Introduction of improvised combs and machine shearing for efficient harvesting.
3) Fabrication of improvised spinning charkhas for higher efficiency so as to increase the returns to the women
spinners (economically deprived class of society).
4) Fabrication of improvised handlooms for higher weaving efficiency and net returns to the artisans.
5) Revival of traditional designs.
6) Introduction of novel designs in weaving.
7) Introduction of organic agents for dyeing and finishing, thereby reducing environmental hazards.
8) Development of quality standards of pashmina and pashmina products for value based pricing and control
fraudulent trade.
9) Hands on training to artisans on improvised processing tools and techniques.
10) Market promotion through exhibition, fares etc in collaboration with associated partners.
Page | 17
S.
No
State and District-
Consortium Partners/
Germplasm centers
Cluster Operational Village No. of
farm
units
1 Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) State:
i. District Leh
(a) Traditional
Pashmina Goat
Rearing Area, viz:
Changthang Area
i. Durbuk Block Kargyam, Shachukul, Erath and
Muglab
30
ii Chusule Block
Chusule, Maan and Merak 22
iii Nyoma Block Kharnak, Samad, Korzok, Rongo,
Anly, Samdoo, Angkung and
Koyul
55
iv Kharu Block Gya and Meru 08
(b) Non Traditional
Pashmina Goat
Rearing Area
i Nobra Block
Diggar, Tangyar, Lakjung and
Turtuk
25
ii. District Kargil
(a) Non Traditional
Pashmina Goat
Rearing Area
i Kargil Block
Shakar, Chiktan, Bodh Kharboo,
Henaskut
24
ii Suru Block
Youljuk, Khawos, Panikhar and
Prentee
16
iii Drass Block
Bhimbet 11
iii. District Srinagar, Ganderbal and Budgam
(Processing only) i Srinagar
Budgam
Ganderbal
Srinagar Old City Areas including
outskirts, adjoining areas in
Gandeerbal districts, Kanihama,
Soibug and Dhobiwan etc of
Budgam District.
100
Spinners
and
25
weavers
2 Himachal Pradesh (HP) State
i. District Lahul & Spiti:
(a) Traditional
Pashmina Goat
Rearing Area
i. Keylong Sub-
Division
(4 Villages)
Cluster around Darcha, 20
ii. Kaza Sub-Division
(4 Villages)
Hansa/Losar, Kibber/ Lancha,
Scheold/Due, Dhankar/pinvalley
20
(b) Non Traditional
Pashmina Goat
Rearing Area
i. Udaipur Sub-
Division
(2Villages)
Cluster around Tigret 10
ii. District Kinnaur:
(a) Traditional
Pashmina Goat
Rearing Area
i. Pooh Sub-Division
Hangrang Valley
(4 Villages)
Nako, Chango,Sumra and Shalkar 20
(b) Non Traditional
Pashmina Goat
Rearing Area
i. Pooh Sub-Division
(2 Villages)
Namgia, and Hango, 10
Page | 18
iii. District Kullu:
(Processing only) i District Kullu Selected areas of Kullu district 15
Spinners
and
03
weavers
3 Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) State:
i. District Leh:
(a) Germplasm
Center
Traditional Pashmina
Goat Rearing Area
Pashmina Goat Breeding Farm,
Upshi, Leh, (Ladakh
20 elite
Bucks and
200 elite
Does
ii. District Kargil:
(a) Germplasm
Center
Non Traditional
Pashmina Goat Rearing
Area
Pashmina Goat Breeding Farm,
Khangryal, Kargil Ladakh
20 elite
Bucks and
200 elite
Does
Grand Total
(a) Total Number of Farm Units 274
(b) Total Number of Spinners 115
(c) Total Number of Weavers 28
(d) Total Number of Germplasm Centers 02
3.2. Monitoring Indicators and their Outputs
S. No Major
Activities
Monitoring indicators Outputs
1. Pashmina yield
enhancement
Up to 40 % increase in pashmina yield in
the project livestock at the end of project.
Enhancement in yield of
pashmina
2 Improved
health, feeding
&
managemental
practices.
Reduce kid and adult mortality (up to 50
%).
Increase in body weight gain by about 7
% / unit time.
Increase in availability of surface
grazing.
Increase production,
productivity and off take
of the breed.
3 Pashmina
production in
non-traditional
belt.
Percent survivability of the breed in
comparison to traditional belt.
Production status.
Fiber quality assessment. (length,
diameter, yield & undercoat percentage)
Establishment and
extension of pashmina
production system in non-
traditional belt.
Page | 19
4 Improvisation of
harvesting
technology.
Percent reduction in time/ labour in
harvesting of pashmina.
Percent improvement in fine fiber yield.
Effect on pashmina yield during
succeeding shearing.
Reduce farm drudgery,
labour cost and time
saving.
5 Introduction of
improved
charkhas
Percent increase in spinning efficiency of
pashmina.
Quality improvement in Pashmina yarn.
Increase spinning
efficiency, drudgery
reduction and increase in
return to the artisans.
6 Introduction of
modified
handlooms
Percent increase in weaving efficiency.
Reduction in time invested per unit cloth
weaved.
Enhanced weaving
efficiency, better quality
products and increase
return to the artisans.
7 Introduction of
novel designs
Acceptability of the improved designs
Comparative economic returns of the
novel designs.
Increase net return to the
processors.
8 Use of organic
dyes and
finishing agents.
Consumer preference.
Higher acceptability.
Increase in net returns to
processors.
Eco-friendly dyeing.
3.3. Expected Outcome
1) Enhancement in the productivity (~40%) and production of pashmina (~20%).
2) Increase in raw material availability for pashmina processing industry (~20%).
3) Sustainable uses of natural resources especially pasture lands leading to reduced degradation and ensuring
safe environment (+++).
4) Community managed remunerative farming system.
5) Reduction in drudgery and labour component involved in processing (~20%).
6) Improved efficiency in pashmina processing thereby increasing economic returns to the artisan (~20%).
7) Capacity building in production and processing skills of stakeholders.
8) Environmental conservation and reduction in health hazards to processors as well as consumers by use of
organic coloring and finishing agents.
9) Increase in both on-farm and off-farm returns (~20%).
10) Strengthening of linkage among stakeholders ensuring effective delivery system.
11) Organized and unexploited collection, processing and marketing of pashmina resulting into higher and
sustainable income to the pashmina farmers, spinners, weavers and craftsman (4 times reduction in labour for
harvesting; 10% increase in recovery of fine Pashmina; 20% increase in the income of spinners and weavers).
Page | 20
4. Baseline Analysis
The baseline survey of the operational areas was carried out in the year 2009-10. Broadly, the operational
areas were divided in to production and processing sectors.
4.1. Processing Sector
The baseline survey of spinners and weavers was carried out as per the household questionnaire covering the
processing areas of Srinagar, Ganderbal and Budgam (J&K). The survey revealed as under:
Social participation of head of households (spinners and weavers) in Panchayats was low (7.11%) and
medium (22%) respectively. There was no participation of spinners in Co-operative societies, however
weavers showed some participation (5.33%).
The average family size was found to be 5.60 in spinners and 5.82 in weavers.
The age wise distribution of households in the two artisan groups showed that highest number of family
members belonged to the age group of 15-40 years.
The literacy status in the two artisan groups showed that illiteracy was highest in women (50.08% and
59.62%, respectively). Further, it was found that illiteracy was also highest in the head of households in both
spinners and weavers and it ranged from 65.33% to 72%.
The working pattern of two artisan groups showed that maximum number of people belonged to wage
artisans 61.11% and 43.33%, respectively. There is a shift from Self Manufacturing to wage artisan among
spinners to avoid marketing risk and exploitation by middleman.
The access to infrastructure facilities of sample villages showed that more than 50% of surveyed villages had
access to Public Health Centers, Veterinary Services and Bank within 0.5-1 km of distance. However, none of
the villages has access to Mandis. Maximum number of villages were availing bus as a means of transport
and had pakka road connectivity with main towns. It was found that these villages had facilities of parks and
playgrounds, Post offices, Internet and Mobile service etc.
The land and livestock holding of the two groups of the artisans revealed that both spinners and weavers
belong to category of marginal farmers as they possess less than 0.03 hectares of land. Similarly, only 20%
and 33% of the spinners and weavers have cows. However, a very small number of farmers possess other
category of livestock.
The study revealed that spinners faced processing problems due to breakage of threads (99.56), poor quality
pashmina (76.44) and improper charkha (72.89).
Innovation in charkha design was proposed by 50% of spinners, whereas mechanization of charkha was
proposed by 44.22% of spinners. The problems related to health and poverty was the major constraints faced
by these artisans.
The study of problems faced by weavers showed that weavers are using either traditional (55.33%) or fly
shuttle looms (44.67%) for weaving. The improvement in the design of looms was proposed by (48.67%)
weavers.
It was found that a very low (6.00%) proportion of weavers are aware about latest technological
developments in the weaving. Similarly the majority of the weavers (77.33%) showed interest in revival of
Traditional weaving and shawl making.
Page | 21
The study on awareness about G.I patent showed that very few weavers (3.33%) were knowing about this.
However, enquiries showed that the 62.00% and 33.33% of the weavers voted that G.I patent should be
administered by either Government or Jointly by Govt./workers, respectively.
The study revealed that both spinners and weavers had almost no awareness about developmental schemes
launched by government for artisans from time to time. It was further noticed that artisan group was ready to
avail financial assistance, if provided on low interest rates.
The study on market demand for different types of shawls showed that the demand is low at both National
and International for all kinds of shawls. The reasons for slump in demand of shawls was ascribed to
adulteration (38.67), sale of fake Pashmina shawls (38.00), mill spinning of yarn (28.00) and Global recession
(15.33%).
Similarly in Himachal Pradesh, a survey on 45 weavers & 49 spinners households in Kullu Valley of
revealed that:
The family size of the artisans was small having mean value of 4.33 for weavers and 4.32 for
spinners/household.
Amongst the heads of weaver households, 91.11% were literate whereas amongst the heads of spinners
households, 73.47% were literate with varying levels of education.
The maximum level of education was up to high school with exception of 4.44% weavers and 8.16% spinner
respondents who had education up to graduation level.
The survey indicated that mill-spun yarn was a great threat to the artisans of the valley as 66.67% of the
spinners expressed the opinion to impose ban on the mill-spinning of the yarn so as to protect their livelihood.
Hand-spun yarn was preferred by 44.45% of the weavers, mill-spun by 8.89% whereas 46.67% of the
weavers showed interest for both.
With regard to type of loom, 51.12% of weavers were found using traditional loom whereas 48.88% were
using Flt Shuttle loom. It was interested to note that not a single weaver was found using power loom among
the sample households.
4.2. Production Sector
The baseline survey of pashmina farmers was carried out as per the household questionnaire covering the
production areas of Ladakh region of J&K state. The survey revealed as under:
Average land holding of the households was 0.326 hectare, out of which 0.277 was irrigated and 0.049 un-
irrigated land. The average orchard and pasture land available per households was 0.005 and 0.018 hectare,
respectively.
The study on demographic structure revealed that the average family size in different surveyed blocks was
4.44 (Durbuk), 5.01(Chusule), 5.01 (Nyoma), 4.75(Nobra), 6.22 (Kargil), 3.73 (suru) and 4.90 (Drass). The
age wise distribution of household showed that the highest number of family members (43.63% and 43.50%
in female and males respectively) belonged to age group of 15-40 years. The household comprising of family
members falling in >60 years age group ranged from 14.10% (males) to 11.00% (females).
The occupational pattern of household showed that 41.00% of households have livestock rearing as their
“Primary Occupation” whereas secondary occupation involved Knitting, Dari work Phang Spinning (Not
traditional Kashmiri Charkha Spinning) etc (10.40% ), Self –Employed (Shopkeepers, Tourism related trades
Page | 22
and Others etc) (13.39%), Govt. Employed (14.07%), Non-Agricultural Labors (8.22%), Agriculture
(10.00%), and Others (2.93%).
The livestock inventory indicated that goat is the major livestock specie in the Traditional belt accounting for
83.52% of ruminants reared by the farmers in the sampled villages. Out of which, majority of the goats in the
traditional belt are of Changthangi breed whereas in non-traditional areas, only 30% were Changthangi goats.
Other livestock comprised of Ovines (8.47%), Bovines (3.78%), Yak (3.44%) and Equines (0.765%). The
Ovines (Sheep) constituted the highest percent of total livestock ranging from 25 to 50% in different blocks
of the Non-Traditional belt.
The literacy status of the sampled households revealed that illiteracy rate was highest (48.06% and 53.50%
respectively) among both male and female groups.
The survey revealed that average annual income from livestock production including Pashmina goats ranged
between 1.42 to 2. 32 lacs / household (depending on livestock strength and surplus thereof). On an average
each family earns Rs 0.82 lacs/year from sale of Pashmina and Pashmina goats.
Among various extension agencies, the access of Animal/Sheep Husbandry Department was highest whereas
it was lowest for Central Wool Development Board.
Survey revealed that in NT areas, 22.69 % of livestock shelters are made of stone barkade whereas 77.31 %
shelters are closed with open courtyard. However in traditional areas, 73.20 % shelters are made of stone
barkade whileas 26.80 % keep their livestock in open. The floor of the shelters is Kaccha/Sandy in nature
(100%).
The livestock was maintained on grazing alone, semi stall feeding and stall feeding by 50, 40 and 10 percent
of sampled households respectively. Furthermore, among semi stall feeding the livestock were regularly part
fed, part fed during scarcity, strategic feeding in pregnancy and supplementary feeding by 5, 10, 20 and 5
percent of sampled household respectively.
The farmers replaced their livestock by purchase from fellow farmers, through middle man from outside,
from outside through other means and animal fairs in 52.67, 30.00, 9.00 and 8.33 percent of sampled
household respectively.
The livestock were maintained either under migratory system (77.00%) or semi-migratory system (23.00%)
of sampled household.
The Pashmina goat produces 230-250 gm of Pashmina /animal/annum. The household utilize 80 gm of
Pashmina for their personal garments/bedding and rest Pashmina is sold. The average income from the sale of
Pashmina/household/annum is Rs 23000.00.
The harvesting practices and the tools used in Traditional area were indigenous in majority of sampled
household (82.67%) whereas improved/ improvised techniques of harvesting was used by 17.33% of sampled
household.
Similarly, the baseline survey on 380 households in 54 villages in Himachal Pradesh conducted in
year 2009-10 revealed that:
The family size of breeders was small ranging from 3.60 to 4.58 with an average family size of 4.17
members/household.
The proportion of male members in the household was higher (2.25) than the female members (1.92).
Page | 23
The educational status showed that 73.10 % of heads of family and 80.64 % of the other family members
were literate with varying level of educational qualification. The maximum level of education was up to
senior secondary and very few respondents (3.55%) were educated up to graduate level.
The pooled mean of livestock/household was 13.19 animals including 7.72 Chegu pashmina goats/household.
The total average annual income/farmer was recorded to be Rs 15231 from livestock component.
The major variable cost involved in goat rearing was found as feed, fodder and human labour. Per animal
variable cost/year varied between Rs 210 to Rs 1386.
The average gross return accrued from this enterprise was Rs 3545 per animal/year and Rs. 25666 per
flock/year.
95% of the households followed extensive grazing system by using the common pasture land.
Endoparasitism, ectoparasitism, Food & Mouth Disease and PPR were the major diseases affecting the Chegu
pashmina goats for which elementary preventive measures were being adopted with the help of local
Veterinary Institutions of H.P, State Animal Husbandry Department but still the mortality was very high both
in adults as well as in kids (42.18 to 62.46%) in the area.
The farmers were found to rear the Chegu pashmina goats both for meat as well as for pashmina production.
The pashmina productivity ranged from 100 to 140 g with a mean value of 120 g/animal/year.
Page | 24
5. Research Acheivements
5.1. Improvement in Pashmina Goat Rearing in Traditional Area
Ladakh region (J&K), Lahul, Spiti and Kinnaur valley (HP) are the only areas in India that represent the
Trans-Himalayan high altitude cold desert environment with an elevation ranging from 3500 to 4500 m above MSL.
The harsh climatic conditions along with qualitatively poor soil profile, deficient irrigation facilities and undulating
terrain makes most of the area in the region unsuitable for crop based agricultural activities. Accordingly, livestock
based farming system in these areas forms the main source of livelihood for the populace. Fortunately the pashmina
producing goat breeds (Changthangi and Chegu breeds) are amongst special livestock breeds which nature has
bestowed them to suit these harsh agro-climatic and agro-pastoral conditions. However, the pashmina production in
these areas faces a number of constraints which makes it a non-vibrant economic activity. The average pashmina
production in India is very low as against the world average. Although there is a wide diversity in germplasm but the
rearing of pashmina goat is done by adapting traditional managemental practices with almost no scientific
intervention. The true/traditional breeding tracts of pashmina goats is restricted to Nyoma and Durbok blocks of
Changthang of District Leh in J&K state; cold desert of Spiti, Todd and Minnar Valley (Lahul and Spiti); Hangrang
Valley of Kinuar, Udeen and Sural in Pangi Valley (Chamba district) of HP and higher belts of Uttarkashi, chamoli
and Pithorgarh districts of Uttarakhand state. Keeping in view the problems in pashmina production in traditional
areas, an activity was envisaged with the improvement in pashmina goat rearing in the traditional areas of J&K and
HP by various interventions like breed up gradation, health management, shelter management etc which in the long
run will help in eliminating the problems of the low pashmina production from these areas. The operational areas
covered in the project are given in table.
Table: Operational Areas of Traditional belts of J& K and HP.
Block Villages No. of
Beneficiries
Total Remarks
JAMMU & KASHMIR Durbuk Kargyam 10
30
Intervention in
the form of
shelter management,
health
management etc
was carried out in all the beneficiary
families.
However the breed
upgradation was
carried out in Samad, Kharnak,
Gya, Meeru,
Kargyam, Laga,
Shashuhul 10
Earth 05
Muglib 03
Laga 02
Chusule Chushule 12 22 Maan 05
Meerak 05
Nyoma Kharnak 05
54
Samad 05
Karzok 09
Rango 05
Anlay 15
Koyal 05
Sumdoo 05
Angkung 05
Page | 25
Kharu Gya 3
10
Sasoma, Mugleb
and Erath Miru 5
Sasoma 2
SUB TOTAL 116
HIMACHAL PRADESH
Spiti/Pooh Kibber 5 43 Interventions in
the form of breed upgradation were
done by
providing elite pashmina goats to
the beneficiaries
in the ratio of 5+1 or 4+1 (does +
buck) as per the
availability.
Langcha 10
Sumra 5
Hurling 5
Shalkar 5
Chango 1
Nako 7
Darcha 5
SUB TOTAL 43
GRAND TOTAL 159
5.1.1. Breed up gradation
Traditionally, pashmina goats are being reared by nomads (Changpas) of the Changthang region (traditional
belt for pashmina production) of Ladakh, by adapting traditional practices of breeding. The selection and exchange
of elite bucks was given less importance resulting in inbreeding, which subsequently lead to less fibre production
and poor performance. Hence intervention was done by selecting bucks from potential areas with elite germplasm
having capacity of producing pashmina up to 500 g and subsequent distribution and breeding in the traditional belt
of pashmina production.
Under this activity, 108 elite pashmina bucks were distributed among 78 families in nine villages of
traditional areas of Leh. The villages included Samad, Kharnak, Gya, Meeru, Sasoma, Kargyam, Laga, Mugleb and
Erath. Likewise, 252 elite pashmina goats were distributed among 43 families (5 does and 1 buck or 4 does and 1
buck/family) in eight villages namely Kibber, Langcha, Sumra, Hurling, Shalkar, Chango, Nako and Darcha of
traditional areas in HP.
By introducing the elite bucks and subsequent exchange of these among beneficiary families in the
traditional areas under NAIP, there has been a considerable reduction in the degree of inbreeding and hence
inbreeding depression among the livestock of beneficiary families, which lead to the better performance of livestock
with the beneficiaries. The overall survivability percentage of pashmina bucks in the beneficiary villages was
recorded as 88.07 in 2011; 92.71 in 2012 and 97.75 in 2013. The performance of pashmina goats improved which
can be judged by the improvement in fibre production and birth weight of kids. With the introduction of elite bucks
coupled with others interventions like feeding and health management, there was an improvement in the pashmina
production in the beneficiary villages by 40.07 (%) (167.89 in 2009 to 235.17 in 2013) within four years. The
kidding percentage also showed an improvement from 2011 to 2103 with percentages of 46.63 (2011), 48.55 (2012)
and 56.28 (2013). The average birth weight of kids improved from 2.37±0.12 (2011) to 2.48±0.22 (2012) to
2.61±0.18 (2013) in traditional areas of Leh.
Page | 26
Table: Survivability and Mortality Percentage of bucks provided to beneficiary villages in Traditional areas of Leh
Area Survivability Perentage (%) Mortality Perentage (%)
2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013
Miru 100.00 85.71 83.33 0.00 14.29 16.67
Gya 75.00 66.67 100.00 25.00 33.33 0.00
Sasoma 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Muglab 33.33 100.00 100.00 66.67 0.00 0.00
Laga 50.00 100.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 0.00
Earth 100.00 100.00 87.50 0.00 0.00 12.50
Kargyam 86.67 92.31 100.00 13.33 7.69 0.00
Samad 89.47 94.12 100.00 10.53 5.88 0.00
Kharnak 100.00 91.67 100.00 0.00 8.33 0.00
Overall
average 88.07 92.71 97.75 11.93 7.29 2.25
Table: Year wise Performance of Elite bucks in terms of kidding percentage
Area No. of Does Covered No. of kids born Kidding %
2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013
Miru 226 278 324 139 142 201 61.50 51.08 62.04
Gya 314 354 389 183 225 257 58.28 63.56 66.07
Mugleb 236 327 340 76 90 94 32.20 27.52 27.65
Earth 163 168 162 90 59 101 55.21 35.12 62.35
Kargyam 691 751 835 229 141 144 33.14 18.77 17.25
Samad 1790 1934 2532 987 1087 1432 55.14 56.20 56.56
Kharnak 1963 2089 2318 806 1121 1654 41.06 53.43 71.35
TOTAL 5383 5901 6900 2510 2865 3883 46.63 48.55 56.28
GRAND
TOTAL 18184 9258 50.91
Table: Year wise Average Birth Weight of kids in traditional areas of Leh.
Area Average Birth Weight (kgs)
2011 2012 2013
Miru 2.44±0.12 2.52±0.34 2.67±0.22
Gya 2.20±0.43 2.22±0.32 2.57±0.12
Mugleb 2.21±0.27 2.34±0.35 2.43±0.43
Earth 2.46±0.53 2.54±0.32 2.58±0.23
Kargyam 2.13±0.17 2.28±0.42 2.42±0.32
Samad 2.53±0.19 2.69±0.34 2.64±0.22
Kharnak 2.67±0.54 2.76±0.64 2.87±0.39
Overall Average 2.37±0.12 2.48±0.22 2.61±0.18
Page | 27
Table: Year Wise Average Pashmina Production in Traditional Belt before and after intervention
S.
No
Area Year wise average Pashmina Yield per animal (gm)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1 Miru 158±0.43 186±0.32 208±0.25 224±0.21 252±0.17
2 Gya 142±0.42 164±0.21 186±0.18 236±0.32 256±0.16
4 Mugleb 147±0.56 170±0.41 213±0.23 260±0.16 290±0.11
6 Earth 158±0.34 267±0.17 277±0.14 286±0.18 296±0.23
7 Kargyam 209±0.22 199±0.23 203±0.26 232±0.17 242±0.14
8 Chushul 178±0.12 197±0.18 224±0.32 254±0.12 286±0.24
9 Maan 153±0.16 174±0.09 198±0.14 166±0.17 241±0.16
10 Merak 164±0.22 185±0.11 203±0.19 198±0.15 267±0.18
11 Koyul 166±0.19 178±0.18 175±0.22 200±0.19 205±0.14
12 Hanley 194±0.18 204±0.32 212±0.26 220±0.13 230±0.27
13 Rongo 194±0.28 210±0.24 218±0.13 228±0.12 247±0.16
14 Sumdo 201±0.32 230±0.19 234±0.29 254±0.08 287±0.26
15 Angkung 197±0.26 240±0.15 221±0.12 263±0.21 259±0.27
16 Korzok 231±0.19 256±0.16 291±0.15 209±0.16 289±0.15
17 Kharnak 270±0.18 278±0.21 303±0.17 289±0.19 315±0.18
18 Samad 260±0.31 230±0.27 257±0.12 276±0.26 271±0.16
Total 167.89 187.11 201.28 210.83 235.17
In Himachal Pradesh, the overall survivability and mortality percentage was recorded as 70.24 % and 29.76
% respectively. The survivability was highest (90.00%) in Salkhar whereas it was lowest (52.00%) in Kibber village.
The overall Kid mortality in the traditional belt was observed to be 29.76 % as compared to 24.19 % in non-
traditional area. The kidding percentage remained highest (53.85%) in Chango village and lowest (15.96%) in Nako
village. The overall body weight of kids in traditional area (Kibber, Langcha, Sumra, Hurling, Salkhar, Chango, Nako
& Darcha) was recorded as 2.103±0.148 kg at birth, 4.708±0.390 kg at 3 months, 8.416±0.471 kg at 6 months,
10.763±0.602 kg at 9 months and 14.589±0.576 kg at 12 months of age as compared to the corresponding respective
body weight of 2.523±0.173 kg , 5.715± 0.404 kg, 9.353± 0.571, 12.927±0.557 kg and 17.138±0.489 kg born in non-
traditional area (Namgia, Hango, Tingret & Chimret). The birth weight as well as the weight gain in kids of traditional
area was found to be lower as compared to that of non-traditional area. The overall pashmina goat strength among the
benefciaries in the traditional belt of HP has increased from 252 to 334 with exclusion of mortality and to 475 with
inclusion of mortality. Thus, the pashmina goat population is expected to increase year after year, if the similar types
of managemental practices are continued in the future. The average pashmina yield per adult goat/year was recorded
to be 189.62±6.08 g in traditional area which was higher than the mean value of 140.46±5.11 g recorded in goats of
non-traditional area of Himachal Pradesh. Dev (1998) recorded the mean pashmina fibre yield as 127.50±10.0 g in
Chegu goats or their crosses maintained at Mukteshwar in Uttrakhand whereas Bhat and Khan (2009) mentioned
pashmina productivity in the range of about 120 g per head in Chegu goats in India.
Page | 28
TABLE: Year wise survivability % (adult) in traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh
S.
No
Traditional village 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Kibber 100 88.00 72.73 81.25 52.00
2 Langcha -NA- 91.53 87.04 89.36 71.19
3 Sumra -NA- 93.33 92.86 96.15 83.33
4 Hurling -NA- 93.33 85.71 95.83 76.67
5 Salkhar -NA- 100.00 93.33 96.43 90.00
6 Chango -NA- 83.33 100.00 80.00 66.67
7 Nako -NA- 88.10 83.78 87.10 64.29
8 Darcha -NA- -NA- 80.00 66.67 53.33
Overall 100.00 91.89 85.90 88.06 70.24
TABLE: Year wise Mortality % (adult) in traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh
S.
No
Traditional
village
2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Kibber 0.0 12.00 27.27 18.75 48.00
2 Langcha -NA- 8.47 12.96 10.64 28.81
3 Sumra -NA- 6.67 7.14 3.85 16.67
4 Hurling -NA- 6.67 14.29 4.17 23.33
5 Salkhar -NA- 0.0 6.67 3.57 10.00
6 Chango -NA- 16.67 0.0 20.00 33.33
7 Nako -NA- 11.90 16.22 12.90 35.71
8 Darcha -NA- -NA- 20.00 33.33 46.67
Overall 0.0 8.11 14.10 11.94 29.76
TABLE: Year wise Kid mortality (%) in traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh
S.
No
Traditional
village
2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Kibber 25.00 33.33 40.00 28.57 32.35
2 Langcha -- 21.05 27.27 23.07 24.07
3 Sumra -- 22.22 33.33 22.22 26.66
4 Hurling -- 28.57 33.33 33.33 32.25
5 Salkhar -- 20.00 26.66 27.27 25.00
6 Chango -- 33.33 50.00 0.00 28.57
7 Nako -- 25.00 42.85 50.00 40.00
8 Darcha -- -- 40.00 50.00 43.75
Overall 25.00 24.59 33.33 29.50 29.59
Page | 29
TABLE: Year wise Kidding percent in traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh
S.
No
Traditional village 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Kibber 40.0 45.00 55.56 50.00 47.22
2 Langcha -NA- 41.30 51.16 33.33 42.19
3 Sumra -NA- 36.00 52.17 40.91 42.86
4 Hurling -NA- 28.00 62.50 42.86 44.29
5 Salkhar -NA- 40.00 60.00 47.83 49.32
6 Chango -NA- 60.00 50.00 50.00 53.85
7 Nako -NA- 11.90 16.22 12.90 15.96
8 Darcha -NA- -NA- 40.00 30.00 35.56
Overall 40.00 33.70 47.94 35.88 39.47
5.1.2. Kid Shelter Management
In traditional areas of pashmina production, no shelter is being used by the nomads for pashmina goats except
open enclosures (paddocks) made up of rocks and that too only during night. The animals are kept outdoor without
proper shelter which help them to stimulate the growth of pashmina as low temperature especially sub-zero
temperature induces and stimulate growth of fine pashmina. However, the new born kids lack thermoregularity
mechanism during first few weeks of birth hence when exposed to severe cold results in heavy kid mortality. The
traditional method of protecting the kids from extreme cold is keeping them in kid shelter which is a small pit like
burrow with very little space. During harsh winter conditions, when the temperature reaches to -40oC, the ill shelter
management takes heavy toll in both adult pashmina goats and young ones. Hence to prevent losses of new born kids
(the future generation of pashmina goats) due to harsh weather conditions, technology of thermo-chambers
comprising of underground pits covered with tarpaulin and polyvinyl sheets were disseminated in the area under the
NAIP project. One hundred and fifteen (115) beneficiary families have been covered in Ladakh by providing shelter
material to each beneficiary family for covering of the underground pit. The impact of the technology was assessed by
the reduction in the kid mortality percentage by 36 percent at the end of the intervention. There was a gradual
reduction in the kid mortality from 67.54 % in year 2009 (before the intervention) to 31.33 (%) in year 2013.
Reduction in percentage of kid mortality has a huge impact in a number of ways. These include increase in number of
pashmina goat population, increased pashmina production and improvement in the livelihood security of the nomads
of Changthang through better returns from the produce.
Page | 30
Table: Impact of Kid shelter management on Kid mortality percentage in Ladakh.
5.1.3. Introduction of Portable Dipping Tanks
Infestation with ecto-parasites including lice, ticks etc is one of the grave problem in pashmina goat rearing in
the traditional areas. The ecto-parasitic infestation is associated with the irritation and stress which ultimately leads to
poor performance of pashmina goats in terms of quality and quantity of pashmina. Further, the situation becomes
more aggravated because of the poor health cover in those far flung areas. Keeping in view the gravity of the
situation, portable dipping tanks were distributed in 17 operational villages in Leh to be used by the beneficiary
families at community level. The portable dipping tanks were used for medicated bath of the pashmina goats which
decreased the parasitic load of the goats. The technology has been adapted successfully with encouraging results and
transferred to the Department of Sheep Husbandry for further dissemination.
In HP, a total of 46 dipping tubs, each of 65 litres capacity, made of high quality unbreakable plastic material
were distributed to 31 beneficiaries farmers of 6 villages (Chango, Salkhar, Sumra, Hurling, Langcha & Kibber) and
14 benficiaries of 2 villages (Namgia and Hango).
S.
No.
Area Year wise Kid Mortality percentage
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1. Miru 65 40 38 35 29
2. Gya 56 38 44 35 32
3. Sasoma 54 43 48 33 28
4. Muglab 80 65 46 47 42
5. Laga 78 66 56 54 49
6. Yearath 70 33 31 25 21
7. Kargyam 76 56 52 49 34
8. Chushul 65 35 38 32 31
9. Maan 56 30 27 26 23
10. Merak 62 27 25 20 15
11. Koyul 76 45 43 32 38
12. Hanley 73 43 44 42 39
13. Rongo 67 37 35 31 33
14. Sumdo 67 32 34 29 27
15. Angkung 62 31 29 33 28
16. Korzok 68 43 41 55 37
17. Kharnak 75 39 53 32 25
18 Samad 65 37 47 35 33
Total 67.54 41.11 40.61 35.83 31.33
Page | 31
5.1.4. Health Management
Pashmina goats in India are reared in the far flung areas of Ladakh and HP where almost no health cover is
being provided to the livestock. Moreover, the areas of pashmina goat rearing remain cutoff from rest of the state
due to heavy snowfall, hence inaccessibility to the areas in harsh winters causing huge mortality due to lack of
veterinary aid to the area. Intervention was done in the form of providing both preventive and curative drugs. The
priority was given on the preventive treatment of all the livestock of all the adapted beneficiary farmers in the form
of vaccines against FMD, PPR, ET and dosing against endo-parasites. Besides that, need based treatment against
respiratory, gastro-intestinal diseases etc was provided to the beneficiary breeders for pashmina goats through
project monitoring teams visiting the areas frequently. In total, 28945 animals were treated in the operational
villages of traditional areas suffering from pneumonia/CCPP, diarrhea, lameness, conjunctivitis and many more.
This has resulted in drastic reduction in morbidity and mortality rate.
Another major problem associated with the pashmina goat industry in the traditional area is prevalence of
CCPP like respiratory disease which cause huge economical loss due to heavy morbidity and mortality. Further it
causes drug induced abortion (because of treatment with drugs like tetracycline). To address this issue, a successful
intervention was done by progesterone therapy which was given @ 0.075 gm along with tetracycline (drug of choice
against CCPP), which not only showed improvement but at the same time reduced the rate of abortion. Technology
for control of these economically important diseases viz: FMD, PPR, ET, CCPP and ecto-parasites through use of
safer drugs in a way feasible at farmers level was transferred in traditional belts by both SKUAST-K and CSK HP
KVV Palampur. This needs to be further advocated. The impact of the health management can lead to the reduction
in the mortality rate of livestock which is mostly because of CCPP like diseases. Furthermore, due to reduction in
both endo and ecto parasites, there is reduction in stress of animals which in turn leads to more fibre production and
better economic returns.
5.2. Expansion of Pashmina Goat rearing in Non-traditional areas
Pashmina production in the country faces a number of constraints which makes it a non-vibrant economic
activity. High degree of inbreeding, poor husbandry practices, poor/inadequate nutrition, scanty surface grazing,
inadequate animal health facilities and improper shelter are major contributing factors besides, restriction of the
pashmina goat rearing to the only traditional areas. Keeping in view low pashmina production and great prospect of
expanding the pashmina rearing area to non-traditional areas of Ladakh and HP where there is almost similar
ecological niche to those of traditional areas, an activity of expanding pashmina rearing area was envisaged.
Accordingly, 76 (each comprising of 09 does and 01 buck) & 20 (each comprising mainly of does with 2-4 bucks in
each village) pashmina goat units were established in Non-Traditional areas of Ladakh & HP respectively. The detail
is given as under:
Page | 32
Table 1: Area wise number of pashmina goat units established in Non-Traditional areas of Ladakh and HP.
S. No Block Village Number of
units
Total Remarks
Jammu & Kashmir
1 Kargil Shakar 05
24
Each unit comprising of 9 does
and 1 buck except some to whom only 9 does were allotted due to
paucity of bucks.
They were directed to utilize the bucks at community level.
In addition, 10 more units were
established, 5 each in Lalung and
Barcha of Kargil district (unit comprising of 5 +1) in
collaboration with KVK Kargil.
Chiktan 05
Bodhkharboo 09
Khangriyal 05
2 Suru Youljuk 05
16
Khowoos, 04
Panikhar 01
Printee 05
Chuskoor 01
3 Drass Bhimbat 11 11
4 Nobra Digger, 05
25 Tangayar, 05
Lakjung 05
Turtuk 10
SUB TOTAL 76
Himachal Pradesh
1 Pooh Hango 08
20
Each unit comprised of 6 animals
mainly does with 2-4 bucks in
each village. Namgia 06
2 Udaipur Tingrit 04
Chimret 02
SUB TOTAL 20
GRAND TOTAL 96
All logistic inputs viz; shelters material (wire roles, angle iron, UV Stabilized poly films and tin sheets) for
erecting pashmina goats sheds, feeding management (feed blocks, UMMB blocks and concentrate feed), health cover
(vaccination, dosing and need based treatment) & trainings were provided to the farm families. The livestock units
were monitored regularly from October 2009 for their performance viz; adaptability, body weight gain, survivability,
reproductive efficiency, pashmina productivity and quality.
The goats performed exceedingly well in their new tract except lakjung, shakar and boodkharboo. In Kargil,
the overall survivability (%), mortality (%), kidding (%) and kid mortality (%) over last four years (2010, 2011, 2012
and 2013) of establishment was reported as 89.73±0.40, 10.27±0.40, 85.16±0.66 and 30.52±0.54 respectively. The
average body weight (kg) of new born kids, hoggets and adults under the new environment was reported as
2.63±0.04, 20.7±0.19 and 28.87±0.12 respectively which was better than that of traditional area (Anon, 2003; Sheikh
et al. 1996). The goats performed exceedingly well especially in suru, drass and khangriyal as pashmina goats in these
areas showed better survivability and kidding percentage and lower mortality as compared to other areas. The
adaptability in these areas could be further judged by the body weight gain as the birth weight of kids, hogget and
adult weight was found better in suru and drass areas as compared to other areas of kargil district. The survivability
was also found good in boodhkharbu, shaker and chiktan but due to natural calamities including cloud burst and
predator attack, the number of animals decreases at initial stages with the result there was less kidding percentage and
subsequently lower strength of pashmina goat units. Over the last four years of adaptability in new environment, the
Page | 33
average pashmina yield (gm) in Kargil ranged from 145.17±0.85 (Shaker) to 208.09±1.24 (Khangriyal) with an
overall mean of 182.33±0.30 gm. The pashmina yield showed an improvement from 170.15 gm per head in 2010 to
198.61 gm in 2013. The reason may be better adaptability of the goats in the non-traditional belt and better knowledge
and skills attained by the unit holders (breeders) of pashmina goat rearing. Since pashmina yield per animal was better
in subsequent than first year, hence it is expected that pashmina yield will also improve further year after year if
managemental system is taken care of in an organized manner. The quality of pashmina harvested from different non-
traditional areas of kargil district in terms of fibre diameter (µ) and fibre length (mm) ranged from 13.56±0.21 to
14.27±0.40; 53.37±0.55 to 59.22±0.34 with an overall means of 14.04±0.09 and 56.02±0.16 respectively which is at
par with the traditional belt. Our observation were more or less in agreement with the findings of various workers
where in they reported the fibre length of Changthangi pashmina as 4.0-6.20 cm (Sahni, 1981), 4.95±0.11 cm
(Darokhan and Tomar, 1983), 5.59±0.38 (Ahmad and Gupta, 1989a), 4.86 cm (Ganai et al 2004), (Wani et al 2004),
4.90±0.19 (Bumla et al 2011) and 6.70±1.57 (Sofi et al 2011). The observed fibre diameter was slightly towards
higher side than the reported values of 13.37±0.05 (Ahmad and Gupta, 1989a), 12.16-12.55 (Ganai et al 2004),
13.19±0.62 (Wani et al 2004), 12.25±0.11 (Bumla et al 2011) and 13.93±0.14 (Sofi et al 2011) but is still within
acceptable range.
In Leh district, the overall survivability (%), mortality (%), kidding percentage (%) and kid mortality (%)
over the period of study was reported as 85.09±0.53, 14.91±0.53, 50.58±0.80, and 26.07±0.78 respectively.. Higher
survivability or lower mortality was observed in digger followed by lakjung, tangyar and turtuk. The survivability and
kidding percentage in NT areas especially digger improved considerably from first year of adaption in their new
environment. The mean kidding percentage in digger, tangyar, lakjung and turtuk improved from first year of
adaption to forth year from 4.88±1.25 to 63.16±1.32; 68.89±1.36 to 77.78±1.72; 35.71±1.95 to 46.88±1.72 and
21.95±1.30 to 45.45±1.62 respectively. Less kidding percentage in the initial periods was because of abortions
induced due to treatment with tetracycline for CCPP like diseases which is endemic in these areas. With little amount
of stress, the disease flares up in the whole lot and induces abortion, mostly during treatment with the tetracycline
(drug of choice for CCPP). Hence from second year of adoption, treatment for CCPP with tetracycline was
substantiated with progesterone therapy which decreased abortion rate. Kid mortality was lower in turtuk followed by
lakjung, digger and tangyar. The birth weight (kgs) of kids born in the study area of turtuk, digger, tangyar and
lakjung was 2.45±0.12, 2.32±0.11, 2.37±0.09 and 2.09±0.22 respectively. The observed values were found better than
those reported in the traditional belt by various workers viz; 1.88±0.01 (Sheikh et al 1996); 1.51±0.05 (Ganai and
Kirmani, 2005), 2.06 to 2.11 (Anon, 2003). The body weight (kgs) at 1 year of age ranged from 15.35±0.47 to
21.22±0.44 with an overall mean of 18.99±0.31. Our observation was far better than reported by Ganai and Kirmani,
2005 in traditional area who have found an average body weight of 16.71±0.12 kgs. The average pashmina yield
(gms/head) over the period of study in Digger, Tangyar and Turtuk ranged from 160.00±0.80 to 202.72±3.32;
146.41±0.68 to 163.78±3.07; and 150.74±1.60 to 179.32±2.12 with an overall average of 167.51±0.79, 151.31±0.79
and 167.31±1.51 respectively. Natural loss of pashmina (both fine as well as guard fibres) was observed in Lakjung
area due to entanglement in thorny bushes, prevalent in the area. In general the overall pashmina production improved
as compared to first year. The reason may be better adaptability of the goats in the non-traditional belt and better
knowledge and skills attained by the unit holder (breeder). Evaluation of fibre quality harvested from the non-
traditional belt of Leh revealed that the mean fibre diameter (µ) and fibre length (mm) was 16.29±0.68 and
44.88±1.94 during first year; 14.68± 0.41 and 48.77±0.54 during second year, 14.73±0.41 and 49.17±0.45 during
thord year, 14.25±0.23 and 49.87±0.35 during fourth year with overall mean of 15.03±0.37 and 48.26±0.56
Page | 34
respectively. Pashmina obtained during the fourth year has comparatively better quality than first year. The possible
reason for lower quality during first year could be attributed to the early adaption period in the new tract. Our
observation are more or less in agreement with the findings of various workers where in they reported the fibre length
of Changthangi pashmina as 4.0-6.20 cm (Sahni, 1981), 4.95±0.11 cm (Darokhan and Tomar, 1983), 5.59±0.38
(Ahmad and Gupta, 1989a), 4.86 cm (Ganai et al 2004), (Wani et al 2004), 4.90±0.19 (Bumla et al 2011) and
6.70±1.57 (Sofi et al 2011). The observed fibre diameter was slightly towards higher side than the reported values of
13.37±0.05 (Ahmad and Gupta, 1989a), 12.16-12.55 (Ganai et al 2004), 13.19±0.62 (Wani et al 2004), 12.25±0.11
(Bumla et al 2011) and 13.93±0.14 (Sofi et al 2011) but is still within acceptable range.
TABLE: Year wise Survivability Percentage in Non-traditional areas of Kargil
S.
No
Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Suru 90.13±0.82 86.32±0.85 93.97±0.83 94.28±0.74 92.18±0.66
2 Drass 93.33±0.88 88.83±0.86 96.90±0.60 85.46±0.93 90.91±0.62
3 Boodkharbo 69.77±1.23 83.08±1.37 87.34±1.22 88.46±1.36 81.91±1.21
4 Shakar 79.17±1.76 78.85±2.22 94.00±1.14 85.96±1.66 87.92±1.22
5 Chiktan 63.83±1.67 86.05±1.75 94.55±0.99 89.86±1.60 85.51±1.40
6 Khangriyal -- 80.00±1.68 98.21±0.23 85.33±1.70 90.61±1.07
Overall 82.88±0.75 85.55±0.52 94.49±0.43 89.45±0.45 89.73±0.40
TABLE: Year wise Mortality Percentage in Non-traditional areas of Kargil
S.
No
Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Suru 9.87±0.82 13.68±0.85 6.03±0.83 5.72±0.74 7.82±0.66
2 Drass 6.67±0.88 11.17±0.86 3.10±0.60 14.54±0.92 9.09±0.62
3 Boodkharbo 30.23±1.23 16.92±1.37 12.66±1.22 11.54±1.36 18.09±1.21
4 Shakar 20.83±1.76 21.15±2.22 6.00±1.14 14.04±1.66 12.08±1.22
5 Chiktan 36.17±1.67 13.95±1.75 5.45±0.99 10.14±1.60 14.49±1.40
6 Khangriyal -- 20.00±1.68 1.79±0.23 14.67±1.70 9.39±1.07
Overall 17.12±0.55 14.45±0.52 5.51±0.43 10.55±0.45 10.27±0.40
TABLE: Year wise Kidding Percentage in Non-traditional areas of Kargil
S.
No
Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Suru 78.01±1.63 105.93±1.32 75.37±1.15 109.63±1.58 92.11±1.20
2 Drass 79.80±1.60 92.52±1.89 89.25±1.46 110.15±2.09 93.01±1.22
3 Boodkharbo 12.28±1.19 110.42±2.17 53.33±1.87 71.43±2.21 58.87±1.15
4 Shakar 38.89±2.05 64.52±2.45 82.14±1.83 100.00±2.85 69.11±1.80
5 Chiktan 48.15±2.64 72.41±3.08 68.57±1.64 107.69±3.75 73.50±2.71
6 Khangriyal - 97.22±2.70 80.56±1.81 60.00±2.49 79.44±2.27
Overall 61.94±0.92 96.11±0.87 78.59±0.78 102.13±0.94 85.16±0.66
Page | 35
TABLE: Year wise Kid Mortality Percentage in Non-traditional areas of Kargil
S.
No
Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Suru 20.00±1.08 20.98±1.10 36.63±1.46 20.27±1.18 23.71±0.94
2 Drass 12.66±1.46 24.24±1.17 39.76±1.32 51.75±1.56 34.90±1.05
3 Boodkharbo 28.57±1.55 52.83±1.79 37.50±1.98 20.00±2.35 43.37±1.31
4 Shakar 0.00 45.00±2.71 47.83±2.07 39.29±2.11 36.47±1.44
5 Chiktan 0.00 14.29±1.73 29.17±2.26 28.57±1.83 20.93±1.93
6 Khangriyal -- 57.14±2.47 24.14±1.46 38.10±3.05 41.18±2.03
Overall 15.25±0.60 30.73±0.75 36.57±0.74 34.99±0.77 30.52±0.54
Table: Average weights of Pashmina Goats reared in Non-Traditional Areas of Kargil of J&K.
S.
No
Area Average Body weight (Kgs)
Kid Hogget Adult
1 Suru 3.82±0.18 21.61±0.37 32.66±0.22
2 Drass 3.55±0.20 22.78±0.25 29.43±0.24
3 Boodhkharbu 1.67±0.08 17.40±1.01 26.02±0.24
4 Shakar 2.63±0.21 19.15±0.40 24.06±0.31
5 Chiktan 2.60±0.14 17.15±0.51 26.85±0.35
6 Khangriyal 2.25±0.27 17.00±0.68 26.53±0.33
Overall 2.63±0.09 20.72±0.19 28.87±0.12
TABLE: Year wise average pashmina yield (gm) in Non-traditional areas of Kargil
S
No. Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Suru 147.18±0.69 135.20±0.79 215.94±0.85 212.13±3.45 177.25±0.54
2 Drass 212.35±0.88 155.50±0.76 206.93±0.77 213.18±1.59 196.21±0.58
3 Boodkharboo 133.99±0.88 136.75±1.12 266.67±4.50 220.17±2.80 188.09±0.63
4 Shakar 168.24±1.25 166.89±1.02 106.19±1.87 140.23± 1.23 145.17±0.85
5 Chiktan 198.50±0.09 160.69±1.34 175.71±1.90 180.72±2.10 180.01±0.90
6 Khangriyal - 189.00±1.28 212.90±1.48 225.25±2.69 208.09±1.24
Overall 170.15±0.43 152.94±0.41 203.20±0.55 198.61±1.62 182.33±0.30
Page | 36
Table: Average fibre diameter of pashmina harvested form pashmina goats in Non Traditional Area
of Kargil.
S
No. Area Fibre Diameter (µ)
2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Suru 15.18±1.07 13.94±0.25 14.62±0.35 13.34±0.24 14.16±0.20
2 Drass 13.78±0.38 14.54±0.29 13.48±0.35 13.74±0.35 14.14±0.21
3 Boodhkharbu 14.22±0.30 14.16±0.21 13.82±0.39 13.24±0.11 14.10±0.18
4 Shakar 13.55±0.47 13.48±0.11 13.70±0.38 14.32±0.31 13.56±0.21
5 Chiktan 14.39±0.48 14.67±0.53 13.14±0.40 13.52±0.33 13.79±0.25
6 Khangriyal ---- ---- 14.27±0.40 13.63±0.32 14.27±0.40
Overall 14.05±0.24 14.08±0.12 14.03±0.15 14.12±0.19 14.04±0.09
Table: Average fibre length of pashmina harvested from Pashmina goats in Non Traditional Area of
Kargil.
Table: Year wise Survivability percentage in non-traditional area of Leh
S.
No.
Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Digger 87.50±1.64 94.70±0.98 81.94±1.24 93.15±1.28 89.02±1.00
2 Tangyar 95.83±1.05 88.14±1.50 80.82±1.83 83.78±1.77 86.22±1.35
3 Lakjung 85.42±1.66 100.00±0.00 81.25±2.00 84.75±2.01 87.61±1.14
4 Turtuk 80.00±1.39 84.00±1.01 75.22±1.19 84.07±1.29 80.76±0.88
Overall 85.77±0.79 90.26±0.64 79.19±0.76 86.21±0.78 85.09±0.53
S
No. Area Fibre Length (mm)
2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Suru 43.78±3.82 55.12±0.37 56.61±0.75 53.61±0.35 55.10±0.29
2 Drass 59.72±2.03 59.67±0.44 58.12±0.59 52.12±0.32 59.22±0.34
3 Boodhkharbu 52.42±1.38 54.69±0.32 51.24±0.94 54.24±0.75 54.21±0.30
4 Shakar 56.87±1.43 56.99±0.52 57.81±0.35 56.81±0.45 57.33±0.36
5 Chiktan 48.61±1.25 52.31±0.96 53.69±0.69 54.69±0.29 53.37±0.55
6 Khangriyal ---- ---- 54.04±0.85 54.04±0.35 54.04±0.85
Overall 52.28±0.77 56.18±0.19 56.10±0.29 55.23±0.52 56.02±0.16
Page | 37
Table: Year wise Mortality Percentage in non-traditional area of Leh
S.
No.
Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Digger 12.50±1.64 5.30±0.98 18.06±1.24 6.85±1.28 10.98±1.00
2 Tangyar 4.17±1.05 11.86±0.50 19.18±1.83 16.22±1.77 13.78±1.35
3 Lakjung 14.58±1.66 0.00±0.00 18.75±2.00 15.25±2.01 12.39±1.14
4 Turtuk 20.00±1.39 16.00±1.01 24.78±1.19 15.93±1.29 19.24±0.88
Overall mean 14.23±0.79 9.74±0.64 20.81±0.76 13.79±0.78 14.91±0.53
Table: Year wise Kidding percentage in non-traditional areas of Leh
S.
No.
Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Digger 4.88±1.25 73.70±1.40 57.50±1.42 63.16±1.32 49.04±0.66
2 Tangyar 68.89±1.36 69.80±1.68 80.65±1.70 77.78±1.72 73.29±1.35
3 Lakjung 35.71±1.95 37.84±2.23 50.00±2.04 46.88±1.72 41.96±1.22
4 Turtuk 21.95±1.30 44.78±1.74 72.55±1.60 45.45±1.62 43.03±1.21
Overall mean 31.43±1.02 55.14±1.05 65.58±0.94 56.74±1.01 50.58±0.80
Table: Year wise Kid Mortality Percenatge in non-traditional areas of Leh
S.
No.
Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Digger 0.00±0.00 21.43±1.93 39.13±2.75 37.50±2.11 31.17±1.86
2 Tangyar 58.06±2.68 30.00±1.86 16.00±1.72 33.33±2.17 35.51±2.19
3 Lakjung 6.67±2.11 35.71±2.06 37.50±2.17 26.67±2.32 26.67±1.73
4 Turtuk 0.00±0.0 0.00±0.00 27.03±1.53 15.00±1.47 12.38±1.06
Overall mean 28.79±0.96 19.61±0.91 28.71±0.96 28.75±0.98 26.07±0.78
Table: Average body weight of Pashmina goats reared in non-traditional areas of Leh
S.
No
Area Average body weight in (kgs)
Kid Hogget Adult
1. Digger 2.32 ± 0.11 17.00 ± 0.84 29.43±0.24
2. Tangyar 2.37 ± 0.09 19.73 ± 0.63 26.85±0.35
3. Lakjung 2.09 ± 0.22 15.35 ± 0.47 26.53±0.33
4. Turtuk 2.45 ± 0.12 21.22 ± 0.44 32.66±0.22
Overall mean 2.33 ± 0.07 18.99 ± 0.31 28.87±0.12
Page | 38
Table: Average pashmina yield per animal (gm) in Non-Traditional Area of Leh.
S.
No AREA
Average Pashmina Yield (gms)
Year 2010 Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013 Overall
1. Digger 160.00±0.80 197.59±4.22 172.70±3.28 202.72±3.32 167.51±0.79
2. Tangyar 146.41±0.68 154.03±3.50 172.22±3.55 163.78±3.07 151.31±0.79
3. Lakjung * * * * *
4. Turtuk NA 150.74±1.60 173.29±2.32 179.32±2.12 167.31±1.51
Overall 152.73±0.58 161.09±1.62 172.80±1.54 181.36±2.20 161.61±0.52
*Pashmina could not be harvested because there is a shedding problem due to spiny vegetation in the
area.
Table: Year wise Quality of Pashmina harvested from Non-Traditional Areas of Leh.
S.No Parametre 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Fibre
Diameter (µ )
16.29±0.68 14.68±0.41 14.73±0.41 14.25±0.23 15.03±0.37
2 Fibre length
(mm)
44.88±1.94 48.77±0.54 49.17±0.45 49.87±0.32 48.26±0.56
In Himachal Pradesh, among the performance studies of pashmina goats in non-traditional areas,
survivability/mortality study showed that out of 119 Chegu Pashmina Goats distributed in non-traditional belt, 89
survived during the period with an overall survivability percentage of 74.79 % and mortality percentage of 25.21 %.
The survivability was highest (83.33%) in Hango village, followed by 79.17% in Tigrit village and 69.44% in Namgia
village. The survivability was lowest (45.45%) in Chimret village. The overall Kid mortality in the non-traditional
belt was observed to be 24.19 % as compared to 29.60 % in traditional area. The kidding percentage remained highest
(80.30%) in Hango village with lowest (33.67%) in Namgia village. The body weight of the kids born to Chegu goats
in non-traditional area of Himachal Pradesh was found to be 2.52±0.17 kg, 5.72±0.40 kg, 9.35±0.57, 12.92±0.56 kg
and 17.14±0.49 at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months of age respectively which was higher as
compared to that of traditional area. The overall pashmina goat strength in the non-traditional belt of HP has increased
from 119 to 230 with exclusion of mortality and to 305 with inclusion of mortality. Thus, the pashmina goat
population is expected to increase year after year, if the similar type of managemental practices is continued in the
future. The increase in the strength of the livestock was higher in non-traditional area as compared to that in
traditional area probably, because of more interest and special care provided by the farmers of non-traditional area as
it was a new activity for them and the farmers were very enthusiastic to adopt this new activity. The average
pashmina yield per adult goat/year was recorded to be 140.46±5.11 g in non-traditional area which was lower than the
mean value of 189.62±6.08 g recorded in goats of traditional area of Himachal Pradesh. Dev (1998) recorded the
mean pashmina fibre yield as 127.50±10.0 g in Chegu goats or their crosses maintained at Mukteshwar in Uttrakhand
whereas Bhat and Khan (2009) mentioned pashmina productivity in the rage of about 120 g per adult animal in Chegu
Page | 39
breed of goats. During the present investigation, the quality analysis of pashmina fibre revealed the mean fibre
diameter ranging from 12.34±0.33 µ to 15.14±0.62 µ in non-traditional area of Himachal Pradesh as against the value
of 8.20 to 20.90 µ with a mean value of 13.95±0.43 µ reported in Chegu pashmina goats by Thakur et al (2006) in the
traditional belt. The mean fibre length was found to vary from 31.26±0.67 mm to 33.58±0.81 mm as compared with
the value of 19.50 mm (1.95 cm) to 44.00 mm (4.40 cm) recorded by the above author in Chegu goats. In comparison,
the mean fibre diameter of Changthangi goat breed of Jammu & Kashmir was reported to be slightly lesser
(12.28±0.11 µ) than that of Chegu breed of Himachal Pradesh whereas the fibre length of Chegu goat pashmina was
markedly lesser than that of Changthangi breed (49.04±0.19 mm) as reported by Bumla et al (2011).
TABLE: Year wise survivability (%) in Non-traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh.
S.
No
Area Number of
Animals
distributed
2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Hango 48 97.92 91.49 93.02 83.33
2 Namgia 36 91.67 87.88 86.21 69.44
3 Tingrit 24 95.83 95.65 86.36 79.17
4 Chimret 11 90.90 90.00 55.56 45.45
Overall 119 94.96 91.15 86.41 74.79
TABLE: Year wise Mortality (%) in Non-traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh.
S.
No
Area Number of
Animals
distributed
2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Hango 48 2.08 8.51 6.98 16.67
2 Namgia 36 8.33 12.12 13.79 30.56
3 Tingrit 24 4.16 4.35 13.64 20.83
4 Chimret 11 9.10 10.00 44.44 54.55
Overall 119 5.04 8.85 13.59 25.21
TABLE: Year wise Kidding percent in Non-traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh.
S.
No
Area Number of
females
distributed
2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Hango 46 63.04 86.67 92.68 80.30
2 Namgia 36 25.00 45.45 31.03 33.67
3 Tingrit 20 20.00 78.95 83.33 59.65
4 Chimret 9 22.22 75.00 62.50 52.00
Overall 111 39.64 71.42 69.80 59.61
Page | 40
TABLE: Year wise Kid mortality (%) in Non-traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh
S.
No
Area 2011 2012 2013 Overall
1 Hango 13.79 17.95 18.42 16.98
2 Namgia 44.44 33.33 22.22 33.34
3 Tingrit 25.00 20.00 26.67 23.52
4 Chimret 50.00 66.67 60.00 61.53
Overall 22.72 25.34 23.88 24.19
Table: Average weights of Pashmina Goats reared in Non-Traditional and Traditional Areas of Himachal
Pradesh.
S.
No
Area Average Body weight (Kgs)
At Birth 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months
1 Non-
Traditional
2.523±
0.173
5.715±
0.404
9.353±
0.571
12.927±
0.557
17.138±
0.489
2 Traditional 2.103±
0.148
4.708±
0.390
8.416±
0.471
10.763±
0.602
14.589±
0.576
Table: Quality of Pashmina harvested from Non-Traditional Areas of Himachal Pradesh.
S.No Area Fibre Diamtere( µ ) Fibre Length (mm)
1 Namgia 15.14±0.62 31.79±0.72
2 Hango 12.34±0.33 31.26±0.67
3 Tingrit 13.62±0.59 33.58±0.81
4 Chimret 14.19±0.51 32.26±0.79
5.3. Strengthening of Germplasm Centres
The Government of Jammu & Kashmir has established pashmina goat breeding farm at Khangriyal (Kargil)
with an objective of providing elite germplasm bucks to the pashmina breeders to improve their livestock. However,
since more than a decade, the livestock was not upgraded in these farms with the result inbreeding had arisen leading
to less average fibre production of 125 g as against 250 g in traditional belt. As the farm serve as a source of bucks for
breed up gradation, the activity of farm was to provide elite bucks to the possible pashmina rearing areas of kargil.
Hence an attempt was undertaken in the subproject to improve the quality of livestock in the farm with a better
germplasm. Under this activity, 213 elite pashmina goats (13 bucks and 207 does) were provided to Pashmina Goat
Breeding Farm Khangriyal in the year 2010. The livestock provided performed well, with the result all the existing
livestock in the farm was replaced by the elite livestock provided under NAIP in year 2011. The performance of
khangriyal farm from year 2011-2013 is given in Table. The intervention resulted in the improvement of average
Page | 41
pashmina production per head from 146.22 g in 2011 to 213.53 g in 2013. This intervention of strengthening of
pashmina goat farm will be having a long term effect on the overall pashmina production as the farm will act as a
source of elite bucks to the breeders for future up gradation.
Table: Overall Performance of Pashmina Goat Farm Khangriyal after NAIP Intervention.
Parameters Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013
Survivability (%) 100.00 90.00 90.00
Mortality (%) 0.00 10.00 10.00
Kidding Percentage
(%)
62.32 55.00 51.61
Kid Mortality (%) 11.63 10.23 27.50
Pashmina Yield 146.22±0.47 192.66±0.59 213.53±0.71
The Government of J&K has also established a Pashmina goat breeding Farm at Upshi Leh which is catering
the supply of elite bucks to the traditional areas for breed upgradation. Under the project attempt was made to provide
more elite bucks to the farm which DSHO Leh/In charge PGF Upshi did not accept. Hence the activity of
strengthening the existing elite germplasm could not be undertaken. Although the other interventions in the farm of
shelter, health cover etc was undertaken.
In Himachal Pradesh also a pashmina goat farm owned by a Non-Government Organization namely,
Thangkarma Harit Sangthana, located at Thangkarma in District Kinnaur was adopted under the project. This farm
was having strength of 250 animals (155 adults, 65 hoggets & 30 kids). Various interventions including nutritional,
health and other managemental practices were introduced in this farm. Shelter material was also provided to have
better housing facilities to the livestock. Pashmina harvesting tools as well as the technique for efficient harvesting
was provided to the farm. In return, elite livestock (55 does & 11 bucks) were procured from this farm for distribution
among other beneficiaries in the operational areas. After adoption, the performance of farm improved as given in the
Table. The impact of the intervention could be judged by the fact that survivability increased from 87.27 to 92.71%,
adult mortality reduced from 12.73 to 7.29%, kid mortality decreased from 26.05 to 20.40% and kidding percentage
increased from 72.26 to 76.16%. The average pashmina production per head increased from 176.79±4.67 gm in 2012
to 188.46±5.79 gm in 2013. This intervention will also be having a long term effect on the overall pashmina
production as the farm will act as a source of elite bucks to the breeders.
Table: Overall Performance of Pashmina Goat Farm of Thangkarma Harit Sangathana after NAIP
Intervention.
Parameters Year 2012 Year 2013
Survivability (%) 87.27 92.71
Mortality in adult (%) 12.73 7.29
Kidding Percentage (%) 72.26 76.16
Kid Mortality (%) 26.05 20.40
Pashmina Yield 176.29±4.67 188.46±5.79
Page | 42
5.4. Soil, Water and Pasture studies of Pashmina goat rearing areas of Ladakh and HP.
5.4.1. Soil health studies
The soil survey of different locations of Ladakh region was conducted during 2010 using Garmin Map 296
GPS. Soil samples (0 to 20 cm deep) from 80 sites (53 from traditional belt and 27 from non-traditional belt) covering
8 blocks (Karu, Nyoma, Chusule, Durbok, Nobra, Kargil, Suru and Drass) of ladakh region were collected. The
Garmin Map 296 GPS was used to collect the coordinates of the sites where composite soil samples were taken,
randomly from 20-30 cores from each selected location. The samples were processed using standard procedures
(Jackson 1973) to determine the physical and chemical properties as well as available nutrients. Samples were air-
dried and ground to pass through a 2mm sieve. The soil pH and EC were determined in a 1:2.5 (Soil: water
suspension) by Jackson 1973. The available N in the soil sample was determined by alkaline potassium permanganate
method (Subbiah and Asija 1956), OC by Walkley and Black (1934) method, available P by Olsen et al. (1954)
method and available K by neutral normal ammonium acetate method (Jackson 1973). Available micronutrients were
extracted with DTPA extractant (Lindsay and Norvell 1978) and estimated on an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer, after standardising the instrument using the Sigma –Aldrich standards of the particular element.
Exchangeable calcium, magnesium and sodium were determined by AAS. Bulk density was carried by following the
method of Black and Hartge 1986 and particle density by (Piper 1966) method. The data was analysed using geo
statistical interpolation technique of Kriging using Licensed Arc GIS 10.1software.
From the soil analysis study, it was observed that soil pH varied from 7.2 to 9.43 with an average of 8.19. The
higher pH (8.20) was observed in traditional belt followed by the non-traditional belt (8.18). Among the blocks,
Chusule soils had the higher average pH (8.35) followed by Nobra and Durbok. The overall electrical conductivity
varied from 150 to 2233 uscm-1
, with a mean value of 392.6 uscm-1
. The average value of 400.5 and 377.1 uscm-1
was
observed in the traditional and non-traditional belts, respectively. The lowest EC was observed in the Drass, Suru and
Karu blocks and the highest (816) was observed in Durbok block. The higher salt accumulation can be attributed to
the low rain fall prevailing in the area. The organic carbon was found to be 0.039 to 3.861 percent with a mean value
of 1.194 per cent . OC (1.24%) was found to be higher in the non-traditional belt than traditional belt (1.171). Among
blocks, Chusule showed highest OC followed by Durbok where as the lowest was observed in Karu block of
traditional belt. The high organic carbon can be attributed to less decomposition due to low temperatures in the area.
The organic matter was found to be 0.067 to 6.656 with a mean value of 2.069. The Durbok block observed highest
organic matter followed by Suru block while as lowest was found in karu block. The overall average total N was
estimated to be 0.103 % with a range of 0.0033 to 0.332 % in traditional and non-traditional areas. The non-traditional
area showed a bit higher total N content (0.1067%) than traditional areas (0.1018%). Among block, the highest total
N was found in the Durbok block (0.1367%) while as the lowest was observed in the Karu block of traditional
pashmina growing area. The descriptive statistics revealed that the soils from pashmina growing areas of Ladakh are
high in available N with a mean value of 355.2 kg/ha and ranged from 125.4 kg/ha to 1097.6 kg/ha. Variations in
available N were found in both the traditional and non-traditional belts. The highest available nitrogen was observed
in the Drass block, while as lowest available nitrogen was observed in the Karu block followed by Kargil and Nyoma
blocks . The overall average available phosphorus was estimated to be 37.16 kg/ha with range of 3.82 kg/ha to 168.77
kg/ha in traditional and non-traditional areas, which signifies that the soils are low to high in available P. The
traditional area showed a higher available phosphorus concentration (39.4 kg/ha) than non-traditional areas
Fig.1:
Page | 43
(32.77kg/ha). The status of available K was found to be low to high with an overall average of 489.7 kg/ha. The
traditional area showed higher available potassium (540 kg/ha) as compared to non-traditional area (390.9 kg/ha). As
far as the block wise variation in available potassium is concerned, it was observed that the available potassium was
highest in Durbok block (737 kg/ha) while as lower concentration was observed in Drass block (263.2 kg/ha) . The
overall average available calcium was found to be 209.9 ppm which signifies that the soils are deficit in calcium.
However, the traditional area showed higher available calcium (248.7 ppm) than non-traditional areas (133.79). In
block wise variations, the available calcium was higher in Karu (300.8 ppm) followed by Nyoma and low in Drass
block (125.8ppm). Durbok block (329.2 ppm) showed higher available sulphur followed by Karu and where as it was
lower in Drass block (117.5ppm). As far as available magnesium is concerned, the overall average available
magnesium was estimated to be 17.634 ppm with range of 0.96 ppm to 30.53 ppm in pashmina rearing areas of
Ladakh, which signifies that the soils are sufficient in available sulphur. The soil from both traditional and non-
traditional areas were found to be deficient to sufficient in available Zn as the overall average zinc was estimated to
be 0.989 ppm with range of 0.236 to 5.06. In general, the non-traditional areas showed higher concentration (1.295
ppm) as compared to traditional area (0.833ppm). The non-traditional area showed higher Cu concentration (1.453
ppm) as compared to traditional area (0.846 ppm). Among the block, higher copper concentration was observed in
Suru block (4.8 ppm) while as low concentration of copper was observed in Karu block (0.625). The soils were found
deficient to sufficient in available Fe as the overall average of iron was estimated to be 10.48ppm with range of 0.14
to 40.54 ppm.The overall average manganese was found to be 3.93ppm with range of 0.262 ppm to 19.41ppm.
Results also revealed that DTPA Nickel, Lead and Cadmium were found below toxic limit in both the traditional and
non-traditional areas of Ladakh region (ANNEXURE).
In Himachal Pradesh, the soil survey of different locations of Kinnaur and Lahaul-Spiti was conducted during
the year 2010 and 2011. A total of 17 composite soil samples, 10 to 20 cm deep, from 85 different sites (60 from
traditional belt and 25 from non-traditional belt) covering 9 villages (7 from traditional and 2 from non-traditional
area) belonging to 2 blocks (Pooh and Spiti) of District Kinnaur and Lahaul-Spiti were collected. The details of the
sample collection sites are given in Table.
Table: Number and location of Soil samples collection sites
S.
No.
Place Block No. of composite soil
samples*
No. of sites
1 Kibber Spiti 3 15
2 Langcha 2 10
3 Lari 1 05
Sub-Total 6 30
4 Namgia Pooh 3 15
5 Nako 1 05
6 Hango 2 10
7 Sulkhar 1 05
8 Sumra 2 10
9 Thangkarma 2 10
Sub-Total 11 55
Grand Total 17 85
*Each composite soil sample consisted of soil samples of 5 sites
Page | 44
The soil samples were analysed for various parameters using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer in the
laboratory of Department of Soil Sciences, CSK HPKV-Palampur (H.P). From the results of soil analysis
(ANNEXURE), it was observed that pH varied from 7.5 to 8.9 with an average of 8.34±0.14 signifying alkaline soil
in whole of the pashmina growing area of the region. pH value was comparable and almost equal in both traditional
and non-traditional area. The overall electrical conductivity varied from 130 to 157 µS, with a mean value of
140±4.08 µS. The average values in traditional and non- traditional belts were almost found comparable. The mean
value of organic carbon was found to be 18.23±1.39 g/Kg soil which was higher than the normal value. It was found
to be higher in the non-traditional belt than traditional belt. The high organic carbon can be attributed to less
decomposition due to low temperatures in the area. The overall average total nitrogen in Pashmina rearing areas of
H.P. was estimated to be 202.21±28.82 Kg/ha with a range of 117.6 to 355.7 Kg/ha indicating low Nitrogen value in
the soil. Variations in available N were found in both the traditional and non-traditional belts. Traditional area showed
marginally high nitrogen contents as compared to non-traditional areas. The overall average available phosphorus was
estimated to be 59.51±13.31 kg/ha with range of 25.8 kg/ha to 142.2 kg/ha. The non-traditional area showed three
times higher available phosphorus concentration than traditional areas. Overall phosphorus concentration was found
high in Pashmina goat rearing areas. The status of available K was found to be medium to high with an overall
average of 395.77±76.06 kg/ha. The traditional area revealed lesser available potassium as compared to non-
traditional area. The sulphur concentration was found to be in excess consistently in all Pashmina growing areas. The
overall mean value was noticed to be 181.6±80.81 kg/ha with very wide variation from 84 kg/ha to 665.2 kg/ha and
traditional areas showed more sulphur as compared to non-traditional areas. The overall average available calcium
was found to be 4.40±0.90 meq/100g which signifies that the soils are having enough calcium. However, the
traditional area showed lesser available calcium than non-traditional areas. As far as available Magnesium is
concerned, the overall average available magnesium was estimated to be 0.54±0.10 meq/100g with a range of 0.21 to
0.90 meq/100g indicating almost entire area as magnesium deficient. The traditional areas were more deficient as
compared to non-traditional areas. The soils were found to have sufficient iron as the overall average of iron was
estimated to be 24.02±3.54 mg/Kg with a range of 16.08 to 45.60 mg/Kg. Both the belts (traditional as well as non-
traditional) had sufficient Iron. The overall average Manganese was found to be 26.38±3.41 mg/kg with the range of
15.06 mg/kg to 39.21 mg/kg showing the areas as Manganese rich. The mean Copper concentration was comparable
in both non-traditional and traditional areas with overall mean of 1.22±0.34 mg/Kg denoting that around one third of
the area is deficient in Copper. The soil from both traditional and non-traditional areas were found to be rich in
available Zn as the overall average zinc was estimated to be 10.67±4.51 mg/Kg with range of 1.11 mg/Kg to 40.72
mg/Kg. On perusal of available literature, it appears that except a little study carried out by Singh and Gupta (1990),
Kaushal et al. (1997), Naveen Datt et al. (2012) and Sharma and Kanwar (2012), and that too for very limited
parameters and in lower hills of North-West Himalayas, no other detailed/systemic scientific soil interventions have
been carried out so far. Hence the present values may be taken as baseline values for pashmina growing areas of
Himachal Pradesh for further research.
5.4.2. Pasture Health Studies
The areas for selection of pastures were randomly selected at different locations of the region keeping in view
the topography, availability of water, low interference from inhabiting people as well as livestock of the area into
consideration. The sites for pasture development were selected both in the traditional as well as non-traditional belts
of Pashmina of Ladakh region to meet the requirements of fodder for livestock during scarcity, which is one of the
Page | 45
main reason for low Pashmina production thereby threatening livelihood and lowered socioeconomic status of the
inhabiting people. Ten pastures from 10 different areas of Ladakh region viz; Kargyam, Mugleb, Taktak, Digger,
Miru, Tourtung Tokpo, Kargil, Meerak, Maan and Cheshule were selected. The samples were collected from above
mentioned areas and analyzed for different parameters by following the standard methods.
The pH of soils of pastures of ladakh region ranged from 7.56 to 9.04 with an average value of 8.27. The
pasture of Kargyam (7.56) was found neutral in nature. Whereas, Mugleb (8.53), Digger (8.53), Meerak (9.04) and
Maan (8.42) were alkaline in nature. Taktak (8.42), Miru (8.04), Tourtung Tokpo (8.04), Kargil (7.93) and Cheshule
(8.25) were found to be moderate alkaline in nature. The electrical conductivity was observed to range from 20 to
4200 µs/cm with an average value of 635 µs/cm. The overall electrical conductivity of the soils of all the pastures
were found normal except for the Mugleb pasture which was found 4200 µs/cm which is injurious to all types of
crops. The organic carbon in Kargyam (0.39), Miru (0.42) and Meerak (0.31) pastures were found in low status
whereas, Mugleb (1.6), Digger (4.29), Tourtung Tokpo (1.01) and Kargil (1.87) showed high organic carbon status.
However pastures of Taktak (0.7) and Maan (0.7) showed medium status as far as OC is concerned. The available
nitrogen in the pastures of Ladakh region was found to range from 267 to 1973 with an average of 726.5. Available
phosphorous ranged from 5.48 to 42.56 with an average of 12.65. Pastures of Karygam (8.51), Mugleb (7.87), Taktak
(7.87), Digger (7.88), Miru (.64), Kargil (5.48), Meerak (9.920 and Maan (11.2) showed low phosphorous status
whereas Tourtung Tokpo (42.56) and Cheshule (13.640) showed high and medium phosphorous status respectively.
As far as the available potassium is concerned, the pastures of Kargyam (296.8), Digger (196), Miru (257.6), tourtung
Tokpo (212.8), Maan (184.8) and Cheshule (156.8) showed medium potassium status. However, Mugleb (5712),
Taktak (4704) and Kargil (459.2) showed higher potassium status whereas Meerak (K 106.4) pasture showed low
status. The Calcium in the area was found to range from 80.65 to 339.85 with an average of 220.87 while as
Magnesium and sodium concentration showed low and normal status with a range from. 9.86 to 13.18 and 4.96 to
19.51 respectively. The Zinc (DTPA) ppm in the pastures of Kargyam (0.62), Mugleb (0.77) and Cheshule (0.94)
showed marginal status, whereas rest of the pastures studied showed deficit status. Copper (DTPA) ppm ranged from
0.28 to 1.86 with an average value of 0.87. while as Iron (DTPA) ranged from 0.65 to 7.87 with an average of 3.08.
The overall Maganese (DTPA) ppm was found deficit in status with an average of 1.22. The Chromium (DTPA) ppm,
Nickel (DTPA) ppm, Lead (DTPA) ppm and Cadimum (DTPA) ppm was found safe in all the pastures of the studied
region with an average value of 0.82, 0.26, 0.68 and 0.07, respectively. Bulk density and Particle density of total
pastures resulted in normal category with an average value of 1.69 and 2.77, respectively (ANNEXURE).
In Himachal Pradesh the sites for pasture development were selected both in the traditional as well as non-
traditional belts of Spiti and Kinnaur region to meet the requirements of fodder for livestock during scarcity, which is
one of the main reason for low Pashmina production. A total of four pastures were selected. Two pastures from
traditional areas of Spiti region viz; Langcha and Kibber were selected. While two pastures, one each from traditional
area (Sumra) and non-traditional area (Hango) of Distt. Kinnaur were also included in the study. The soil samples
were collected from above mentioned areas and analyzed for different parameters by following the standard methods.
The pH of pastures in general was alkaline, however pasture of Sumra was more towards neutral pH. The
electrical conductivity was observed to range from 135 to 162 µS. Overall electrical conductivity of the soils of all the
pastures were found normal. The organic carbon status in all the pastures was high (13.6-19.7 g/Kg of soil). The
available nitrogen in the high altitude pastures of Spiti (Langcha and Kibber) was within normal range as compared to
pasture of low altitude in spiti (Sumra) and pasture of non-traditional area of Distt. Kinnaur (Hango). In later two, the
Nitrogen level was less than the normal range. Available phosphorous ranged from 30.1 to 72.8 Kg/ha showing that
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pastures are Phosphorus rich. Pasture of Hango showed the maximum phosphorous value (72.8 Kg/ha) amongst the
pastures under study. As far as the available potassium is concerned, the pastures were rich in Potassium with
maximum levels shown at Hango. The Calcium in the area was found to range from 2.3 to 6.8 meq/100g which
indicated sufficient level of Calcium in the soil of pastures. Magnesium levels ranged between 0.19 to 0.85 meq/100g,
with lowest in pasture of Kibber (spiti). The levels indicated deficiency of Magnesium in the pastures. The level of
Iron in the pasture of Hango was lowest (17.1 mg/kg) among all the pastures, although all pastures were rich in Iron.
Levels of Manganese ranged from 16.8 to 37.6 mg/kg making all pastures as Manganese rich. Levels of Copper
ranged between 0.98 mg/kg to 2.51 mg/kg while that of Zinc between 4.90 to 31.8 mg/kg showing that the area is rich
in Zinc.
Table. Soil fertility status of different pasture locations of Himachal Pradesh
Parameter Langcha Kibber Sumra Hango
pH (soil reaction) 8.6 8.6 7.6 8.4
Electrical conductivity (µS) --- 162 135 142
Organic carbon (g/kg soil) 16.9 17.2 13.6 19.7
Nitrogen (Kg/ha) 334.4 382.8 128.2 164.2
Phosphorous (Kg/ha) 33.5 45.4 30.1 72.8
Potassium (Kg/ha) 308.2 445.3 312.6 809.2
Sulphur (Kg/ha) 89.7 114.1 108.7 92.8
Calcium (meq\100g) 2.3 2.5 2.4 6.8
Magnesium (meq\100g) 0.20 0.19 0.8 0.85
Iron (mg\Kg) 29.6 42.9 27.2 17.1
Manganese (mg\Kg) 34.2 37.6 16.8 22.7
Copper (mg\Kg) 0.98 2.56 2.31 1.12
Zinc (mg\Kg) 4.90 5.91 31.8 10.7
5.4.3. Water Health Studies
The water samples from different rivers and streams in the pashmina producing areas of ladakh region as well
as from available water sources in selected pastures of traditional as well as non-traditional belts were taken during
the year 2013 to determine its stability for drinking to animal and human consumption. The samples were analyzed
for various parameters viz; pH, Electrical conductivity (Ec) , Bicarbonate, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, micro
nutrients and other heavy metals. The pH and Ec of water was measured by using a digital pH meter and digital
conductivity metre. Bi Carbonates were determined by following standard procedure. Ca, Mg, micronutrients and
other heavy metals were estimated on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, after standardizing the instrument
using the Sigma –Aldrich standards of the particular element. Na and K were determined using Flame Photo meter.
Results revealed that the water samples collected from different areas are safe for drinking for animal /human
consumption. (ANNEXURE)
The surface water samples from different streams in the pashmina producing areas of Kinnaur, Lahaul-Spiti
as well as from available water sources in selected pastures of traditional as well as non-traditional belts of HP were
collected from 8 villages and processed and analysed for various minerals using Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer in the laboratory of Department of Soil Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).
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Table: Water samples collection sites / villages
S.
No.
Place Name of Block Name of District
1 Hurling Spiti Lahaul & Spiti
2 Lari Spiti Lahaul & Spiti
3 Namgia Pooh Kinnaur
4 Nako Pooh Kinnaur
5 Hango Pooh Kinnaur
6 Sulkhar Pooh Kinnaur
7 Sumra Pooh Kinnaur
8 Chango Pooh Kinnaur
From the results (ANNEXURE), it was observed that phosphorus and manganese are present only in traces in
whole of the pashmina growing area of H.P, while copper was present in traces only in the traditional belt. In non-
traditional belt, copper was observed to be present in one village (Hango) with the value of 0.15 ppm. The overall
average total potassium in Pashmina rearing areas was estimated to be 1.04±0.30 while as the overall calcium
concentration was observed to be 26.21±4.87 ppm. The traditional areas showed higher calcium levels (28.93±5.84
ppm) as compared to the non-traditional area (18.05±8.05 ppm). There was not much variation between traditional
and non-traditional belts in magnesium levels with an overall level as 8.72±0.77 ppm. Iron was found in traces in
most of the villages except Salkhar, Sumra and Namgia. Highest value of 0.30 ppm was found in village Sumra. Zinc
was found to be in traces in most of the villages of traditional belt except Sumra (0.03 ppm). In non-traditional belt,
Zinc was invariably present in water with highest concentration in Hango (0.70 ppm). Overall mean value of sulphate
was noticed to be as 31.97±13.97 ppm with wide variation from 4.4 to 127.3 ppm. Traditional area showed more
sulphate as compared to non-traditional area. On perusal of available literature, it appears that no work has been
carried over, so far, to investigate the water parameters in the pashmina growing area of Himachal Pradesh. Hence,
the present values may be taken as baseline values for all above parameters for further research.
5.5. Animal Health
5.5.1. Investigation Protocol
Health investigations in Changra goats of Ladakh region were carried out through an active animal health
survey. The survey protocol included 1) collection of information from the farmers regarding animal health problems,
2) animal physical examinations/case observations/ postmortem examination, 3) laboratory examinations including
haematology, serum biochemistry, hormone profile, coprology, parasite identification and histopathology, and 4)
diagnosis using serological tests.
5.5.2. Health Status
5.5.2.1 Haematological Profile
Erythrocytic Profile: The various erythrocytic parameters recorded in Changthangi goats of Ladakh included
mean Hb level 9.383 ± 0.074 gm/dL ; haematocrit 40.146 ± 0.285%; TEC 13.421 ± 0.101 m/dL; MCV 30.206 ±
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0.264fL; MCH 7.050 ± 0.063pg; and MCHC 23.428 ± 0.122%. The erythrocytic profile of changra goats was
suggestive of anaemia characterized by deficiency of haemoglobin., The RBCs in the peripheral blood film appeared
to be hypochromic microcytic reflecting iron and associated micronutrient deficiency. However, in general the
erythrocytic indices were slightly higher in animals reared under pastoral system. It was concluded that the nutritional
status of the pasture grasses as well as micronutrient status of the pastures need to be evaluated vis-à-vis the
physiological status of the animals. Although the mean indice values differed among sexes and age groups, the
differences were at large non significant and did not reveal any static trend.
The study of various haemato-biochemical parameters in Chegu goats of Himachal Pradesh revealed presence
of mild anaemia with Hb value as 10.85 0.32 g/dl, PCV value as 30.851.28% and TEC as 16.57 0.47x106 /cu mm
in goats of traditional area. In comparison, the goats of non-traditional area showed better Hb (12.02 0.53 g/dl), PCV
(35.121.89 %) and TEC (17.671.03 x 10 6/ cu mm) values indicating better health status. The presence of anaemia
in goats of traditional area may be attributed to lower plasma copper level (0.55± 0.06 mg/L). The haematological
examination of the blood collected from the kids of Chegu goats kept at Palampur (HP) revealed mean haemoglobin
value of 9.07±0.49 g/dl, PCV (24.87±1.79%), TEC (14.78±0.61 x 106/cu mm), MCV (17.08±1.55 fl), MCH
(6.16±0.43 pg), and MCHC (36.88±0.85%).
Leukocytic Profile: The overall mean values of leukocytic indices in Changthangi goats included TLC (7.841 ±
0.050 Th/dL); neutrophils (32.605±0.256%); lymphocytes (61.837±0.253%); monocytes (1.808±0.050%); eosinophils
(3.004 ± 0.090%) and basophils (0.743 ± 0.044%). The leukocytic indices of changra goats were within the normal
range for the species. The overall profile was suggestive of good immune status. In general eosinophil counts were
significantly higher in young age group which was attributed to parasitic infestation.
The leukocyte profile of Chegu goats in traditional and non-traditional areas, respectively, was characterized
by TLC (13.68±0.92 & 11.21±0.59 Th/dL); neutrophils (24.33±1.63 & 28.66±1.11%); lymphocytes (67.17±0.48 &
62.34±1.72%); monocytes (3.33±0.21 & 2.86±0.43%); eosinophils (4.66±0.33 & 5.22±0.90%) and basophils (0.50
±22 & 0.50±22%). TLC in kids was 17.63±1.65 x103 / cu mm.
5.5. 2.2. Biochemical Investigations
The clinical chemistry parameters have been utilized as a predictive tool in evaluating health status. In present
study, the values of liver and kidney function test indices were within normal range. The mean values of blood
glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio, ALP, AST, ALT, Urea, Creatinine anf
cholesterol were 62.967± 0.884 mg/dL, 5.932 ± 0.037gm/dL, 3.091 ± 0.024gm/dL, 2.838 ± 0.035gm/dL, 1.157 ±
0.031, 234.163 ± 5.380 IU/L, 78.095 ± 1.932 IU/L, 19.972 ± 0.704 IU/L, 28.755 ± 0.677 mg/dL, 0.814 ± 0.024
mg/dL and 138.093 ± 1.275 mg/dL respectively. The goats reared in highland pastures of Kharnak area appeared to
have better energy and protein status when compared with other traditional areas. However, significantly better
energy status was achieved with proper nutritional supplementation in non-traditional area. No effect of age or sex
was apparent on the different blood indices.
The mean values of various blood biochemicals of Chegu goats in traditional and non-traditional areas of HP,
including Glucose (54.94±2.60 & 60.18±3.67mg/dl), Total protein (8.44±0.33 & 9.05±0.33g/dl) , ALT (33.38±2.65 &
26.02±3.15IU/L), AST (21.00±3.40 & 24.56±2.89 IU/L), Total Bilirubin (0.60±0.095 & 0.88.±0.062mg/dl), BUN
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(10.19±1.29 & 20.62±2.43mg/dl) and Creatinine (1.15±0.038 & 1.29±0.06mg/dl) were matchable with the normal
values of other species of animals, thus, indicating normal health and revealing normal liver and kidney functioning in
goats of both traditional & non-traditional area of Himachal Pradesh. Blood urea nitrogen significantly increased from
26.54±2.76 mg% in summer to 40.61±2.92 mg% during rainy season whereas total protein (gm/dL) levels of 6.72
+0.33, 6.93 +0.32 and 6.28 +0.39; and creatinine levels (mg/dL) of 1.032 +0.06, 1.36 +0.11 and 1.23 +0.09 observed
during summer, rainy and winter seasons, respectively, were comparable.
5.5. 2.3. Blood mineral Profile
The blood minerals profile of Chegu goats in traditional vs non traditional areas including Calcium
(8.85±0.27 vs 8.22±0.28mg/dl), Magnesium (2.21±0.12 vs 1.88±0.05mg/dl), Iron (1.60±0.11 vs 1.83±0.99mg/L),
Zinc (1.00±0.10 vs 0.87±0.05mg/L), Cobalt (0.06±0.01 vs 0.05±0.005mg/L) and Manganese (0.02±0.001 vs
0.027±0.001mg/L), was comparable and within normal range, except for lower plasma copper levels (0.55±0.06 vs
1.11±0.65mg/L)in traditional area. The levels of Copper (0.79±0.37, 0.61±0.11 and 0.77±0.16 mg/L), Iron
(3.87±0.58, 3.35±0.26 and 3.43±0.40 mg/L), Zinc (0.92±0.15, 0.64±0.05 and 0.73±0.05 mg/L) and Magnesium
(2.19±0.21, 2.59±0.20 and 1.99±0.19 mg/dL) observed in summer, rainy and winter seasons, respectively, were
comparable while significant higher blood Calcium level were observed during winter (10.88±1.06 mg/dL) when
compared with summer (7.198±0.54 mg/dL) and rainy seasons (8.79 +0.25 mg/dL). The levels of Calcium (10.76 ±
0.52mg/dl), Iron (1.66 ± 0.16mg/L), Copper (1.17 ±0.13mg/L) and Zinc (0.94 ±0.10mg/L) in kids were in normal
range.
5.5. 2.4. Hormone Profile
A comparative study on hormonal profile of pure bred and cross bred chegu goats was conducted. The results
indicated that plasma concentration of Tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentration in pure bred and cross bred chegu goats
was 1.41 ± 0.08 nm/L and 1.43±0.05 nm/l respectively. Thyroxine (T4) level in pure bred chegu goats was
251.55±35.81 nm/L, whereas it was 407.49±18.31 nm/L in cross bred animals. The plasma cortisol level was very
high viz. 19.66±1.95 nm/L (>2 folds) in pure bred animals as compared to that in cross bred chegu goats (8.77±1.71
nm/dl). This investigation indicated that pure bred Chegu goats were under severe stress after migration to mid hill
area (Palampur) as compared to cross bred animals.
5.5. 2.5. Acid base and blood gas status
In chegu kids, the values of blood pH (7.38 ± 0.016), H+ concentration (41.5 ± 1.66 nmol/L), Actual
bicarbonate concentration (19.92 ± 0.70m mol/L), Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (34.58 ± 1.61mm Hg), Partial
pressure of oxygen (102.93 ± 11.4mm Hg), Total carbon dioxide (20.78 ± 0.73m mol/L), Base excess (– 4.23 ± 0.72m
mol/L), Potassium (5.10 ± 0.29m mol/L), Sodium (157.5 ± 2.70 m mol/L) and Chloride (102.66 ± 2.15m mol/L) were
more or less close to that recorded in other species of animals reared in the area of Palampur (HP).
5.5.3. Disease Status
Active surveillance in traditional and non-traditional areas revealed health implications as one of the serious
constraints warranting holistic prevention and control. As per the information retrieved from farmers in traditional
area and examination of animals, the major health concerns included heavy kid mortality, contagious caprine
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pleuropneumonia (CCPP), Contagious ecthyma, Pestes de petites ruminentis (PPR), diarrhea, ectoparasite infestation
(lice and tick), starvation, and abortion. Other affections observed included, pneumonia, mouth and gum lesions in
Chushul area due to high salt concentration in water, eye affection due to mechanical damage by spiny weeds, and
footrot.
Chegu goats were found to suffer from infectious diseases viz., Strongylosis, Strongyloidosis,
Anocephalidiasis, Nematodiriasis, Moniziasis, Coccidiasis, Enteritis, Pneumonitis, Brucellosis, Chlamydosis and Tick
infestation.The goats were also found to suffer from non-infectious diseases viz., Haematuria, Haemoglobinuria,
Proteinuria, Ketonuria, Anaemia, Hypocuperosis, Phytotoxicosis, Tympany, Lameness, Wounds (superficial & deep),
Fracture of horn, Hypothermia, Myocardial necrosis, Fibrinous Pericarditis, Necrotizing Hepatitis, Tricobezors and
Fibrinopurulent pneumonia (Pesteurella pneumonia).
5.5.3.1. Parasitological Investigation
Ectoparasitic infestation in changra goats was investigated during summer season. The ectoparasitic
conditions observed were lice infestation, tick infestation and mange. 100% of the flocks showed lice infestation.
Although all the animals examined individually harboured lice, upto 5% of animals showed clinical picture including
unthrifty appearance, rough coat and pruritis. Tick infestation was observed in 70.59% (12/17) flocks with 5-20%
animals examined individually harbouring the parasite. Mange was observed in 47.05% (8/17) flocks with 2-10%
animals showing lesions. Severely affected goats showed rough skin with complete loss of fleece. The lice recovered
were identified as Damalinia caprae.
Coprological examination in Changthangi goats revealed occurrence of coccidiosis. The overall prevalence of
Eimeria spp. was 70%. The highest prevalence of 80% (72/90) was observed in Samdoo, followed by 66.81%
(147/220) in Kharnak, and 65% (26/40) in chushul. Most of the cases were subclinical with only 17 diarrhoea cases
recorded. However, all the diarrhea cases were positive for Eimeria infection.. While the flocks migrate in the
pastures during day time, they are maintained in open paddocks during night hours. The paddocks are cleaned
infrequently and usually very damp, providing optimal conditions for gastrointestinal parasitism. Coprology in Chegu
goats revealed occurrence of Strongylosis, Strongyloidosis, Anocephalidiasis, Nematodiriasis, Moniziasis, and
coccidiosis.
5.5.3.2. Infectious and Contagious Diseases
Microbiological screening of faecal, blood,serum, nasal,vaginal swabs/samples from Chegu goats revealed
occurrence of Enterobacter spp, Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Actinobacillus spp. and
Brucella spp. Out of 25 tested samples for Chlamydosis by PCR ,8 were found positive.
Screening of Changthangi goats for brucellosis by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Standard Tube
Agglutination Test (STAT), Dot-ELISA, Plate ELISA and PCR showed that the disease is widespred, and an
important problem among the Pashmina goat flocks of Changthang,and hence a potential risk factor for changpas.
Screening of 51 flocks from 8 different areas of Changthang region of Ladakh revealed the overall flock-level
prevalence of 100% by RBPT, Dot- ELISA and PCR, 96.0% by Plate ELISA and 94.11% by STAT. the individual
level The apparent and true prevalence (calculated on basis of sensitivity & specificity of tests), respectively, by
various tests ranged from 12.67% (95% CI 9.92-15.88) to 28.12% (95% CI 24.31-32.25) and 15.72% (95% CI 12.69-
19.24 to 32.32% (95% CI 27.62-37.42) in traditional area, and 10.86% (95% CI 6.88-16.40) to 20.00% (95% CI
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14.38-26.46) and 8.33% (95% CI 0.00-19.10) to 24.05% (95% CI 16.94-32.23) in non-traditional areas. The
differences between the prevalences of the disease in differ areas, or between the flocks within the areas were
statistically non-significant. Significantly higher prevalence of brucellosis was observed in goats above 1 year of age
when compared with goats below one year age. Extensive monitoring and surveillance programme for animals and
humans in the area is warranted in order to evaluate the socio-economic impact of the disease and formulate adequate
intervention measures to eradicate it.
5.6. Molecular Genetic Studies on Pashmina Goats
5.6.1. Diversity studies in Pashmina Goats using Microsatellite Markers
A study was undertaken for population genetic analysis of microsatellite variation in three cashmere
(pashmina) producing goat populations of India viz: Chegu, Tibetain and Changthangi using 10 microsatellite
markers selected from the list suggested by ISAG-FAO. Observed number of alleles ranged from three (in ILSTS-
005and-065) to seven (in ILSTA-008) with total of 54 alleles across three populations. The overall Heterozygosity,
PIC and Shannon index values were 0.57, 0.64 and 1.49 indicating high gene diversity. The highest observed
heterozygosity was found in Chegu and minimum in Tibetain. Genetic distance was least (0.2045) between
Changthangi and Tibetain and the highest (0.3621) between Chegu and Changthangi. In all population, moderate
inbreeding was indicated (mean FIS=0.1664, FIT=0.2280) within and among the breeds. Genetic differentiation
between breeds was moderate with a mean FST value of 0.0738 which showed that the average proportion of genetic
variation explained by breed differences was 7.3%. The remaining 92.62% corresponding to difference among
individuals. The cluster obtained on phylogenetic tree generated from Nei‟s genetic distance matrix agreed with the
geographic origin of the breed. The genetic relatedness between Changthangi and Tibetain breeds indicate
intermixing of these breeds or same origin of these breeds. Deviations from hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were noted
for most of the locus. Bottleneck analysis revealed bottleneck for Chegu population under all the three mutation
models for sing test, whereas the standardized difference test and Wilcoxon rank test indicated Heterozygosity excess
in Chegu population under TPM and SMM models, but bottleneck was observed under IAM mutation model. Tibetain
exhibited Heterozygosity excess under all the mutation models for sign test, standardized difference test and
Wilcoxon rank test. Similar results were observed for changthangi with all the three tests under IAM, TPM and SMM
models. Hence results from sign test, standardized difference test and Wilcoxon rank test revealed bottleneck in chegu
goat, where as Tibetain and Changthangi goat were free from any bottleneck. These 10 markers can be used for
genetic investigations and assessing population structure in Indian goat populations. The study analyzed the
population structure of these populations and contributed to the knowledge and genetic characterization of three
Cashmere (Pashmina) goat populations. In addition, the microsatellites recommended by ISAG proved to be useful
for the biodiversity studies in goat studies in goat germplasm.
5.6.2. Molecular Characterization Studies
Molecular characterization of Keratin Associated Proteins (KAP) in pashmina and non-pashmina producing
goats was carried out to explore the different polymorphic variants of KAP 1.3 and KAP 1.4 genes in different breeds/
genetic groups of goats of Kashmir. In all 70 animals of Pashmina (Changthangi) goats (30 animals) and non-
Pashmina (Bhakarwal and Kargil goats, 20 animals each) goats formed the experimental material for the study.
Genomic DNA of the reference stock was isolated from blood. The primers for the amplification of these genes were
designed from the conserved area of the gene after identifying them through multiple sequence alignment software.
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The SSCP was carried out in 12% non- denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). Results indicated the
size variability of KAP 1.3 gene between Ovine and Caprine. The sheep KAP 1.3 gene has a deletion of 30
nucleotides after divergence of these species. The gene length in goat is 622 bp whereas it is 592 bp in sheep. In
Comparison to published sheep nucleotide sequence, the goat sequence recorded in the present study shows
variability at two positions, 91 and 409. At position 91, there is “C” in sheep but “T” in goat and at position 490 “T”
is replaced by “C” in goat. In single strand conformation (SSC) studies, two genotypes A1A1 (0.65) and A1A2 (0.35)
were recorded. These genotypes were formed by two designated alleles A1 (0.825) and A2 (0.175) in Bhakarwal goats.
Two genotypes B1B1 (0.55) and B1B2 (0.45), with allelic frequencies of 0.775 (B1) and 0.225 (B2) were observed in
Kargil goats. Similarly two genotypes C1C1 (0.50) and C1C2 (0.50) with allelic frequencies of 0.75 (C1) and 0.25 (C2)
were observed in Changthangi goats. All the six allele identified through SSC technique were subjected to
sequencing. On sequencing allele A1 and B1 of the Bhakarwal and Kargil breed, respectively, were observed to be
same at nucleotide level. In Pashmina goats, there is deletion of one nucleotide of one nucleotide at position 289 in
comparison to other goat studies herein. This deletion of nucleotide has resulted in shift of reading frame.
Consequently, this has changed the amino acid sequence of protein and there are nine different Amino acids in
Pashmina goat as compared to Bhakarwal and Kargil goats in the portion of the gene studied herein. The nucleotide
sequences of the KAP 1.3 fragment studied for Bhakarwal, kargil and Pashmina goats showed almost 100%
similarities with each other. The nucleotide sequence of Bhakarwal, Kargil and Pashmina goats showed 98.8, 94.8 ,
84.6 and 77.9% similarity with sheep, mice, rat and humans respectively. Phylogenetically, all the caprine genotypes
studied formed a separate group and the nearest species phylogenetically to goat is sheep. The investigation of KAP
1.4 gene size in ovine and caprine showed that there are 30bp deletions in the gene sequence of ovine. The size of this
gene in goat is 655 bp whereas in sheep it is only 625 bp. The deleted sequence is of 30 bp lengths and is a repeat
motif and these are repeated 6 times in goat whereas only 5 times in sheep. In comparison to published nucleotide
sequences of sheep, goat sequences are differing at position 174, 462 and 568. At these positions “G”, “T” and “T”
nucleotides are present in sheep, whereas these nucleotides have been replaced by “A”, “C” and “C” respectively. In
SSC studies, two genotypes were observed in each genetic group under study. In Bhakarwal goats, the genotypes
were designated as A1A1 (0.40) and A1A2 (0.60) and were formed by two alleles A1 (0.70) and A2 (0.30). The
different SSCP patterns observed in Kargil goats for KAP 1.4 gene were designated as B1B1 (0.35) and B1B2 (0.65)
genotypes. The frequencies of B1 and B2 alleles were 0.675 and 0.325, respectively. Similarly, two genotypes C1C1
(0.60) and C1C2 (0.40) were observed in Changthangi goats and frequencies of C1 and C2 alleles were 0.80 and 0.20
respectively. The alleles were later confirmed by sequencing and it was concluded that all the alleles observed in
breed were unique to the breed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at different position conferring different
mobility of fragment in the gel were also identified by sequencing. The designated A1 and A2 alleles of Bhakarwal
goats differ from each other at the position 605 of the nucleotide sequence “T” or “C” were observed in two alleles.
The designated B1 and B2 alleles of Kargil goats differed from each other at position 224, 374, 375, and 521. The
C→G, A→G, G→A and T→C, respectively. The designated C1and C2 alleles of Changthangi goats differed from
each other at one position 440 only. The nucleotides observed was “A” and “C”, respectively. Only two mutations
C224G and G375A in case of Kargil goats were non-synonymous and resulted in change of amino acids Cysteine (C)
→Serine (S) and Alanine (A) →Threonine (T), respectively. The nucleotide sequences of KAP 1.4 gene in
Bhakarwal, Kargil and Pashmina goats showed 99.7% similarity with each other. The nucleotide sequences of KAP
1.4 gene of Bhakarwal, Kargil and Pashmina goats showed more than 96.7% similarity with sheep and 74.4% with
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mice. Phylogenetically Bhakarwal, Kargil and Pashmina goats formed a separate group and sheep was nearest species
followed by mice.
5.7. Pasture Improvement
Under the activity of pasture Improvement, four kanals of land was identified and fenced with barbed wires in
eight villages of traditional areas in Leh viz; Mugleb, Maan, Meerak, Chushul, Kharnak, Miru, Korzok and Kargiyam.
The vegetable growth has increases in these protected pastures. There is a 30-60% vegetation in these pastures.
In HP, a common pasture of 6 kanal area was developed at Lancha village of Kaza sub division. Fescue grass
was successfully grown in this pasture. The pasture land has been well fenced with iron angles & barbed wire.
Another success was achieved by growing clover grass in a Hurling village of Kaza sub division (HP). The grass was
grown under two-tier system viz; apple tree and clover grass underneath.
A total of 35000 seedlings of Fescue grass were distributed to 52 farmers of 9 villages (Namgia, Hango,
Chango, Nako, Sulkhar, Hurling, Sumra, Kibber and Langcha) in traditional and non-traditional area of Himachal
Pradesh. The biomass of newly introduced grass was found to be 71.5 q/hectare as compared to the biomass mean
value of 30.3 q/hectare recorded for the local traditional grass grown in the area, thus, indicating more than 2 fold
increase in the yield of grass produced in the NAIP developed pasture. In addition, 22 Kg of Clover seed was
distributed to all the beneficiaries of 9 villages and was used for development of personal grazing land of the farmers.
5.8. Qualitative and Quantitative Improvement in Spinning and Weaving
5.8.1. Improvisation and Introduction of Dehairing Machine
The fine pashmina is having lot of impurities like vegetable matter, sloughed epithelial cells, dust, etc.
besides guard hairs, which needs to be removed before further processing. The undercoat/fine pashmina fibres can be
separated from guard hair by the process of dehairing. Traditionally it is done manually, mostly by women folk. It is
full of drudgery and leads to lot of physical stress to women folk. To avoid this, at some places the process of manual
dehairing has been replaced by machine dehairing. However for dehairing purpose, passing the fibres between the
rollers of dehairing machine 5-7 times could damage the surface of pashmina fibres. Hence a study was conducted to
see the effect of machine dehairing on the quality of pashmina fibre. Pashmina was dehaired both by manual and
machine dehairing methods. Study revealed that the fibre diameter showed non-significant difference between the
fibre dehaired manually and mechanically whereas fibre length showed the significant (P<0.05) difference (Table).
The lower fibre length in machine dehaired fibre was recorded mainly due to breakage of fibre while passing between
the different rollers of machine. The mean values of bundle strength (g/tex) showed non-significant difference
between the manual and machine dehaired fibres. Although, the difference was non-significant but the bundle
strength of manually dehaired pashmina was 10% more than machine dehaired fibre. The reduced strength of fibre
might be due to repeated passages of fibre in dehairing machine for separation of guard hairs while it was not the case
with manually dehaired fibre. The coefficient of friction (μ) was significantly lower in machine dehaired fibre than
manually dehaired fibre. The surface properties of fibre on SEM imaging showed damaged surface with broken scales
in fibre dehaired with machine whereas no such damages was seen in manually dehaired fibre (Plate). The results
revealed that machine dehairing causes reduction in fibre length, besides causing structural damage to the fibres. Due
to the damage of delicate fibre, the final product may have a short life as compared to the product developed from
Page | 54
manually dehaired fibre. Although there is a deterioration in the quality of machine dehaired fibres but at the same
time manual dehairing is full of physical drudgery. Hence keeping all this into consideration, an effort was made to
fabricate an improvised dehairing machine with an objective of reducing the number of passages. Accordingly, two
improvised dehairing machines were fabricated at Ludhiana and installed one each at SKUAST-K and CSWRI-
Avikanagar. The improvement has resulted in reduction in number of passages from five to only three which has lead
to less damage to the delicate fibre and more recovery of fine fibres. The recovery of undercoat in case of NAIP
fabricated dehairing machine was recorded as 40.46 (%) as against only 30.00 (%) in case of other dehairing
machines.
Table: Effect of Machine Dehairing on the quality of fine Pashmina fibre (Mean ± S.E).
Parameter
Manually
dehaired
Range Machine
Dehaired
Range
Fiber diameter (µ) 12.57±0.64 11.39-14.82 12.25±0.11 11.08-13.10
Fiber Length (mm) 60.33±0.21b 44.40-53.66 49.04±0.19
a 46.03-52.03
Bundle strength (g/tex) 10.1±0.11 9.23-14.32 9.03±0.28 8.08-13.13
Coefficient of friction
( µ)
0.61±0.005b
0.59-0.64 0.58±0.007a
0.55-0.61
Row wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)
Fig: Effect of Machine Dehairing on Surface property of Pashmina Fibre
Page | 55
5.8.2. Improvisation and Introduction of Innovative Charkha
The handicraft industry is well established in the North-West Himalayan regions of Jammu and Kashmir.
Among the handicrafts of Kashmir valley, pashmina shawls have gained global recognition and are liked by all,
irrespective of sex, age or nation (Yaqoob et al. 2012). They are internationally known for their quality in terms of
Total Hand Value and long life with no pile formation (Bumla, 2010). Traditional method of processing has given
them hand spun hand woven status (Bumla, 2010). Processing of pashmina involves number of steps viz; dehairing,
spinning, weaving, finishing etc (Bumla et al. 2012). Spinning converts continuous untwisted strand of fibers into
yarn of requisite count and twist suitable for further processing. This is done by women folk on a traditional spinning
wheel locally known as Yander (Yaqoob et al. 2012). In this method, a small tuft (tumb) of pashmina is held between
the second and third finger of the left hand supported by the thumb. As the spinner turns the wheel with her right
hand, she raises and lowers the left hand holding and releasing the fiber in a perfect harmony to the rhythm of turning
wheel (Bumla et al. 2012). This is a difficult task causing a lot of physical stress in the form of backache, numbness
in legs etc, reducing output and at the same time is less remunerative to the artisans (Yaqoob et al 2012).
Keeping in view the importance of handmade pashmina shawls, physical drudgery and less remuneration,
efforts were made to fabricate a spinning wheel which will reduce drudgery and increase remuneration without
deteriorating the quality of yarn. Initially four types of charkhas (small size model, ball bearing model, paddle
operated model and Table top model) were fabricated. Out of these, Table Top Model proved efficient. The charka
comprises of table top, small spinning wheel, spindle and foot paddle. The spinner sits on a stool and operates the
charka with her foot. Accordingly 105 improvised charkha (Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha) were
fabricated and distributed among beneficiary spinners (90 in Kashmir valley, 10 in Leh and 5 in Himachal Pradesh)
(ANNEXURE). The innovative charkha performed excellently with spinning loss of only 3% as against 12% in case
of traditional one. The field results from Kashmir valley has revealed that the innovative charkha is proving efficient
in terms of time consumed for spinning on an average by 73.50% over traditional one besides decreasing physical
drudgery. In terms of income, there is an increase of remuneration by 146.64 (%) (from Rs 1638 to Rs 4040 per
month) over traditional one for same period of time without deteriorating the quality of yarn. Provisional patent
application was filed vide number 3616/Del/2011 dated: 13-12-2011. Final application form was submitted on
13/12/2012 through K&S Partners (Ref file No: IP19027/VH/sk).
Improvement in efficiency and remuneration and reduction in the physical stress has made it more
approaching and lucrative among the local artisans. It has also lead to the improvement of livelihood security of the
artisan community. Success of the Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP charkha, can also be judged by the fact that
different government and non-governmental organizations viz; Kashmir Silk Producers Cooperative Ltd, Soura (50),
Handloom Development Department Magermal bagh, Srinagar (7), Numani Welfare Trust, Srinagar (8) Handloom
Development Department, Ganderbal (1) Mountain Agriculture Research and Extension Station, Gurez (80) and High
Mountain and Agricultural Research Institute Leh (50) have taken these charkha‟s for propagation in the field
Page | 56
Table 1: Spinning efficiency and economic returns of traditional and innovative charkha.
S.
No
Parameter Traditional
Charkha
Innovative
Charkha
1 Average quantity of pashmina spun per month
(gms)
117.39±1.30
(say 117)
202.74±1.38
(say 203)
2 Spinning Efficiency over traditional one (%) - 73.50
3 Average working hours per day 7 7
4 Average working hours per month 210 210
5 Average Number of Knots* spun per 10 gms 199.9±0.99
(say 200)
259.4± 0.98
(say 259)
6 Average number of knots spun per month 2340 5258
7 Spinning charges per knot as per market rate
(Rs)
1.00 Rs 1.00
8 Spinning charges earned per month (Rs) 2340 x 1.00 =
2340
5258 x 1.00=
5258
9 Cost of raw material (@ Rs 6 per gm) 117 x 6 = 702 203 x 6 = 1218
10 Net income per month (Rs) 2340-702=
1638.00
5258-1218=
4040.00
11 Net increase in income over traditional one
(Rs)
- Rs 2402.00
12 Percent increase in income (%) - 146.64
*One knot = 9 numbers of 2 ply threads of 9 inch length each= Unit for spinning charges
5.8.3. Improvisation and Introduction of Warping System
Warping is one the processing step for preparation of world known hand woven pashmina shawls. In this
process, six to eight rods are being erected into the ground. Two persons work together and transfer yarn from prech
(spool) onto the iron rods by using sticks. This process is called yarun. About 1200 threads are stretched in this
manner to form warp locally called yaen which is enough for 4 to 6 shawls. This is a very laborious task as 2-3
persons are required to work in proper sequence for warp making for almost a day with the result more labour charges
are required for warp preparation. Hence, to reduce this laborious work, an intervention was made by fabricating a
warping system where a warp can be prepared by a single person only at a single place. Accordingly, 4 improvised
warping systems were fabricated and installed on community basis at four places in Srinagar city viz; Zoonimar,
Eidgah, Danamazar and Nowshera (ANNEXURE). Besides that one warping system was installed at Lead Centre for
capacity building. The advantages of this warping system includes reduction of physical drudgery, saving of warping
time (150%), reduction in warping cost from Rs 100 to only Rs 50 per shawl.
Page | 57
Table: Impact of Improvised Warping System
S. No
Parameter Traditional
Warping system
Improvised
Warping System
1 Labour required for making warp for 4
shawls Two Persons One Person
2 Labour charges for making warp for 4
shawls
Rs 400 @ Rs 200
per Person
Rs 200 @ Rs 200 per
Person
3 Cost of warping per shawl 400/4=Rs 100 200/4 = Rs 50
4 Efficiency in terms of saving (%) --- 100.00
5 Time taken for making warp for four shawls
14 hours @ 7 hours per person
4 hours
6 Overall time saving over traditional one ……. 10 hours
7 Efficiency in terms of time (%) ….. 150
5.8.4. Improvisation in the traditional handloom
Among the Kashmiri handicraft items, the shawls have maintained the state of popularity among customers,
both domestic and foreigners from centuries. Although, Shawl prepared from any material, anywhere in the world
have got their own identity but those prepared in Kashmir are different from all because of the way they are being
prepared right from sorting of raw material up to finishing of final product. Traditional method of processing has
given them hand spun hand woven status (Bumla, 2010). The traditional methods of processing, involving dusting,
dehairing, combing, spinning, weaving, finishing, etc. have given these Kashmiri Shawls a special importance all over
the world. Weaving means interlacement of threads to make a fabric. Since pashmina is highly fragile fibre, hence
weaving is done on a traditional handloom with four paddle system where only plain type of shawls can be woven
with different weaves. Further, it is full of physical drudgery as well as less remunerative. Keeping in view the
importance of hand woven pashmina shawls, drudgery and less efficiency, improved loom with eight paddles and
shuttle type were designed to increase efficiency and at the same time achieve multi design. Twenty seven such
improvised looms were distributed among the beneficiary weavers in Kashmir valley (list as annexure). Field results
have shown that there is an increase in net return of weavers by 28.02% over traditional one besides reducing weaving
loss, finishing loss and physical drudgery over traditional loom (Table).
Table: Enhancement in Livelihood Security of weavers by weaving on improved loom over Traditional one.
S No. Parameters Traditional loom Improved looms
1 No. of shawls woven/month 6.56 ± 0.31 11.78 ± 0.41
2 Weaving charges/shawls (Rs) 1200±3.20 855.56 ± 3.18
3 Monthly income of weavers
(Rs)
6.56 x 1200 =
7872.00
11.78 x 855.56=
10078.49
Say 10078.00
4 Increase in Income/month over
traditional one (Rs)
- 2206.00
5 Percent increase in income
over Traditional one (%)
- 28.02
Page | 58
Table: Average Percent Weavings & Finishing Losses of Shawl Woven on Traditional and Improved loom
S.
No.
Weaving loss (%) Finishing loss (%)
Traditional Loom Improved Loom Traditional Loom Improved Loom
1. 23.61±0.70 14.72±0.45 9.8±0.71 8.07±0.81
5.8.5. Fibre Quality Evaluation
Quality of any product means the level of goodness or badness of its attributes for which the consumer wants
to purchase it or utilize it whereas, evaluation is a systematic determination of merit, worth, and significance of
something or someone using criteria against a set of standards. In simple terms, quality evaluation may be defined as
the process of examining and passing a judgment on the appropriateness or level of quality or standards of any
product. As far as the animal fibres including pashmina are concerned, broadly speaking, the evaluation of their
quality is must so as to decide their end use suitability and fixing their price for sale. Changthangi pashmina is
considered as one of the best pashmina in terms of its quality parameters. However, to check whether over the years
the quality has remained as such or has deteriorated, quality evaluation of Changthangi pashmina was carried out. The
pashmina was procured from All Changthangi Pashmina Growers Association for quality evaluation. Results revealed
that the mean undercoat percentage of pashmina on w/w basis obtained by manual dehairing was found as 76.01±
0.32 (%) and guard hair percentage as 23.99±0.98 (%). Our observation was in agreement with the results of Devillers
et al. (2000). However, our results were towards higher side than values reported for undercoat percentage of 71.07
(%) by Ahmad and Gupta (1989a). Wider variation of undercoat percentage on w/w basis, ranging from 22-66% in
Indian breeds, 36-96% in Soviet breeds and 8-58% in Australian feral breeds was reported by Couchman and
McGregor (1983). This wider variation in the fine percentage might be because of the differences in the genotypes of
the breeds and difference in their respective agro climates. The mean undercoat percentage on N/N basis reported as
87.52±1.12 (%) with a range of 78.90 to 92.90 (%) during the study was in agreement with the values (87.18 %)
observed by Ahmad and Gupta (1989a) . The fibre diameter of fine and guard hairs of Changthangi pashmina was
found as 12.25±0.11 (μ) and 67.77±1.08 (μ) respectively which was in close agreement with the observations of
Ganai et al. (2004); and Dorkhan & Tomar (1983). The earlier reports of Acharya and Sharma (1980), Acharya
(1982) and Ahmad & Gupta (1989a) were towards higher micron value than our observation. More fineness reported
in our study could be because of the differences in temperature which in winter season could reach even to –50ºC in
Changthangi area of Leh, Ladakh. Fibre length was found as 49.04±0.19 (mm) which is comparable with the earlier
reported values of Ganai et al. (2004), Sahni (1981) and Acharya & Sharma (1980).
The mean±S.E for the Tex (gm/km) of pashmina fibre is 0.33±0.17 with a range of 0.27 - 0.52 which is
slightly higher than the reported values of Patni et al. (1984) and Ahmad & Gupta (1989a) wherein they reported the
mean tex as 0.26 and 0.29 respectively. The breaking load was found as 3.0±0.01 with a range of 2.0 to 6.0 (g.wt/tex)
which is slightly lower than the reported values of Ahmad & Gupta (1989a). The difference could be because of the
difference in the average fineness of the fibres between the two studies. Tenacity was found as 7.60± 0.98 (g/tex)
which is lower than the findings of Ahmad & Gupta (1989a) and Patni et al. (1984) wherein they had reported the
mean values as 11.81 and 12.3 respectively which could be because of the differences in the fibre fineness between
the studies. The pashmina fibres analyzed showed the elongation percentage as 30.33±1.25 (%) with a range of 20.5
Page | 59
to 44.9 (%). Compression (%) and Compression resiliency (%) studied were found as 50.3±2.57 (%) and 45.10±1.23
(%). From the study, it can be inferred that the pashmina of changthangi origin in terms of physico-mechanical
parameters is of good quality.
Table: Mean ± S.E Percentage of Fine and Guard Hairs in Raw Pashmina
Type of
fibre
Weight/
Weight (%)
Range (%) Number/
Number (%)
Range
(%)
Undercoat 76.01±0.32 58.22-80.38 87.52±1.12 78.90-92.29
Guard
hairs
23.99±0.98 20.4-40.12 13.48±1.10 20.38-45.28
Table: Mean ± S.E of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Pashmina Fiber.
S. No Parameter Mean ± S.E
Range
1 Fiber Diameter (µ) 12.25±0.11 11.08-13.10
2 Fiber Length (mm) 49.04±0.19 46.03-52.03
3 Tex ( g/km) 0.33±0.17 0.27-0.52
4 Breaking load (g.wt/tex) 3.00±0.01 2.00-6.20
5 Elongation (%) 30.33±1.23 20.5- 42.9
6 Tenacity (g/tex) 7.60±0.98 5.30-14.21
7 Compressibility (%) 50.3±2.57 43.48-60.34
8 Compressional Resiliency (%) 45.10±1.32 42.21-50.96
In another study, comparative quality evaluation of pashmina from different areas of Changthang was
conducted. Samples of pashmina were collected from potential areas of chanthang viz; kharnak, samad, samdoo,
hanlay, Koyal, chomar, tsaga and dungti. The fibres were evaluated for Physico-chemical parameters. Results showed
that dehaired cashmere showed variations in fibre attributes based on its origin. Mean fibre diameter of dehaired
cashmere samples from Iran, Mongolia and China ranged from 13.6 to 19.2 µ (McGregor, 2004). However it ranged
from 12.94 to 14.49 µ for pashmina samples from Changthang. Great variation was found in all the fibre quality
parameters harvested from different areas of Nyoma block of Changthang region. The fine fibre percentage varies
from 43.85 (Kharnak) to 67.35 (Tsaga), while as the guard hair percentage was found highest in samples from Sumdo
(28.76) and lowest in Samad (9.88). The dusting percentage loss was recorded highest in Samad (54.32) followed by
Kharnak (45.84) and lowest in Sumdo (10.15). Regarding the two most important parameters of fibre quality viz fibre
length and diameter, it was found that Koyul, Chomur, Korzok and Sumdo have finest fibre with fibre diameter of
12.94µ, 13.07 µ, 13.35 µ and 13.50 µ respectively. The fibre length was found highest in Kharnak (75.76 mm)
followed by Samad (69.39 mm) and lower in Koyul (56.28 mm) and Samdo (57.91 mm). The overall fibre diameter
was found to be 13.93 µ, which was slightly towards higher side as reported by Darokhan & Tomar, 1983 (12.86 to
12.97µ), Ganai et.al., 2004 (12.16-12.55 µ). Similarly, the overall fibre length in the present study was reported as 6.7
cm which is much higher as compared to 4.95 cm and 4.86cm reported by Darokhan & Tomar, (1983) and Gania
Page | 60
et.al.,(2004) respectively. It is quite obvious from the data generated that as the fibre length increases the fibre
diameter also increases which shows negative correlation between the two important traits of the pashmina fibre. The
result is in agreement with Zaporozhtsev, 1975 who also states that the selection for increased fibre length resulted in
increased fibre diameter, undercoat weight and body weight. The difference in the performance may be due to
nutritional status, temperature, humidity and system of rearing in different areas of Changthang itself. The Kharnak
and Samad area which is considered as the best pashmina producing areas in Ladakh is bestowed with lustrous
pasture and favorable climate as compared to other areas.
The Pashmina fibre is ranked as A class, B class and C class by All Changthang Pashmina Grower
Association Leh on the basis of place of origin i.e. particular area of the production and accordingly the rates are
higher for A, B and C class respectively. In the present study fibre quality was ranked according to its diameter and
length and it was found that the top three areas in terms of pashmina quality are Kharnak, Samad and Chomur which
are classified under A class. The areas of Korzok, Koyal and Samad come under B class followed by Tsaga, Hanley
and Dungti in C class. These results are in agreement with the areas ranked by ACPGA Leh except for Chomur in
place of Korzok.
Table: Ranking of pashmina harvested from different nomadic areas of Nyoma block according to their
quality.
Area Rank Class Fine
Fibre
(%)
Guard
Hair
(%)
Dusting
loss
(%)
Fibre
Diameter
(µ)
Fibre
Length
(mm)
Grease
(%)
Kharnak 1st A 43.85±
2.56 10.30±
1.06 45.85±
3.52 13.98±
0.22 75.76±
2.05 6.34± 0.32
Samad 2nd
A 35.80±
2.27
9.88±
0.33
54.32±
2.48
14.21±
0.42
69.39±
4.16
7.22±
0.42
Chomur 3rd
A 54.27± 2.99
12.60± 1.64
33.10± 3.38
13.07± 0.35
63.19± 9.34
5.75± 1.38
Karzok 4th
B 49.86±
7.08
15.53±
1.05
39.76±
9.45
13.35±
0.31
63.76±
5.13
7.89±
1.76
Koyal 5th
B 46.66±
3.67
14.53±
3.53
38.80±
7.14
12.94±
0.21
56.28±
3.05
6.35±
0.34
Samdoo 6th
B 61.10±
5.24
28.76±
5.83
10.15±
1.20
13.50±
0.29
57.91±
3.22
7.58±
0.35
Tsaga 7th
C 67.35±
2.27
19.78±
1.98
12.87±
2.49
14.42±
0.54
57.34±
3.26
7.51±
0.83
Hanlay 8th
C 48.60±
6.55
14.11±
2.87
37.29±
4.32
14.50±
0.21
60.40±
5.17
8.64±
0.35
Dungti 9th
C 60.11±
12.83
26.79±
11.02
13.09±
4.11
14.49±
0.29
59.64±
3.75
6.40±
2.72
Overall 51.76±
2.22
16.75±
1.55
32.16±
2.87
13.93±
0.14
67.03±
1.57
7.08±
0.38
The quality evaluation of the pashmina obtained from chegu pashmina goats was also carried out by CSK HP
KVV Palampur. Pashmina samples were collected from different traditional and non-traditional areas of HP. The
Page | 61
results revealed that the finest fibre was observed in the goats reared in village Nako of traditional belt having mean
fibre diameter of 11.94±0.47 µ whereas in non-traditional area, the finest fibre was seen in the goats of Hango village
having mean fibre diameter of 12.34±0.33 µ. The detailed report is given in table.
Table: Quality analysis of Chegu Pashmina from traditional and non-traditional areas.
Operational
Area
Village Fiber Colour Mean Fiber
Diameter
(µ)
Mean Fiber
Length
(mm)
Traditional Hurling White 12.28±0.55 39.9±50.81
Hurling Brown 14.26±0.62 44.13±0.84
Salkhar White 13.66±0.55 47.52±0.52
Langcha White 12.81±0.50 43.50±0.66
Thangkarma Brown 13.08±0.48 41.33±1.12
Nako White 11.94±0.47 41.59±1.10
Kibber White 12.16±0.22 33.67±0.70
Non-
traditional
Namgai Black 15.14±0.62 31.79±0.72
Hango White 12.34±0.33 31.26±0.67
5.8.6. Yarn Quality Evaluation
For quality evaluation of yarn, two studies were carried out. In one study, pashmina fibre was spun both on
traditional charkha and machine to prepare hand spun and machine spun yarn. It was observed that count (Nm) of
hand-spun yarn is statistically higher than that machine-spun yarn. This statistical difference showed that the fine yarn
could be spun by hand spinning on charkha, whereas only up to 100 Nm could be spun on machine to avoid breakage
of yarn. Number of fibres/cross-section for hand-spun yarn was found significantly lower than for machine-spun yarn.
The lower number of fibres/cross-section in hand-spun yarn than in machine-spun yarn indicates that lesser numbers
of fibres are required which ultimately lead to more count for them. Our results were slightly lower than those
reported by Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b which might be due to the variation in fibre diameter in both these studies, viz
13.37µ in case of Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b and 12.25µ in our study. Twist/inch of yarn show non-significant
difference between hand-spun and machine- spun yarn. The results for hand-spun yarn are found to be higher than
those reported by Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b. This difference might be due to individual variation in spinners involved
in two studies. Tex of hand-spun and machine-spun yarn shows non-significant difference. Although the difference is
non- significant, the quality of hand-spun yarn is superior to machine-spun yarn in terms of tex. This shows that fine
yarn could be made on traditional charkhas. Our results are not in agreement with the findings of Gupta et al, 1990
wherein tex of pashmina yarn is reported as 19.056 g/km. The tensile properties, viz breaking strength and tenacity
are found to be statistically higher for hand-spun yarn than machine-spun yarn. The possible reason for the lower
values in machine-spun yarn might be due to the damage of the yarn during chemical treatment employed for
dissolving nylon portion of the yarns. The results of present study are not in agreement with the findings of Wani et
al, 2004 wherein the reported values are 52.00 g.wt and 3.3 g.wt/tex respectively for bending strength and tenacity.
The elongation percentage is found to be statistically lower for hand-spun yarn than for machine-spun yarn, indicating
better yarn geometry during machine spinning than hand spinning. These tensile properties observed in the present
study are in close agreement with earlier findings of Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b. The bending length (g.wt/cm3) is
found to be statistically non-significant between hand-spun and machine-spun yarns. The coefficient of friction for
Page | 62
hand spun and machine spun yarn was found 0.93±0.06 and 0.76±0.04 respectively. The lower values for coefficient
of friction for machine-spun yarn could be because of the damage to the fibres during chemical treatment. From the
scanning electron microscopic images of both types of yarn, it was clear that the surface of machine-spun yarn has
deteriorated compared to hand-spun yarn, probably because of the chemical treatment with HCl in which machine-
spun yarn is dipped for dissolving nylon portion.
Table: Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hand and Machine Spun Pashmina Yarn.
Type of Yarn Hand spun yarn Machine spun yarn
Properties
Yarn Fibre diameter (µ) 12.25±0.11
12.25±0.11
No. of fiber in cross-section 39.10 ± 2.23a
56.6 ± 2.61
b
Twist per inch 4.23 ± 0.31 4.70 ± 0.20
Actual count (Nm)
Double ply yarn
56.65 ± 1.19b
49.02 ± 2.22a
Actual count (Nm)
(Single ply yarn)
112.69 ± 0.47a
98.04 ± 0.01b
Tex (g/km) 17.75±0.33 20.0±1.04
Breaking strength (g) 60.9 ± 0.003 56.2 ± 0.002
Elongation (%) 33.13 ± 2.37a 50.21 ± 4.31
b
Tenacity (g/tex) 3.41 ± 0.20b
2.80 ± 0.14a
Bending length (g/cm3) 21.83±1.95 29.20±3.10
Coefficient of friction (µ) 0.93 ± 0.006b 0.76 ± 0.004
a
Row wise group means with different superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)
In another study, pashmina yarn was prepared by spinning on both traditional and Innovative charkha. The
quality evaluation showed that the count of yarn spun on traditional and innovative charkha shows non-significant
difference with the mean values as 61.18±1.53 (Nm) and 68.80±0.76 (Nm) respectively. Tex (gm/km) of the yarn
spun on an innovative charkha was also found non-significantly lower than traditional charkha with mean values of
14.57±0.35 and 17.35±0.95 respectively. The number of fibres/cross section was found significantly higher in case of
yarn spun on traditional (68.13±0.89) than innovative one (58.48± 0.69). The lower mean values in case of innovative
charkha could be because of the fact that it helps in spinning of finer yarn which is clear from the values of tex
proving the efficiency of the innovative charkha further. The number of twists/inch was found significantly lower in
case of innovative charkha (8.76±0.21) than traditional one (10.42±0.24). Although there were fewer twists in the
yarn spun on innovative charkha but the number is within acceptable range. Our reported values are far better than the
reported values of Ahmad and Gupta, 1989a in case of pashmina yarn where he reported 6.98±0.81 twists/inch. The
breaking load (gm.wt) of pashmina yarn spun on traditional charkha (42.11±0.36) showed non-significant difference
with that of innovative one (42.25±0.35) showing that there is hardly any difference between the two types of yarn as
far as the strength is concerned. The elongation percentage of yarn was found as 4.12±0.14 (%) and 4.17±0.13 (%)
respectively for yarn spun on traditional and innovative charkha which showed non-significant difference among each
other. Although tensile strength (N/mm2) showed significant difference with values of 2771.75±4.51 and 2350± 2.77
respectively between yarns spun on traditional and innovative one but the values are again within acceptable range.
Page | 63
The mean±SE values of tenacity (gm.wt/tex) showed non-significant difference between traditional yarn (2.53) and
innovative one (2.35). From the results, it was concluded that quality of yarn spun on the innovative charkha is at par
with that of yarn spun of traditional charkha.
Table: Comparative quality of pashmina yarn spun on traditional and innovative charkha.
Treatment
Yarn spun on
Traditional Charkha
Yarn spun on
Innovative Charkha
Parameter
Actual Count (Nm) 61.18 ±1.53 68.80±0.76
Actual Tex (gm/Km) 17.35±0.95 14.57±0.35
Conditioned Count(Nm) 63.58±1.55 70.28±0.81
Conditioned Tex (gm/Km) 16.65±0.91 14.27±0.37
No. of fibres/cross section 68.13± 0.89b 58.42± 0.69
a
No. of Twists /inch 10.42± 0.24b 8.76± 0.21
a
Breaking Load (gm. wt.) 42.107±0.36 42.25±0.37
Percent Elongation (%) 4.123±0.14 4.174±0.13
Tensile Strength (N/mm2) 3824±4.51 2350±2.77
Tenacity (gm wt./ Tex) 2.53 2.35
Row wise group means with different superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)
In HP, the dehaired pashmina was spun into yarn by different methods i.e. hand spinning by the beneficiary
artisans of the project using various types of charkha‟s (British charkha, Gandhi charkha and Traditional Takli) and
machine spinning. These yarns were evaluated for their quality in terms of physico-mechancical parameters.
Table: Quality analysis of yarn spun by different methods in HP.
S.
No
Type of
Yarn
Actual
count
(Nm)
Condition
ed Count
(Nm)
Actual
Tex
Condition
ed Tex
Breaking
strength
(gf)
Elongation
percentage
(%)
Tensile
strength
(kg/cm2)
1 Takli
Yarn
14.11±0.
38 (9.15)
15.50±0.42
(10.00)
71.08±0.
86 (9.39)
66.38±0.82
(9.21)
121.73±1.4
(49.96)
6.06±0.38
(73.04)
0.05±0.03
(55.09)
2 Gandhi
Charkha
Yarn
10.89±0.
43
(8.65)
12.19±0.33
(8.01)
92.47±1.
25 (8.42)
85.05±0.83
(7.28)
301.93±1.7
(28.19)
7.32±0.30
(35.35)
0.17±0.04
(24.74)
3 British
Charkha
Yarn
14.76±0.
32
(6.23)
15.98±0.36
(7.41)
68.08±0.
70 (6.39)
63.54±0.75
(8.05)
136.40±1.5
5 (52.87)
5.12±0.34
(67.09)
0.05±0.03
(52.87)
5 PVA+
Pashmin
a Yarn
43.93±0.
60 (7.29)
45.99±0.58
(6,58)
23.18±0.
36 (5.13)
22.14±0.41
(6.84)
235.23±1.7
8 (33.56)
5.65±0.26
(29.98)
0.15±0.05
(33.56)
6 Nylon +
Pashmina Yarn
36.70±0.
55 (7.44)
38.85±0.62
(8.93)
27.65±0.
46 (6.87)
26.33±0.51
(8.86)
141.97±
1.41 (29.47)
13.68±0.50
(38.95)
0.08±0.03
(29.47)
Figures in parenthesis= CV%
Page | 64
5.8.7. Fabric Quality Evaluation
The pashmina fabrics (shawls) were developed on both traditional handloom and woolen handloom by using
hand spun and machine spun yarn leading to four treatments viz; handspun yarn on traditional loom (HSTL),
handspun yarn on woolen loom (HSWL), machine spun yarn on traditional loom (MSTL) and machine spun yarn on
woolen loom (MSWL). Results revealed that the weight of HSTL and HSWL is significantly higher than that of
MSTL and MSWL. The lower weight of shawls developed from machine-spun yarn could possibly be due to
chemical treatment done for removal of nylon, thus changing the gravity of the fabric. The values of fabric weight
obtained in the present study are in agreement with that of the earlier reports published by Wani et al, 2004. Ends per
inch for the four types of shawl, viz: HSTL, HSWL, MSTL and MSWL are found to be 55.8±1.85, 56.4±1.69,
54.40±0.92 and 54.80±1.85 respectively. The ends per inch values show non-significant difference among the
treatments. However, the values are higher than those reported by Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b. This may be due to
individual variation between different weavers. The numbers of picks for the HSTL, HSWL, MSTL and MSWL in
present study are reported as 66.0±0.70, 60.8±3.15, 50.80±1.24 and 50.20±0.86. The results show significantly higher
values for HSTL and HSWL than MSTL and MSWL. This may be due to added nylon used during machine spinning
thus increases over all density of yarn. However the values for machine-spun yarn for both traditional loom and
improved loom show non-significant difference and are almost same in both. Further, the reported value of HSTL was
higher than earlier reports for pashmina shawl as reported by Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b. The thickness of HSTL and
HSWL showed significantly lower value than the MSTL and MSWL. This might be due to higher count for the hand-
spun yarn thus giving low thickness to the fabric. However, within the groups hand-spun yarn as well as machine-
spun yarn for both types of loom did not show any significant difference, thus reflecting that woolen looms which
increase efficiency can be effectively used for weaving pashmina shawl without affecting the quality in terms of
thickness.
The breaking load (Kg) of HSTL, HSWL, MSTL and MSWL shows non-significant difference among the
treatments. The results obtained in present study are lower than the finding of Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b; and Wani et
al., 2004 for shawls developed from hand-spun on traditional loom. The tenacity of HSTL, HSWL, MSTL and
MSWL along both warp way and weft way did not show any significant difference. Extension percentage of
pashmina shawls made from HSTL is significantly lower than that of HSWL, MSWL, and MSTL along the warp wise
direction. The variation could be due to lower twist of yarn and also possibly due to variation in the type of yarn
configuration. Further, extension percentage (%) along the weft direction for HSTL (10.49±0.35) and HSWL
(10.09±0.25) showed significantly lower value than MSTL (11.93±0.25) and MSWL (11.85±0.50). This is possibly
due to difference in yarn quality of two types of fabrics. However, with in the types of yarn used, no significant effect
was found due to different type of loom. The results obtained along both warps way and weft way are in agreement
with the earlier findings by Ahmad and Gupta,1989b and Wani et al., 2004 The results reveal that the bending length
along the warp way and weft way showed non-significant difference. The warp wise bending rigidity (g.cm2) of
MSTL, MSWL and HSWL is significantly higher than that of HSTL and differed non-significantly among each other.
The weft wise bending rigidity of HSTL and HSWL is significantly lower than that of MSWL. This variation could
be due to difference in type of yarn used and effect of looms. It further shows that shawls made from hand-spun yarn
showed superior properties in terms of bending length and rigidity than machine-spun yarn. The value of bending
length and bending rigidity for pashmina are lower than reported for other fabrics. The frictional forces on both warp
way and weft way did not show any statistical significance indicating that the type of loom and yarn does not affect
frictional force of the pashmina shawls. Although the results for coefficient of friction did not show any significant
Page | 65
difference but the value for hand-spun yarn is slightly higher on warp side direction. Along the weft way, coefficient
of friction for hand-spun yarn for both traditional and woolen loom, were significantly higher than shawl from
machine-spun yarn for traditional and woolen loom.
The shrinkage loss percentage for shawls made from hand-spun yarn and machine-spun yarn on traditional
and woolen loom shows non-significant variation between both types of yarn as well as loom used. The range for the
shrinkage percentage was same for all the four types of fabric, ranging from 0-11 (%). This indicates that, within the
fabric, the method of spinning and weaving adapted did not alter the shrinkage percentage of the shawls. However the
shrinkage in the present study is slightly higher than earlier reports of Wani et al., 2004. Although no significant
difference in the abrasion loss percentages was found statistically between different types of fabrics, however the
losses were slightly higher on shawl made from machine-spun yarn on both traditional and woolen loom. This may be
due to chemical treatment adapted for removal of nylon. This indicates that hand-spun fabric has slightly better life
span than machine-spun fabric.
Total hand value of the shawls indicating the softness and feel of the person wearing the fabric shows that
women‟s invariably use these products feel higher in terms of softness for hand-spun fabric on traditional loom,
where as shawl made on woolen loom using hand-spun yarn showed similar values as that of shawls made on
traditional loom using hand-spun yarn. Further, the shawls made from machine-spun yarn on woolen loom ranked
lowest. Similarly, men also show statistically higher preference in terms of hand value for shawls made from hand-
spun yarn on traditional loom. The overall average is also statistically higher for shawls made from hand-spun yarn on
traditional loom. This indicates the better liking for the shawls made from hand-spun yarn on traditional loom. This
might be due to less abrasion loss, shrinkage loss and damage of the fibre during processing using hand-spun yarn on
traditional loom. The study revealed that the overall quality especially in terms of their mechanical quality and Total
Hand Value of the shawls made from Hand Spun Yarn was better than other types of Shawls.
Table: Physical Properties of Pashmina Fabric made from Hand spun yarn and Machine Spun yarn on
Traditional and woolen loom.
Fabric Type HSTL HSWL MSTL MSWL
Parameter
Weight/m2 138.4±1.97
b 137.6±1.64
b 93.19±1.45
a 92.54±1.08
a
Thickness (mm) 0.288±0.007a 0.307±0.009
a 0.373±0.02
b 0.403±0.005
b
Ends/inch 55.8 ±1.85 56.4±1.69 54.40±0.92 54.80±1.85
Picks/inch 66.0±0.70a 60.8±3.15
b 50.80±1.24
c 50.20±0.86
c
Row wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)
Table: Mechanical properties of Pashmina fabric made from Hand spun yarn and Machine Spun yarn on
Traditional and woollen loom.
Parameter Breaking load (kg) Tenacity (g/tex) Extension (%)
Fabric Type Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft
HSTL 4.86±0.63 5.07±0.36 2.73±0.35 2.92±0.16 8.19±0.35a 10.49±0.23
a
HSWL 4.42±0.22 4.86±0.24 2.28±0.13 2.72±0.14 11.95±0.53b 10.09±0.25
a
MSTL 4.06±0.08 4.52±0.20 2.20±0.03 2.60±0.35 12.72±0.20bc
11.93±0.25b
MSWL 4.05±0.26 4.19±0.54 2.10±0.15 2.60±0.27 13.57±0.09c 11.85±0.50
b
Column wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)
Page | 66
Table: Bending properties of Pashmina Fabric made from Hand spun yarn and Machine Spun yarn on
Traditional and Woolen loom.
Properties
Fabric Type
Bending length (cm) Bending rigidity (g.cm2)
Warp Weft Warp Weft
HSTL 2.66 ±0.09 2.54 ±0.06 7.95 ± 0.85b 7.82 ± 0.66
b
HSWL 2.76±0.09 2.72±0.08 10.22 ±1.06ab
9.63 ± 0.73b
MSTL 2.84 ±0.05 2.74±0.09 13.03 ± 1.07a 10.54 ± 0.97
ab
MSWL 2.78±0.08 2.74±0.11 13.10 ± 1.37a 12.87 ± 1.62
a
Column wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)
Table: Frictional properties of Pashmina Fabric made from Hand spun yarn and Machine Spun yarn on
Traditional and woolen loom.
Properties Frictional Force (gm) Co-efficient of Friction
Warp Weft Warp Weft
Fabric Type
HSTL 162.4±1.28 162.8±3.23a 0.81±0.005 0.81±0.007
a
HSWL 161.8±4.16 162.6±1.16a 0.80±0.002 0.80±0.001
a
MSTL 159.0±3.88 159.8±1.11b 0.79±0.002 0.79±0.005
b
MSWL 158.2±5.35 159.6±1.53b 0.78±0.001 0.78±0.005
b
Column wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)
Table: Abrasion and shrinkage loss of Pashmina Fabric made from Hand spun yarn and Machine Spun yarn
on Traditional and woolen loom.
Parameter Abrasion loss (%) Shrinkage (%)
Fabric Type
HSTL 3.4± 0.24 4.3±1.35
HSWL 4.0 ±0.77 4.2±1.27
MSTL 4.2 ± 0.74 4.0±0.94
MSWL 4.1± 0.96 4.1±1.40
Column wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)
Table: Total Hand Value of Pashmina Fabric made from Hand spun and Machine Spun yarn on Traditional
and woolen loom.
Parameter Total Hand Value (score out of 5)
Fabric Type Female Male Overall Average
HSTL 4.7±0.30c
3.8±0.58a
4.25±0.34b
HSWL 3.6±0.25a
3.6±0.60a
3.60±0.30b
MSTL 3.2±0.20a
1.4±0.40b
2.30±0.36a
MSWL 2.1±0.01b
3.0±0.36ab
2.55±0.34a
Column wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)
Page | 67
In H.P, pashmina products were prepared by different combination of yarn following different techniques
which include:
Pashmina + Nylon blended shawl from which Nylon was dissolved.
Pashmina + PVA blended stoles from which PVA was dissolved.
Pashmina + PVA blended stoles
Pashmina + wool blended shawls with warp wool and weft Pashmina
The fabrics developed were evaluated for SIROFAST. The results revealed that among the dimensional
stability of Pashmina+PVA shawl, relaxation shrinkage in warp direction was found as 1.2% as compared to 2%,
1.2% and -0.4% in PVA dissolved, Pashmina + wool, Pashmina+ Nylon (dissolved) fabric respectively. Relaxation
shrinkage in weft direction of Pashmina + PVA fabric and Pashmina + Nylon (dissolved) fabric as -0.4% as compared
to 0.0 % in both PVA dissolved and Pashmina-wool fabric. Tensile extension of Pashmina+ PVA at 5 gf/cm was
found to be 0.5% warp way and 0.8% weft way. Tensile extension at 5 gf/cm of Pashmina+PVA (dissolved),
Pashmina+wool and Pashmina+Nylone (dissolved) fabrics was found to be 0.7%, 0.9% and 0.3% warp way and
0.6%, 0.7% and 0.5% weft way respectively. At 100 gf/cm tensile extension of Pashmina + PVA; Pashmina + PVA
(dissolved); Pashmina + wool and Pashmina + Nylone (dissolved) fabrics was found to be 6.5%; 5.6%; 7.8% and
1.7% in warp direction and 6.4%; 6.6%; 4.8% and 2.5% in weft direction. Bending rigidity of Pashmina + PVA
fabric; Pashmina + PVA (dissolved), Pashmina + wool and Pashmina + Nylone (dissolved) was found as 24.7, 33.5,
24.0 and 6.9 in warp way and 26.8, 35.7, 27.3 and 8.9 in weft way respectively. Thickness of Pashmina + PVA fabrics
was found to be 0.682 mm at 100 gf/cm2 which is lower than that of Pashmina + PVA (dissolved) fabric (0.691 mm)
or Pashmina +Wool fabric (0.716 mm). However, Pashmina + Nylon dissolved fabric showed a thickness of 0.243
mm only.
Table: Dimensional stability of pashmina fabrics
Fabric Type Dimensional
stability (%)
Hygral
Expansion (%)
Formability
RS-1 RS-2 HE-1 HE-2 F-1 F-2
Pashmina + PVA 1.2 -0.4 5.7 6.1 3.59 4.25
Pashmina + PVA
(dissolved)
2.0 0.0 5.8 4.5 4.48 6.31
Pashmina +Wool 1.2 0.0 6.7 3.7 4.36 2.85
Pashmina + Nylon
(dissolved)
-0.4 -0.4 1.6 1.2 0.28 0.41
RS-1= Relaxation shrinkage in warp direction RS-2= Relaxation shrinkage in weft direction
Page | 68
Table: Tensile and biaxial extension of pashmina fabrics
Fabric Type Extension -Warp Extension- weft Extension
Biaxial
E5-1 E20-1 E100-1 E5-2 E20-2 E100-2 EB-5
Pashmina + PVA 0.5 2.7 6.5 0.8 3.1 6.4 2.7
Pashmina + PVA (dissolved)
0.7 2.7 5.6 0.6 3.2 6.6 1.1
Pashmina + Wool 0.9 3.5 7.8 0.7 2.3 4.8 2.7
Pashmina + Nylon
(dissolved) 0.3 0.9 1.7 0.5 1.2 2.5 1.4
E5: Extension at 5gf/cm in %; E20: Extension at 20gf/cm in %
E100: Extension at 100gf/cm in %; EB-5: Extension at 5gf/cm, bi direction in %.
1: Warp way; 2: weft way
Table: Bending and shear properties of pashmina fabrics
Fabric Type Bending length
(mm)
Bending rigidity
(mN. Mm)
Shear rigidity,
(n/m)
Weight
g/m2
C-1 C-2 B-1 B-2 G W
Pashmina + PVA 22.0 22.6 24.7 26.8 46.1 237
Pashmina + PVA (dissolved)
23.4 23.9 33.5 35.7 110.0 266
Pashmina + Wool 22.8 23.8 24.0 27.3 45.0 206
Pashmina + Nylon
(dissolved)
21.9 23.8 6.9 8.9 85.8 67
C-1= Bending length in warp direction; C-2= Bending length in weft direction
Table: Thickness and thickness recovery of pashmina fabrics
S Thickness
(mm)
Surface
thickness
Thickness recovery after steam
press
T-1 T100 ST T2-R T%100-R STR
Pashmina + PVA 1.025 0.682 0.343 0.927 0.675 0.252
Pashmina + PVA
(dissolved) 1.1167 0.691 .0476 0.919 0.641 0.278
Pashmina + Wool 1.212 0.716 0.496 0.895 0.633 0.262
Pashmina + Nylon
(dissolved) 0.445 0.243 0.202 0.367 0.230 0.137
T-2: Average thickness at 2gf/CM2 ; T-100(in mm)= average thickness at 100gf/ CM2
ST- surface Thickness in mm; STR- Release surface Thickness in mm
Page | 69
5.9. Spinning of pashmina using PVA as carrier fibre
Pashmina cannot be spun on machine alone because of being highly fragile. Hence to make machine spun
pashmina yarn, nylon is being used as a carrier fibre. The disadvantage associated with this technique is that the nylon
is removed from the yarn finally by dissolving in HCl, resulting in deterioration of surface qualities of fibre besides
not being environment friendly. Hence in the subproject, a technique of replacing nylon with PVA as a carrier fibre
was developed. In this method, the dehaired and carded sliver of pashmina fiber was passed through gill box 3-4
times for parallelization and removal of short fibers. At this stage, the PVA fiber in sliver form was blended with the
pashmina in the proportion of 40:60 and allowed to undergo five to six passages in gill box for proper blending. The
resultant sliver was then converted into roving on bobbiner. The roving was taken to ring frame for spinning. The
yarn produced was doubled to get the required strength and subsequently used for weaving on handloom. The ends
and picks per inch of shawls were generally kept between 50-60 and 46-56 respectively. The area density of the fabric
was 0.120–0.13 kg m−2. The advantages of this technology is that PVA can be dissolved in boiling water instead of
HCl as was the case with nylon based method resulting in less damage to the fabric as has been proved through SEM
studies. This method of spinning is considered as eco-friendly as well as cost effective as against nylon-based process.
The method of removal of PVA from the fabric was further optimized to enhance whiteness and handle of the
fabric by using dilute sulfuric acid (2% of fabric weight) in place of hot water. The fabric produced from newly
developed process shows improvement in whiteness index by 28% and handle by 20% than fabric of hot water-based
process. It exhibits similar handle like that of pashmina fabric produced from nylon-based process. Since the new
technique uses only mild concentration of acid, hence can be considered as eco-friendly as hot water-based process.
Further, the dilute sulphuric acid facilitates easy dissolution of PVA from the fabric and prevents the re-deposition of
the same.
5.10. Introduction of Organic Agents for Dyeing and Finishing
5.10.1. Application of Natural Dyes on Pashmina
India is among one of the twelve mega diversified countries of world. It is also among one of the eight major
centers of origin and diversification of domesticated taxa. Natural dyes are environment friendly and find use in
various industries including textile, drug, cosmetics and many more. It is reported that in India, there are more than
450 plants that can yield dyes. In addition to their dye-yielding characteristics, some of these plants also possess
medicinal value. Although there is a large plant resource base available, but till date, it has not been exploited fully.
Due to the lack of availability of precise technical knowledge on the extraction and dyeing technique, it has not
succeeded at commercial level like that of synthetic dyes. Although indigenous knowledge system has been practised
over the years in the past, but the use of natural dyes has diminished over generations due to lack of documentation.
Also there is not much information available on databases of either dye-yielding plants or their products.
Pashmina shawls are marketed either in plane form or after value addition by embroidering and/or dyeing.
Dyeing, synthetic or natural is carried either in yarn or fabric/shawl stage. Synthetic dyes may include acidic, basic or
metallic dyes. The disadvantages with synthetic dyes is that it may damage the pashmina fabric/shawls (being delicate
fibre), besides not being eco-friendly. The cashmere fabrics/yarns are also dyed using natural dyes obtained from
different sources. The dyers use indigo for blue colour, annota seed for red colour, walnut husk, henna, myrobolan etc
for yellow and brown shades. They are also using mordants like aluminum sulphate for bright yellow shades and
ferrous sulphate for grey shades. The dyeing of pashmina fabric using natural dyes is a form of value addition to the
product. However, there are some problems associated with the use of natural dyes on pashmina fabric which include
Page | 70
non-availability of suitable dye material in bulk and poor fastness properties. In order to solve these problems, a
comprehensive natural dyeing process with the abundantly available natural materials was standardized under NAIP
Pashmina. Waste materials from organic substances viz: walnut husk, onion peal, saffron flower petals, pomegranate
rind, silver oak, myrobalan, meddar, henna, tulip, sesame, Crofton weed, Common Lantana, Lumb, Litchi were used
for natural dyeing of pashmina fabric. The detail information about these sources is given below:
Table: Natural sources used for Natural Dyeing of Pashmina fabrics
Sources Common
name
Botanical name Part
used
Chemical
constituent
Yield
(%)
Responsible
Partner
Walnut Akharot Juglons nigra Husk Juglone 20 CSWRI Avikanagar Pomegranate Anaar Punica granatum Rind Tannin 15
Onion Pyaz Allum Cepa Skin Flavonoid 8
Saffron Zaffran Crocus Sativus Linn Flower Flavonoid 8
Silver Oak oak Grevillea Robusta Leaves Tannin 7
Myrobalan Haritaki Terminalia chebula Dried
fruit
Tannin 20
Madder Munjeet Rubia tinctorum Root Anthraquinone 15
Henna Hina Lawsonia Inermis Leaves Anthraquinone 10
Tulip Tulip Spathodea
campanulata
Leaves Flavonoids 9
Sesame Sesame Dalbergia shisso Leaves Flavonoids 7
Dhol Kanali Dhol
Kanali
Gerardiana
diversifolia
Root Root 12
Rohida Rohida Tecomella undulata Leaves Flavonoids 7
Crofton weed Kali
Basunti
Eupatorium
adenophorum
Leaves --- --- CSK HP
KVV Palampur Common
Lantana
Phulnu Lantana camera Leaves --- ---
Lumb Lumb Biden pilosa Whole plant
--- --
Litchi Litchi Litchi chinensis Leaves --- ---
Scoured Pashmina fabric was dyed with extracted natural colourant as per optimum procedure viz. using
optimum pH, temperature, time, colourant concentration and mordant. Pre, post and meta-mordanting methods were
adopted for dyeing of Pashmina fabric using natural dyes. Study revealed that pashmina could be dyed with these
organic sources with good fastness in line with BIS standards. Some of the dyes have proved to possess
antimicrobial/anti-moth properties. The same has been disseminated to artisans through trainings and distribution of
folders.
Since the natural dyes are eco-friendly hence the impact of the technology will help the society in the long
run by reducing the environmental degradation. Furthermore, lots of varieties that give rise to good colours are
available in the forests and other waste lands. Hence collection of these materials will not only provide livelihood to
rural and tribal people but also make the dye ready for promoting value chain in natural dyes.
Page | 71
Eupatorium Litchi chinensis Biden pilosa Lantana camera
adenophorum
Obtained colour shades from different
dye sources
Page | 72
Table: Fastness Properties of Pashmina Fabrics Dyed with natural dyes
S.
No
Source of dye Mordanting with Colour fastness to Dry
cleaning
Colour fastness to
washing
Colour
fastness
to light Staining on
solvent
Change
in colour
Staining
on cotton
/wool
Change in
colour
1 Walnut Husk Without Mordant 4 4 4 4-5 4
Aluminium sulphate 4-5 4 5 4 4-5
stannous chloride 4 4 5 4 4
Ferrous sulphate 4 4 4/4-5 3-4 3.5
2 Onion peel Without Mordant 3 3 3-4 3-4 3
Aluminium sulphate 3-4 4 4 3 4
stannous chloride 3-4 4 4/4-5 3-4 3
Ferrous sulphate 3-4 4 4/4-5 3 4
3 Saffron flower Without Mordant 3-4 3 4 3 3-4
Aluminium sulphate 4 3-4 4-5 3 3-4
stannous chloride 4 4 4-5 3 3-4
Ferrous sulphate 3-4 4 4 3-4 3-4
4 Pomegranate
Rind
Without Mordant 4 4-5 4 3-4 3-4
Aluminium sulphate 4 4 4-5 3-4 3-4
stannous chloride 4 4 4-5 3 3
Ferrous sulphate 3-4 4 4 3-4 4
5 Silver oak Without Mordant 4 3-4 4 4 4
Aluminium sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 3-4 3-4
stannous chloride 4 4 4 3-4 3-4
Ferrous sulphate 4 4 4 3-4 3
6 Myrobalan Without Mordant 3-4 4 3-4 3 3
Aluminium sulphate 4 4 4 3-4 3-4
stannous chloride 4 4 4 3-4 3-4
Ferrous sulphate 4 3-4 3-4 3 3
7 Madder Without Mordant 3-4 4 3 3 3-4
Aluminium sulphate 3-4 4 3-4 3 3-4
stannous chloride 4 4 3-4 3 3-4
Ferrous sulphate 3-4 3-4 3-4 3 3-4
8 Henna Without Mordant 3-4 3 4 4 4
Aluminium sulphate 4 3-4 4 4 4
stannous chloride 4 3-4 3-4 3 4
Ferrous sulphate 4 3-4 3-4 3 3-4
9 Tulip Without Mordant 4 3-4 4-5 4 4
Aluminium sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 4 4
stannous chloride 4-5 4 4-5 4 4
Ferrous sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 4 4
10 Seasame Without Mordant 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5
Aluminium sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5
Page | 73
stannous chloride 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5
Ferrous sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5
11 Indian
barberry
Without Mordant 3-4 3 3 3 3-4
Aluminium sulphate 3-4 3 3-4 3 3
stannous chloride 3-4 3 3-4 3 3
Ferrous sulphate 3 2-3 3-4 3 3-4
12 Dhol Kanali Without Mordant 5 4 5 4 3-4
Aluminium sulphate 5 4-5 5 4-5 4
stannous chloride 5 4-5 5 4-5 4
Ferrous sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4
BIS Standards for dyed worsted shawl 3-4 or better 3-4 or
better
3-4 or
better
3-4 or
better
4 or
better
Wool marks (TWC) 3 3-4 4 3-4 3 or
better
5.10.2. Application of Anti moth finishing Agents on Pashmina
Pashmina shawls are prone to attack by moths due to their protein content. The larva of a moth is the
voracious eater of the Pashmina fibre. The damage to pashmina fabric caused by moth is an age old problem hence to
control the problem lot of measures has been taken. For preventing the attack of moths on pashmina fabrics, besides
good housekeeping (most common method), anti-moth chemicals i.e. DDT, Permethrin, Permethrin/Hexahydro
pyrimidine derivative, Cyhalothrin etc are widely being used during dyeing. However the disadvantages associated
with these moth repellent chemicals include resistance due to mutations in insects, less effectiveness on beetle larvae
and eco-toxic properties of permethrin and other synthetic pyrethroids. The need of a time is to develop an ideal anti-
moth finishing chemical which should comply both environmental regulation and be effective for maximum time
period. Hence, an activity was undertaken in the subproject where in natural dyes based anti-moth finishing technique
was developed for pashmina shawls.
Natural dyes were mainly obtained from plants, producing different colours like red, yellow, blue, black,
brown and a combination of these. It is interesting to note that over 2000 pigments are being synthesized by various
parts of plants, of which only about 150 have been commercially exploited. Nearly 450 taxa are known to yield dyes
in India alone, of which 50 are considered to be the most important ones. Out of these, ten are obtained from roots,
four from barks, five from leaves, seven from flowers, seven from fruits, three from seeds, eight from wood and three
each from gums and resins. Under the project, among these natural dyes, seven sources were screened for anti-moth
efficacy on pashmina shawl.
In this, 100g of dried powder was soaked in distilled water for 12 hrs followed by boiling at 100°C for 1 hr.
The dye was then extracted with different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, diethyl ether, diethyl acetate,
acetone, methanol etc through separating funnel. The extract obtained from each solvent was subjected to different
photochemical tests to know their chemical constituents like glycoside, tannin, phenol, coumarin, flavones and
quinine.
Results revealed that the silver oak leaves, pomegranate rind, walnut husk extract contained more than 40%
tannin and showed better anti-moth efficacy on pashmina shawl. Henna leaves and Madder root yielded tannin
Page | 74
content between 20-30% and showed moderate anti-moth efficacy. Pashmina fabric dyed with saffron and onion skin
having 12.93 and 11.53 % tannin content respectively resulted in poor anti-moth efficacy. The amount of tannin
present in the studied natural dyes was found in following descending order: silver oak leaves> pomegranate rind >
walnut husk > madder > henna > saffron > onion. The process is not only eco-friendly but also cost effective due to
elimination of anti-moth treatment on Pashmina shawl.
Table: Results of Phytochemical Tests
Chemical/
Group
Silver
oak
leaves
Madder
root
Onion
skin
Saffron
flower
Heena
leaves
Walnut
Husk
Pomegranate
Rind
Glycoside 5.5 - 15.3 16.7 8.5 5.5 10.0
Coumarin 1.3 - 2.3 9.2 6.5 2.1 4.3
Flavones 5.2 14.3 15.2 16.7 12.9 2.6 4.5
Tannin 47.8 33.3 11.5 12.9 30.3 44.3 45.2
Quinone 9.6 10.5 20.2 9.3 8.0 13.6 5.0
Carbohydrate 20.1 25.0 22.6 15.7 21.7 18.5 20.0
Steroid 5.6 12.5 - 11.1 8.8 9.6 9.5
Table: Efficacy of Natural dyes as an anti moth finishing agent.
Code Dye source Weight
loss (%)
Alive
moths
Visual
observation
SL Silver oak Leaves 0.5 Nil No damage
MR Madder Root 2.0 50% Least Attack
OS Onion Skin 3.77 75% Attack
SF Saffron Flower 7.7 75% Attack
HL Henna Leaves 2.5 25% Least Attack
WH Walnut Husk 1.0 Nil No Damage
PR Pomegranate Rind 0.25 Nil No Damage
CAC Eulon 0.2 Nil No Damage
CS Control sample 4.1 NIL Attack
Page | 75
5.11. Development of Quality Standards
5.11.1 Standardization of PCR based technique for Pashmina Identification
Pashmina fibre is globally known for its fineness, warmth, softness, desirable aesthetic value and elegance.
Since pashmina is a specility hair fibre, hence is very costly fibre due to rare availability. Furthermore, the
identification of falsification/imitation of pashmina shawls/products with other animal fibres viz; wool, rabbit wool
etc was not possible because of their similar chemical nature. This falsification has badly damaged the shawl industry
as imitated shawls are being sold in the market in the name of pashmina shawls. Because of its limited availability
and inability to distinguish fine quality sheep wool and pashmina fibre, adulteration and false declaration has became
a common practice by unscrupulous manufacturer. Keeping in view the importance of the pashmina industry, an
activity of identification of animal fibres by more precise technique was undertaken in the subproject. In this, a
suitable qualitative PCR-based method was developed, which could detect sheep origin fibre in pashmina blended
fabrics. The technique is related to the extraction of high quality DNA from textile and thereafter identification of
species specific goat and sheep origin fibers by qualitative PCR based method. The advantage of this technique is that
it will be useful to identify the pashmina fiber from the processed wool/textile as well as will help to analyze the
extent of the sheep wool adulteration in the pashmina products.
In this technique, quality DNA was extracted from the products by modified partial digestion with proteinase
K and followed by phenol chloroform extraction method. DNA was further purified with silica-based column. The
quality and quantity of DNA was ascertained by agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometer respectively.
PCR amplification was optimized with species-specific primers. Primers were designed from mitochondrial genome
sequences available in NCBI. The 12S rRNA gene sequence of mitochondrial genome was selected as these
sequences are more conserved within species and have less chances of mutation as compared to the nuclear DNA.
Further, its presence in multiple copy number in a cell ensures greater chances of getting intact nucleotide sequences
for PCR amplification. Results have shown that the falsification/imitation of pure pashmina with wool up to 10% can
be detected. Further validation to improve its efficiency up to 1% is under process. The provisional applications for
grant of patent has been filed vide 3400/DEL/12 dated: 5/11/12. The impact of the technique developed under NAIP
will have a long term effect as all the pashmina stakeholders right from processors up to consumers will be benefited
as it will serve as a precise quality control measure which would be helpful in trade and commerce of pashmina fibre
industry.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
SL MR OS SF HL WH PR
Tan
nin
con
ten
t (%
)
Page | 76
Lane 1 Sheep Blood; Lane 2 Sheep wool;
Lane 3 Raw Pashmina; Lane 4 HCl treated
Pashmina; Lane 5 Angora Rabbit
Lane 1 Sheep wool; Lane 2 Pashmina from shawl;
Lane 3 HCl treated Pashmina shawl; Lane 4 Angora
Rabbit Hair M: DNA ladder
5.11.2. Quality Standards for Pashmina Shawls
Cultural industries are creation of nature and known as tradition. The production and commercialization
activities of these traditions have economic importance to society. Cultural industries have a potential to capture
niches in international markets. In India there are a wide variety of cultural products like Kancheepuram silks,
Chanderi silk sarees, Kohlapuri sandals, Pashmina shawls etc. Pashmina is well known name of the fibre taken from
the pashmina goats. Traditionally in Kashmir, pashmina shawls are being manufactured by hand weaving on
handloom using hand spun yarn. They have gained a global recognition among people of all ages and sex. But now-a-
days in other parts of India, Nepal, and other parts of south East Asia, large percentage of pashmina shawls are woven
on machine. These machine woven shawls are competing with the hand woven Kashmiri pashmina shawls and
driving them out of business. They are all being sold under the generic brand of pashmina. It is adversely affecting the
pashmina industry in following ways:
The traditional skills of the craftsmen are in danger of being lost.
Lower profit margin because of the higher production cost of genuine handmade work has to compete with
the low quality machine made pashmina products.
Weaving pashmina is not remained very lucrative.
Generally, shawls are prepared by three methods viz; handmade, machine made and blended shawls.
Handmade pashmina shawls are prepared on handloom using handmade yarn spun on traditional charkha. In machine
spinning, pashmina yarn is spun on worsted spinning system using nylon/PVA as carrier fibre. While pashmina
blended shawls/products are prepared by blending costly pashmina with low cost wool/angora fibre reducing cost of
manufacturing. Such low cost product and absence of quality standards for pure pashmina fabrics/shawls is being
exploited by unscrupulous traders causing big loss to the pashmina industry. Hence the need of a time is to develop
Page | 77
quality standards that will differentiate pure pashmina and blended shawls. Hence an activity of developing quality
standards was undertaken in the subproject. To develop quality standards, hand spun, machine spun and blended
pashmina shawls were evaluated for low stress mechanical properties on SIROFAST system. Eight shawls of each
group are evaluated and statistically analyzed. Based on the results obtained, inner (warning) and outer (action)
control limits were worked out.
Table: Yarn parameters of pashmina shawls
Characteristics Hand spun Machine spun Blended yarn
Count (Nm) 70/2 90/2 55/2
Yarn strength (g) 70±10 30±10 >140
Elongation % 4%±1 2%±1 >5%
U% 22±2 30±2 18±2
Table: Fabric Quality norms for different pashmina Shawls
Characteristic Requirement
Length As declared±2 cm
Width As declared±2 cm
Pashmina Hand Spun mass, g/m2 70 ±5
Pashmina Machine Spun mass, g/m2 60 ±5
Pashmina Blended shawl mass g/m2 110 ±5
Pilling resistance 4 or better
Colour fastness to light 4 or better
Colour fastness to washing 3-4 or better
Staining on adjacent fabric 3-4 or better
Relaxation, shrinkage (%) Hand spun Machine
spun
Blended
Warp way 0.03 -0.30 0.80
Weft way 0.5 -1.15 -0.10
Hygral Expansion 3.43 5.15 5.58
pH value of the aqueous extract 5.7 to 7.5
Page | 78
Table: SIROFAST Results
PHS PMS PBS
Mean
Warning
limit
Action
limit Mean
Warning
limit
Action
limit Mean
Warning
limit
Action
limit
T-2 0.76 ± 0.05 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.05 ± 0.08 0.91 ± 0.10 ± 0.16
T-100 0.37 ± 0.02 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 ± 0.04 0.51 ± 0.08 ± 0.13
STR 0.31 ± 0.02 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.05 ± 0.08 0.38 ± 0.06 ± 0.09
E20-1 2.67 ± 0.88 ± 1.39 3.4 ± 1.00 ± 1.58 2.07 ± 0.52 ± 0.82
E100-1 4.53 ± 1.26 ± 1.99 5 ± 1.24 ± 1.96 4.35 ± 1.02 ± 1.61
E100-2 4.52 ± 1.21 ± 1.91 5.28 ± 1.74 ± 2.74 5.09 ± 1.41 ± 2.22
EB-5 10.05 ± 2.78 ± 4.38 9.99 ± 3.24 ± 5.10 5.20 ± 2.78 ± 4.38
B-1 8.66 ± 1.43 ± 2.25 6.33 ± 0.94 ± 1.49 23.16 ± 3.51 ± 5.53
B-2 11.04 ± 0.90 ± 1.41 7.07 ± 1.06 ± 1.67 18.35 ± 6.16 ± 9.72
G 14.09 ± 3.71 ± 5.86 12.41 ± 2.65 ± 4.18 16.90 ± 8.66 ± 3.66
RS-1 0.05 ± 0.62 ± 0.98 -0.30 ± 0.60 ± 0.94 0.80 ± 0.49 ± 0.77
RS-2 0.3 ± 0.59 ± 0.93 -1.15 ± 0.99 ± 1.56 -0.10 ± 0.62 ± 0.98
HE-1 3.43 ± 0.54 ± 0.85 5.15 ± 1.18 ± 1.87 5.58 ± 0.30 ± 0.47
HE-2 3.5 ± 1.08 ± 1.71 5.18 ± 1.33 ± 2.10 5.78 ± 0.83 ± 1.31 PHS: Pashmina hand spun, PMS: Pashmina machine spun, PBS: Pashmina blend with other fibre, T2 Thickness at load of 2
gm/cm2; T100 Thickness at load of 100 gm/cm
2 ; STR surface thickness recovery; E100 Extension at load of 100 g/cm width, EB5
bias extension at 5 g/cm width load, B1 & B 2 – Warp and weft Bending rigidity respectively, G- Shear rigidity , RS Residual
shrinkage (1-warp; 2-weft), HE Hygral expansion (1-warp; 2-weft)
Page | 79
Study revealed that the:
Thickness, warp and weft bending rigidity, warp way hygral expansion and weight are significantly
influenced by pashmina fabric manufacturing method.
Dimensional stability and quality of the handspun shawl was found better as compared to machine spun and
blended shawl.
Quality control limits may help to identify pure pashmina shawl. Such quality certification of Indian
pashmina shawl may be utilized for better marketing in International market.
It will also help to create an awareness of the cultural resources in a more purely economic sense.
The goal from both material and economic point of view is the transformation of culture into a resource, the
creation of jobs, creation of more wealth and development of a sustainable tourism.
5.12. Capacity Building and Skill Development
Capacity development and skill development plays an important role in the overall development of the
society. Under the project, capacity building of farmers/artisans was carried out. In total 89 trainings were imparted to
2468 farmers in the production belt of Ladakh and HP. The farmers were made aware about the scientific
management of pashmina goats regarding breeding, feeding, weeding and heeding as well as its impact on the overall
production and returns. Similarly in the processing belt of J&K and HP, 465 artisans were covered by providing 35
trainings/hands on training to the artisans. They were given extensive hands on trainings on the improvised processing
tools (charkha, loom and warp).
Similarly refreshing the knowledge by the scientists is also a part of a capacity building and human resource
development. In this context, 54 and 04 number of scientists from whole consortia attended the national and
international trainings respectively at different institutions. In additions to that, 68 scientists participated in different
seminars/conference/workshops etc and presented their research contribution before the scientific forum.
Page | 80
6. INNOVATIONS
6.1. Fabrication of Innovative Charkha
The handicraft industry is a well known and established industry in the state of Jammu and Kashmir
especially in Kashmir valley. Among the handicrafts, pashmina shawls have gained global recognition and are
liked by all, irrespective of sex, age, and nation. They are internationally known for their quality in terms of total
hand value and long life with no pile formation. Keeping the popularity, better quality and prevention against
imitation of Kashmiri Pashmina Shawls in to consideration, the Geographical Indication Registry, Government of
India, awarded patent to Kashmiri Hand spun Handmade Pashmina Shawls on 23th September 2008 under the
name “Kashmiri Pashmina”. For the preparation of a final product, the pashmina undergoes number of
processing steps including dehairing, spinning, weaving, finishing.
Spinning is a processing step usually done by women folk on a traditional spinning wheel locally known
as Yander. The Traditional Charkha used for spinning of hand spun pashmina is being used in the state of J&K
since long time resulting in fine yarn with good quality characteristics. The biggest disadvantages with this
traditional charkha is that it leads to a lot of physical stress to the artisans (spinners) in the form of backache, neck
pain, numbness in legs as this charkha is being operated only in sitting position, besides being less remunerative.
Under National Agricultural Innovation project subproject entitled “A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and
Profitability of Pashmina Fibre”, an Innovative Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha was fabricated.
Ergonomics of innovative charkha is similar as that of traditional one. The innovative charkha consists of Table
Top, small spinning wheel, spindle and foot paddle. The spinner sits on the stool and operates the paddle of the
charkha by foot resulting in reduction in physical stress. The Improvised charkha (Table Top Paddle Operated
NAIP Charkha) fabricated under NAIP were distributed to 105 beneficiary spinners (90 in Kashmir valley, 10 in
Leh and 5 in Himachal Pradesh). The innovative charkha performed excellently with spinning loss of only 3% as
against 12% in case of traditional one. The field results of beneficiaries from Kashmir Valley has revealed that the
innovative charkha is proving efficient in terms of time consumed for spinning on an average by 73.50% over
traditional one besides decreasing physical drudgery. In terms of income, there is an increase of remuneration by
146.64 % (from Rs 1638 to Rs 4040 per month) over traditional one for same period of time without deteriorating
the quality of yarn. The increase in efficiency in relation to spinning rate and net return in terms of monthly
remuneration has direct impact on the improving livelihood of the beneficiary families. The technology has been
disseminated in the field and has been well adapted by artisans including various government and non-
governmental organizations.
6.2. Fabrication of Improvised loom
Among the Kashmiri handicraft items, the shawls have maintained the state of popularity among
customers, both domestic and foreigners from centuries. Although, Shawl prepared from any material, anywhere
in the world have got their own identity but those prepared in Kashmir are different from all because of the way
they are being prepared right from sorting of raw material up to finishing of final product. Traditional method of
processing has given them hand spun hand woven status. The traditional methods of processing, involving
dusting, dehairing, combing, spinning, weaving, finishing, etc. have given these Kashmiri Shawls a special
Page | 81
importance all over the world. Weaving means interlacement of threads to make a fabric. Since pashmina is
highly fragile fibre, hence weaving is done on a traditional handloom with four paddle system where only plain
type of shawls can be woven with different weaves. Further, it is full of physical drudgery as well as less
remunerative. Keeping in view the importance of hand woven pashmina shawls, drudgery and less efficiency,
Innovative handloom with eight paddle and shuttle type were designed to increase efficiency and at the same time
achieve multi design. Twenty seven such innovative looms were distributed among the beneficiary weavers in
Kashmir valley. Field results have shown that there is an increase in net return of weavers by 28.02% over
traditional one besides reducing weaving loss (from 23.61±0.70 to 14.72±0.45), finishing loss (from 9.8±0.71 to
8.07±0.81) and physical drudgery.
6.3. Fabrication of Innovative Warping System
Warping is one the processing step for preparation of world known hand woven pashmina shawls. In this
process, six to eight rods are being erected into the ground. Two persons work together and transfer yarn from
prech (spool) onto the iron rods by using sticks. This process is called yarun. About 1200 threads are stretched in
this manner to form warp locally called yaen which is enough for 4 to 6 shawls. This is a very laborious task as 2-
3 persons are required to work in proper sequence for warp making for almost a day with the result more labour
charges are required for warp preparation. Hence, to reduce this laborious work, an intervention was made by
fabricating an innovative warping system where a warp can be prepared by a single person only at a single place.
Accordingly, 4 improvised warping systems were fabricated and installed on community basis at four places in
Srinagar city viz; Zoonimar, Eidgah, Danamazar and Nowshera. Besides that one warping system was installed at
Lead Centre for capacity building. The advantages of this warping system includes reduction of physical
drudgery, saving of warping time by 150 % and reduction in warping cost from Rs 100 to only Rs 50 per shawl.
The technology of innovative warping system has an impact on the livelihood security of the artisans as well as
the cost of production decreases.
6.4. Application of Natural dyes as Anti-moth treatment
Pashmina shawls are prone to attack by moths due to their protein content. The larva of a moth is the
voracious eater of the Pashmina fibre. The damage to pashmina fabric caused by moth is an age old problem
hence to control the problem lot of measures has been taken. For preventing the attack of moths on pashmina
fabrics, besides good housekeeping (most common method), anti-moth chemicals i.e. DDT, Permethrin,
Permethrin/Hexahydro pyrimidine derivative, Cyhalothrin etc are widely being used during dyeing. However the
disadvantages associated with these moth repellent chemicals include resistance due to mutations in insects, less
effectiveness on beetle larvae and eco-toxic properties of permethrin and other synthetic pyrethroids. Moreover,
hand spun and hand woven Pashmina shawl lost their eco-friendly nature due to application of chemical. The
ideal anti-moth finishing chemical should comply both environmental regulation and should be effective through
the lifetime of the wool textile or carpet. Based on the above facts, an innovative technique was developed to use
natural dyes as antimoth finishing process to Pashmina shawl. The use of natural dyes is considered as eco-
friendly and can impart antimoth efficacy. The aqueous extracts of saffron flower waste, onion skin, henna,
myrobolan, silver oak leaf, madder, wall nut, dhol kanali and yellow root were used as natural dye sources. The
scoured fabrics were then dyed with 5% colorant (owm) at 90°C with 1:40 material to liquor ratio at pH 5-6 in
Page | 82
presence of 0.5 gpL acetic acid solution for one hour in a water bath. Silver oak leaves, pomegranate rind, wall
nut husk extract contain more than 40% tannin show better antimoth efficacy on Pashmina shawl. Henna leaves
and Madder root show moderate antimoth efficacy having tannin content between 20-30%. Pashmina fabrics
dyed with saffron and onion having 12.93 and 11.53% tannin content results poor antimoth efficacy. The amount
of tannin present in the selected natural dyes is as following descending order: silver oak leaves > pomegranate
rind > walnut husk > madder > henna > saffron > onion. The process is not only eco-friendly but also cost
effective due to elimination of anti-moth treatment on Pashmina shawl.
7. Process/ Product/Technology/Value Chain/ Rural Industry Developed
S.
No.
(Process/Product/Technology/ Value
Chain/ Rural Industry Developed
Adoption/ Validation/
Commercialization, etc.
Responsible Partner
1 Expansion of pashmina goat rearing
areas to Non-Traditional Belt.
Validated SKUAST-K and CSK
K HP KVV Palampur
2 Breed up gradation Validated SKUAST-K and CSK
K HP KVV Palampur
3 Introduction of Feed Blocks and Urea
Molasses Mineral Blocks
Adapted SKUAST-K and CSK
K HP KVV Palampur
4 Introduction of shelter for pashmina
goats
Validated SKUAST-K and CSK
K HP KVV Palampur
5 Health Management. Adapted SKUAST-K and CSK
K HP KVV Palampur
6 Fabrication of Innovative Charkha. Validated SKUAST-K and
CSWRI-Avikanagar
7 Improvisation of Traditional loom. Validated SKUAST-K and
CSWRI-Avikanagar
8 Improvisation/ modification in
dehairing machine.
Validated SKUAST-K and
CSWRI-Avikanagar
9 Replacement of nylon by PVA as
carrier fibre
Validated CSWRI-Avikanagar
and SKUAST-K
10 Dyeing of Pashmina with vegetable
sources
Validated CSWRI-Avikanagar
and SKUAST-K
11 Identification of Cashmere (Pashmina)
Fibre from Processed Textile Products
by PCR-Based Technique
Validated CSWRI-Avikanagar
and SKUAST-K
12 Application of Natural dyes as Anti-
moth treatment
Validated CSWRI-Avikanagar
and SKUAST-K
Page | 83
8. Patents (Filed/Granted)
S.
No.
Title of Patent Inventor(s) (Name
& Address)
Filed/Published/
Granted (No./Date)
Responsible
Partner
1 Development of
Table Top Paddle
Operated NAIP
Charkha for
cashmere
(pashmina)
Spinning.
Sarfaraz A Wani,
Yaqoob Ishrat,
Farooq A Mattoo,
Asif H Sofi
(SKUAST-K,
Kashmir)
and DB Shakyawar
(CSWRI Avikanagar)
Provisional Patent
filed Vide No:
3616/DEL/2011.
Dated: 13/12/2011
Final Patent filed on
10/12/2012 through
K&S Partners (Ref file
No: IP19027/ VH/sk).
SKUAST-K &
CSWRI-
Avikanagar
2 Identification of
Cashmere
(Pashmina) Fibre
from Processed
Textile Products by
PCR-Based
Technique.
Rajiv Kumar, D B
Shakyawar, P K
Pareek, LLL Prince,
Amar S Meena,
Satish Kumar, A S M
Raja, S A Karim
(CSWRI Avikanagar)
and Sarfaraz A Wani
(SKUAST-K,
Kashmir)
Provisional Patent
filed Vide No:
3400/DEL/2012
Dated: 05/11/2012.
CSWRI -
Avikanagar &
SKUAST-K
9. Linkages and Collaborations
S.
No.
Linkages developed
(Name & Address of Organization)
Date/Period
From-To
Responsible Partner
1 All Changthangi Pashmina Growers
Association, Leh, Ladakh, (J&K).
Feb 2009 to
March 2014
SKUAST-K
2 TAHFUZ, All J&K Handicraft Society
Srinagar (C/o Craft Development Institute,
Baghi Ali Mardan Khan Srinagar, India).
Feb 2009 to
March 2014
SKUAST-K
3 Kashmir Handmade Pashmina Promotion
Trust (KHPPT), Srinagar, J&K.
Feb 2009 to
March 2014
SKUAST-K
4 Handloom Development Department
Ganderbal Kashmir.
Aug 2012 to
March 2014
SKUAST-K
5 Kashmir Handloom Development
Department, Magermal Bagh.
Jan 2012 to
March 2014
SKUAST-K
6 Chesti Self Help Group, Kashmir May 2012 to
March 2014
SKUAST-K
Page | 84
7 M/s Woodcraft
Vachar Nag Nowshera Srinagar.
Aug 2009 to
March 2014
SKUAST-K
8 Kashmir Silk Producers Co-operative
Society, Soura Srinagar, J&K.
May 2011 to
March 2014
SKUAST-K
9 Bhuttico Weavers Association (BWA),
Kullu, HP.
Feb 2009 to
March 2014
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
10 Shivaco shawls, kullu, HP. Feb 2009 to
March 2014
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
11 Thangkarma Harit Sangathana, Pooh,
Kinnaur (HP).
July 2011 to
Dec 2013
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
12 Shikhar Handloom & Handicraft Weavers
welfare, cooperative Industrial Society,
Brow, Kullu (HP)
April 2010 to
Dec 2013
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
13 Mahadev Woolen Mills, Mahadev
(Sundernagar), Mandi (HP)
April 2010 to
Dec 2013
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
14 Numani Welfare Trust, Srinagar July 2012 to
March 2014
SKUAST-K
15 NGO‟s Coordination Federation of J&K Jan 2012 to
March 2014
SKUAST-K
10. Status on Environmental and Social Safeguard Aspects
By the interventions made in the project, the environmental issues have been taken care of. All the
technologies developed have positive impact on the environment. The additional increase in livestock strength in
the non-traditional belts has resulted in increase in soil fertility due to production of organic manure. The
utilization of natural sources for dyeing of pashmina has reduced the environmental contamination caused due to
synthetic dyes and anti moth agents.
Further regarding the social issues, the subproject has contributed in this area by many ways. Firstly, the
technologies developed in the sub-project have improved the livelihood security of farmers/artisans. E.g
establishment of pashmina goat units improved the livelihood of farmers as they earn additional 50000 to 60000
per year from the enterprises by the sale of pashmina and surplus animals. Secondly, subproject has also
contributed towards women empowerment e.g. by the introduction of innovative charkha, the women folk got
benefitted by increase in their monthly net returns of 146.64% (from Rs 1638 to Rs 4040) over traditional one for
same period of time with good efficiency and decreased drudgery. Capacity building of unemployed and educated
women folk in the fields of health care, processing and quality evaluation carried out which in turn will
empowered them of running small enterprises and earn their livelihood.
Page | 85
11. Constraints, if any and Remedial Measures Taken
S.No Constraints Remedial Measures taken
1 Importation of Pashmina bucks from
China, Mongolia etc.
Although the acitivity of pashmina buck
importation was envisaged in the project but
even after putting lot of efforts in this, success
could not be achived. However, the elite bucks
were latter on selected from available local
livestock for breed upgradation.
2 Cloud Brust in majority of the areas in Leh
during 2010, hence activities could not be
completed in that year.
The work/activities were completed in year
2011.
3 Inaccessible areas as most of the area
remains cut off from rest of the country for
six months.
Nothing could have been done in this regard.
4 Strengthening of Pashmina Breeding farm
Upshi Leh could not be completed due to
the objections raised by the SHD officials.
Activity not completed.
12. Publications A. Research papers in peer reviewed journals.
S.
No.
Authors, Title of the paper,
Name of Journal, Year, Vol. & Page No.
NAAS
Ratings
Responsible
Partner
1 Ammayappan L, Shakyawar, D B, Krofa D, Pareek P K, and
Basu G. 2011. Value addition of Pashmina Products Present
status and future perspective. Agricultural Review 32 (2): 91.
3.31 CSWRI
Avikanagar
2 Lal Chagan, Sharama M C, Shakyawar D B, Raja A S M,
Kuldeep Sharma and Pareek P K. 2011. Natural dyes
constituent from rind of punica granatum (pomegranate) and its
application on Pashmina fibre. Archieves of Applied Science
Research 3 (3): 350-357.
.. CSWRI
Avikanagar
3 Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB,
Yaqoob Ishrat and Sheikh FD. 2011. Physico-mechanical
Quality of Changthangi Pashmina Fibre. Vetscan- On line
Journal 6 (2)
.. SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
4 Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Pareek P K and Wani Sarfaraz A.
2011. Production and performance of cashmere (Pashmina)
shawls by Nylon dissolution method. The Indian Journal of
Small Ruminants 17 (2): 203-206.
4.89 CSWRI
Avikanagar
and
SKUAST-K
Page | 86
5 Temani P, Shakyawar D B, Ammayappan L, Goyal V and
Wani Sarfaraz A. 2011. Standardization of dyeing condition of
cochineal extract on Pashmina yarn. Journal of Textile
Association, 72 (2): 96-98.
1.89 CSWRI
Avikanagar
and
SKUAST-K
6 Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Pareek P K , Kumar Ajay, Pareek
P. K. 2011. Effect of canary colouration on the dying of wool.
Man Made Textile in India, 39 (11): 391-393.
3.32 CSWRI
Avikanagar
7 Sharma D, Agnihotri R.K, Moudgil A.D, Mandial R.K and
Katoch A. 2011. Comparative efficacy of sulphadimidine and
amprolium against natural coccidiosis in Chegu goats. Journal
of Veterinary Parasitology 25(2): 175-176
3.50 CSK HP
KVV
Palampur
8 Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A,
Nehvi FA and Sofi H Asif. 2012. Extraction of Natural Dye
from Saffron Flower waste and its Application on Pashmina
Fabric. Advances in Applied Science Research 3 (1): 156-161.
… CSWRI
Avikanagar
and
SKUAST-K
9 Yaqoob Ishrat, Sofi Asif H, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh F D and
Bumla Nazir. 2012. Pashmina shawl-A traditional way of
making in Kashmir. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
11(2): 329-333.
6.80 SKUAST-K
10 Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif,
Yaqoob Ishrat and Sheikh FD. 2012. Effect of Machine
Dehairing on the Quality of Pashmina Fibre. The Indian
Journal of Small Ruminants 18 (1): 118-120.
4.89 SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
11 Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif,
Yaqoob Ishrat. 2012. Comparative Study on the Physico-
mechancial quality of Pashmina Shawls made from Hand Spun
and Machine spun Yarn. Indian Journal of Fibres and Textile
Research 37: 224-30.
6.49 SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
12 Sharma D, Agnihotri R.K, Dogra P.K, Sen D and Katoch A.
2012. Incidence of gastrointestinal parasites among Chegu
goats in Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh.
Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research 37(1): 61-63
2.41 CSK HP
KVV
Palampur
13 Pathak V, Rajput R, Bhardwaj R L and Mandial R K. 2012.
Histological studies on hair follicles and skin of chegu goat.
Indian Journal of small Ruminants. 18 (2): 275-277.
4.89 CSK HP
KVV
Palampur
14 Katoch A, Sharma A, Negi M and Mandial R. K. Clinico –
haematological and biochemical profile of Chegu pashmina
goats. Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 33(1):33-34
4.50 CSK HP
KVV
Palampur
Page | 87
15 Lal Chagan, Raja A S M, Pareek P K, Shakyawar D B,
Kuldeep Sharma and Mahesh C Sharma. 2011. Natural dye
constituent from husk of juglans nigra and its applications on
Pashmina (Cashmere) fabrics. Journal Natural Product Plant
Resources 1 (4): 13-19.
… CSWRI
Avikanagar
16 Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Temani P and Sofi H Asif. 2013. Novel
Chemical Finishing Process for Cashmere-PVA Blended Yarn
Made Cashmere Fabric. Journal of Natural Fibres. 10:381–
389.
6.56 CSWRI
Avikanagar
and
SKUAST-K
17 Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB, Yaqoob Ishrat,
Mattoo FA and Malik AH. 2013. Fabrication of Innovative
Charkha for pashmina spinning and its Impact Assessment. The
Journal of Textile Institute DOI:10.1080/ 00405000 .2013.
779056
6.73 SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
18 Shakyawar DB, Raja ASM, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and Wani
Sarfaraz A. 2013. Pashmina fibre-Production, characteristics
and utilization. The Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile
Research 38 (2): 207-214.
6.49 CSWRI
Avikanagar
and
SKUAST-K
19 Sharma Kuldeep, Pareek PK, Raja ASM, Temani P, Kumar
Ajay, Shakyawar DB and Sharma Mahesh. 2013. Dye
constituents from Kigelia pinnata and its application on
Pashmina (Cashmere) Fabric. Research Journal of Textile
Apparel 17(2), 28-32
-- CSWRI
Avikanagar
20 Kumar R, Sharma K.B, Naqvi S.M.K and Mandial R.K 2013.
Comparative studies on hormonal profile of pure and crossbred
Chegu goats. Himachal Veterinary Journal 6 (1): 177-179.
-- CSK HP
KVV
Palampur
B. Books/ Book chapters/ Abstracts/ Popular articles, Brochures, etc.
S. No. Authors, Title of the papers, Name of Book/ Seminar/
Proceedings/Journal, Publisher, Year, Page No.
Responsible
Partner
Book Chapter
1
Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif and Shakyawar DB. 2010. Advances in
Pashmina wool Processing and Value Addition. (in) Climate Change &
Stress Management, p 815-825, Karim et al. (Eds), Satish Serial
Publishing House, Delhi., India.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
2
Wani Sarfaraz A, Shakyawar DB and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Developments in
Processing and Product Development of Speciality hair fibres (pashmina).
Trends in Small Ruminant Production- Perspectives and prospects, p 515-
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
Page | 88
532, Sahoo et al. (Eds.). Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India.
3
Wani SA, Wani Sarfaraz A, Wani MH and Shaheen FA. 2012. Pashmina
Goats of cold arid western Himalayas: Status, issues and strategies. Small
Ruminant Production and Health., p 111-128, Goel et al. (Eds). Satish
Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
SKUAST-K
Thesis
1 Priyanka Temani. 2010. „Study on Dyeing Properties of a Natural Dye on
Pashmina‟. M Sc Thesis, International College of Girls, Jaipur, P 100.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
2
Bumla Nazir A. 2010. „Comparative Quality of Shawls Made From Hand
and Machine Spun Pashmina‟. MVSc, Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K), p 94.
SKUAST-K
3
Mathurya Sukhram. 2011. „Studies on Pashmina and Blended Shawls
Using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as carrier Fibre‟. M Tech, IIT, Kanpur,
p67.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
4
Ruksana Majid. 2011. Molecular Characterization of Keratin Associated
Protein (KAP) 1.3 and 1.4 genes in Pashmina and Non-pashmina goats.
MVSc, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and
Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K).
SKUAST-K
5
Chagan Lal. 2014. Chemical Investigationof natural dyes and their
application on Pashmina wool and its blends, PhD, University of
Rajasthan, p191.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
6
Mushtaq Bhat. 2014. Genetic Diversity among Cashmere (pashmina) goat
population of India through Microsatellite Marker Approach. MVSc, Sher-
e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of
Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K).
SKUAST-K
7
Abha Mariam. 2014. Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Changra Goats in
Ladakh. MVSc, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and
Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K).
SKUAST-K
Popular Articals
1 Bumla Nazir and Sofi H Asif. 2010. Pashmina- the King of Fibres.
Livestock Line. 4 (6): 23.
SKUAST-K
Seminar/ symposium/ Conference/ workshop Proceedings
1 Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif, Mir Salahuddin, Malik AH, and Pal MA.
2009. Pashmina-Fibre to Fabric. (in) Proceedings of International
Conference on Emerging Trends in Production, Processing and Utilization
of Natural Fibers, held during 16- 18th April 2009 at Worli Mumbai, India,
pp. 391-398
SKUAST-K
Page | 89
2 Wani Sarfaraz A, Kirmani MA, Sofi H Asif and Mattoo FA. 2009.
Pashmina Production in India-Present Status and Future Prospective. (in)
Proceedings of an interactive meet on Challenges in Specialty Fibres
(Pashmina and Angora) Production and Prospects of their Utilization,
held on 13th July 2009 at Kullu HP, India, pp. 42-50.
SKUAST-K
3 Shakyawar DB, Gupta NP and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2009. Value added
quality pashmina products development, its marketing and future
prospective. (in) Proceedings of an interactive meet on Challenges in
Specialty Fibres (Pashmina and Angora) Production and Prospects of
their Utilization, held on 13th July 2009 at Kullu HP, India, pp. 70-78.
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
SKUAST-K
4 Bumla Nazir, Shakwayar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A and Sofi H Asif. 2010.
Comparative study on Total Hand Value of Pashmina Shawls Developed
by using hand and Machine Spun Yarn. (in) Proceedings of 39th Textile
Research Symposium held during 16th
-18th Dec 2010 at
IIT New Delhi,
India, pp. 526-28.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
5 Shakwayar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Gupta NP and Raja ASM. 2010. Studies
on low stress mechanical properties of shawls produced from wool and
specialty hair fibres. (in) Proceedings of 39th Textile Research Symposium
held during 16th-18
th Dec 2010 at
IIT New Delhi, India, pp. 180-186.
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
SKUAST-K
6 Raja ASM, Shakwayar DB, Pareek PK and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2010.
Dyeing of Pashmina shawls using extracts of Saffron flower and onion
peel off waste. (in) Proceedings of 39th Textile Research Symposium held
during 16th-18
th Dec 2010 at
IIT New Delhi, India, pp. 298-301.
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
SKUAST-K
7 Ammayappan L, , Temani P, Goyal V and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2010.
Standardization of Dyeing condition and characterization of dyeing
mechanism of cochineal extract of Pashmina wool. (in) Proceedings of
39th Textile Research Symposium held during 16
th-18
th Dec 2010 at
IIT
New Delhi, India, pp. 618-622.
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
SKUAST-K
8. Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif and Shakwayar DB. 2014. Status and
Prospectus of Pashmina Production and Utilization. (in) Proceedings of
National seminar on sheep and goat biodiversity and breeding policies-
issues and prospective held during 21-22 Feb 2014 at Shirwal
Maharashtra, India, pp. 71-77.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
Research Abstracts
1. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA,
Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Asmat S, Malik Tanveer and Shah khan FA.
2010. Status of Pashmina goats and Changthangi Sheep over a decade. (in)
National Seminar on Stress management in small ruminants- Production
and Product processing held during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of
Research on Goats, Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
Page | 90
2. Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh FD, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA,
Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Malik Tanveer and Shah khan FA. 2010.
Effect of sex, age and area of rearing on body conformation of
changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on Stress management
in small ruminants- Production and Product processing held during 29-31
Jan 2010 at Central Institute of Research on Goats, Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
3. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA,
Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Kakatai BR, Malik Tanveer and Shah khan
FA. 2010. Caprine contagious pleura-pneumonia: A major health problem
in Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on Stress
management in small ruminants- Production and Product processing held
during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of Research on Goats,
Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
4. Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H and Shakyawar DB. 2010. Advances in
Pashmina wool Processing and Value Addition. (in) National Seminar on
Stress management in small ruminants- Production and Product processing
held during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of Research on Goats,
Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
5. Pareek P K, Ojha K G, Shakyawar D B and Raja A S M. 2010. Synthesis
of hexahydro-s-triazine derivatives with antimicrobial and anti-moth
properties for wool based textiles. (In) Proceedings of International
conference on Healthcare and hygienic textiles and clothing, held during
30-31 July at PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
6. Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sarfaraz A,
Nehvi FA and Sofi Asif H. 2010. Saffron Flower Waste - A Potential Eco-
friendly Dye for Pashmina. (in) National Seminar on Technological
Innovations in Saffron held during 25-26 Nov 2010 at SKUAST-K.
Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
SKUAST-K
7. Katoch A, Sharma A and Mandial R K. 2011. Clinico-haematological and
biochemical profile of chegu pashmina goats. (in) Proceeding of seminar
on rural development: Present scenario and future challenges held during
26-27 March 2011 at Shimla (HP).
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
8. Krofa D, Mandial RK and Thakur YP. 2011. Effects of methods of
spinning, weaving and processing of pashmina on fabric handle. (in)
Proceeding of seminar on rural development: Present scenario and future
challenges held during 26-27 March. 2011 at Shimla (HP).
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
9. Shakyawar D B, Wani S A, Raja A S M and Pareek P K. 2011. Research
and development work for increasing productivity and value addition of
pashmina shawls. (In) Proceedings of National conference on Advance
increments in Natural Fibre, held during 25 April at CIRCOT, Mumbai,
CSWRI
Avikanagar
Page | 91
India.
10. Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB, Yaqoob Ishrat
and Sheikh FD. 2011. Physico-mechanical Quality of Changthangi
Pashmina Fibre. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on
Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held
during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
11. Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat
and Sheikh FD. 2011. Effect of Machine Dehairing on the quality of
Pashmina Fibre. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on
Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held
during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
12. Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat
and Sheikh FD. 2011. Comparative Study on Quality of Shawls made from
Hand and Machine Spun Pashmina Yarn. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural
Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges
and way-forward held during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar,
Kashmir, India.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
13. Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat
and Sheikh FD. 2011. Comparative Study on the Physico-mechancial
Quality of Hand Spun and Machine Spun Pashmina Yarn. (in) Ist J&K
Agricultural Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-
Challenges and way-forward held during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K,
Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
14. Wani Sarfaraz, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat and Shakyawar DB. 2011.
Comparative Study on Quality of Pashmina Yarn Spun on Traditional and
Innovative Charkha. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on
Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held
during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
15. Wani Sarfaraz, Mir MS, Sheikh FD, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011.
Histopathology and Gross Pathology of Lungs in Caprine Contagious
Pleuropneumonia in Pashmina goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural
Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges
and way-forward held during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar,
Kashmir, India.
SKUAST-K
16. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Ahmad Zahoor, Khan HM and Sofi H Asif.
2011. Pediculosis in Changra (Pashmina) goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K
Agricultural Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-
Challenges and way-forward held during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K,
Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
SKUAST-K
Page | 92
17. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011.
Seroprevelance of Caprine Contagious Pleuropneumonia in Pashmina
goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on
Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held
during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
SKUAST-K
18. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Obstructive
Urolithiasis in Pashmina Bucks of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural
Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges
and way-forward held during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar,
Kashmir, India.
SKUAST-K
19. Sharma A, Mandial RK, Negi M and Katoch A. 2011. Studies on
survivability of chegu pashmina goats in Himachal Pradesh. (in)
international conference on emerging trends on food and health security,
held during 23-25 Sep 2011 at DIHAR-DRDO, Leh (J&K).
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
20. Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB and Sofi H Asif (2011). Developments in
Processing and Product Development of Speciality Hair Fibres
(pashmina). (in) National Seminar on Prospects and Retrospect of Small
Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security
held during 7th to 9
th Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India
.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
21. Sofi H Asif, Wani Sarfaraz, Sheikh FD, Mattoo FA, Yaqoob Ishrat,
Kirmani MA and Khan AA. 2011. Comparative Study on Quality of
Pashmina from Different Areas of Changthang region of ladakh. (in)
National Seminar on Prospects and Retrospect of Small Ruminant and
Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security held during
7th to 9
th Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.
SKUAST-K
22. Shakyawar DB, Pareek PK, and Sofi H Asif, Kumar Pramood, Mathuria
Sukhram and Prashant. 2011. Subjective Assessment of Pashmina Blended
Shawls. (in) National Seminar on Prospects and Retrospect of Small
Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security
held during 7th to 9
th Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
SKUAST-K
23. Raja ASM, Shakyawar DB, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and Wani Sarfaraz A.
2011. Development of Eco-friendly dyeing and Anti-moth Finishing
Process for Pashmina Fabrics. (in) National Seminar on Prospects and
Retrospect of Small Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to
Socioeconomic Security held during 7th to 9th Dec 2011 at CSWRI
Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
SKUAST-K
Page | 93
24. Shakyawar DB, Raja ASM, Temani TM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Kumar
Pramood, Mutharia Sukhram and Prashant. 2011. Low stress Mechanical
properties of pashmina Blended shawls Using SIROFAST. (in) National
Seminar on Prospects and Retrospect of Small Ruminant and Rabbit
Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security held during 7th to 9
th
Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
SKUAST-K
25. Krofa D, Mandial R K, Thakur Y P, Shakyawar D B, Pareek P K. 2011.
Effect of spinning techniques on handles of Pashmina fabric. (In)
Proceedings of National conference on Prospects and Retrospect of Small
Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socio-economic
Security, held during 7-9 December at Jaipur, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
26. Kumar R, Pareek P K, Prince L L L, Raja A S M and Shakyawar D B.
2011. Development of a simple duplex PCR for identification of sheep
wool in pure Pashmina shawl. (In) Proceedings of National conference on
Prospects and Retrospect of Small Ruminant and Rabbit Production:
Contribution held during 7-9 December at Jaipur, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
27. Mandial R K, Sharma, A Katoch A, Puri G, Chahota R, Negi M and Patil
R D. 2011. Surveillance of diseases in Chegu (Pashmina) goats of
Himachal Pradesh. (in) proceeding of National seminar on prospects and
retrospects of small ruminant and rabbit production, held at Jaipur (Raj)
during 7-9 December, 2011. P-151.
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
28. Lal C, Shakyawar D B, Raja A S M, Pareek P K, Sharma K K and Sharma
M C. 2011. Natural dye constituents from husk of Juglans Nigra and its
application on Pashmina (Cashmere) fabrics. (In) Proceedings of
International conference on Heterocyclic Chemistry, held during 10-13
December at Rajasthan University, Jaipur, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
29. Kirmani NA, Bhat Nisar A, Khan HM, Mir Masood Saleem, Medhi D and
Wani Sarfaraz A. 2011. Soil nutrient status of some pasture areas of cold
arid Himalayan desert. (in) International Congress of Environmental
Research held during 15-17th
Dec 2011 at. Sardar Vallabhbhai National
Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, Gujrat, India.
SKUAST-K
30. Wani Sarfaraz, Sheikh FD, Mattoo FA, Sofi H Asif, Kakatia BK, Ganai
TAS, Kirmani MA, and Khan HM. 2012. Introduction of Pashmina Goat
Rearing In Kargil District of J&K and its Impact on Improving Livelihood
Security. (in) National Conference on Demonstration Options for
improved livelihood security in disadvantaged areas of Indi held during
20-21 Jan 2012 at Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidliya, Raipur, India.
SKUAST-K
31. Wani Sarfaraz, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat, Shakyawar DB and Malik AH.
2012. Enhancement of Livelihood Security through Development and
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
Page | 94
Introduction of Innovative Charkha. (in) National Conference on
Demonstration Options for improved livelihood security in disadvantaged
areas of Indi held during 20-21 Jan 2012 at Indira Gandhi Krishi
Viswavidliya, Raipur, India.
32. Sharma A, Katoch A, Mandial RK and Negi M. 2012. Occurrence of
anaemia in chegu pashmina goats of Himachal Pradesh and effect of
copper supplementation. (in) Proceeding of national symposium on animal
health vis-a-vis animal welfare with application of biotechnology with
special reference to north eastern region held during 1-3 Feb 2012 at CAU,
Selesih, Aizawl (Mizorum).
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
33. Katoch A, Sharma A, Mandial R K and Negi M. 2012. Clinico-
haematological, biochemical and therapeutic study in parasitized chegu
pashmina goats of Himachal Pradesh. (in) Proceeding of national
symposium on animal health vis-a-vis animal welfare with application of
biotechnology with special reference to north eastern region, held during
1-3 Feb. 2012 at CAU, Selesih, Aizawl (Mizorum). P-75
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
34. Wani Sarfaraz A, Mattoo FA, Sheikh FD, Sofi Asif H, Khan FA; Kirmani
MA, Ganai TAS, Khan HM, Baba Irfan A, Bhat Nisar A, Malik Tanveer,
Yaqoob Ishrat, Mir Masood S and Kashoo Zahid. 2012. Pashmina Goat
Rearing In Non-Traditional Area of Leh. (in) Annual conference and
National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve
Health and Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at
CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
35. 1 Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Khan FA and Bhat Nisar A.
2012. Effect of Harvesting methods on Pashmina yield. (in) Annual
conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities
to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23
Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
36. Sofi Asif H, Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh FD, Baba
Omer K, Maryiam Abha, Kirmani MA, Bumla NA, Kashoo Zahid,
Kirmani Nayar and Gul Gowhar. 2012. Effect of Age and Body Region
on the Hair Follicle Characteristics in Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in)
Annual conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and
Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held
during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
37. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H and Khan FA. 2012. Wild
Attack-A major threat to Pashmina Goat Breeders of Ladakh. (in) Annual
conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities
to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23
Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
Page | 95
38. Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Maryiam
Abha, Sofi Asif H, Amin Omer, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD,
Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Serum Biochemistry of Changthangi
Goats Reared under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in Ladakh. (in)
Annual conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and
Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held
during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
39. Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H,
Maryiam Abha, Chiber Pawanjit S, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD,
Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in
Unvaccinated Changthangi Goat Flocks in Cold Arid Desert of Ladakh.
(in) Annual conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and
Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held
during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India..
SKUAST-K
40. Khan HM, Mir Masood S, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H,
Maryiam Abha, Wani Basharat A, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD,
Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Haematological Attributes of
Changthangi Goats reared Under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in
Ladakh. (in) Annual conference and National Seminar on Future
Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small
Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
41. Kirmani Nayar, Bhat MA, Bhat Nisar A, Khan HM, Mir Masood S and
Wani Sarfaraz A. 2012. Soil quality attributes in some pastures of cold arid
himalyan deserts. (in) Annual conference and National Seminar on Future
Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small
Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
SKUAST-K
42. Khan HM, Mir Masood S, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Kirmani Nayar
and Darzi MM. 2012. Prevalence of Coccidial (Eimeria Spp.) infection in
Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on New Paradigms in
Livestock Production: From Traditional to Commercial Farming and
Beyond and XXth Annual Convention of Indian Society of Animal
Production and Management. held during 28-30 Jan 2013 at NDRI Karnal,
India.
SKUAST-K
43. Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Kirmani Nayar
and Darzi MM. 2012. Ectoparasitic Infestation in Changthangi Pashmina
Goats. (in) National Seminar on New Paradigms in Livestock Production:
From Traditional to Commercial Farming and Beyond and XXth Annual
Convention of Indian Society of Animal Production and Management.
held during 28-30 Jan 2013 at NDRI Karnal, India.
SKUAST-K
44. Sharma Anukur, Dhar Prasenjit and patil, R.D 2013.Clinical management
of an outbreak of sheep pox in mid-hill pastures of Distt Kangra (HP).
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
Page | 96
Poster presentation in National symposium on Emerging Challenges &
opportunities in Veterinary Immunology & Biotechnology for Improved
Animal Health & Productivity, CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP) during 11-13
Nov, 2013
45. Katoch Ajay, Gupta Shruti1, Dhar Prasenjit, Sharma Snkur and Mandial R
K 2013. Incidence and management of parvovirus enteritis in dogs in
palam valley of Himachal Pradesh (HP). Poster presentation in National
symposium on Emerging Challenges & opportunities in Veterinary
Immunology & Biotechnology for Improved Animal Health &
Productivity, CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP) during 11-13 Nov, 2013
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
46. Shakyawar D B, Kumar A, Pareek P K, Raja A S M and Temani P. 2012.
Phytochemical analysis of natural dye from Berberis lycium and
application on Pashmina shawl. (In) Proceedings of National conference
on Chemistry of Primates: Green Chemistry, held during 29-30 November
at Ajmer, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
47. Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Kumar A, Kadam V V and Pareek P K.
2012. Eco-friendly Dyeing of Animal Fibres Using Natural Dyes. (In)
Proceedings of National conference on Chemistry of Primates: Green
Chemistry, held during 29-30 November at Ajmer, India
CSWRI
Avikanagar
48. Kumar A, Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B and Pareek P K. 2012. Efficacy of
Natural colour from Babool Bark. (In) Proceedings of National conference
on Future Challenges and opportunities to improve health and production
of small ruminants, held during 22-23December at Makhdoom, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
49. Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Kumar A, Temani P, Pareek P K. 2012.
Improvement in functional property of angora wool blended shawls. (In)
Proceedings of National conference on Future Challenges and
opportunities to improve health and production of small ruminants, held
during 22-23 December at Makhdoom, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
50. Kumar A, Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Pareek P K. 2013. Utilization of
agro forestry waste for coloration and anti moth properties for woolens.
(In) Proceedings of National conference on chemistry for Economic
Growth and Human Comforts, held during 31 August at Jaipur, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
51. Lal C, Shakyawar D B, Pareek P K, Sharma K K and Sharma M C. 2013.
Natural dye and its bonding with Pashmina fabric. (In) Proceedings of
National conference on chemistry for Economic Growth and Human
Comforts, held during 31 August at Jaipur, India
CSWRI
Avikanagar
52. Shakyawar D B, Raja A S M, Wani S A, Kadam V V and Pareek P K.
2013. Low stress mechanical properties of Pashmina shawls with reference
to Comparison of hand spun and machine spun fabric. (In) Proceedings of
international conference on Advances in fibres, finishes, technical textiles
and nonwovens, held during 1-2 October at Mumbai, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
Page | 97
53. Wani Sarfaraz and Wani Shabir. 2014. Studies on economic traits of
Changthangi pashmina goats in cold arid region of western Himalaya:
issues and policy implication. (in) Proceedings of National seminar on
sheep and goat biodiversity and breeding policies-issues and prospective
held during 21-22 Feb 2014 at Shirwal Maharashtra, India.
SKUAST-K
54. Sofi H Asif, Wani Sarfaraz Shakyawar DB, Yaqoob Ishrat, Pareek pawan
and Jalal Heena. 2014. Quality of hand spun hand woven kashmiri
pashmina shawls. (in) Proceedings of National seminar on sheep and goat
biodiversity and breeding policies-issues and prospective held during 21-
22 Feb 2014 at Shirwal Maharashtra, India.
SKUAST-K
55. A S M Raja, D B Shakyawar, Ajay Kumar, P K Pareek, 2013. Antimoth
finishing for woolens using natural dyes. (in) Proceedings of National
seminar on Prospects in improving production, marketing and value
addition of carpet wool held during Dec. 31 2013 at Bikaner, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
56. D B Shakyawar, L Ammayappan, P K Pareek and Chhagan Lal. 2014.
Extraction of natural colorants from agricultural residues and their
application on woolen fabric. (in) Proceedings of National seminar on
sheep and goat biodiversity and breeding policies-issues and prospective
held during 21-22 Feb 2014 at Shirwal Maharashtra, India.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
Manual
1 Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H. Asif and Shakyawar DB. 2010. Quality
Evaluation of Animal Fibres with Special Emphasis on Pashmina Fibre.
SKUAST-K and CSWRI Avikanagar, p. 71.
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
2 Shakyawar DB, Kumar Ajay and Raja ASM. 2011. Application of Natural
Dyes on Pashmina Shawls. CSWRI Avikanagar and SKUAST-K, p. 22
(English) 27 (Hindi).
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
SKUAST-K
3 Krofa D 2011. Training manual on Production, processing and utilization
of pashmina fibre. College of Veterinary and Animal Science, CSK
HPKVV, Palampur (HP), p. 133.
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
4 Krofa D 2011. Pashmina ki katai avam bunai (hindi) Pushtika.
Departement of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Sciences,, CSK HPKVV,
Palampur (HP), p. 29.
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
5 Mandial RK, Katoch A and Sharma A. 2011. Pashmina bakri palan ki
samanaya jankari. College of Veterinary and Animal Science, CSK
HPKVV, Palampur (HP), p. 41.
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
6 Mandial RK, Katoch A and Sharma A. 2011. Pashmina ki adhik utpadikta
avam labhpradta (Hindi)-Training pushtika. Departement of Veterinary
Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, CSK HPKVV,
Palampur (HP), p. 26.
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
Page | 98
7 Shakyawar D B, Kumar A Raja A S M, Kadam V V, Pareek P K and
Temani P. 2012. Quality Evaluation and Technologies for Pashmina
Processing & Product Development. Central Sheep and Wool Research
Institute, Avikanagar & SKUAST-K, Srinagar, p 25.
CSWRI
Avikanagar
13. Media Products Developed/Disseminated
S.
No.
CD, Bulletins, Brochures, etc. (Year wise) No. of
Copies
Distribution Responsible
Partner
VEDIOS/CDs
1. Mandial R K, Sharma A, Katoch A and Negi
M. 2010. Production of Chegu Pashmina
Goats. College of Veterinary & Animal
Science, CSKHPKVV, Palampur
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
2. Mandial R K, Sharma A, Katoch A, and Negi
M. 2010. Processing of Pashmina fibre.
College of Veterinary & Animal Science,
CSKHPKVV, Palampur.
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
3. Mandial R K, Sharma A, Katoch A and Negi
M. 2011. Production of Chegu Pashmina Goats
in Himachal Pradesh. College of Veterinary &
Animal Science, CSKHPKVV, Palampur.
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
4. Wani Sarfaraz A, Mandial RK, Sharma A,
Katoch A, Negi, M. 2011 video on
“Production, processing & utilization of
pashmina fibre in Himachal Pradesh” College
of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK
HPKV, Palampur (HP)
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
5 Wani Surfraz A, Mattoo FA, Sheikh, FD and
Sofi Asif H. 2012. Pashmina Production and
utilization before and after intervention. Sher-
e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences
and Technology of Kashmir.
SKUAST-K
6 Shakyawar D B. 2011. Dyeing of pashmina
shawl using Natural dyes. CSWRI,
Avikanagar.
300 250 CSWRI-
Avikanagar
7 Shakyawar D B. 2013. Identification of
Cashmere (Pashmina) Fibre from Processed
Textile Products by PCR-Based Technique.
CSWRI, Avikanagar
200 150 CSWRI-
Avikanagar
Page | 99
Technical Bulletin/Monograph
1 Shakyawar, DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Raja ASM,
Sofi H Asif, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and
Karim SA. 2012. Technologies for Pashmina
Fibre-Processing and Product Development.
Tech. Bull. No. 01, 46 p, CSWRI, Avikanagar
and SKUAST-K.
200 150 CSWRI,
Avikanagar
and SKUAST-
K
Brouchers/Folder/pamphlet
1. Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Raja ASM,
Kumar Ajay, Sofi H Asif, Pareek PK and
Karim SA. 2012. Application of Natural
Colours on Pashmina Shawls. CSWRI,
Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.
200 150 CSWRI,
Avikanagar
and SKUAST-
K
2. Shakyawar DB, Raja ASM, Kumar Ajay,
Pareek PK, Wani Sarfaraz A and Karim SA.
2012. Developments of Machine Spinning
Process for Pashmina Fibre Using PVA and
Nylon as Carrier Fibre. CSWRI, Avikanagar
and SKUAST-K.
200 150 CSWRI,
Avikanagar
and SKUAST-
K
3. Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB,
Mattoo FA, Yaqoob Ishrat and Malik AH.
2013. Fabrication of Table Top Paddle
Operated Charkha. SKUAST-K and CSWRI,
Avikanagar.
500 300 SKUAST-K
and CSWRI,
Avikanagar
4 Kumar Rajiv, Shakyawar DB, Pareek PK,
Prince LLL, Meena S Amar, Kumar Satish,
Raja ASM, Wani Sarfaraz A and Karim SA.
2013. PCR Based Identifictaion of Pashmina
Fibre in Sheep Wool Blends. CSWRI,
Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.
200 150 CSWRI,
Avikanagar
and SKUAST-
K
5 A training manual for scientists on
“Production, processing & utilization of
Pashmina fibre” in English
50
50
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
6 A training manual for farmers on “Pashmina ki
adhik utpadakata avam labhpradta” in Hindi
100 100 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
7 A Kisan Pushtika for farmers namely
“Pashmina Bakri-Palan Ki Samanaya Jankari”
in Hindi
25 25 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
Page | 100
8 A Pushtika for artisans namely “Pashmina Ki
Katai avam bunai” in Hindi
50 50 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
9 Mandial R K. 2011. Anaemia avam Chechak-
Pashmina Bakrion ke janleva rog (Hindi).
Extension leaflet No.1, Department of
Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary &
Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).
200 200 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
10 Mandial R K. 2011. Pashmina Bakrion ka
bimarion se bachaw (Hindi). Extension leaflet
No.2, Department of Veterinary Medicine
College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences,
CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).
200 200 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
11 Sharma Arun. 2011. Pashmina Bakrion mein
poshak tatvon ka mahtav (Hindi). College of
Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV,
Palampur (HP).
200 200 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
12 Katoch A. 2011. Bakrion mein parjave bale
parmukh rog, upchar avam roktham (Hindi).
College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences,
CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).
200 200 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
13 Sharma Ankur. 2011. Bakrion mein pai jane
bale parmukh rog, upchar avam roktham
(Hindi). College of Veterinary & Animal
Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).
200 200 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
14 Gautam S, Mane BG and Krofa D. 2011.
Pashmina utpadan, katai avam gunbatta ka
anklan (Hindi). College of Veterinary &
Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).
200 200 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
15 Gautam S, Mandial R K, 2013. Praktik
rangon dwara Pashmina rangai (Hindi).
Extension folder No. 2, Department of Textile
& Apparel Designing, College of Home
Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP). P-1-4.
200 200 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
16 Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Kumar
Ajay, Kadam VV, Pareek PK and Naqvi SMK.
2014. Development of standard norms for
different qualities of pashmina shawls.
CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.
200 150 CSWRI,
Avikanagar
and SKUAST-
K
17 Shakyawar DB, Raja ASM, Kumar Ajay, 200 150 CSWRI,
Page | 101
Kadam VV, Pareek PK, Wani Sarfaraz A, and
Sofi H Asif. 2014. Innovative technique for
anti-moth finishing of pashmina shawls.
CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.
Avikanagar
and SKUAST-
K
14. Meetings/Seminars/Trainings/Kisan Mela, etc. organized
S.
No.
Details of Meetings/Seminars/
Trainings, etc.
Duration
(From-To)
No. of
Personnel
Trained
Organizer
(Name &
Address)
1 Grazing/Feeding management and
disease control in Pashmina goats at
Kharnak leh.
(one day)
09-08-09
50 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
2 Grazing/Feeding management and
disease control in Pashmina goats at
Gaya Leh.
(one day)
09-08-09
50 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
3 Grazing/Feeding management and
disease control in Pashmina goats at
Chiktan Kargil..
(one day)
09-08-09
50 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
4 Scientific Management of Pashmina
Goat Rearing at Khawoos, Kargil.
(one day)
28-09-09
30 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
5 Scientific Management of Pashmina
Goat Rearing at Prentee Kargil.
(one day)
28-09-09
11 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
6 Scientific Management of Pashmina
Goat Rearing at Tangyar Leh.
(one day)
01-10-09
29 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
7 Scientific Management of Pashmina
Goat Rearing at Lakjung Leh
(one day)
02-10-09
31 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
8 Scientific Management of Pashmina
Goat Rearing at Turtuk Leh.
(one day)
02-10-09
31 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
9 Pashmina Goats Rearing at Kaza (2 days)
11 to
12-10-09
85 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
10 General management of livestocks at
Boodhkharbu Kargil.
(one day)
22-11-09
52 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
11 General management of livestocks at
Bhimbat Kargil.
(one day)
21-11-09
52 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
12 Prevention and control of ectoparasites
at Kharnak Leh.
(one day)
23-11-09
20 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
Page | 102
13 Grazing management at Kharnak Leh (one day)
24-11-09
20 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
14 General management of livestocks at
Shakar Kargil.
(one day)
08-12-09
56 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
15 General management of livestocks at
Chiktan Kargil.
(one day)
08-12-09
51 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
16 Quality Evaluation of Animal Fibres
with special emphasis on Pashmina
Fibre at Srinagar and Avikanagar.
(2 weeks)
4- 17 March
2010
15 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
and
Dr DB Shakyawar
CSWRI
Avikanagar
17 Pasture development & cultivation of
fesque grass for chegu goats at
Langcha
(one day)
24-04-10
10 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
18 Rearing of Chegu goats at Namgia (one day)
26-04-10
15 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
19 Importance of Soil management for
pasture development vis a vis organic
interventions at Kharnak Leh.
(one day)
25-06-2010
20 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
20 Availability and importance of
nonconventional feed resources
available in Changthangi area at
Kharnak Leh.
(one day)
25-06-2010
20 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
21 Nutritional problems in Pashmina goat
and their ameliorative measures at
Kharnak Leh.
(one day)
25-06-2010
20 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
22 Disease and disease conditions in
Pashmina goats and care for improved
health at Kharnak Leh.
(one day)
25-06-2010
20 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
23 Managemental interventions for
improving Pashmina production at
Chushule Leh.
(one day)
27-06-2010
19 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
24 Soil associated problems in
Changthang area and their
management at Chushule Leh.
(one day)
27-06-2010
19 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
Page | 103
25 Potential silvipasture development in
changthang area at Chushule Leh.
(one day)
27-06-2010
19 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
26 Importance of nutrients for fibre
development at Chushule Leh.
(one day)
27-06-2010
19 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
27 Important health problems encountered
in Pashmina goats and their prevention
at Chushule Leh.
(one day)
27-06-2010
19 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
28 Pasture management at Turtuk Leh. (one day)
04-07-2010
33 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
29 Grazing Management for Pashmina
goats at Panikhar Kargil.
(one day)
10-07-2010
23 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
30 Nutrition of Chegu goats at Salkhar (one day)
19-08-2010
42 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
31 Health care and awareness at
Hango&Hurlling
(one day)
20-08-2010
25 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
32 Health care and awareness at Kibber (one day)
23-08-2010
10 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
33 Spinning demonstration on Innovative
Charkha at Khalmulla Takiya
(One day)
04-09-2010
24 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
34 Spinning demonstration on Innovative
Charkha at Pir mohalla Khalmulla
(One day)
04-09-2010
32 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
35 Breeding management of Pashmina
Goats at Bhimhat Kargil.
(one day)
25-09-2010
10 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
36 Breeding management of Pashmina
Goats at Youljuk Kargil.
(one day)
26-09-2010
08 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
37 Breeding management of Pashmina
Goats at Panikhar kargil.
(one day)
26-09-2010
09 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
38 Breeding management of Pashmina
Goats at Khowas Kargil.
(one day)
26-09-2010
06 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
39 Preparation of Feed Block and Mineral
Blocks for Pashmina Goats at ARS
Kargil.
(one day)
27-09-2010
05 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
40 Breeding management of Pashmina
Goats at Sumdoo leh.
(one day)
27-09-2010
38 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
Page | 104
41 Preparation of Feed Block and Mineral
Blocks for Pashmina Goats at RARS,
Leh
(one day)
29-09-2010
10 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
42 Breeding management of Pashmina
Goats at Bodhkharboo Kargil.
(one day)
30-09-2010
11 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
43 Breeding management of Pashmina
Goats at Chiktan Kargil.
(one day)
30.09.2010
15 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
44 Spinning demonstration on Innovative
Charkha at Harwan theed
(One day)
30-09-2010
10 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
45 Spinning demonstration on Innovative
Charkha at Chanpora Nowshahra
(One day)
02-11-2010
10 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
46 Spinning demonstration on Innovative
Charkha at Harwan theed
(One day)
03-11-2010
05 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
47 Health Management of Pashmina
Goats at Drass Kargil.
(one day)
04-12-2010
49 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
48 Health Management of Pashmina
Goats at Chiktan Kargil.
(one day)
05-12-2010
49 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
49 Health Management of Pashmina
Goats at Boodhkharbu Kargil.
(one day)
06-12-2010
48 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
50 Spinning demonstration on Innovative
Charkha at Zoonimar
(One day)
13-12-2010
10 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
51 Health Management of Pashmina
Goats at Turtuk Leh.
(one day)
15-12-2010
34 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
52 Health Management of Pashmina
Goats at Tangyar Leh.
(one day)
16-12-2010
16 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
53 Health Management of Pashmina
Goats at Digger Leh.
(one day)
17-12-2010
20 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
54 Spinning demonstration on Innovative
Charkha at Narwara
(Four days)
24 to 27-12-
2010
10 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
55 Spinning demonstration on Innovative
Charkha at Arhoma
(One day)
03-01-2010
05 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
56 Processing of Pashmina at Sarvari
Bazar Kullu
(One day)
22-01-2011
11 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
57 Processing of Pashmina at Ghod–drod,
Kullu
(One day)
23-01-2011
10 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
Page | 105
58 Technologies for processing of
Pashmina (Weavers) at Avikanagar
(Six days)
13 to 18 Feb
2011
13 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
and
Dr DB Shakyawar
CSWRI
Avikanagar
59 Technologies for processing of
Pashmina (VAS of Kargil) at
Avikanagar
(Six days)
13 to 18 Feb
2011
05 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
and
Dr DB Shakyawar
CSWRI
Avikanagar
60 Application of Natural dyes on
Pashmina at Shuhama, Srinagar
(Three days)
10th to 12
th
March 2011
10 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
and
Dr DB Shakyawar
CSWRI
Avikanagar
61 Processing of Pashmina at Nagar Kullu (Three days)
10-03-11 to
12-03-2011
11 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
62 Processing of Pashmina at Bhunter
Hurla, Kullu
(Three days)
14-03-11 to
16-03-2011
11 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
63 Application of Natural dyes on
Pashmina at Shuhama Srinagar
(Three days)
14th to 16
th
March 2011
13 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
and
Dr DB Shakyawar
CSWRI
Avikanagar
64 Application and utility of management
information system in livestock
production at Shuhama Srinagar
(One week)
16th to 22th
March 2011
9 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
65 Weaving for Design Development
Srinagar
(Five days)
25th March to
29th March
2011
23 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
Page | 106
66 Feeding of Chegu goats at Hango (One day)
07-04-2011
17 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
67 Rearing of Chegu goats at Sumraa (One day)
08-04-2011
36 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
68 Feeding of Chegu goats at Hurlling (One day)
09-04-2011
30 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
69 Economics of Rearing of Goats at
Digger, Leh
(One day)
09-04-2011
33 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST-K
70 Shelter management of goats at
Langcha.
(One day)
10-04-2011
9 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
71 Care of newly born kids at Salkhar (One day)
11-04-2011
13 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
72 Economics of Rearing of Goats at
Turtuk Leh
(One day)
14-04-2011
31 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
73 Spinning Demonstration on Improved
charkha for spinner at Kullu
(One day)
30-05-2011
4 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
74 Hands on Training on Spinning of
Pashmina on NAIP Charkha at
Palampur.
(Seven days)
29 May to 4
June 2011
5 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
and
Dr RK Mandial
CSKHPKVV
palampur
75 Pashmina Production and Management
at Panikhar Kargil.
(One day)
29.07.2011
46 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
76 Pashmina Production and Management
at Shakar and Chiktan
(One day)
31-07-2011
50 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
77 Human Resource development for
routine farm operations for improving
Pashmina Productivity at Srinagar
(2 weeks)
01to13-08-
2011
20 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
78 Processing of Pashmina at Dhakopur
Kullu
(One day)
20-08-2011
12 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
Page | 107
79 Hands on Training on Spinning of
Pashmina on NAIP Charkha at Leh.
(Six days)
14 to 19 Sep
2011
12 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
80 Breeding Management of Pashmina
Goats at Kharnak Leh
(One day)
23-09-2011
26 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
81 Breeding Management of Pashmina
Goats at Tangyar Leh.
(One day)
28-09-2011
26 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
82 Breeding Management of Pashmina
Goats at Nubra Leh
(One day)
29-09-2011
52 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
83 Breeding Management of Pashmina
Goats at Durbok Leh
(One day)
01-10-2011
33 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
84 Breeding Management of Pashmina
Goats at Drass Kargil
(One day)
13-10-2011
31 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
85 Disease and Health Management in
Pashmina goats
(One day)
29-11-2011
27 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
86 Pashmina Goat Management at Karzok (One day)
30-11-2011
51 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
87 Management of Pashmina Goats
during Winter
(One day)
01-12-2011
25 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
88 Disease and Health Management in
Pashmina goats in kargiyam leh
(One day)
06-01-2012
43 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
89 Pashmina Production & Processing at
Palampur
(Two days)
12-03-12 to
13-03-12
6 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
90 Pashmina Production & Processing at
Palampur
(Two days)
14-03-12 to
15-03-12
7 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
91 Spinning of Pashmina on Innovative
Charkha at Srinagar
(Two days)
27 to 28 -03-
2012
20 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
92 Spinning of Pashmina on Innovative
Charkha at Srinagar
(2 days)
29 to 30 -03-
2012
27 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
93 Chegu Production in Himachal
Pradesh
(One day)
06-04-2012
15 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
94 Chegu Production in Himachal
Pradesh
(One day)
07-04-2012
18 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
Page | 108
95 Routine check up and health status of
Chegu goats atTingrit
(One day)
30-05-12
10 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
96 Health care and awareness at Nako (One day)
17-06-2012
27 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
97 Health care and awareness at Langcha (One day)
19-06-2012
10 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
98 Pashmina Hearvesting & Selection of
Bucks for Breeding at Hango
(One day)
07-07-2012
25 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
99 Pashmina Hearvesting & Selection of
Bucks for Breeding at Langcha
(One day)
08-07-2012
27 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
100 Demonstration of harvesting of
Pashmina by Combing at Hangoo, HP
(One day)
08-07-2012
15 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
101 Demonstration of harvesting of
Pashmina by Combing at Tingret HP
(One day)
08-07-2012
13 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
102 Demonstration of harvesting of
Pashmina by Combing at Darchay HP
(One day)
09-07-2012
12 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
103 Demonstration of harvesting of
Pashmina by Combing at Langchay.
(One day)
09-07-2012
20 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
104 Pasture Development for better
pashmina production at langchay
(One day)
09-07-2012
10 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
105 Pashmina Hearvesting & Selection of
Bucks for Breeding at Tingrit
(One day)
09-07-2012
14 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
106 Production of Chegu goats, Prevention
of parasitic infestation in chegu goats
and Harvesting of Pashmina at
Laughja
(One day)
10-07-2012
18 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
Page | 109
107 Two tier system of pasture
development at Hurling
(One day)
10-07-2012
22 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
108 Importance of Pashmina goats at Zara,
Karnak
(One day)
10-07-2012
50 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
109 Importance of Pashmina goats at
Samdoo
(One day)
11-07-2012
40 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
110 Hands on training on Spinning of
pashmina on Innovative Charkha.
(Four days)
8 to 11-08
2012
05 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
111 Chegu goat production in Udaipur (One day)
22-09-2012
17 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
112 Pashmina Hearvesting & Selection of
Bucks for Breeding at Tingrit,Chimrit
& Darcha
(One day)
10-10-2012
16 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
113 Pashmina Hearvesting & Selection of
Bucks for Breeding at Kibber &
Langcha
(One day)
12-10-2012
20 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
114 Health care and awareness at Sumra &
Hurling
(One day)
26-10-2012
14 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
115 Disease and Health Management of
pashmina goats at Kagiyam
(One day)
01-11-2012
47 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
116 Disease and Health Management of
pashmina goats at Digger
(One day)
03-11-2012
49 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
117 Disease and Health Management of
pashmina goats at Turtuk
(One day)
04-11-2012
31 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
118 Disease and Health Management of
pashmina goats at Miru
(One day)
06-11-2012
48 Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
119 Rearing and Production Pashmina
Chegu goats at (Hango& Nako
(One day)
15-04-2013
14 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
120 Technological Intervention in
Dehairing, Identification and
Processing of Pashmina Fibre at Leh
(One day)
19-9-2013
40 Dr DB Shakyawar
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
Page | 110
121 Technological Intervention in
Dehairing, Identification and
Processing of Pashmina Fibre at
Srinagar
(One day)
24-9-2013
40 Dr DB Shakyawar
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani, SKUAST
120 Traning on optimum use of high
altitude resources and implementing
better management practices for higher
profatibility in Pashmina farming at
Pooh
(One day)
06-11-2013
18
Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
123 Traning on optimum use of high
altitude resources and implementing
better management practices for higher
profatibility in Pashmina farming at
(Hurlling)
(One day)
08-11-2013
18
Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
124 Value edddition of Pashmina fibre at
Palampur
(Two days)
12 to
13-11-2013
14 Dr RK Mandial
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
125 PCR based technique for identification
of pashmina fibre.
(Five days)
24 to 28-03-
2014
03 Dr DB Shakyawar
CSWRI
Avikanagar and
Dr Sarfaraz A
Wani SKUAST
15. Participation in Conference/ Meetings/Trainings/ Radio talks, etc.
S.
No.
Details of
Meetings/Seminars/
Trainings/Radio talk, etc.
(Name &Address)
Duration
(From-To)
Budget
(`Rs)
Participant
(Name & Address)
A TRAININGS
1 Wool Technology with
particular emphasis on
Pashmina fibre at Wool
Research Association, Thane
25 days
(03-08-2009
to 27-08-
2009)
20,000 fee
per
participant
Dr. A.H Malik
SKUAST-K, Srinagar
2 Dr. Asif H Sofi
SKUAST-K, Srinagar
3 Miss Ishrat Yaqoob
SKUAST-K, Srinagar
4 Miss Sabia Asmat
Page | 111
SKUAST-K, Srinagar
5 Dr. Dinesh Krofa
CSK HP KVV Palampur
6 Dr. L Ammayapan
CSWRI, Avikanagar
7 Mr. Chaganlal
CSWRI, Avikanagar
8 Dr. T. Morup
SHD Leh
9 Dr. T Namgyal
SHD Leh
10 Remote sensing and GIS
Technology and its application
at NRS Hydrabad
12 weeks
(12 Jul to 25
Sep 2009)
Dr. Nayar Afaq Kirmani
SKUAST-K, Srinagar
11 Production of Animal Fibres
with emphasis on Pashmina
fibre organized by CSWRI at
Avikanagar
21 days
(15 Jan to 5
Feb 2010)
12500/
participant
Dr. Irfan Akram Baba
SKUAST-K, Srinagar
12 Dr. F. D Sheikh
SKUAST-K, Srinagar
13 Dr. H. M Khan
SKUAST-K, Srinagar
14 Dr. Mohd. Yousuf
SHD,Kashmir
15 Dr. Mohd. Sharif
SHD Leh
16 Dr. Zakir Hussain
SHD Leh
17 Dr. P.K Dogra
CSK HP KVV Palampur
18 Dr. Arun Sharma
CSK HP KVV Palampur
19 Dr. Dinesh Krofa
CSK HP KVV Palampur
20 Chhagan Lal,
CSWRI, Avikanagr
21 Remote Sensing especially
Map Making, Gross Land,
Habbit Mapping and vegetation Characterization of
Flora and Fauna at National
Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO,
Dept. of Space, Balangar Hydrabad
12 Days
(31 Jan to 11
Feb2011)
72000/- Dr. F D Sheikh
SKUAST-K, Srinagar
22 Mr. F A Shah Khan SKUAST-K, Srinagar
23 Dr. Gowher Gul
SKUAST-K, Srinagar
24 Dr. Mir Shabir SKUAST-K, Srinagar
25 Dr. Arun Sharma, ,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
Page | 112
26 Dr. Ankur Sharma,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
27 Dr. D. Krofa CSKHPKV, Palampur
28 Dr. Ajay Katoch,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
29 Dr. Mohd. Sharief SHD Leh
30 Dr. Asif Hussain
SHD Leh
31 Dr. Iftikhar Hussain SHD Kargil
32 Dr. Niyaz Ahmed Lone
SHD Kargil
33 Dr. S M Raja CSWRI, Avikanagar
34 Dr. Pawan Kumar Parek
CSWRI, Avikanaagr
35 Technology Forecasting
Methodologies organized by
Indian Agricultural Statistical
Research Institute (IASRI),
New Delhi
5 days
(13th
to 17th
July 2010)
…. Dr Asif H Sofi SKUAST-K
36 Production and utilization of
Pashmina fibre organized by
CSK HP KVV Palampur
7 Days
(1-7th Dec
2010)
7000/- per
participant
Dr. Hilal Musadiq Khan
SKUAST-K
37 Dr. Yasir Afzal
SKUAST-K
38 Dr. Gowher Gul SKUAST-K
39 Ms. Ishrat Yaqub
SKUAST-K
40 Dr. Arun Sharma, CSKHPKV, Palampur
41 Dr. B. G. Mane,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
42 Dr. Ajay Katoch, CSKHPKV, Palampur
43 Dr. Ankur Sharma,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
44 Dr. Manoj Negi, CSKHPKV, Palampur
45 Dr. L. Ammayappan, ,
CSWRI Avikanagar
46 Dr. P. K. Pareekh, CSWRI Avikanagar
Page | 113
47 Nanotechnology:
Opportunities and
Applications in Veterinary
Sciences at Electron
Microscopy and Nanoscience
Laboratory, Punjab
Agricultural University,
Ludhiana.
(6 Days)
7th to 12
th
March, 2011
Dr. Ankur Sharma,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
48 Dr. Ajay Katoch,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
49 Mr. Manoj Negi,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
50 Basic Training on Small
Animal Laparoscopy at Thane
(Mumbai)
(4 Days)
17th to 20
Aug. 2011
Out of a
total of
58,906-/-
Expenditur
e
Dr. Ankur Sharma
CSKHPKV, Palampur
51 Dr. Ajay Katoch,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
52 PCR Based Technique for
identification of Pashmina
fibre at CSWRI Avikanagar
(5 Days)
24 to 28
March 2014
Dr Masood Saleem Mir
SKUAST-K
53 Dr Asif H Sofi
SKUAST-K
54 Dr Zahid Amina Kashoo
SKUAST-K
B Seminars/Conferences
1 International Conference on
“Emerging Trends in
Production, Processing and
Utilization of Natural Fibers
(3 days)
16th -18
th April
2009
---- Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani
SKUAST-K
2 9th Agricultural Science
Congress on Technological
and Institutional innovation for
Enhancing Agricultural
income organized by
SKUAST-K at Srinagar
(3 days)
22th -24th
June 2009
….. Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani
SKUAST-K
3 Dr. Asif H. Sofi
SKUAST-K
4 Dr. M.A Kirmani
SKUAST-K
5 Dr. H. U Malik
SKUAST-K
6 Dr. A.H Malik
SKUAST-K
7 Dr. Nayar Afaq Kirmani
SKUAST-K
8 Miss Masarat Shafi
SKUAST-K
9 Miss Ishrat Yaqub
SKUAST-K
Page | 114
10 Dr. Tanveer Hussain
SKUAST-K
11 An Interactive meet on
Challenges specialty hair
Fibres (Pashmina & angora)
production and prospects of
their utilization organized by
ISSGPU at CSWRI Manili
(1 day)
13th July 2009
----- Dr. M. A. Kirmani
12 National Seminar on
Technological Innovations in
Saffron organized by
SKUAST-K
(2 days)
25-26 Nov
2009
---- Dr. P. K. Pareekh,
CSWRI Avikanagar
13 National Seminar on Stress
Management in small
Ruminants Production and
Product Processing at CSWRI
Avikanagar
(3 days)
29-31 Jan
2010
Rs 2500
per
participant
Dr. H. M Khan
SKUAST-K
14 Dr. Irfan Akram Baba
SKUAST-K
15 Dr. M A Kirmani
SKUAST-K
16 Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani
SKUAST-K
17 Dr. F.A Mattoo
SKUAST-K
18 Mr. F.A Shah Khan
SKUAST-K
19 Dr. F. D Sheikh
SKUAST-K
20 Dr. Mohd. Yousuf
SHD Kargil
21 Dr. Mohd. Sharif
SHD Leh
22 Dr. Zakir Hussain
SHD Leh
23 Dr. P.K Dogra
CSKHPKV, Palampur
24 Dr. Arun Sharma
CSKHPKV, Palampur
25 Dr. Dinesh Krofa
CSKHPKV, Palampur
26 Dr D B Shakyawar,
CSWRI Avikanagr
Page | 115
27 Dr A S M Raja,
CSWRI Avikanagr
28 Dr L Ammayappen,
CSWRI Avikanagr
29 Brain Storming Session at
CHK PH KVV Palampur
(1 day)
20th Oct 2010
---- Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani
SKUAST-K
30 Dr. F.A Mattoo
SKUAST-K
31 39th Textile Research
Symposium organized by
IIT New Delhi and Textile
Science Research Group of
Textile Machinery Society
of Japan
(3 Days)
16th – 18
th Dec
2010
Rs 3832.00 Dr. Asif H Sofi
SKUAST-K
32 National Conference on New
horizons in Animal Breeding
Technologies for accelerating
livestock Production and
Health organized by IVRI,
Bareilly
(2 days)
20 to 21 Jan
2011
Rs 3000.00 Dr. M A Kirmani
SKUAST-K
33 National Seminar on “Rural
Development: Present
Scenario and Future
Challenges” organized by
Youth for Sustainable
Development, an NGO, at
Shimla.
(2 days)
26-27 March
2011
… Dr. Ankur Sharma
34
Seminar on “Advanced
Instrumentation for
Spectroscopy and Elemental
Analysis” organized by
Metrohm India Limited in
collaboration with Analytik
Jena, Germany at Chandigarh.
(1 days)
14 July 2011
… Dr. Ankur Sharma, Asstt.
Professor, CSKHPKV,
Palampur (HP)
35 Dr. Ajay Katoch, Asstt.
Professor, CSKHPKV,
Palampur (HP)
36 Ist J&K Agricultural Science
Congress On Mountain
Agriculture in transition
challenges and ways toward
organized by SKUAST-K at
(3 days)
8th to 10
th Sep
2011
Rs 1000.00
per
participant
Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani
SKUAST-K
37 Dr. H. U Malik
SKUAST-K
38 Dr. A.H Malik
SKUAST-K
Page | 116
39 Srinagar Dr. H. M Khan
SKUAST-K
40 Dr. F. D Sheikh
SKUAST-K
41 Miss Ishrat Yaqub
SKUAST-K
42 International conference on
“Emerging Trends On Food
and Health Security In Cold
Deserts” organized by
Defence Institute of High
Altitude Research, DRDO at
Leh
(3 days)
23rd
to 25th
Sept. 2011
---- Dr. Ankur Sharma,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
43 Dr. Ajay Katoch,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
44 Mr. Manoj Negi,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
45 National Seminar on Prospect
and Retrospect of Small
Ruminants and Rabbit
Production – contribution to
Scio-economic status
organized by ISSGPU at
CSWRI Avikanagar
(3 days)
7thto9
th Dec
2011
Rs 3500.00 Dr. R.K. Mandial
CSKHPKV, Palampur
46 Mr. Manoj Negi,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
47 Dr. Asif H Sofi
SKUAST-K
48 National Conference on
Demonstration options for
improved Livelihood
security in disadvantaged
areas of India organized by
NAIP at Indra Gandhi Krishi
Vishwa Vidilaya Raipur
(2 days)
20th to 21th
Jan 2012
----- Dr. Sarfaraz A wani
SKUAST-K
49 30th annual convention of
Indian Society for Veterinary
Medicine and National
Symposium on “Animal
Health vis-à-vis Animal
Welfare with application of
Biotechnology with special
reference to North-Eastern
Region” held at College of
Veterinary Sciences & Animal
Husbandry, Central
Agricultural University,
Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram.
(3 days)
1st to 3
rd Feb.
2012
---- Dr. R.K. Mandial
CSKHPKV, Palampur
50 Dr. Ankur Sharma,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
51 Dr. Ajay Katoch,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
Page | 117
52 National Seminar on Indian
Agriculture : Present situation,
challenges, remedies and road
map” organized by Youth for
Sustainable Development
Shimla, an NGO, held at CSK
HPKV Palampur.
(2 Days)
4-5Aug, 2012
---- Dr. Ajay Katoch,
CSK HP KVV Palampur
53 Dr. Ankur Sharma
CSK HP KVV Palampur
54 Annual conference and
National Seminar on Future
Challenges and Opportunities
to Improve Health and
Production of Small
Ruminants Organized by
ISSGPU at CIRG Mukhdoom
(2 days)
22to23 Dec,
2012.
Rs 3500.00
per
participant
Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani,
SKUAST-K
55 Dr. Shabir A Wani,
SKUAST-K
56 Dr. Hilal Musadiq Khan,
SKUAST-K
57 Dr. Masood Saleem Mir,
SKUAST-K
58 Dr. FD Sheikh,
SKUAST-K
59 Dr. Asif H Sofi,
SKUAST-K
60 Dr. DB Shakyawar
CSWRI Avikanagar
61 Dr. ASM Raja
CSWRI Avikanagar
62 Dr. Vinod
CSWRI Avikanagar
63 National Symposium on
Advances in Veterinary
Medicine and its Specialities
for Augemented productivity
and Health: Issues and
strategies in farm and
campanion animals Organised
by College of Veterinary
Sciences & Animal
Husbandry, NDPCVV at
Mhow (MP)
(3 days)
9-11 Jan 2013
--- Dr. H U Malik
SKUAST-K
64 National Seminar on New
Paradigms in Livestock
Production: From Traditional
to Commercial Farming and
(3 days)
Jan 28-30,
2013.
--- Dr. Hilal Musadiq Khan,
SKUAST-K
65 Dr. Masood Saleem Mir,
SKUAST-K
Page | 118
Beyond and XXth Annual
Convention of Indian Society
of Animal Production and
Management organized by
Indian Society of Animal
Production and Management
and Livestock Production and
Management, at NDRI Karnal
66 National symposium on
emerging challenges and
opportunities in veterinary
immunology and
biotechnology for improved
animal health and production.
Held at CSKHPKV, Palampur
(HP)
(3 days)
11th to 13
th
Nov 2013
80,650 Dr. Ankur Sharma,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
67 Dr. Ajay Katoch,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
68 Mr. Manoj Negi,
CSKHPKV, Palampur
Page | 119
16. Foreign Trainings/ Visits Undertaken
S.
No
Name,
Designation and Address of
the Person
Place of
Training
Area of
Training
Time and
Duration
Total Cost
(lakhs`)
1 Dr. Sarfaraz a Wani,
Dean FVSc & AH
SKUAST-K Shuhama,
Srinagar-190006 (J&K) India
Deakin
University,
Geelong
Australia
Processing
of Pashmina
Fibre
(15 days)
24th Jan to
8th Dec
2010
2,26,185.00
2 Dr. D B Shakyawar
Head
Division of TMTC
CSWRI Avikanagar,
Jaipur India
2,15,000.00
3 Dr. R.K Mandial
Professor & Head
Division of Veterinary
Medicine, CSK HP KVV
Palampur
Texas
A & M,
University,
College
Station,
Texas
(USA)
Allele
Mining and
Identifying
Genes
responsible
for
economic
traits in
goats
(35 days)
11th Nov to
15 Dec
2013.
5,36,000.00
4 Dr. F.D Sheikh
Assistant Professor
HIMARI, Stakna Leh
5,59,252.42
Page | 120
17. Performance Indicators (from inception to completion)
S. No. Indicator Total No.
1. No. of production technologies released and/or adopted 5
2. No. of processing technologies released and/or adopted 7
3. Number of technologies/products commercialized based on NAIP research -
4. No. of new rural industries/enterprises established/ upgraded 96
5. No. of product groups for which quality grades developed and agreed -
6. Total no. of private sector organizations (including NGOs) participating in
consortium 15
7. No. of farmers involved in consortia activities 374
8. Total number of farmers‟ group developed for marketing and processing -
9. Number of patent/intellectual property protection applications filed based
on NAIP research 02
10. Number of patents/intellectual property protections granted/published
based on NAIP research -
11. Number of scientists trained overseas in the frontier areas of science 2
12. Number of scientists trained overseas in consortium-based subject areas 2
13. No. of scientists participated in conference/seminar etc. abroad
14. No. of training organized/ farmers trained Training
Farmers
124 2933
15. Success stories 25
16. Number of novel tools/protocols/methodologies developed 05
17. Publications
Articles in NAAS rated journals 14
Articles in other journals 06
Book(s) -
Book chapter(s) 03
Thesis 07
Popular article(s) (English) 01
Newspaper article(s) -
Seminar/Symposium/Conference/Workshop Proceedings 64
Technical bulletin(s) 01
Manual(s) 07
CDs/Videos 07
Popular article(s) in other language -
Folder/Leaflet/Handout 17
Report(s) -
Page | 121
18. Assets Generated
(Details to be given on equipments and works undertaken in the sub-project, costing more than ` 10,000/- in each case)
(i) Equipment/ Vehicles/ Research Facilities
S.
No.
Name of the Equipment with
Manufacturers Name, Model
and Sr. No.
Year of
Purchase
Quantity
(Nos.)
Total cost
(Lakhs)
Responsible
Partner
SKUAST-K
1 Portable Shearing Machine
Make: Heiginer, Swiss Model:
Saphir/S-12
2010 04 3,23,460.00 SKUAST-K
2 Fiber Scan (Phenom FP 3950)
(Incomplete Installation, legal
Notice issued)
2010 01 4998628.00 SKUAST-K
3 Universal Tensile Tester
(Make: Lloyd/LR-SKN)
2010 &
2011
01 16,57,305.00 SKUAST-K
4 Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer
(Make: GBC/Model: SENSAA
Dual; S.No: 12111GBC)
2010
01 25,19,715.00
SKUAST-K
5 Fabric Fastness Tester
(Make: Q-sun;Model: XE-1-S;
S.No:10-0391-33-X1S)
2010 01 14,70,363.00 SKUAST-K
6 Mobile Feed Block Machine
(Make: IARI)
2010 02 11,40,911.00 SKUAST-K
7 Automatic Vaccinator
(Make: NASCO)
2010 15 1,86,000.00 SKUAST-K
8 Mobile training cum exhibition
unit along with accessories
(Make: Tata Motors
Chandigarh/Tata LP 1613 /42697
BSII)
2010 01 20,38,285.00 SKUAST-K
9 Water booster Kit
(Make: Premier; Model: JP-6
2010 01 39,750.00 SKUAST-K
10 Computer with accessories
(Make: HCL)
2009 05 4,93,093.00 SKUAST-K
11 Ermoscope
(Make: Radical; Model: XLR-
2011 01 506235.00 SKUAST-K
Page | 122
41T,S.No: 32640)
12 Handy cam
Make: Sony; HDR – XR100E;
S.No: 62550)
2009 01 49,150.00 SKUAST-K
13 Digital camera
(Make: Sony/ DSC – W270
S.No: 8686878 )
2009 02 1,08869.00 SKUAST-K
14 SLR Camera
(Make: Sony; Model: 823-SLR;
S.No: 5842048)
2009 02 75,600.00 SKUAST-K
15 Digital electronic hook
(Make: Citizen
Model: HA-hook)
2009 01 11,812.00 SKUAST-K
16 Electric Generator (5 KVA)
(Make:Trinity
Model: Lambordine)
2010 01 2,18,272.00 SKUAST-K
17 Soil Testing Kit
(Make: Labtronics/
Model: 59)
2009 01 29,025.00 SKUAST-K
18 Global positioning system
(Make: Garmin, USA
Model: 76 CSX)
2010 04 1,79,100.00 SKUAST-K
19 Hybridization oven standard type
(Make: labnet)
Model: Problot/L12S-2
S. No: 11005507
2010 03 4,80,263.00 SKUAST-K
20 Laminar Air flow
(Make: Narang/
Model: NSW -201)
2010 01 1,62,787.00 SKUAST-K
21 Sox Tech (Make: Velp scientific;
Model: SER 148/6
S. No: 166354)
2010 01 6,47,331.00 SKUAST-K
22 De-hairing unit
(Make: Newtex; Model: 85-C)
2010 01 13,18,964.00 SKUAST-K
23 Gel Documentation system
(Make: Syngen/
Model: 6-Box
S.No: SYDR4/2691
2010 01 8,78,116.00 SKUAST-K
Page | 123
24 Shaker cum incubator
(Make: 1 KA/KS4000 I)
2010 01 4,68,982.00 SKUAST-K
25 Alchrome electrophoresis system
& accessories
(Make: Elchrome Scientifics
Model: 2100;S.No: 1791109)
2010 01 4,98,138.00 SKUAST-K
26 Bio-freezer (–80 0C)
(Make: Ilshin/
Model: Skadi-DF8517 GL
S.No: N1J0646)
2010 01 4,39,463.00 SKUAST-K
27 Microscope (Zoom skin)
(Make: Olympus;
Model: CX21FSI
S.No: 8F11089)
2010 01 70,875.00 SKUAST-K
28 Air conditioner
(Make: LG/Model: LS-
K2662QH.ANP15DL -II)
2009 04 1,74,000.00 SKUAST-K
29 Humidifier
(Make: Bell India; Model:218)
2010 01 25,875.00 SKUAST-K
30 Cryocan
(Make: IOC ISO 9001)
2010 03 1,45,970.00 SKUAST-K
31 Drapability digital tester
(Make: Innolab)
2010 01 4,92,279.00 SKUAST-K
32 Yarn count Tester digital
(Make: Paramount
Model: FX-300GD
S.No: 15705688)
2011 01 1,40,625.00 SKUAST-K
33
Stiffness tester
(Make: Paramount
S.No: 703/10/2011)
2011 01 3,71,250.00 SKUAST-K
34 Hot air oven
(Make: Temp star/ Model: KL-
103; S.No: 845, 846 & 847))
2010 03 1,18,125.00 SKUAST-K
35 Muffle furnace
(Make: Bell India
Model: B1-250)
2010 02 55,125.00 SKUAST-K
36
Electronic Analytical balance
(Make: Sartorius
Model: BSA423S
2010 01 1,50188.00 SKUAST-K
Page | 124
S.No: 24791828)
37 Electronic Analytical balance
(Make: Schmadzu
Model: AX200
S.No: D432612879)
2010 01 65,000.00 SKUAST-K
38 Fiber Tech (set of 4)
(Make: Velp scientific
Model: F30520200
S.No: 166781)
2010 01 3,69,133.00 SKUAST-K
39 RT PCR
(Make: Qiagen
Model: Rotar Gene Q
S.No: R0513119
2014 01 16,17,514.00 SKUAST-K
40 Software based Gel Image
Analyser
(Make: Aplegen
Model: Omega Lum GCW
S.No: C1113B.2 3.1)
2014 01 12,20,897.00 SKUAST-K
41 Digital Autoclave
(Make: Neoclave
Model: JSAX-60
S.No: 131118-13
2014 01 5,22,423.00 SKUAST-K
42 Gel electrophoresis system
Make: Atto Corporation Japan
Model: AE-8135
S.No: 5110507
2014 01 2,02,500.00 SKUAST-K
43 Refrigerated Centrifuge
Make: Eppendrof
Model: 5804R
S.No: 5805CN964799
2014 01 10,70,000.00 SKUAST-K
44 Bioanalyser
Make: Eppendrof
Model: D30
S.No: 6133CJ800258
2014 01 5,50,000.00 SKUAST-K
45 Gradient Thermal Cycler
Make: Eppendrof
Model: Nexus GSX1
S.No: 6331CN505157
2014 01 2,90,000.00 SKUAST-K
Page | 125
CSWRI AVIKANAGAR
1 Fast (Fabric Assurance for simple
testing) (1 set)
Make: ITEC Innovation Ltd.
Model 205b
2011 01 2167306.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
2 Carding Machine
New Tex Mechanical Works
Ludhiyana
2010 01 535000.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
3 Combing and Gilling Machine
New Tex Mechanical Works
Ludhiyana
2011 01 545000.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
4 Computer with accessories
Make: Dell Modal desktop 78h
84b5
2010 01 51536.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
5 Laptop with accessories
Make: Dell, Model inspiron i5,
4GB, 320 GB
2010 01 37499.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
6 Air Conditioner (2 No.)
2.0 Ton carrier dracool plus solit
AC (Hitachi)
2010 02 65530.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
7 Humidifier (Mac) 2010 02 41456.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
8 Improved hand/power looms (Stol
Handloom-1, Ladies shawl
handloom-2, Gents shawl
handloom-1)
2009 04 59600.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
9 Universal testing Strength
machine; Make Instron
Model 5965
2014 01 2748900.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
10 Single yarn strength tester
Make Ametek
Model LS1-E
2014 01 1611000.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
11 Infra red colour dyeing machine
Make Texcare Industries
Ghaziabad Model 12SS-316
2014 01 175200.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
12 UV visible Spectro photometer
Systronics (India) Ltd.
Ahmedabad ; Model AU2701
2014 01 346500.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
Page | 126
13 FT-IR Spectro photometer
Make BRUKER OPTIK
Model Alpha-T
2014 01 1160775.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
14 Pill box tester
Make Prolific Engineers, Noida
2014 01 176700.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
15 Abrasion tester, dynamic loading
tester, tuft withdrawal tester
Make Prolific Engineers, Noida
2014 01 743850.00 CSWRI
Avikanagar
CSK HP KVV PALAMPUR
1 Feed Block Machine
(Prototype manufacturing scheme
division of agriculture
engineering-IARI, Pusa, New
Delhi-110012 INDIA)
(Model- Diesel engine )
2010 01 4,87400.00 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
2 Drenching gun
(National meditek B-2, DSIDC,
Industrial complex near Metro
Station, Delhi, INDIA)
(Model -Automatic )
2010 01 24,980.00 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
3 Automatic vaccinator
(National meditek B-2, DSIDC,
Industrial complex near Metro
Station, Delhi, INDIA)
(Model -Automatic )
2010 01 27,549.00 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
5 Microscopic zoom
(Olympus India Pvt. Ltd. A-3,
Sector 81, Phase II Noida, UP,
INDIA)
(Model- Olympus MSZ-TR
Trinocular )
2010 01 93,926.00 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
6 Computer with accessories
(M/S Computeck System 8-B,
HRTC, Complex, New Bus Stand,
Palampur –HP- 176061 INDIA)
(Model-HP Compact DC -7900)
2010 01 43,169.00 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
7 Digital camera
(M/S Melody House Agencies,
SC, 095, Opposite Neelam
2010 01 26,012.00 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
Page | 127
Cinema, Sector-17, Chandigarh,
INDIA)
(Model-Sony DSC –H 50)
8 Handicam
(M/S Melody House Agencies,
SC, 095, Opposite Neelam
Cinema, Sector-17, Chandigarh,
INDIA)
(Model-Sony HDR –X E 100)
2010 01 37,900.00 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
9 Electric generator
(Kiloskar Electric Co. Ltd.
P.B. No 5555, Malleswaram west
Bangalore-560055 INDIA
(Model-Kirloskar )
2010 01 1,01,250.00 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
10 Camping equipement with
accessories
(Feamat Camping Equipments, 41,
Industrial Area, P.O. Shamshi,
Kullu –HP- INDIA)
(Model-Indigenous)
2010 01 1,69,000.00 CSK HP KVV
Palampur
(ii) Works
S.
No.
Particulars of the Work,
Name and Address of Agency
Awarded the Work
Year of
Work Done
Quantity
(Nos.)
Total Cost
(Lakhs)
Responsible
Partner
1 Renovation / construction of
Pashmina Testing laboratory
2011 01 16,00000.00
SKUAST-K
Srinagar
2 Renovation of laboratory 2010 03 2,57,500.00 CSK HP KKV
Palampur 3 Electric work in NAIP
laboratory
2010 01 25,000.00
4 Renovation of research
laboratories (Testing and
chemistry lab.)
2009 02 1,99,986.00 CSWRI-
Avikanagar
5 Renovation of pashmina Goat
enclosures by replacing fencing
and angle iron at Pashmina
Goat Breeding Farm Upshi
2011 02 3,00000.00 SHD Leh
Page | 128
6 Construction of Pashmina goat
Paddocks at Pashmina Goat
Farm Khangriyal, Kargil.
2010 02 3,00000.00 SHD Kargil
(iii) Livestock
*Distributed among beneficiary farmers
S.
No.
Details of Livestock*
(Breed, etc.)
Year of
Procurement/
Production
Nos. Total Cost
(lacs)
Responsible
Partner
1 Changthangi Pashmina
goats
2009 777 21,43,424 SKUAST-K
2 Changthangi Pashmina
goats
2010 441 13,57,780
3 Chegu Pashmina Goats 2009 53 1,22,800 CSK HP KKV
Palampur 4 Chegu Pashmina Goats 2010 318 7,79,853
Page | 129
iv) Revenue Generated
S.
No.
Source of Revenue Year Total amount
(Rs)
Responsible
Partner
1 Tender document fee 2009-10 23500.00 SKUAST-K
2013-14 10000.00
Sub-Total 33500.00
2 Intrest earned 2009-10 104259.00
2010-11 7335.00
2011-12 404975.00
2012-13 24837.00
2013-14 41962.00
2014-15 39813.00
Sub-Total 623181.00
3 Sale of product (Pashmina Shawls/stols) 2010-11 14700.00
2011-12 63800.00
2012-13 65350.00
2013-14 90938.00
2014-15 10000.00
Sub-Total 244788.00
4 10% cost of livestock and Auction of Animals
2009-10 197192.00
2010-11 33242.00
2011-12 28049.00
2012-13 39737.00
Sub-Total 298220.00
5 10% cost of Charkha 2010-11 20750.00
2011-12 4250.00
Sub-Total 25000.00
6 10 % cost of loom 2010-11 6750.00
2011-12 54000.00
Sub-Total 60750.00
7 10% cost of warp 2011-12 12000.00
Sub-Total 12000.00
Page | 130
8 Sale of Pashmina fibre 2011-12 150365.00
2012-13 266250.00
2013-14 126000.00
2014-15 31600.00
Sub-Total 574215.00
9 Sale of Pashmina yarn 2011-12 12200.00
Sub-Total 12200.00
10 Dehairing charges 2011-12 200.00
Sub-Total 200.00
11 Earnings on sale of charkha 2014-15 105947.00
Sub-Total 105947.00
TOTAL (A) 1990001.00
1 Sale of Pashmina Products 2011-12 12400.00 CSWRI- Avikanagar
2012-13 52850.00
2013-14 31650.00
TOTAL (B) 96900.00
1 10% cost of livestock 2010-11 65125.00 CSK HP KVV
Palampur 2011-12 7785.00
2012-13 6580.00
Sub-Total 79490.00
2 Sale of Mannure 2011-12 1100.00
2012-13 1100.00
Sub-Total 2200.00
TOTAL (C) 81690.00
GRAND TOTAL 2168591.00
Page | 131
19. Awards and Recognitions
S.
No.
Name,
Designation,
Address of
the Person
Award/ Recognition (with Date) Institution/
Society
Facilitating
(Name &
Address)
Responsible
Partner
1. Dr. Sarfaraz A
Wani
Dean,
FVSc & AH
SKUAST-K
Srinagar
Best Paper Presentation Award for
Paper entitled “Pashmina Production
in India-Present Status and Future
Prospective during an Interactive
meet on “Challenges in Specialty
Fibres (Pashmina and Angoora)
Production and Prospects of their
Utilization” on 13th July 2009.
Central Sheep
and Wool
Research
Institute Kullu
HP /ISSGPU.
SKUAST-K
2 Dr. Sarfaraz A
Wani
Dean,
FVSc & AH
SKUAST-K
Srinagar
Best Poster Presentation Award (Ist
Prize) for Research Paper entitled
“Comparative Study on Quality of
Pashmina Yarn Spun on Traditional
and Innovative Charkha during Ist
J&K Agricultural Science and
Congress on “Mountain Agriculture
in Transition-Challenges and way-
forward between 8th -10
th Sep 2011.
SKUAST-K,
Srinagar
SKUAST-K
and CSWRI
Avikanagar
3 Dr. Ankur
Sharma
Scientist
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
Consolation prize in Poster
presentation during an International
Conference on “Emerging Trends on
Food and Health Security In Cold
Deserts” held at Leh between 23-
25Sep 2011
Defense
Institute of High
Altitude
Research,
DRDO--Leh
CSK HP KVV
Palampur
4 Dr ASM Raja
Senior Scientist
CSWRI
Avikanagar
Best published Paper Award entitled “Production and Performance of
Pure cashmere Shawl fabric using
machine Spun yarn by Nylon
Dissolution Process” The Indian Journal of Small Ruminants during
2011.
ISSGPU CSWRI
Avikanagar
5 Dr Hilal M
Khan
Associate
Professor
SKUAST-K
Best Poster Presentation Award (II
Prize) for Research Paper entitled
“Hematological Attributes of
Changthangi Goats reared Under
Pastoral System and Farm
CIRG
Mukhdoom/
ISSGPU
SKUAST-K
Page | 132
Conditions in Ladakh” during
Annual conference and National
Seminar on Future Challenges and
Opportunities to Improve Health and
Production of Small Ruminants
between Dec 22 to 23 2012.
6 Dr Hilal M
Khan
Associate
Professor
SKUAST-K
Best Poster Presentation Award (III
Prize) for Research Paper entitled
“Prevalance of Coccidial (Eimeria
Spp.) infection in Changthangi
Pashmina Goats” during Three days
National Seminar on “New
Paradigms in Livestock Production:
From Traditional to Commercial
Farming and Beyond” and XXth
Annual Convention of Indian
Society of Animal Production and
Management between Jan 28-30,
2013.
NDRI Karnal/
Indian Society
of Animal
Production and
Management
and Livestock
Production and
Management,
SKUAST-K
20. Steps Undertaken for Post NAIP Sustainability
1. As far as the expansion of Pashmina Goat Rearing area to Non-Traditional Areas is concerned, the post
project sustainability steps have already been taken which include:
Sheep Husbandry Department Kashmir has taken up the the project areas in NT areas of Leh and Kargil.
Further after getting inputs from the Development Department about the NAIP success in Kargil, Central
Wool Development Board has sanctioned another project for further expansion of pashmina goat rearing
area to NT areas of Kargil worth Rs 200.00 lacs. Hundred more units are envisaged to be established
under the CWDB project.
CWDB has also sanctioned different scheme for pashmina Development to Sheep Husbandry
Development Department Kargil worth 500.00 lacs
All India Coordinated Research project (AICRP) on pashmina has been sanctioned by the ICAR to
SKUAST-K for pashmina development in the area.
2. The steps have already been taken up for the popularization of the Innovative Charkha developed under NAIP.
These include:
Different organizations have already taken NAIP Innovative Charkha for propagation in the field viz;
Kashmir Silk Producers Cooperative Ltd Soura (50), Handloom Development Department Magermal
bagh, Srinagar (7), Numani Welfare Trust, Srinagar (8) Handloom Development Department, Ganderbal
(1), Mountain Agriculture Research and Extension Station, Gurez Gurez (80) and High Mountain and
Agricultural Research Institute Leh (50).
Page | 133
Department of Science and Technology, GOI has sanctioned another project entitled “Enhancement of
livelihood security of Pashmina spinners through popularization of innovative charkha” worth 29.84 lacs.
200 more beneficiary spinners will be covered under the project.
Two Self Help Groups of spinners (one each at Shuhama and Khalmulla) have been formed through
NGO‟s Coordination Federation of J&K. Financial assistance of Rs 10,000 each to 31 beneficiary
spinners of shuhama and Khulmula area under the DRI scheme of J&K Bank has been provided for
purchase of innovative charkha, raw material and solar light.
The mission of replacement of traditional charkha with innovative charkha stands formulated by the
NGO‟s Coordination Federation of J&K. Under the scheme, 5000 women spinners are expected to be
covered during 2014/15.
3. A component on pashmina fibre is included in consortia approach/platform on Natural fibre which is under
active consideration during XII Action plan.
4. All the technologies developed in the Project have been already taken up by the farmers and Development
Departments.
21. Possible Future Line of Work
Conservation/Development of germplasm centres.
Omics based approach for charcterisation of pashmina goats and pashmina fibre.
Development of elite pashmina buck farms.
Studying the adaptability of pashmina goats further in other non-traditional areas of Leh, Kargil, Kashmir
and HP.
Research on diagnosis and development of vaccines against CCPP and control measures.
Study on emerging disease profile of pashmina goats.
Pasture development.
Further improvisation of Handloom.
Diversified utilization of Pashmina for apparel application such as suiting/ kids/ladies knitwear in blended
form with polyester or nylon.
Page | 134
22. Personnel
Name of the Offical From – To
Research Management (CL)
Dr. M. A. Kirmani
Professor Animal Genetics & Breeding, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
28/02/2011
Dr Shafiq A Wani
Director Research, SKUAST-K
28/02/2011to
31/03/2014
Scientific (CPI, CCPI, others)
Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad Wani
Dean, FVSc & AH, SKUAST-K,
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. M. A. Kirmani
Professor Division of Animal Genetics & Breeding, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009
to 28/02/2011
Dr. Farooq Ahmad Mattoo
Professor & Head Division of Animal Nutrition, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
06/09/2012
Dr. H.U. Malik
Professor & Head Division of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. M M Darzi
Professor & Head, Division of Veterinary Pathology, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Nazir A Ganai
Professor & Head, Division of Animal Biotechnology, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. A.H. Malik
Professor, Division of Livestock Products Technology, SKUAST-K.
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Hilal Musadiq Khan
Associate Professor & Incharge MRCSG,SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr Masood Saleem Mir
Associate Professor, Division of Veterinary Pathology, SKUAST-K,
05/11/2011 to
31/03/2014
Dr. F D Sheikh
Junior Scientist (Animal Sciences),HIMARI, SKUAST-K,
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Nayar Afaq Kirmani
Junior Scientist ,Division of Soil Science, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Mr. F. A. Shah Khan
Junior Scientist, HIMARI, SKUAST-K,
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr B K Kakati
Subject Matter Specialist, KVK Kargil, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
Dr. G Mandal
Subject Matter Specialist, KVK Kargil, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
Mrs. Sabia Asmat
Subject Matter Specialist, KVK Kargil, SKUAST-K
01/06/2009 to
Page | 135
Dr. Asif. H. Sofi
Junior Scientist , Division of Livestock Products Technology, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Nasir Hussain
Assistant Professor, SKUAST-K
28/01/2009 to
Dr Zahid Amin Kashoo
Junior Scientist, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology,
SKUAST-K
10/05/2012 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Gowher Gul
Junior Scientist, MLRI, SKUAST-K
01/07/2010 to
01/07/2011
Dr. Nazir A Bumla
Subject Matter Specialist, KVK Kargil, SKUAST-K
10/06/2013 to
31/03/2014
Dr. R. K. Mandial
Professor & Head, Division of Veterinary Medicine, CSKHPKV Palampur
27/07/2010 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Ankur Sharma, Asstt. Professor
Vet. Medicine, CSKHPKV Palampur
27/07/2010 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Ajay Katoch,
Asstt. Professor, Veterinary Medicine, CSKHPKV Palampur
27/07/2010 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Sanjeet Katoch, Dean,
COVAS, CSK HP KVV Palampur
28/01/ 2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Y. P. Thakur, Professor
Deptt. of LPM, CSKHPKV Palampur
28/01/ 2009 to
26 July 2010
Dr. P.K. Dogra, Head
Deptt. of LPM, CSKHPKV Palampur
28/01/ 2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Sapna Gautam,
Head Deptt. of Textile and Aparel Designing, COHS, CSKHPKV Palampur
28/01/ 2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. M.S Pathania,
Scientist, Deptt. of Agri. Economics. COA, CSKHPKV Palampur
28/01/ 2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Arun Sharma, Asstt. Professor
CSKHPKV Palampur (HP)
28/01/ 2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr. Ankur Sharma, Asstt. Professor
Veterinary Medicine, CSKHPKV Palampur (HP)
27/07/2010 to
31/03/2014
Dr D B Shakyawar
Principal Scientist and Head, Division of TMTC CSWRI- Avikanagar
28/01/2009 to
31/03/2014
Dr A S M Raja
Scientist, Division of TMTC CSWRI- Avikanagar
28/01/2009 to
14/06/2013
Dr L Ammappayan
Scientist, Division of TMTC CSWRI- Avikanagar
28/01/2009 to
04/01/2011
Er Ajay Kumar
Scientist, Division of TMTC CSWRI- Avikanagar
04/01/2011 to
31/03/2014
Page | 136
Er Vinod Kadam,
Scientist, Division of TMTC CSWRI- Avikanagar
15/06/2013 to
31.03.2014
Contractual
(CPI, CCPI, others)
Miss Ishrat Yaqoob
Research Associate, SKUAST-K, Srinagar
Mar 2009 to
Mar 2014
Dr Tanvir Hussain Malik
Research Associate, SKUAST-K, Srinagar
Mar 2009 to
Dec 2009
Dr. Nissar Hussain Bhat
Research Associate, SKUAST-K, Srinagar
May 2010 to
Nov 2012
Dr. Imtiyaz Mantoo
Research Associate, SKUAST-K, Srinagar
Mar 2013 to
Jun 2013
Dr. Altaf Hussain Sofi
Research Associate, SKUAST-K, Srinagar
Jul 2013 to
Mar 2014
Dr. Irfan Akram Baba
Senior Research Fellow, SKUAST-K, Srinagar
Sep 2009 to
Apr 2010
Dr. Shazia Majeed
Senior Research Fellow, SKUAST-K, Srinagar
Mar 2011 to
Jun 2011
Dr. Qusina Beigh
Senior Research Fellow, SKUAST-K, Srinagar
Sep 2011 to
Apl 2012
Dr. Sonam Dolkar
Senior Research Fellow, SKUAST-K, Srinagar
May 2012 to
Aug 2012
Dr. Pervaiz Ahmad Dar
Senior Research Fellow, SKUAST-K, Srinagar
Dec 2012 to
Mar 2014
Dr. Manoj Kumar Negi
Senior Research Fellow, CSK HP KVV Palampur
July 2009 to
Mar 2014
Dr. Chhagan Lal, Research Associate
CSWRI- Avikanagar
Mar 2009 to
Oct 2009
Dr. P K Pareek, Research Associate
CSWRI- Avikanagar
Feb 2010 to
Mar 2014
Page | 137
23. Governance, Management, Implementation and Coordination
A. Composition of the various committees (CIC, CAC, CMU, etc.)
S.No Committee
Name
Chairman
(From-To)
Members
(From-To)
1. CIC Dr. M. A. Kirmani
Professor Animal Genetics &
Breeding, SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 28 Feb 2011)
Dr Shafiq A Wani
Director Research, SKUAST-K
(28 Feb 2011 to 31st March 2014)
Dr M.A.Gora
Registrar, SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 2nd April 2011)
Dr F A Zaki
Registrar, SKUAST-K
(2nd April 2011 to 19 Feb 2014)
Mr. Mohammad Akram Dar
Comptroller SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 01 Sep 2011)
Mr. Parviz Sajad Sofi
Comptroller SKUAST-K
(01 Sep 2011 to 31st March 2014)
Dr. Farooq A Mattoo
Associate Director Research and
Head Division of Animal Nutrition
(Co-PI), SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 06 Sep 2012)
Dr. Y.P Thakur
Professor Animal Genetics &
Breeding (Co-PI-2)
CSK HP KVV, Palampur
(28 Jan 2009 to 26 July 2010)
Dr RK Mandial
Professor & Head
Division of Veterinay Medicine
(Co-PI-2) CSK HP KVV, Palampur
(26 July 2010 to 31st March 2014)
Dr. D. B. Shakyawar
Senior Scientist and Head,
Division of TMTC CSWRI-
Avikanagar (Co-PI-3)
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014).
Page | 138
Dr. Tsering Phuntsog
District Sheep Husbandry Officer,
Leh (Co-PI-4)
(28 Jan 2009 to 31 Oct 2011)
Dr P Angchuk
District Sheep Husbandry Officer,
Leh (Co-PI-4)
(01 Nov 2011 to 29 Sep 2012)
Dr. Mohammad Sharief
District Sheep Husbandry Officer,
Leh (Co-PI-4)
(30 Sep 2012 to 31st March 2014)
Dr. Sarfaraz A. Wani
CPI, SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)
2. CAC Dr. G.M. Khan
Ex. Director,
Sheep Husbandry Dept. Kashmir
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)
Mr. Abdul Aziz Mir
Retired Associate Director,
Regional Agricultural Research
Station, SKUAST-K Leh, Ladakh
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)
Mr. Abdul Hamid Punjabi
Pashmina Shawl Manufacturer and
Exporters, Srinagar
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)
Ms. Khatoon Bibi
R/o Choglamsar leh Ladakh
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)
National Co-coordinator
PCS-2, PIU, NAIP
KAB-II, Pusa New Delhi
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)
Dr. M. A. Kirmani
Professor Animal Genetics&
Breeding, SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 28th Feb 2011)
Professor Sarfaraz A. Wani
CPI, SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)
Page | 139
3. CMU Dr. M. A. Kirmani
Professor Animal Genetics &
Breeding, SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 28 Feb 2011)
Professor Sarfaraz A. Wani
CPI, SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)
Dr. M H Wani
Professor Economics, SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)
Dr. Farooq A Mattoo
Associate Director Research and
Head Division of Animal Nutrition
(Co-PI),SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 06 Sep 2012)
Dr. Y.P Thakur
Professor Animal Breeding
Genetics ( Co-PI-2) CSK HP KVV,
Palampur
(28 Jan 2009 to 26 July 2010)
Dr RK Mandial
Professor & Head
Division of Veterinay Medicine
(Co-PI-2) CSK HP KVV, Palampur
(26 July 2010 to 31st March 2014)
Dr. D. B. Shakyawar
Senior Scientist and Head,
Division of TMTC CSWRI-
Avikanagar (Co-PI-3)
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014).
Dr. Tsering Phuntsog
District Sheep Husbandry Officer,
Leh (Co-PI-4)
(28 Jan 2009 to 31 Oct 2011)
Dr P Angchuk
District Sheep Husbandry Officer,
Leh (Co-PI-4)
(01 Nov 2011 to 29 Sep 2012)
Dr. Mohammad Sharief
District Sheep Husbandry Officer,
Leh (Co-PI-4)
(30 Sep 2012 to 31st March 2014)
Page | 140
Dr M A Baba
Associate Professor, Division of
Veterinary Anatomy, SKUAST-K
(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)
Dr. Asif Hassan Sofi
Assistant Professor, Division of
Livestock Products Technology,
SKUAST-K
B. Details of Meetings organized (CIC, CAC, CMU, etc.)
S.
No.
Details of the meeting Date Place & Address
(Where meeting was organized)
1. CIC 14/03/09 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
08/01/10 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
12/02/11 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
11/09/12 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
2. CAC 13/03/09 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
20/03/10 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
16/05/11 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
13/09/12 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
3. CMU 14/03/09 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
08/01/10 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
12/02/11 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
11/09/12 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir
Page | 141
Part-III: Budget and its Utilization Overall
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE (28/01/2009 to 30/06/2014)
Sanction Letter No. F.NO 1(5)/2007-NAIP Dated January, 2009
Total Sub-project Cost: 943.034 (Original Cost)
Sanctioned/Revised Sub-project cost (if applicable) 1243.08
Date of Commencement of Sub-project 28 January 2009
Duration: From 28/01/2009 to 30/06/2014 )
Funds Received in each year
I Year: 4.3565
II Year : 550.46920
III Year : 237.06177
IV Year : 97.58952
V Year : 60.64321
VI Year : 307.87123
Total amount received : 1257.99143
Bank Interest received on fund (if any): 10.9877
Total amount refunded: 200.31989+11.72409 *=212.04398
Total expenditure : 1078.6540305
Expenditure Head-wise:
Particulars
Fund
Allocat
ed*
Expenditure Incurred
Total Exp Year 08-
09 Year 09-10 Year 10-11 Year 11-12
Year 12-
13 Year 13-14
A. Recurring Contingencies
(1) TA 46.13 0.53087 10.11947 9.45629 7.58275 5.40296 6.01528 39.10762
(2) Workshop 12.81 0.49996 1.99634 0.35079 0.9633 0.90062 1.51119 6.2222
(3) Contractual Staff 65.36 0.55867 8.83599 11.03918 13.69308 10.98813 14.26937 59.38442
(4) Operational Cost 445.47 1.5252 89.30845 106.1741188 71.11695 55.73642 67.5124325 391.3735760
Sub- Total of A (1-4) 569.77 3.1147 110.26025 127.020788 93.35608 73.02813 89.3082725 496.0878165
B. HRD Component
(5) Training 35.52 0.00 6.72538 10.10111 4.99064 1.86629 12.09903 35.78245
(6) Consultancy 0.00 0.00 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0
Sub- Total of B (5-6) 35.52 0.00 6.72538 10.10111 4.99064 1.86629 12.09903 35.78245
C. Non - Recurring
(7) Equipment 512.38 0.00 254.800794 33.74478 15.24353 0.00 124.19849 427.987594**
(8) Furniture 4.98 0.00 4.97823 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0 4.97823
(9) Work / New /
Renovation 20.82 0.00 4.45748 16.361 0.00591 0.00000 0.00047 20.82486
(10) Others / Animals
books 51.09 0.00 26.83860 23.67896 0.57272 0.00 0 51.09028
Sub- Total of C
(7-10) 589.27 0.00 291.075104 73.78474 15.82216 0.00 124.19896
504.880964
Page | 142
SUB TOTAL
(A+B+C) 1194.56 3.1147 408.060734 210.9062288 114.1688852 74.89442 225.6062625 1036.7512305
D. Institutional
Charges 48.52 0.3015 10.64978 10.74771 7.75312 4.6284 6.79783 40.87834
Sub Total
(A+B+C+D) 1243.08 3.4162 418.710514 221.6539388 121.9220052 79.52282 232.4040925 1077.6295705
E. Exp. Out of
revenue 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.02446 0.0 1.02446***
F. Grand Total
(A+B+C+D+E) 1243.08 3.4162 418.710514 221.6539388 121.9220052 80.54728 232.4040925 1078.6540305
*Refunded vide Cheque No: 05014280 dated: 02-09-2014
**This includes amount of Rs 10.92140 and 0.40436 lakhs (=11. 32576) released on account of LIC refund during the year 2010-11 and 2011-12 respectively and stands already refunded to PIU NAIP.
***An amount of Rs 1.02446 lakhs was received for supply of charkhas from different agencies and utilized for the said purpose.
Consortium Principal Investigator
Page | 143
PART-IV: DECLARATION
This is to certify that the final report of the Sub-project has been submitted in full consultation with the
consortium partners in accordance with the approved objectives and technical programme and the relevant records,
note books; materials are available for the same.
Place: Srinagar
Date:25- 08-14 Signature of Consortium Principal Investigator
Signature
Consortium Co-Principal Investigator
Signature
Consortium Co-Principal Investigator
Signature
Consortium Co-Principal Investigator
Signature of Vice Chancellor
Page | 144
Pro-forma 1
Details of Technologies Developed/ Validated/ Adopted
(Page limit: 3 pages/ technology)
Technology 1
1. Title of the Sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.
2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/Dr. F.A Mattoo/ Dr F D Sheikh (SKUAST-K) and Dr. Y P
Thakur/Dr. R K. Mandial (CSK HP KVV, Palampur)
3. Title of the Technology: Expansion of pashmina goat rearing areas to Non-Traditional Belt.
4. Information on Existing farming Systems, Practices, Productivity Levels and Income in the Target Area:
The areas of Kargil (Panikhar, Drass, Shaker, Chiktan, Khangriyal and Boodhkharbu), Leh (Digger, Tangyar,
lakjung and Turtuk) and HP (Hango, Namgia, Tingret and chimret) are not known traditionally for pashmina
goat rearing. These areas are having almost same ecological niche as that of traditional pashmina belt. As far as
the livelihood security of the people of these areas are concerned, they mostly relay on agricultural sector
besides rearing of other animals.
5. Key Intervention(s) Introduced: Introduction of pashmina goats in the non-traditional belt.
6. Results: Under the intervention, in total 720 does and 72 bucks were distributed to 76 families (in J&K by
SKUAST-K) and 119 animals to 20 families (in HP by CSK HP KVV Palampur). Each unit comprises of 9
does and 1 buck in J&K and 5 does and 1 buck in HP. The goats performed exceedingly well in their new tract
except lakjung, shakar and boodkharboo.
In Kargil, the overall survivability (%), mortality (%), kidding (%) and kid mortality (%) over last
four years (2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013) of establishment was reported as 89.73±0.40, 10.27±0.40, 85.16±0.66
and 30.52±0.54 respectively. The average body weight (kg) of new born kids, hoggets and adults under the new
environment was reported as 2.63±0.04, 20.7±0.19 and 28.87±0.12 respectively. The average pashmina yield
(gm) in Kargil ranged from 145.17±0.85 (Shaker) to 208.09±1.24 (Khangriyal)) with an overall mean of
182.33±0.30 gm.
In Leh district, the overall survivability (%), mortality (%), kidding percentage (%) and kid mortality
(%) over the period of study was reported as 85.09±0.53, 14.91±0.53, 50.58±0.80, and 26.07±0.78 respectively.
The mean kidding percentage in digger, tangyar, lakjung and turtuk improved from first year of adaption to
forth year from 4.88±1.25 to 63.16±1.32; 68.89±1.36 to 77.78±1.72; 35.71±1.95 to 46.88±1.72 and 21.95±1.30
to 45.45±1.62 respectively.
In non-traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh, among the performance studies the survivability
/Mortality study showed that out of 119 Chegu Pashmina Goats distributed in non-traditional belt, 89 (74.79%)
survived during the period with an overall survivability percentage of 74.79 (%) and mortality percentage of
25.21 (%). The Kid mortality in the non-traditional belt was reported as 24.19 (%) as compared to 29.60 (%) in
traditional area.
7. Brief Description of Technology for Release: Based on the findings, the Pashmina goats can be successfully
reared in the Non-traditional areas of Kargil, Leh and Himachal Pradesh, provided the animals are reared in
open shelter, provide feed during scarcity, health cover and proper breeding. Technology is highly feasible and
there is tremendous demand for more units from the people of the area. The success report has been conveyed
Page | 145
to Sheep Husabnadry Department who has developed plans for production of pashmina goats in these non-
traditional areas for overall improvement in pashmina production.
8. Outcome/Impact of the Technology: By introduction of pashmina goats in the new tract of production, the
beneficiary families were benefited many-fold which in turn improved their livelihood security. The benefits
are as follows:
a) Part time job for rearing of livestock to 1 person per family.
b) The income of families increased by the sale of pashmina year after year and sale of additional animals.
c) The strength of livestock units has increased from 10 to even 40 in some breeders. Hence the value of these
units has increased from 3000 to 300000 Rs.
Thus there is an increase in the income of the household by the sale of pashmina and additional animals which
in turn increased the livelihood security of the beneficiary families and also improve overall available pashmina
for the processing industry.
9. Whether findings have been published? If so give the citation and enclose copy of the publication.
Sharma A, Mandial RK, Negi M and Katoch A. 2011. Studies on survivability of chegu pashmina goats in
Himachal Pradesh. (in) international conference on emerging trends on food and health security, held
during 23-25 Sep 2011 at DIHAR-DRDO, Leh (J&K).
Wani Sarfaraz, Sheikh FD, Mattoo FA, Sofi H Asif, Kakatia BK, Ganai TAS, Kirmani MA, and Khan HM.
2012. Introduction of Pashmina Goat Rearing In Kargil District of J&K and its Impact on Improving
Livelihood Security. (in) National Conference on Demonstration Options for improved livelihood security
in disadvantaged areas of Indi held during 20-21 Jan 2012 at Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidliya, Raipur,
India.
Wani Sarfaraz A, Mattoo FA, Sheikh FD, Sofi Asif H, Khan FA; Kirmani MA, Ganai TAS, Khan HM,
Baba Irfan A, Bhat Nisar A, Malik Tanveer, Yaqoob Ishrat, Mir Masood S and Kashoo Zahid. 2012.
Pashmina Goat Rearing In Non-Traditional Area of Leh. (in) Annual conference and National Seminar on
Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held during
22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
10. Any other information.
Based on the success achieved in the NAIP, another project entitled “Expansion of pashmina Goat
rearing areas to non-traditional areas of Kargil” worth Rs. 200.00 lacs has been sanctioned by Central Wool
Development Board to SKUAST-K and SHD Kargil.100 more units are envisaged to be established in the said
project.
Technology 2
1. Title of the Sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina Fiber.
2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/Dr. F.A Mattoo/ Dr F D Sheikh (SKUAST-K) and Dr. Y P
Thakur/Dr. R K. Mandial (CSK HP KVV, Palampur)
3. Title of the Technology: Breed up gradation
4. Information on Existing farming Systems, Practices, Productivity Levels and Income in the Target
Area: Traditionally, pashmina goats are being reared by nomads adapting traditional practices of breeding.
Page | 146
The selection and exchange of elite bucks was given less importance resulting in inbreeding and which in
turn leads to less fibre production.
5. Key Intervention(s) Introduced: Selection of bucks with elite Germplasm having potential of producing
up to 500 gms of pashmina and subsequent distribution and breeding. 360 elite pashmina goats (108 by
SKUAST-K and 252 by CSK HP KVV Palampur) were introduced/distributed among 121 farm families (78
and 43 families in traditional areas of Leh and HP respectively), to cover does through natural breeding.
The villages included Samad, Kharnak, Gya, Meeru, Kargyam, laga, Mugleb, Sasoma and Erath in Leh; and
Kibber, Langcha, Sumra, Hurling, Shalkar, Chango, Nako and Darcha in HP.
6. Results: By introducing the elite bucks and subsequent exchange of these among beneficiary families in the
traditional areas under NAIP, there has been a considerable reduction in the degree of inbreeding and hence
inbreeding depression among the livestock of beneficiary families, which lead to the better performance of
livestock with the beneficiaries. The overall survivability percentage of pashmina bucks in the beneficiary
villages was recorded as 88.07 in 2011; 92.71 in 2012 and 97.75 in 2013. The performance of pashmina
goats improved which can be judged by the improvement in fibre production and birth weight of kids. With
the introduction of elite bucks coupled with others interventions like feeding and health management, there
was an improvement in the pashmina production in the beneficiary villages by 40.07 (%) (165.89 in 2009 to
235.17 in 2013) within four years. The kidding percentage also showed an improvement from 2011 to 2103
with percentages of 46.63 (2011), 48.58 (2012) and 56.28 (2013). Average birth weight of kids improved
from 2.37±0.12 (2011) to 2.48±0.22 (2012) to 2.61±0.18 (2013) in traditional areas of Leh.
7. Brief Description of Technology for Release: For breeding upgradation and improvement of Pashmina
yield, the elite bucks from other traditional area need to be exchanged with local livestock to improve
productivity.
8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the Technology: The impact of technology is that the overall production
and productivity of pashmina will improve by 30-40%. This will inturn improve the livelihood of the the
farmers.
9. Whether findings have been published? If so give the citation and enclose copy of the publication.
Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA, Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Asmat
S, Malik Tanveer and Shah khan FA. 2010. Status of Pashmina goats and Changthangi Sheep over a
decade. (in) National Seminar on Stress management in small ruminants- Production and Product
processing held during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of Research on Goats, Mukhdoom, UP, India.
Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh FD, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA, Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Malik
Tanveer and Shah khan FA. 2010. Effect of sex, age and area of rearing on body conformation of
changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on Stress management in small ruminants-
Production and Product processing held during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of Research on
Goats, Mukhdoom, UP, India.
Katoch A, Sharma A and Mandial R K. 2011. Clinico-haematological and biochemical profile of chegu
pashmina goats. (in) Proceeding of seminar on rural development: Present scenario and future
challenges held during 26-27 March 2011 at Shimla (HP).
Page | 147
Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Maryiam Abha, Sofi Asif H, Amin Omer,
Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Serum Biochemistry of
Changthangi Goats Reared under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in Ladakh. (in) Annual
conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and
Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H, Maryiam Abha, Chiber
Pawanjit S, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Seroprevalence
of Brucellosis in Unvaccinated Changthangi Goat Flocks in Cold Arid Desert of Ladakh. (in) Annual
conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and
Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India..
Khan HM, Mir Masood S, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H, Maryiam Abha, Wani Basharat
A, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Haematological
Attributes of Changthangi Goats reared Under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in Ladakh. (in)
Annual conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health
and Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
10. Any other information
The sheep Husbandry department has already developed 300.00 lacs project on breed upgradation
in Leh.
Technology 3
1. Title of the Sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.
2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/Dr. F.A Mattoo/ Dr F D Sheikh (SKUAST-K) and Dr. Y P
Thakur/Dr. R K. Mandial (CSK HP KVV, Palampur)
3. Title of the Technology: Introduction of Feed Blocks and Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks
4. Information on Existing farming Systems, Practices, Productivity Levels and Income in the Target
Area: Traditionally, pashmina goats are reared by allowing them to graze on natural pastures, which is
sufficient for them during spring and summer seasons. But during harsh winter season when there is a heavy
snowfall and temperature even reaches to -40oC, there is a scarcity of fodder. Animals are being fed less
fodder and supplements, resulting in mortality both in adults and young ones, besides less fibre production as
the available energy are being used for maintaining their basic metabolic rate.
5. Key Intervention(s) Introduced: Introduction of Feed Blocks and Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks.
Technology was also demonstrated to the stake holders and two feed block machines introduced in the
operational area of Leh and Kargil by SKUAST-K.
6. Results: Complete feed blocks/urea molasses mineral blocks were introduced for feeding of the goats (both
by SKUAST-K and CSK HP KVV Palampur) in their respective operational areas during the harsh winter
months when there is less availability of fodder.
This has proved a boon for feeding pashmina goats at the time of fodder scarcity during severe winter season
resulting in reduction of mortality besides improving their performance and health status.
Page | 148
7. Brief Description of Technology for Release: Based on the findings, it has been found that to avoid
nutritional stress and to ward off its ill effects on the performance of pashmina goats during scarcity
especially during harsh winters, complete feed blocks/urea molasses mineral blocks can be very effective and
cost beneficial, especially when developed from locally available raw materials
8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the Technology: Economic viability of the technology will result in reduction
in the morbidity, leading to sustained production in terms of fibre, meat etc besides good health of the
animals.
9. Whether findings have been published? If so give the citation and enclose copy of the publication.
Technology 4
1. Title of the Sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.
2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/Dr. F.A Mattoo/ Dr F D Sheikh (SKUAST-K) and Dr. Y P
Thakur/Dr. R K. Mandial (CSK HP KVV, Palampur)
3. Title of the Technology: Introduction of shelter for pashmina goats.
4. Information on Existing farming Systems, Practices, Productivity Levels and Income in the Target
Area:
In Traditional areas, no shelter is being used by the nomads for pashmina goats except open
enclosures made of rocks during night. Keeping livestocks outdoor without proper shelter helps them to
stimulate the growth of pashmina as low temperature especially sub-zero temperature acts as a precursor for
growth of fine pashmina. Moreover, to protect the new born kids from severe cold, they are being kept in a
pit. Harsh winter conditions, when the temperature even reaches to -40oC, are taking huge tool of livestock,
both adults and kids.
In Non-traditional areas, people were keeping their livestock indoor, mostly in the ground floor of
their houses so as to protect them against extreme cold and predator attacks (common in those areas).
5. Key Intervention(s) Introduced:
In traditional areas, to prevent losses of new born kids due to harsh environment, technology for use
of thermo-chambers comprising of underground pits covered with tarpaulin has been disseminated in the area.
One hundred and fifteen families have been covered under the intervention by SKUAST-K.
Since low temperature especially sub-zero temperature acts as a precursor for growth of fine
pashmina. Hence in non-traditional areas, to have similar conditions for growth of pashmina and at the same
time protect them from predator attacks, shelter material in the form of wire rolls, angle irons, tin sheets and
UV stabilized poly-films for establishing enclosures were provided to them.
6. Results: Because of this intervention, there has been production of pashmina even up to 350 gm in non-
traditional areas of Kargil. In traditional areas, there was a gradual reduction in the kid mortality from 67.54
% in year 2009 (before the intervention) to 31.33 (%) in year 2013. The impact of the technology was
assessed by the reduction in the kid mortality percentage by 36 percent at the end of the intervention.
Reduction in percentage of kid mortality has a huge impact in a number of ways. These include increase in
number of pashmina goat population, increased pashmina production and improvement in the livelihood
security of the nomads of Changthang through better returns from the produce.
Page | 149
7. Brief Description of Technology for Release:.
In Non-Traditional areas where Pashmina goat rearing was introduced for the first time, farmers were
given wire rolls, angle irons and UV stabilized films for fabrication of sheds for keeping Pashmina goats. The
technology of the opens shelter has proven very beneficial because on one hand it provides a cold stimulus to
pashmina goats for pashmina production and on the other hand it protects them against predators. In
traditional area, to prevent losses of new born kids due to harsh environment, technology for use of thermo-
chambers comprising of underground pits covered with tarpaulin has been found successful and can be
disseminated to other farmers
8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the Technology:
Better adaption of Pashmina goat units in Non-traditional Belt and reduction of kid mortality in
Traditional Areas. By using kid shelter, reduction in percentage of kid mortality has a huge impact in a
number of ways. These include increase in number of pashmina goat population, increased pashmina
production and improvement in the livelihood security of the nomads of Changthang through better returns
from the produce.
9. Whether findings have been published? If so give the citation and enclose copy of the publication.
10. Any other information.
Based on the success achieved in the NAIP, another 100 such shelters will be established in the NT
areas of Kargil under CWDB project.
Technology 5
1. Title of the Sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.
2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/Dr. F.A Mattoo/ Dr F D Sheikh (SKUAST-K) and Dr. Y P
Thakur/Dr. R K. Mandial (CSK HP KVV, Palampur)
3. Title of the Technology: Health Management.
4. Information on Existing farming Systems, Practices, Productivity Levels and Income in the Target
Area: Pashmina goats are reared in the far flung areas of changthang region where almost no health cover is
being provided to the livestock. Moreover, the areas of pashmina goat rearing remain cutoff from rest of the
state due to non-accessibility to the area in harsh winters taking lot of tool because of number of diseases.
5. Key Intervention(s) Introduced: Intervention was done in the form of providing both preventive and
curative drugs against the diseases. Portable Dipping Tanks were also introduced in each operational
villages.
6. Results: The priority was given on the preventive treatment of all the livestock of all the adapted
beneficiary farmers in the form of vaccines against FMD, PPR and dosing against both endo and ecto
parasites. Besides that, need based medicines against respiratory, gastro-intestinal diseases etc has been
provided to the beneficiary breeders for pashmina goats through project monitoring teams visiting the areas
frequently. This has resulted in a drastic reduction in morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the intervention of
portable dipping tanks has resulted in decreases of tick and lice infestation which in turn has improved the
productivity and production of pashmina.
Page | 150
7. Brief Description of Technology for Release: Technology for control of economically important diseases
viz: FMD, foot rot, CCPP and ecto-parasites through use of safer drugs in a way feasible at farmers level
was transferred both in traditional and non-traditional belts by SKUAST-K and CSK HP KVV Palampur.
This needs to be further advocated.
8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the Technology: Reduction in the mortality rate of livestock which is
mostly because of CCPP like diseases. Furthermore, due to reduction in both endo and ecto parasites, there
is reduction in stress of animals which in turn leads to more fibre production.
9. Whether findings have been published? If so give the citation and enclose copy of the publication.
Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA, Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Kakatai
BR, Malik Tanveer and Shah khan FA. 2010. Caprine contagious pleura-pneumonia: A major health
problem in Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on Stress management in small
ruminants- Production and Product processing held during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of
Research on Goats, Mukhdoom, UP, India.
Katoch A, Sharma A and Mandial R K. 2011. Clinico-haematological and biochemical profile of chegu
pashmina goats. (in) Proceeding of seminar on rural development: Present scenario and future
challenges held during 26-27 March 2011 at Shimla (HP).
Wani Sarfaraz, Mir MS, Sheikh FD, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Histopathology and Gross
Pathology of Lungs in Caprine Contagious Pleuropneumonia in Pashmina goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K
Agricultural Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward
held during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Ahmad Zahoor, Khan HM and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Pediculosis in Changra
(Pashmina) goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture
in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar,
Kashmir, India.
Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Seroprevelance of Caprine Contagious
Pleuropneumonia in Pashmina goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on
Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at
SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Obstructive Urolithiasis in Pashmina
Bucks of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in
Transition-Challenges and way-forward held during 8th-10
th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar,
Kashmir, India.
Sharma A, Katoch A, Mandial RK and Negi M. 2012. Occurrence of anaemia in chegu pashmina goats
of Himachal Pradesh and effect of copper supplementation. (in) Proceeding of national symposium on
animal health vis-a-vis animal welfare with application of biotechnology with special reference to north
eastern region held during 1-3 Feb 2012 at CAU, Selesih, Aizawl (Mizorum).
Katoch A, Sharma A, Mandial R K and Negi M. 2012. Clinico-haematological, biochemical and
therapeutic study in parasitized chegu pashmina goats of Himachal Pradesh. (in) Proceeding of national
Page | 151
symposium on animal health vis-a-vis animal welfare with application of biotechnology with special
reference to north eastern region, held during 1-3 Feb. 2012 at CAU, Selesih, Aizawl (Mizorum).
Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Maryiam Abha, Sofi Asif H, Amin Omer,
Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Serum Biochemistry of
Changthangi Goats Reared under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in Ladakh. (in) Annual
conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and
Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H, Maryiam Abha, Chiber
Pawanjit S, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Seroprevalence
of Brucellosis in Unvaccinated Changthangi Goat Flocks in Cold Arid Desert of Ladakh. (in) Annual
conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and
Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
Khan HM, Mir Masood S, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H, Maryiam Abha, Wani Basharat
A, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Haematological
Attributes of Changthangi Goats reared Under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in Ladakh. (in)
Annual conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health
and Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.
Khan HM, Mir Masood S, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Kirmani Nayar and Darzi MM. 2012.
Prevalence of Coccidial (Eimeria Spp.) infection in Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar
on New Paradigms in Livestock Production: From Traditional to Commercial Farming and Beyond and
XXth Annual Convention of Indian Society of Animal Production and Management. held during 28-30
Jan 2013 at NDRI Karnal, India.
Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Kirmani Nayar and Darzi MM. 2012.
Ectoparasitic Infestation in Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on New Paradigms in
Livestock Production: From Traditional to Commercial Farming and Beyond and XXth Annual
Convention of Indian Society of Animal Production and Management. held during 28-30 Jan 2013 at
NDRI Karnal, India.
10. Any other information. Nil
Technology 6
1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.
2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani (SKUAST-K) and Dr DBShakyawar (CSWRI-Avikanagar).
3. Title of the technology: Fabrication of Innovative Charkha.
4. Information: The traditional Charkha used for spinning of hand spun pashmina is being used in the state of
J&K from long time resulting in fine yarn with good quality characteristics. The biggest disadvantages with
this traditional charkha is that it is less renumertive and leads to a lot of physical stress to the artisans
(spinners) in the form of backache, neck pain, numbness in legs as this charkha is being operated only in
sitting position.
Page | 152
5. Key Intervention: Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha were fabricated. Improvised charkha
comprises of table top, small spinning wheel spindle and foot paddle. The spinner sits on the stool and
operates the charkha with her foot. 105 improvised/innovative charkha were distributed among beneficiary
spinners in Kashmir, Ladakh and Palampur.
6. Result: The innovative charkha performed excellently with spinning loss of only 3% as against 12% in case
of traditional one. The field results have shown that innovative charkha is proving efficient in terms of time
consumed for spinning by 73.50% over traditional one besides decreasing physical drudgery. In terms of
income, there is an increase of 146.64% (Rs 1638 to Rs 4040) remuneration over traditional one for same
period of time without deteriorating the quality of yarn.
7. Brief description of technology for release: Ergonomics of innovative charkha is similar as that of
Traditional Charkha. The Traditional Charkha that normally results into lot of physical stress to the spinners
besides providing low returns were improvised through development of different types of charkhas. Out of
the four types of improvised charkha (ball bearing type, small size, paddle operated and sewing machine
model), sewing machine model proved efficient as far as reduction in physical stress and income in net
income to the artisans is concerned. The innovative charkha comprises of table top, small spinning, wheel,
spindle and foot paddle. The spinner sits on the stool and operates the charkha with her foot resulting in
reduction in physical stress to shoulders. The charkha proved efficient in reduction of physical stress which
the spinners encountered in the form of backache, numbness with the use of traditional charkha. The increase
in efficiency in relation to spinning rate and net return in terms of monthly remuneration has direct impact on
the improving livelihood of the beneficiary families. The technology has been disseminated in the field and
has been well adapted by artisans including various government and non-governmental organizations.
8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology:
8.1 Expected increase in area, production and net income:
In terms of income, on an average, there has been an increase of 146.64% (Rs 1638 to Rs 4040)
remuneration over traditional one for same period of time without deteriorating the quality of yarn.
8.2 Others: Reduction in physical stress.
9. Whether findings have been published:
Yaqoob Ishrat, Sofi Asif H, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh F D and Bumla Nazir. 2012. Pashmina shawl-A
traditional way of making in Kashmir. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 11(2: 329-333.
Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat. 2012. Comparative Study on
the Physico-mechancial quality of Pashmina Shawls made from Hand Spun and Machine spun Yarn.
Indian Journal of Fibres and Textile Research 37: 224-30.
Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB, Yaqoob Ishrat, Mattoo FA and Malik AH. 2013.
Fabrication of Innovative Charkha for pashmina spinning and its Impact Assessment. The Journal of
Textile Institute DOI:10.1080/00405000.2013.779056
Sarfaraz A Wani, Asif H Sofi, Ishrat Yaqoob and D B Shakyawar. 2011. Comparative Study on Quality
of Pashmina Yarn Spun on Traditional and Innovative Charkha (In) Abstract and Souvenir of Ist J&K
Agricultural Science and Congress on “Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-
forward” held at SKUAST-K, Srinagar on 8th -10
th Sep, pp 327.
Wani Sarfaraz, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat, Shakyawar DB and Malik AH. 2012. Enhancement of
Livelihood Security through Development and Introduction of Innovative Charkha. (in) National
Page | 153
Conference on Demonstration Options for improved livelihood security in disadvantaged areas of Indi
held during 20-21 Jan 2012 at Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidliya, Raipur, India.
Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB, Mattoo FA, Yaqoob Ishrat and Malik AH. 2013.
Fabrication of Table Top Paddle Operated Charkha. SKUAST-K and CSWRI, Avikanagar.
10. Any other information.
Success of the Table Top Paddle Operated charkha, can also be judged by the fact that different
organizations have taken these charkhas for propagation in the field viz; Kashmir Silk Producers
Cooperative Ltd Soura (50), Handloom Development Department Magermal bagh, Srinagar (7), Numani
Welfare Trust, Srinagar (8) Handloom Development Department, Ganderbal (1), Mountain Agriculture
Research and Extension Station, Gurez Gurez (80) and High Mountain and Agricultural Research
Institute Leh (50).
Department of Science and Technology, GOI has sanction another project entitled “Enhancement of
livelihood security of Pashmina spinners through popularization of innovative charkha” worth 29.84 lacs.
200 beneficiary spinners will be covered under the project.
Two Self Help Groups of spinners (one each at Shuhama and Khalmulla) have been formed through
NGO‟s Coordination Federation of J&K. Financial assistance of Rs Rs 10,000 each to 16 beneficiary
spinners of shuhama area under the DRI scheme of J&K Bank has been sanctioned for purchase of
innovative charkha, raw material and solar light. The MISSION REPLACEMENT OF TRADITIONAL
CHARKHAS WITH INNOVATIVE CHARKHS” stands formulated by the NGO‟s Coordination
Federation of J&K. Under the scheme, 5000 women spinners are expected to be covered during 2013/14.
Technology 7
1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.
2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani (SKUAST-K) and Dr DBShakyawar (CSWRI-Avikanagar). 3. Title of the technology: Improvisation of Traditional loom.
4. Information: Hand spun Pashmina shawls are being developed by weaving on traditional handlooms since
long time in a state of J&K. Although shawls produced are having a huge demand in both international and
national markets but the efficiency is very low.
5. Key Intervention: Fabricated improved handloom with multiple shuttle for multiple design development.
Twenty seven such improvised looms have been distributed among the beneficiary weavers in Kashmir
valley.
6. Result: Distributed to twenty weavers in the districts of Srinagar, Budgam and Ganderbal. They have been
adapted by all the beneficiary weavers as there is an increased efficiency in term of net returns which is about
28% more as compared to traditional loom besides reduction in physical stress.
7. Brief description of technology for release: Improved loom was designed with eight paddles and shuttle
type to increase efficiency and at the same time achieve multi design where as on Traditional loom only plain
type of shawls can be woven with different weaves. The technology has been well adapted by the
stakeholders.
Page | 154
8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology:
8.1 Expected increase in area, production and net income: Increased returns by about 28.02%.
8.2 Others: Reduction in physical stress.
9. Whether findings have been published:
Yaqoob Ishrat, Sofi Asif H, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh F D and Bumla Nazir. 2012. Pashmina shawl-A
traditional way of making in Kashmir. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 11(2: 329-333.
Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat. 2012. Comparative Study on
the Physico-mechancial quality of Pashmina Shawls made from Hand Spun and Machine spun Yarn.
Indian Journal of Fibres and Textile Research 37: 224-30.
10. Any other information. Nil
Technology 8
1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.
2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/ Dr. D.B. Shakyawar (CSWRI, Avikanagar)
3. Title of the technology: Improvisation/ modification in dehairing machine.
4. Information: Raw pashmina fibre is associated with guard hairs, dust and sand. Before putting the pashmina
for various processing stages, the removal of guard hairs is must. Traditionally, this practice of dehairing is
being done manually by women folk of state of J&K. With the advent of dehairing machine, dehairing is
done on the machine by passing the fibres through the rollers of a machine 5-7 times leading to the fibre
damage.
5. Key Intervention: Change in gear and roller speed.
6. Result: Improvisation of dehairing machine has resulted in reduction in the number of passages of pashmina
through rollers of dehairing machine from 5-7 to 3. This in turn has resulted in less damage to surface of
pashmina fibres. The improvisation has also resulted improvement in recovery of fine fibres. The recovery of
undercoat in case of NAIP fabricated dehairing machine was recorded as 40.46 (%) as against only 30 .00
(%) in case of other dehairing machines.
7. Brief description of technology for release: In the process of machine dehairing, pashmina is being passed
through the machine 5-7 times resulting in the damage to the surface of fiber leading to reduction in life of
fabric. The dehairing machine was improved by changing the gear and rolling speed which has reduced the
number of passages from 5-7 to only 3 leading to the reduction in fiber damage etc.
8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology:
Reduction in number of passages from 5 to 3 ultimately will lead to the reduction in fibre damage.
More recovery of fine fibre.
9. Whether findings have been published:
Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat and Sheikh FD. 2012. Effect of
Machine Dehairing on the Quality of Pashmina Fibre. The Indian Journal of Small Ruminants 18 (1):
118-120.
Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat and Sheikh FD. 2011. Effect of
Machine Dehairing on the quality of Pashmina Fibre. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on
Page | 155
Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held during 8th
-10th Sep 2011 at
SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
10. Any other information. Nil
Technology 9
1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.
2. Name of CCPI: Dr. D.B. Shakyawar, CSWRI Avikanagar
3. Title of the technology: Use of PVA as carrier fibre
4. Information: Pashmina fiber cannot be spun on machine as it is highly fragile and cannot resist the
vibrations of a machine while spinning. To overcome this, the pashmina is being blended with the nylon
which gives it an extra strength. Hence it is being spun on machine by using nylon as a carrier fibre.
Disadvantage with technique is that the nylon is being removed from the yarn by dissolving in HCl resulting
in deterioration of surface qualities of fibre and in turn reduction in the life of a fabric.
5. Key Intervention: Replacement of Nylon by PVA as a carrier fibre.
6. Result: Developed the technology for Replacement of Nylon with PVA as a carrier fibre for spinning of
Pashmina on machine for development of machine spun yarn. The advantages of the technology is that PVA
can be dissolved in boiling water instead of HCl as was the case with nylon resulting in less damage to the
fabric as has been proved through SEM studies. This method of spinning is eco-friendly as well as cost
effective.
7. Brief description of technology for release: The technology of blending of Pashmina for improving
spinning efficiency was standardized by CSWRI-Avikanagar in which Nylon was replaced by Poly vinyl
Alcohol (PVA) for machine spinning of Pashmina. The biggest disadvantage with the nylon was that it can be
removed from pashmina yarn by dipping in a HCl solution which was damaging the fibre. Life of the
machine made product will improve as the carrier material (PVA) is water soluble and can be removed very
easily without chemical treatment. Technology has been well adapted by private partners.
8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology: Reduction in degree of damage to the surface of delicate
fibres which in turn will increase the life of the product.
Eco-friendly as well as cost effective
9. Whether findings have been published: Published.
Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Parikh P K and Sarfaraz a Wani. 2011. Production and performance of
cashmere (Pashmina) shawls by Nylon dissolution method. The Indian Small Ruminants. 17(2): 203-206.
Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Temani P and Sofi H Asif. 2013. Novel Chemical Finishing Process for
Cashmere-PVA Blended Yarn Made Cashmere Fabric. Journal of Natural Fibres. 10:381–389.
Shakyawar DB, Pareek PK, and Sofi H Asif, Kumar Pramood, Mathuria Sukhram and Prashant. 2011.
Subjective Assessment of Pashmina Blended Shawls. (in) National Seminar on Prospects and Retrospect
of Small Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security held during 7th to 9
th
Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.
Shakyawar, DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Raja ASM, Sofi H Asif, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and Karim SA. 2012.
Technologies for Pashmina Fibre-Processing and Product Development. Tech. Bull. No. 01, 46 p,
CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.
Page | 156
Shakyawar DB, Raja ASM, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK, Wani Sarfaraz A and Karim SA. 2012.
Developments of Machine Spinning Process for Pashmina Fibre Using PVA and Nylon as Carrier Fibre.
CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.
Mathurya Sukhram. 2011. „Studies on Pashmina and Blended Shawls Using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as
carrier Fibre‟. M Tech, IIT, Kanpur, p 67.
10. Any other information. Nil
Technology 10
1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.
2. Name of CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani / Dr. D.B. Shakyawar, CSWRI Avikanagar
3. Title of the Technology: Dyeing of Pashmina with vegetable sources
4. Information: The pashmina fabrics are being dyed with synthetic colouring agents besides some natural
materials.
5. Key Intervention: Dyeing of pashmina fabric with easily available organic substances viz: walnut husk,
onion peal, saffron flower petals, pomegranate rind, silver oak, myrobalan, meddar, henna, tulip and Lumb”
(Biden pilosa) .
6. Result: Study revealed that pashmina could be dyed with these organic sources with good fastness to washing
and light which are in line with BIS standards. Some of the dyes have proved to have preservative/anti-moth
activity. The technology has been disseminated to artisans through trainings and distribution of folders.
7. Brief description of technology for release: The Pashmina fibers are being dyed with the synthetic dye
materials. The synthetic dye materials are very harmful as far as environmental safeguard is concerned.
Furthermore, naturally available plant material which otherwise goes waste can be used as a form of dye.
Hence the waste material like pomegranate rind, walnut husk, saffron flower waste, onion peel etc were used
for dyeing of Pashmina which have given promising results and are in line with the BIS standards.
8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology: Eco-friendly and cost effective dyeing.
9. Whether findings have been published: Published.
Lal Chagan, Sharama M C, Shakyawar D B, Raja A S M, Kuldeep Sharma and Pareek P K. 2011. Natural
dyes constituent from rind of punica granatum (pomegranate) and its application on Pashmina fibre.
Archieves of Applied Science Research 3 (3): 350-357.
Temani P, Shakyawar D B, Ammayappan L, Goyal V and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2011. Standardization of
dyeing condition of cochineal extract on Pashmina yarn. Journal of Textile Association, 72 (2): 96-98.
Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Nehvi FA and Sofi H Asif. 2012. Extraction of
Natural Dye from Saffron Flower waste and its Application on Pashmina Fabric. Advances in Applied
Science Research 3 (1): 156-161.
Lal Chagan, Raja A S M, Pareek P K, Shakyawar D B, Kuldeep Sharma and Mahesh C Sharma. 2011.
Natural dye constituent from husk of juglans nigra and its applications on Pashmina (Cashmere) fabrics.
Journal Natural Product Plant Resources 1 (4): 13-19.
Raja ASM, Shakwayar DB, Pareek PK and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2010. Dyeing of Pashmina shawls using
Page | 157
extracts of Saffron flower and onion peel off waste. (in) Proceedings of 39th
Textile Research Symposium
held during 16th-18
th Dec 2010 at
IIT New Delhi, India, pp. 298-301.
Ammayappan L, Shakwayar DB, Temani P, Goyal V and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2010. Standardization of
Dyeing condition and characterization of dyeing mechanism of cochineal extract of Pashmina wool. (in)
Proceedings of 39th
Textile Research Symposium held during 16th
-18th Dec 2010 at
IIT New Delhi, India,
pp. 618-622.
Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sarfaraz A, Nehvi FA and Sofi Asif H. 2010.
Saffron Flower Waste - A Potential Eco-friendly Dye for Pashmina. (in) National Seminar on
Technological Innovations in Saffron held during 25-26 Nov 2010 at SKUAST-K. Srinagar, Kashmir,
India.
Raja ASM, Shakyawar DB, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2011. Development of Eco-
friendly dyeing and Anti-moth Finishing Process for Pashmina Fabrics. (in) National Seminar on
Prospects and Retrospect of Small Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic
Security held during 7th to 9
th Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.
Shakyawar DB, Kumar Ajay and Raja ASM. 2011. Application of Natural Dyes on Pashmina Shawls.
CSWRI Avikanagar and SKUAST-K, p. 22 (English) 27 (Hindi).
Shakyawar, DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Raja ASM, Sofi H Asif, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and Karim SA. 2012.
Technologies for Pashmina Fibre-Processing and Product Development. Tech. Bull. No. 01, 46 p,
CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.
Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Raja ASM, Kumar Ajay, Sofi H Asif, Pareek PK and Karim SA. 2012.
Application of Natural Colours on Pashmina Shawls. CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.
10. Priyanka Temani. 2010. „Study on Dyeing Properties of a Natural Dye on Pashmina‟. M Sc Thesis,
International College of Girls, Jaipur, P 100.
11. Any other information.
Extarction of Dye material form Natural sources and their application on the natural fibres ahs been
disseminated in the form of folders and CD at SKUAST-K and CSWRI- Avikanagar.
Technology 11
1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.
2. Name of CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani / Dr. D.B. Shakyawar, CSWRI Avikanagar
3. Title of the Technology: Identification of Cashmere (Pashmina) Fibre from Processed Textile Products by
PCR-Based Technique
Information: Identification of falsification/imitation of pashmina shawls with other animal fibres viz; wool,
rabbit wool etc was not possible because of their similar chemical nature. This falsification has badly
damaged the shawl industry as imitated shawls are being sold in the market in the name of pashmina shawls.
4. Key Intervention: Standardizing a PCR based technique for identification of animal fibres.
5. Result: The falsification of pashmina shawls with wool can be detected even up to 10%. This can be used
both for export and internal market.
Page | 158
6. Brief description of technology for release: A technique to extract intact DNA from the processed
cashmere fibre by using PCR based DNA sequencing method has been standardized. By this method,
falsification/imitation of pure pashmina with wool up to 10% can be detected. Further validation to improve
its efficiency up to 1% is under process.
7. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology: Prevention of adulteration of pashmina with wool etc
8. Whether findings have been published:
Kumar Rajiv, Shakyawar DB, Pareek PK, Prince LLL, Meena S Amar, Kumar Satish, Raja ASM, Wani
Sarfaraz A and Karim SA. 2013. PCR Based Identifictaion of Pashmina Fibre in Sheep Wool Blends.
CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.
9. Any other information.
The provisional applications for grant of patent has been filed vide 3400/DEL/12 dated: 5/11/12.
Page | 159
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Page | 162
Annexure
SUCCESS STORIES
1. Innovative Charkha
Under National Agricultural Innovation project subproject entitled “A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity
and Profitability of Pashmina Fibre”, the traditional charkha was improvised through development of Table Top
Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha. Ergonomics of innovative charkha is similar as that of traditional one. The
innovative charkha consist of Table Top,
small spinning wheel, spindle and foot
paddle. The spinner sits on the stool and
operates the paddle of the charkha by foot
resulting in reduction in physical stress. The
Improvised charkha (Table Top Paddle
Operated NAIP Charkha) fabricated under
NAIP has been distributed to 105 beneficiary
spinners (90 in Kashmir valley, 10 in Leh
and 5 in Himachal Pradesh). The innovative
charkha performed excellently with spinning
loss of only 3% as against 12% in case of
traditional one. The field results of
beneficiaries from Kashmir Valley has
revealed that the innovative charkha is
proving efficient in terms of time consumed
for spinning on an average by 73.50% over traditional one besides decreasing physical drudgery. In terms of income,
there is an increase of remuneration by 146.64% (from Rs 1638 to Rs 4040 per month) over traditional one for same
period of time without deteriorating the quality of yarn. Out of successful beneficiaries, the list of few beneficiary
spinners is given as under:
Page | 163
S.
No. Name of beneficiary
Income on
Traditional
Charkha
(Rs)
Income on
innovation
Charkha
(Rs)
Percent
increase
in
income
(%)
1. Shakeela W/o Ali Mohammad Malik R/o Shuhama 715.00 4112.00 475.10
2. Parveena W/o: Bashir Ahmad R/o: Khalmulla 770.00 3120.00 305.00
3. Hamida W/o: Gh. Nabi Baba R/o: Narwara 1063.00 3062.00 288.00
4. Mymoona W/o: Farooq Ah Mir R/o: Shuhama 1350.00 5160.00 282.22
5. Fahmeeda W/o: Manzoor Ahmad Dar R/o: Soura 495.00 1850.00 273.73
6. Shameema W/o: Ab. Rashid Wani R/o: Shuhama 1200.00 4250.00 254.16
7. Mudasira W/o: Ab. Rashid Bhat R/o: Soura 560.00 1845.00 229.46
8. Nayeema Farooq W/o: Farooq Ahmad R/o: Khulmulla 1040.00 3400.00 226.92
9. Naseem W/o Ali Mohd. Chopan R/o: Harwan 1450.00 4725.00 225.86
10. Afrida W/o: Iqbal Hussain Baba R/o: Narwara 2400.00 7500.00 212.50
11. Mehbooba W/o: Shakeel Ahmad Chasti R/o: Khalmulla
2125.00 6600.00 210.58
12. Hamida W/o: Mohd. Sidiq Ahnager R/o: Gojwara 1050.00 3200.00 204.76
13. Fatima W/o: Ab. Ahad Akhoon R/o: Iddgah 1740.00 5280.00 203.44
14. Atiqa W/o: Mohammad Sidiq Ahanger R/o: Gojwara 2280.00 6720.00 194.73
15. Sheema W/o: Bashir Ahmad R/o: Gojwara 520.00 1520.00 192.30
16. Saleema W/o: Gh. Ahmad dar R/o: Soura 500.00 1450.00 190.00
17. Mumtaza W/o: Mohammad Aslam R/o: Narwara 2535.00 7125.00 181.06
18. Mehjabeen W/o Sajad Ahmad Khan R/o Harwan 1740.00 4700.00 170.11
19. Mehbooba W/o: Manzoor Ah. Bhat R/o: Soura 560.00 1500.00 167.85
20. Zahida W/o: Gh. Qadir Ahangir R/o: Gojwara 2535.00 6720.00 165.08
21. Khalida W/o: Abdul Rashid R/o: Zoonimar 2700.00 4200.00 155.55
22. Shahzada W/o: Gh. Rasool Gadu R/o: Soura Anchar 875.00 2175.00 148.57
23. Kounsar Jan W/o Reyaz Ah. Lone R/o Shuhama 1820.00 4515.00 148.07
24. Ms. Anseeb D/o Ashiq Hussan Baba R/o Tangbagh
Narwara
2210.00 5460.00 147.05
25. Neolofar W/o Manzoor Ahmad R/o Soura 1960.00 4407.00 124.84
26. Hajira W/o: Bashir Ah. Dar R/o: Soura 980.00 2175.00 121.93
27. Mehbooba W/o Ghulam Qadir Gujri R/o Narwara 2478.00 5330.00 115.09
Page | 164
Table: Comparison between Traditional and Innovative Charkha.
Features/Parameters Traditional Charkha Innovative Charkha
Way of operation In a Sitting Posture On a stool/ chair with erect
posture.
Physical stresses Backache, numbness in legs,
pain in shoulders etc
No such complaints
Spinning loss (%) 12.66±1.82 3.00±1.08
Average quantity of pashmina spun per
month (g)
117.39±1.30
202.74±1.38
Average increase in spinning efficiency over traditional one (%)
-- 73.50
Average monthly income (Rs) Rs 1638.00 Rs 4040.00
Average Increase in remuneration over traditional (%)
- 146.64
Yarn Quality
Count (Nm 61.18 ±1.5 68.80±0.76
Tex (gm/Km) 17.35±0.95 14.57±0.35
No. of fibres/ cross section 68.13± 0.89 58.42± 0.69
No. of Twists /inch 10.42± 0.24 8.76± 0.21
Breaking Load (gm. wt.) 42.107±0.36 42.25±0.37
Percent Elongation (%) 4.123±0.14 4.174±0.13
Tensile Strength (N/mm2) 3824±4.51 2350±2.77
Tenacity (gm wt./ Tex) 2.53 2.35
Page | 165
2. Expansion of Pashmina goat Rearing in NT areas
Under National Agricultural Innovation Project entitled “A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and
Profitability of Pashmina Fibre”, pashmina goats were provided to the beneficiaries in the Non-Traditional Areas of
Leh and Kargil with an aim to expand the pashmina goat rearing area to other areas having almost similar ecological
niche to those of traditional areas. The beneficiaries were provided with a pashmina goat unit comprising of 9 does
and 1 buck in year 2009 at the cost of 10% of original value. Interventions in the form of shelter, feeding and health
management was provided free of cost. The units performed exceedingly well especially in Drass and Panikhar areas
of Kargil. Among various success stories, few success stories from Panikhar and Drass areas of kargil district are
depicted in below given table.
On the basis of success achieved in the established of pashmina goat units in non-traditional areas of Drass
and Panikhar, the farmers namely Mohammad Mussa R/o Panikahar and Mr Syed Abdullah Shah R/o Drass were
felicitated by Honorable Vice Chancellor, SKUAST-K Dr. Tej Partap in presence of Director Extension Education,
SKUAST-K Dr. Afifa S. Kamili with a cash award of Rs 5000.00 and 3000.00 respectively besides a certificate of
appreciation.
Page | 166
Name of the farmer with
parentage
Mohammad Mussa
S/o Ghulam
Hussain
R/o Panikhar
Syed Abdullah
Shah s/o
Syed Hussain
R/o Drass
Mohammad Ali
S/o Mohammad
Hassim R/o
Panikhar
Khatiza banu
R/o Panikhar
Mohammad
Ismail R/o
Drass
Mohammad
Hassan s/o
Mohammad ali
R/o Panikhar
Ghulam
Mohammad
S/o Hyder
R/o Drass
Source of Livelihood Labourer Agriculture
Farming
Agriculture
Farming
Agriculture
Farming
Agriculture
Farming
Agriculture
Farming
Agriculture
Farming
Initial strength of unit
provided 10 10 10 9 9 10 10
Current livestock strength
after three years (as on Dec 2013)
47 25 37 30 26 30 24
Current unit value
(Property of Farmer)
(@ 6000/= per animal)
282000.00
150000.00
222000.00 180000.00 156000.00 180000.00 144000.00
Additional
Income from
sale of
pashmina (Rs)
Ist year 2914.00 4210.00 3315.00 1649.00 2847.00 816.00 3298.00
2nd year 6450.00 8250.00 2839.00 1266.00 2992.00 2380.00 1870.00
3rd year 7310.00 9350.00 4930.00 4811.00 4250.00 2278.00 3825.00
4th year 10200.00 8000.00 6400.00 2460.00 6000.00 3600.00 4600.00
Additional income from sale
of animals 25000 (4) 66000 (14) 40000.00 (4) 65000.00(14) 40000.00(5) 40000.00(5) 40000.00(5)
Expected unit value after 5
years (after selling additional
animal from time to time) say
35 animals
210000.00
210000.00
210000.00 210000.00 210000.00 210000.00 210000.00
Expected income from sale of
extra animals/year after 5
years
15000.00 15000.00 15000.00 15000.00 15000.00 15000.00 15000.00
Expected income (Rs) per year
from sale of pashmina after 5
years
40000 -50000 40000 -50000 40000 -50000 40000 -50000 40000 -50000 40000 -50000 40000 -50000
Total Expected income (Rs)
family/year from sale of
pashmina and extra animals
after 5 years
55000-65000 55000-65000 55000-65000 55000-65000 55000-65000 55000-65000 55000-65000
Page | 167
ANNEXURE
VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
1. A flow chart of the value chain at the start of the project as given in the approved project proposal
Labour intensive
Increased Wastage
Physical drudgery
4. Traditional
Harvesting Tools
5. Lack of
Grading
Reduced
Returns
1.Pashmina
Farmers in
Ladakh/
H.P
2.Wide Genetic
variability/
Fodder Scarcity
3. Traditional
lack of Health
cover/ Traditional
Management
Low
production
-Heavy
mortality
-Static
population
6. Middle
man
5. Environmental
focus
4. Synthetic
dyesFalcification
3. Lack of
quality control/
Standards
•Labour
intensive
• increased
Wastage
• Drudgery
• Low quality
• High
production
cost
2. Processing using
Traditional Tools
Production
Sector
Processing
Sector
6. Marketing
7. Low
Returns
2. Processing using
Traditional Tools
1.Artisans in
Kashmir/ H.P
2. Processing using
Traditional Tools
3. Lack of
Rotational Health
cover/ Traditional
Management
Page | 168
2. A flow chart of the value chain now indicating the interventions made at various stages
GAP 1
Low Production
GAP 2
Low Productivity
GAP 3
Feed and fodder Scarcity
GAP 4
Lack of health coverManagement Deficits
GAP 5
Traditional processing
GAP 6
Lack of Quality control/falsification
GAP 7
Environmental concere
Expansion to NT Areas
96 units establishedExpected income 55000-65000 per year
Up gradation of Flock
Strengthening of germ plasm Centres (02)
Area specific Feed blocks.Pasture Devlopment
Kid SheltersDisease control measures
Improvisation & innovative tools
Development of standardsPCR based identification
Natural Dyes
IMPROVED HEALTHREDUCED MORTALITY/ MORTALITY
Better QualityReduced DrudgeryTime saving
Capacity BuildingQuality Product
Consumer Acceptibility
Better MarketReduced Cost of Production
Better Returns
Farmers/Artisans Benefitted.Established grounds for furthering pashmina production
Increased overall Production
Average Productivity Increased (40%)
Page | 169
3. A two-way table highlighting the interventions with outcome quantified in terms of quantity produced
and its value in rupees (please follow the saffron model sent earlier).
Sustainability Break in inbreeding
Availability of elite
germplam
NT areas identified
Availability of
pasture
Use of non-
conventional feed resources.
Dosing and
vaccination
schedule
Transfer of
technology
Impact Horizontal and
vertical expansion
of pashmina
production
Better
management
during winters
Disease
control
Reduced
losses
Increased
returns
Reduced
cost of
production
Outcome Production in NT
area
Productivity
increased
Source of elite
germplasm
Better Health Reduced
overall
mortality
Reduced kid
mortality
Reduced
drudgery
Improved
spinning
efficiency
Reduced
time of
processing
Intervention Expansion in NT
Area
Flock Up gradation
Strengthening of
Germplasm centers
Soil analysis
Pasture
development
Area specific
feed blocks
Disease
surveillance
based rotational
health cover
Portable
dipping tanks
Kid shelter
Improved
and
innovative tools
Reasons Farming in Limited
belt
Wide genetic
variability
Nutritional Scarcity
Cold desert
Lack of pasture
development
Disease profile
not known
Health cover
not rotational
Labour
intensive
Lower
efficiency of
traditional
tools
issues Low Production
and productivity
Fodder
scarcity
Morbidity/m
ortality
High cost
of
production
Page | 170
ANNEXURE
BENEFICARY LIST
1. List of Beneficiary in Non-traditional Area of Ladakh
S.no Name/Parentage of identified farmer Village/
Location
No. of
bucks
No. of
does
01 Mohammed Issa S/o. Gh. Hussain Bhimbat 1 9
02 Mohammed Ismail S/o. Gh. Mohd Bhimbat - 9
03 Mohammed Yousuf S/o. Gh. Rasool Bhimbat 1 9
04 Ghulam Rasool S/o Rustam Bhimbat - 9
05 Mehraj Din S/o. Gh. Nabi Bhimbat - 9
06 Ghulam Mohammed S/o. Hyder Shah Bhimbat 1 9
07 Haji Issa Khan S/o. Gh. Hussain Bhimbat 1 9
08 Mohammed Ali S/o. Gh. Haider Bhimbat - 9
09 Syed Abdudullah Shah S/o. Syed Hussain Shah Bhimbat 1 9
10 Mohammed Ramzan S/o. Abdul Rahman Bhimbat - 9
11 Abdul Rahman S/o. Daulat Ali Mir Bhimbat 1 9
12 Mohammed Sadiq S/o. Ghulam Hussain Panikhar 1 9
13 Mohammad Moosa S/o.Gh. Hussain Panikhar - 10
14 Mohammed Farooq S/o. Fazul-ud-Din Prantee 1 9
15 Ghulam Hussain S/o Hussain Ali Prantee - 9
16 Haji Ghulam Ali S/o. Ghulam Abbas Prantee 1 9
17 Haji Jaffar S/o Ghulam Raza Prantee - 9
18 Khatajee Bhanu W/o Mohammad Hassan Prantee 9
19 Mohammed Ali S/o. Mohammad Hashim Khawos 1 9
20 Ahmad Hussain S/o. Mohammed Mussa Khawos 9
21 Mohammad Kazim S/o Sulaiman Khawos 1 9
22 Mohammed Yousuf S/o. Abdul Razzak Khawos - 9
23 Akhoon Gh. Mehdi s/o Gh. Hussain Youljuk - 9
24 Gh. HadeeS/o Mohd Ismail Youljuk 1 9
25 Mohd Ali S/o Gh. Hussain Youljuk - 9
26 Asgar Alis/o Mohammad Tahir Youljuk - 9
27 Mohammad Hassan S/o Mohammad Ali Youljuk 1 9
28 Tashi Stogas S/o Tashi Twsaing Sheingpa Bodhkharboo 1 9
29 Skarma Tsering S/o Tsewang Rigzin Bodhkharboo - 9
30 Tsering Tundup S/o. Tsewang Paljor Changzopa Bodhkharboo 1 9
31 Tsewang Tashi S/o. Tsering Stobdan Chonakpa Bodhkharboo - 9
32 Sonam Dorjay S/o. Tsewang Dorjay Balsapa Bodhkharboo - 9
33 Tundup Dorjay S/o. Tashi Skalzong Tubehupa Bodhkharboo - 9
34 Tundup Dorjay S/o. Sonam Nandal Banlokpa Bodhkharboo 1 9
35 Sonam Wangdus S/o. Nawang Pundole Zingzospa Bodhkharboo 1 9
36 Jigmith Dorjay S/o.Tsewang Tundup Shalto Bodhkharboo 1 9
37 Mohammad Hussain s/o Gh. Mohammad Khangriyal 1 9
38 Jamila Banu w/o Mohammad Akbar Khangriyal 1 9
39 Ghulam Mohammad S/o Ghulam Haider Khangriyal 1 9
Page | 171
40 Maryam bee W/o Mohd Issa Khangriyal 1 9
41 Abdul Aziz S/o Mohammad Ishaq Khangriyal 1 9
42 Ghulam Mehdi S/o Ghulam Mohammad Shaker 1 9
43 Mohammad Mussa S/o Mohammad Hassen Shaker 1 9
44 Qamar Ali S/o Azizullah Shaker 1 9
45 Mohammad Jaffar s/o Mohammad Yaqoob Shaker - 9
46 Nissar Hussain S/o Haji Mussa Shaker - 9
47 Kacho Hussain KhanS/o Ibrahim Khan Chicktan 1 9
48 Baqir Khan S/oAli Khan Chicktan - 9
49 Mohd Ishaq S/o Ghulam Nabi Chicktan - 9
50 Mohd Hussain S/o Mohd Mussa Chicktan 1 9
51 Mohammad Amin S/o Rozi Ali Chicktan 1 9
52 Abdul Kareem Khatibipa S/o Abdullah Khatibipa Turtuk Faroul 1 9
53 Mr. Zakir Hussian S/o Ghulam Ali Mohammadpa Turtuk Faroul - 9
54 Mr. Ali Bhutoo S/o Mohammad Ali Khanpa Turtuk Faroul 1 9
55 Ms.Sultan Bi W/o Mohammad Beighpa Turtuk Faroul - 9
56 Mr.Rahmatullah S/o Ghulam Sangfropa Turtuk Faroul - 9
57 Mr. Ab.Raheem Khan S/o Mohd Ali Khan Turtuk youl 1 9
58 Mr. Gulam Mohd S/o Abdullah Bawapa Turtul youl - 9
59 Mr. Mohmmad Ali S/o Qurban Ali Monchupa Turtuk youl - 9
60 Mr.Abdul Raheem S/o Hassain Bawachupa Turtuk youl 1 9
61 Mr.Gh.Mohd S/o Rozie Mohd Morolpa Turtuk youl 1 9
62 Mr.Tundup Spalgas S/o Sonam Targis Lakjung 1 9
63 Mr.Tsering AngchokS/o Tundop Tsering Lakjung - 9
64 Mr.Stanzin Galson S/o Tsering Nurboo Lakjung 1 9
65 Mr.Sonam Stobgas S/o Tashi Stobgas Lakjung 1 9
66 Mr.Ishey Lundup S/oTundup Dorjay Lakjung - 9
67 Mr.Tashi Angchuk S/o Urgen chhotak Digger 1 9
68 Mr.Tundup Sonam S/o Skalzang Tundup Digger 1 9
69 Mr. Sonam Angchuk S/o Tsewang Rizzin Digger - 9
70 Mr. Tashi Dorjay S/o Skalzang Tundup Digger 1 9
71 Mr. Ragzin Gyaso S/o Tundup Tashi Digger - 9
72 Mr.Tsering Wanydus S/o Tashi Wangyal Tangyar 1 9
73 Mr.Sonam Angchuk S/o Phunchok Tashi Tangyar - 9
74 Mr.Tsering Angchuk S/o Tashi Angchuk Tangyar 1 9
75 Mr. Sonam Angchuk S/o Tundup Paljar Tangyar - 9
76 Mr.Tsering Nurbo S/o Thinless Dorjay Tangyar 1 9
Page | 172
2. List of Beneficiary Spinners
S No. Name D/o/ W/o Address 1. Ms. Maymuna jan Ab Hamid Mir Sanoor Kannihama
2. Shakeela Sanullah Khan New Colony Kannihama
3. Fatima Gh. Mohudin Mir Soonor Badgam
4. Aazi Ab Ahad Najar Chani Mohalla Sonoor
5. Fata Ab Gani Najar Channa Mohalla
6. Muneera Farooq Ah. Mir Shuhama Alusteng
7. Jamsheeda Mohd. Ashraf Quarshi Pir Mohalla Khalmulla
8. Gulshan Pir Firdous Ah. Shah Shuhama
9. Shameema Mushtaq Ah. Quarshi Pir Mohalla Khalmula
10. Mehbooba Shakeel Ah. Chasti Takiya Khalmula
11. Zubida Mohd, Latif Shah Takiya Khalmula
12. Jawahira Ishtaq Ah. Quarshi Pir Mohalla Khalmula
13. Mymoona Gh. Hassan Chasti Takiya Khalmula
14. Parveena Bashir Ah. Chasti Takiya Khalmula
15. Nayeema Farooq Farooq Ah. Chasti Takiya Khalmula
16. Shaheena Ashiq Hussain Chasti Takiya Khalmula
17. Shagufta Irshad Ah. Quershi Pir Mohalla Khalmullla
18. Mehbooba Mohd. Sidiq Gujri Shuhama Alusteng
19. Yasmeen Faroq Ah. Sheikh Khalmulla Alusteng
20. Saleema Farooq Ah. Rather Path pora Arhama
21. Tahira Bashir Ah. Shah Pir Mohalla Khalmullah
22. Zaiba Gh. Rasool Rather Arhama
23. Saida Ab. Majid Rather Pathpora Arhama
24. Kounser Jan Reyaz Ah. Lone Shuhama Alusteng
25. Shameema Ab. Rashid Wani Shuhama Alusteng
26. Firdousa Ali Mohd. Wani Shuhama Alusteng
27. Shakeela Ali Mohd. Malik Shuhama Alusteng
28. Misra Ab. Rehman Hajam Takiya Khalmulla Alusteng
29. Yasmeen Farooq Ah. Sheikh Khalmulla Alusteng
30. Mehbooba Gh. Qadir Gujri Tangbagh Narwara
31. Hamida Late Gh. Nabi Baba Tangbagh Narwara
32. Mumtaza Mohd. Aslam zarkoof Tangbagh Narwara
33. Ms Afrida Jan Iqbal Hussain baba Tangbagh Narwara
34. Ms Anseeb Ashiq Hussain Baba Tang bagh Narwara
35. Meema Farooq Ah. Dar Zaripora Zoonimar
36. Mymoona Mushtaq Ah. Rather Rather Bagh Zoonimar
37. Ms Lateef Mohd. Amin Rather Rather Bagh Zoonimar
38. Nighat Gh. Nabi Rather Rather bagh Zoonimar
39. Shaista Firdous Ah. Sofi Zaripora Zoonimar
40. Jawahera Gulam Geelani Rather Rather Bagh Zoonimar
41. Nighat Imtiyaz Ah. Rather Bagh Zoonimar
42. Naseema Mohd. Yousuf Rather Rather Bagh Zoonimar
43. Raziya Bashir Ah. Mir Zari pora Zoonimar
44. Fancy Mohd. Ashraf Mir Zaripora Zoonimar
45. Ms. Fatima Abdul Ahad Rather Ali Jan Road Soura
46. Ms Haseena Mohd. Shafi Rather Ali Jan road Soura
47. Gulshana Bashir Ah. Naath Vichar Naag Nowshera
Page | 173
48. Naseema Gh. Qadir Dar Shall baf Mohalla Soura
49. Arifa Muzaffar bhat Khan Mohalla Vichar naag Nowshera
50. Nabaala Late Ab. Aziz Parimoo Khan Mohalla Nowshera
51. Ruhee Muzaffar Ahmad Zargar Vichar Naag Nowshera
52. Naaza Arshad Ahmad Khan Chanapora Nowshera
53. Hilala Mohd. Syed Rather Chanapora Nowshera
54. Masooda Mohd. Shafi Rahter Chanapora Nowshear
55. Yasmeena Mohd. Altaf Rather Chanapora Nowshera
56. Yasmeema Basher Ah. Ahanger Nowshera
57. Asmat Bashir Ah. Rather Chan Mohalla Nowshera
58. Sakia Mushtaq Ah. Zarqoof Nowshera
59. Ruhee Gh. Nabi Tali Auntoo Bavan Soura
60. Neolafar Jan Manzoor Ah. Dar Anchar Soura
61. Saleema Bano Gh. Ah. Dar Soura Anchar
62. Shahzada Gh. Rasool Gadu Anchar Soura
63. Shafeeqa Habibullah Ganai Idd Gah Ganderpora
64. Tasleema Ab. Rashid najar Qazi Mohalla Theed Harwan
65. Naseema Late Ali Mohd. Chupan Qazi Mohalla Theed Harwan
66. Gulshan Abdul Ahad Ganai Qazi Mohalla Theed Harwan
67. Shameena Ali Mohd. Mir Mukhdoom Mohalla
68. Hamida Mohd. Sidiq Ahnager Gojwara Rajoiri Kadal
69. Khalida Ab. Rashid Zoonimar
70. Mehjabeen Sajad Ah. Khan Shah Mohalla Harwan
71. Jawhera Hilal Ah. Baba Zoonimar
72. Shafiqa Akthar Farooq Ah. Shalbaf Shalbaf Mohalla
73. Mubeena Tariq Ah. Khan Fatha Kadal
74. Rehana Tariq Ah.Khan Chanapora Nowshera
75. Hafeeza Banu Bashir Ah. Bhat Theed Harwan
76. Sheema Bashir Ah. Ahanger Gojwara
77. Ateeqa Ab. Qadir Ahangir Gojwara Rajori Kadal
78. Amina Khursheed Ah. Bhat Rathpora Iddgah
79. Mehbooba Bashir Ah Khan Harwan Shalimar
80. Haseena Bashir Ah. Shah Shah Mohalla
81. Mymoona Hakim Noor Mohd. Shah Rathpora Iddgah
82. 1 Gulshan Gh. Nabi Sofi Rathpora Iddgah
83. Fatima Akhoon Ab. Ahad Ahkoon Siadpora Iddgah
84. Hajira Bashir ah. Dar Soura
85. Fahmeeda Manzoor Ah. Dar Anchar Soura
86. Afrooza Late Gh. Qadir Sofi Rathpora Iddgah
87. Shahida Abbas Late Mohd. Abbas Hawal
88. Mudasir Ab. Rasheed Bhat Soura
89. Jameela Late Ab. Ahad Bhat Soura
90. Shugufta Ajaz Ah. Basti Upper Soura
91. Sonam Chondon Paljor Tundup Kharnak Leh
92. Disket Angmo Tsering Sampal Karrnak Leh
93. Sonam Chonzon Tsering Dorjay Kharnak Leh
94. Tsering Chozon Sonam Phunsok Kharnak Leh
95. Tsering Puty Urgan Chdul Kharnak Leh
96. Stanzin Chondon Tsering Cholelan Kharnak Leh
97. Sonam Lehdon Phunsok Angchuk Kharnak Leh
Page | 174
98. Padma Yangdol Targay Tashi Kharnak Leh
99. Jigmeth Lehmo Tsering Stobdon Kharnak Leh
100. Sonam Yangdol Jigmeth Yanjor Kharnak Leh
3. List of Beneficiary Weavers
S No. Name Parentage Address
1. Mr. Parvaiz Ah Wani Ali Mohd. Wani Noor bagh
2. Mr. Hayat Ah. Rather Shakeel ah. Rather Wantapora
3. Mr. Iqbal Ah. Rather Ab. Rashid Rather Chanapora Nowshera
4. Mr. Zahid Ahmad Wani Ab. Rasheed Wani Iddgah Rathpora
5. Mr. Mohd. Rafiq Dar Gh. Ah. Dar Iddagh
6. Mr. Irshad Ah. Tantray Gh. Rasool Tantary Gadura Ganderbal
7. Mr. Farooq Ah. Ganai Habibullah Ganai Ganderpora Iddgah
8. Mr. Bashir Ah. Bhat Gh. Ah. Bhat Wantpora Hawal
9. Mr. Mohd Yousuf Hajam Gh. Ah.Hajam Kanihama Budgham
10. Mr. Mushtaq Ah. Dar Gh. Qadir Dar Kanihama Budgham
11. Mr. Mohd. Amin Rather Late Gh. Ah. Rather Nowshera
12. Mr. Sajad Ah. Wani Ab Aziz Wani Waniyar Noor bagh
13. Mr. Abdul Rashid Bhat Mohd. Rajab Bhat Zoonimar
14. Mr. Ab. Hamid Bhat Gh. Ahmad Bhat Zoonimar
15. Mr. Waseem Ah Sheikh Manzoor Ah Sheikh KhulmullaGanderbal
16. Mr. Jahangir Ah. Mir Manzoor Ah. Mir Shuhama Alusteng
17. Mr Rafiq Ah. Sofi Habibullah Sofi Iddgah Rathpora
18. Mr. Manzoor Ah. Zargar Gh. Mohd Zargar Iddgah Rathpora
19. Mr. Tariq Ah Sofi Noor Mohd. Sofi Iddgah Rathpora
20. Mr. Zahid Ah Bhat Gulzar Ah Bhat Chanapora Nowshera
21. Shabir Ahmad Wani Gh Ahmad Wani Saida pora Idd Gah
22. Mohd. Aslam Wani Ali Mohd. Wani Rathpora Idd Gah
23. Rafiq Ahmad Beigh Gh. Mohd. Beigh Kathi Darwaza
24. Aijaz ah. Shah Gh. Qadir Shah Warpoova Alusteng
25. Mushtaq Ahmad Wani Bashir ahmad Wani Saida pora Iddgah
26. Ab. Hamid Najar Mohd. Yousuf Najar Alijan Road Soura
27. Ab. Ahad Baba Gh. Qadir Baba Bilal Colony Soura
4. Beneficiary Weavers to whom wrap have been provided for use on community basis
S No Name S/O Address
1. Mr. Zahid Ah Bhat Gulzar Ahmad. Bhat Chanapora Nowshera
2. Mr. Ab. Aziz Lone Gh. Mohd. Lone Tangpora Zoonimar
3. Mr. Mohd. Salim Sofi Gh. Ahmad Sofi Rathpora Iddgah
4. Mr. Naseer Ah. Dar Majid Ah. Dar Danamazar
Page | 175
5. List of Beneficery in Himachal Pradesh Sr.No. Name & Address No of Chegu
Goats distributed
1. Andui Norbu S/o Late Sh. Angrup Chopel Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil
Spiti District Lahual & Spiti (HP)
6
2. Chhering Angdui S/o Late Sh. Dorje Chewang, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima
Tehsil Spiti District Lahual & Spiti (HP)
6
3. Chhering Angrup S/o Sh. Tanzin Angrup , Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil
Spiti District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
6
4. Chhering Angdui S/o Sh. Dorje Chhewang , Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil
Spiti District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
6
5. Chhetan Angrup S/o Sh. Sonam Ringzen, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil
Spiti District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
6
6. Chhering Putit W/o Late Sh. Dorje Chopel, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil
Spiti District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
6
7. Nawang Yishey S/o Padma Angtak, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil Spiti
District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
6
8. Sonam Takpa S/o Sh. Chhetan, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil Spiti District
Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
6
9. Tashi Chhering S/o Late Sh. Angrup Thuktan, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima
Tehsil Spiti District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
5
10. Yodon Kalzang D/o Sh. Sonam Dawa, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil Spiti
District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
6
11. Sh. Rinchen Chhopel S/o Late Sh. Lobzang Chhopel V.P.O Kibber Tehsil Spiti ,Distt. Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
5
12. Sh. Dorje Chhering S/o Sh. Chuindui , V.P.O Kibber Tehsil Spiti Distt. Lahaul
& Spiti (HP)
5
13. Sh. Tashi Chotup S/o Late Sh. Punchok Tandup, V.P.O Kibber Tehsil Spiti
Distt. Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
5
14. Sh. Champa Chhering S/o Late Sh. Cherring Paldan, V.P.O Kibber Tehsil Spiti
Distt. Lahaul & Spiti (HP)
5
15. Sh. Cherring Ruptan S/o Sh. Chhonzor, V.P.O Kibber Tehsil Spiti ,Distt. Lahaul
& Spiti (HP)
5
16. Sh. Karam Singh S/o Sh. Chepu Ram, V.P.O Tingrit Tehsil Udaipur Distt. Lahual
& Spiti. (HP)
6
17. Sh. Tandup S/o Namgal,V.P.O Tingrit,Tehsil Udaipur Distt. Lahual & Spiti. (HP) 6
18. Sh. Hira Lal S/o Sonam Ram,V.P.O Tingrit ,Tehsil Udaipur Distt. Lahual & Spiti.
(HP)
6
19. Sh. Pushpa Ram S/o Padma Ram, V.P.O Tingrit Tehsil Udaipur Distt. Lahual &
Spiti. (HP)
6
20. Sh. Chet Ram S/o Sh. Ramand, V.P.O Chimrit Sub- Tehsil Udaipur Distt. Lahual
& Spiti. (HP)
6
21. Sh. Veer Chand S/o Sh. Rama Nand , V.P.O Chimrit, Sub -Tehsil Udaipur Distt.
Lahual & Spiti. (HP)
5
22. Sonam S/o Sh, Tagin Dorje , village Darcha ,Tehsil Kelong Distt Lahual &
Spiti. (HP)
6
23. Smt. Angmo w/o Sh. Padama , village Darcha ,Tehsil Kelong Distt Lahual & Spiti. (HP)
6
24. Tamba Ram S/o Sh. Tishi , village Darcha ,Tehsil Kelong Distt Lahual & Spiti.
(HP)
6
25. Rinchin Dorje S/o Sh. Sonam Yangdol , village Darcha, Tehsil Kelong Distt 6
Page | 176
Lahual & Spiti. (HP)
26. Tandup Namgial S/o Tanzin Angdui , village Darcha ,Tehsil Kelong Distt
Lahual & Spiti. (HP)
6
27. Karam Dass S/o Sh. Sonam Phunchok , VPO Sumra , Sub Tehsil Yanghang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP) 1702111
6
28. Panma Dorjae S/0 Sh. Thuktan, VPO Sumra , Sub Tehsil Yanghang Distt.
Kinnaur (HP) 1702111
6
29. Subash Kumar S/o Sh. Angchuk, VPO Sumra , Sub Tehsil Yanghang Distt.
Kinnaur (HP) 1702111
6
30. Rangdol S/o Sh. Rinzin, VPO Sumra , Sub Tehsil Yanghang Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
1702111
6
31. Tandup Karbo S/o Late Sh. Jigmed, VPO Sumra , Sub Tehsil Yanghang Distt.
Kinnaur (HP) 1702111
6
32. Anil Kumar S/o Sh. Chhering Tandup V.P.O Hurling Tehsil Kaza Distt. Lahaul & Spiti (HP) 172111
6
33 Sh. Mohinder Singh S/o Sh. Samphal, V.P.O Hurling Tehsil Kaza Distt. Lahaul
& Spiti (HP) 172111
6
34. Mrs. Panma Chhomo S/o Sh. Tanpa Dorje, V.P.O Hurling Tehsil Kaza Distt.
Lahaul & Spiti (HP) 172111
6
35. Sh. Rajesh kumar S/o Sh. Chhering Gatuk, V.P.O Hurling Tehsil Kaza Distt.
Lahaul & Spiti (HP) 172111
6
36. Rangdol Sh. Sh. Kalzang Dorje, V.P.O Hurling Tehsil Kaza Distt. Lahaul &
Spiti (HP) 172111
6
37. Chhering Dorje S/o Sh. Chetup Thamo , V.P.O. Shalkher Sub Tehsil Yangthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
38. Dorje Tandup S/o Sh. Chhundu Dorje, V.P.O. Shalkher Sub Tehsil Yangthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
39. Smt. Mohni Devi W/o Dharma Nand, V.P.O. Shalkher Sub Tehsil Yangthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
40. Smt. Tashi Angmo W/o Sh. Angchuk, V.P.O. Shalkher Sub Tehsil Yangthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
41. Sh. Vimal Kumar S/o Sh. Neema Ram V.P.O. Shalkher Sub Tehsil Yangthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
42. Naresh Kumar S/o Sh. Chhering Tandup , V.P.O. Chango Sub Tehsil Yangthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
43. Sh. Chhewang Tashi S/o Sh. Sanam Dandup , V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
44. Sh. Sher Singh S/o Deva Sukh, V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh Distt. Kinnaur (HP) 6
45. Sh Jaswanth Singh S/o Partap Singh , V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh Distt. Kinnaur
(HP)
6
46. Sh. Pratap Singh S/o Sh. Shama Nand, V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh Distt. Kinnaur
(HP)
6
47. Sh. Sharad Chheodup Tashi, S/o Sh. Chhewang Tashi V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
48. Sh Norbu S/o .Sh. Gobind Singh, V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh Distt. Kinnaur (HP) 6
49. Sh. Chhewang Murup S/o Tobgia V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang Distt.
Kinnaur (HP)
6
50. Sh. Guru Dev S/o Sh. Ram Sukh V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang Distt.
Kinnaur (HP)
6
51. Tenzin Chhoda S/o Sh. Rangzin Chhetan V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
Page | 177
52. Sh. Ram Lal S/o Sh. Sonam Dorgia V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang Distt.
Kinnaur (HP)
6
53. Karm Singh S/o Sh. Hira Singh V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang Distt. Kinnaur
(HP)
6
54. Sh. Narinder Kumar S/o Sh. Laxmi Singh V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
55. Sh. Ringzin Dandup S/o sh. Piare Lal, V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang Distt.
Kinnaur (HP)
6
56. Dorje Gyalchan S/o Sh. Konchuk Ram V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang Distt.
Kinnaur (HP)
6
57. Sh. Prithvi Singh S/o Sh. Uma Singh, V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang Distt.
Kinnaur (HP)
6
58. Sh. Chhering Lal S/o sh. Kunchuk Ram V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
59. Sh. Kunzing Namgial S/o Sh. Prithvi Singh, V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
60. Sh. Chaman Lal S/o Sh. Bhadur Chand, V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
61. Sh. Mangal Singh S/o Sh. Bhadur Chand , V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
62. Sh. Devender Nath S/o Sh. Bhadur Chand, V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang
Distt. Kinnaur (HP)
6
63. Sh. Mangal Dev S/o sh. Ganga Ram, V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang , Distt.
Kinnaur (HP)
6
Page | 178
Annexure
Table: Water Quality of Changthang area S.No. Mg Ca Mn Fe Cu Zn Na Ni Pb Cd K pH Ec Bio-
carbon
ate
1 2.242 11.84 0.077 0 0.095 0.86 2.765 0.002 0.428 0.00 1 8.24 0.453 18
2 2.25 11.95 0.042 0 0.095 0.816 3.161 0.099 0.261 0.00 2 8.49 0.406 11
3 2.175 11.52 0.102 0 0.095 0.799 3.062 0.041 0.261 0.00 7 8.38 0.419 11
4 2.071 9.699 0.062 0 0.095 0.802 3.027 0 0.261 0.00 3 8.44 0.312 6
5 1.783 9.93 0.057 0 0.095 0.799 1.349 0.021 0.361 0.00 6.5 7.98 0.277 10
6 2.398 9.522 0.052 0 0.095 0.802 4.012 0.119 0.428 0.00 4 8.36 0.355 6
7 2.327 10.62 0.042 0 0.095 0.801 3.906 0.216 0.461 0.00 3.5 8.14 0.366 7
8 2.193 9.93 0.047 0 0.095 0.796 3.989 0.138 0.394 0.00 6 7.78 0.299 8
9 1.487 11.67 0.037 0 0.095 0.804 3.927 0.08 0.195 0.00 2.5 8.48 0.232 8
10 0.913 11.28 0.047 0 0.095 0.797 1.319 0.138 0.295 0.00 1.5 7.94 0.107 6
11 2.21 9.965 0.047 0 0.095 0.802 0.719 0.08 0.228 0.00 6 8.42 0.383 6
12 1.385 9.965 0.042 0 0.095 0.802 2.607 0.119 0.328 0.00 4 8.24 0.187 7
13 2.184 7.165 0.042 0 0.095 0.797 3.942 0.138 0.394 0.00 6.5 8.44 0.399 5
14 0.963 7.059 0.042 0 0.095 0.799 1.588 0.196 0.228 0.00 1.5 8.12 0.152 6
15 2.293 9.681 0.047 0 0.095 0.801 1.145 0.177 0.261 0.00 2 8.58 0.291 6
16 1.457 11.58 0.042 0 0.095 0.801 0.749 0.157 0.361 0.00 2 8.16 0.246 6
17 1.364 11.58 0.037 0 0.095 0.802 3.503 0.255 0.361 0.00 4 8.46 0.337 5
18 1.134 11.35 0.042 0 0.095 0.802 3.924 0.177 0.361 0.00 4.5 8.1 0.274 5
19 0.874 5.96 0.042 0 0.095 0.802 3.834 0.196 0.394 0.00 2 7.53 0.137 4
20 1.021 5.8 0.042 0 0.095 0.799 2.005 0.216 0.361 0.00 1.5 8.34 0.309 8
21 2.28 11.17 0.042 0 0.095 0.802 0.862 0.235 0.394 0.00 8 8.36 0.446 5
22 1.658 9.628 0.037 0 0.095 0.797 4.143 0.216 0.428 0.00 3 8.02 0.178 6
23 1.469 7.254 0.042 0 0.095 0.805 3.287 0.235 361 0 9 8.52 0.288 7
24 2.69 10.46 0.037 0 0.095 0.802 1.444 0.274 0.328 0 7.5 7.84 0.313 4
25 1.231 10.18 0.042 0 0.095 0.799 4.122 0.255 0.394 0 3 8 0.226 8
Page | 179
26 1.101 1021 0.042 0 0.095 0.805 4.1158 0.216 0.295 0 2 8.28 0.348 6
27 2.13 10.66 0.042 0 0.095 0.804 4.591 0.255 0.295 0 7 8.47 0.391 6
28 1.229 86.52 0 0 0 0.03 0.517 0.332 0.095 0 1 7.72 0.236 8
29 1.483 100.7 0 0 0 0.08 0.701 0.352 0.029 0 3 8.32 0.255 4
30 1.589 85.5 0 0 0 0.069 0.73 0.371 0.129 0 3.5 8.35 0.355 8
31 1.798 102.8 0 0 0 0.028 0.05 0.313 0.062 0 1.5 8.42 0.186 10
32 2.024 109.9 0 0 0 0.066 0.858 0.39 0.095 0 2.5 8.38 0.326 3
33 1.267 77.2 0 0 0 0.04 0.979 0.332 0.062 0 1.5 8.34 0.361 4
34 2.024 99.11 0 0 0 0.051 0.927 0.332 0.029 0 2.5 7.85 0.39 6
35 1.252 74.73 0 0 0 0.06 1.012 0.352 0.095 0 1.5 8.35 0.252 7
36 1.467 78.16 0 0 0 0.098 1.012 0.468 0.062 0 2.5 8.27 0.191 4
37 2.042 108.3 0 0 0 0.098 0 0.41 0.062 0 0.5 8.22 0.226 6
38 1.977 105.1 0 0 0 0.056 0.065 0.41 0.029 0 3 8.32 0.379 4
39 1.126 48.21 0 0 0 0.054 0 0.39 0.029 0 1 8.3 0.304 6
40 2.008 73.13 0 0 0 0.05 0.073 0.371 0.092 0 2 8.43 0.183 4
41 0.718 61.98 0 0 0 0.05 0 0.41 0.092 0 1 8.34 0.265 6
42 1.95 81.43 0 0 0 0.051 0 0.39 0.095 0 0.5 7.93 0.203 4
43 1.054 41.95 0 0 0 0.021 0.052 0.429 0.029 0 0.5 8.24 0.166 6
44 1.863 48.75 0 0 0 0.032 0 0.41 0.029 0 1 8.4 0.203 8
45 1.998 84.96 0 0 0 0.045 0 0.41 0.029 0 1 8.36 0.273 5
46 2.076 77.04 0 0 0 0.045 0 0.332 0.029 0 1 8.5 0.348 6
47 1.965 78.43 0 0 0 0.09 0 0.39 0.029 0 1 8.37 0.266 5
48 3.527 19.77 0.022 0.046 0.07 0.005 4.297 0.068 0 0 5 8.36 0.618 7
49 0.889 16.41 0 0.062 0.042 0 3.683 0 0 0.402 4.5 7.85 0.142 5
50 2.34 14.44 0 0.062 0.066 0 3.531 0 0 0.37 7 7.11 0.183 7
51 0.879 4.725 0 0.392 0.082 0 3.266 0 0 0.305 2.5 8.12 0.332 8
52 0.984 4.957 0 0.062 0.082 0 3.419 0.551 0 0.241 2 7.7 0.145 6
Page | 180
Table: Overall variation of soil parameters of Pashmina growing areas
Variable units Mean Min Max St. Dev Status
pH 8.196 7.2 9.43 0.4311 Neutral to Alkaline
EC us/cm 392.6 150 2233 281.3 Normal to critical
OC % 1.194 0.039 3.861 0.8463 Low to high
O.M kg/ha 2.069 0.067 6.656 1.454 Low to high
Total N % 0.10346 0.0034 0.3328 0.07268 Low to high
Available N kg/ha 355.2 125.4 1097.6 193.5 Low to high
Available P kg/ha 37.16 3.82 168.77 26.79 Low to high
Available K kg/ha 489.7 89.6 1120 318.8 Low to high
Available -Ca ppm 209.9 2.2 400.1 100.7 Deficit
Available-Mg ppm 17.634 0.96 30.53 8.685 Deficit
Available -S ppm 218.6 40 500 142.3 Sufficient
DTPA-Zn ppm 0.9896 0.236 5.066 0.8313 Deficit to sufficient
DTPA-Cu ppm 1.051 0.02 13.24 1.599 Deficit to sufficient
DTPA-Fe ppm 10.48 0.14 40.54 9.03 Deficit to sufficient
DTPA-Mn ppm 3.937 0.262 19.41 3.652 Deficit to sufficient
DTPA-Ni ppm 0.6833 0.226 2.432 0.3534 Below Toxic Level
DTPA-Pb ppm 0.9144 0.056 2.574 0.7049 Below Toxic Level
DTPA-Cd ppm 0.08928 0.08 0.246 0.02875 Below Toxic Level
Page | 181
Table : Block-wise variation of soil parameters of Pashmina growing areas
Variable Block N Mean Min Max StDev Status
pH
Karu 9 8.1 7.2 8.8 0.436 Neutral to Alkaline
Nyoma 31 8.1952 7.2 9.35 0.4645 Neutral to Alkaline
Chusule 7 8.347 7.4 9.43 0.673 Sl. Alkaline to Alkaline
Durbok 6 8.233 7.8 8.7 0.398 Sl. Alkaline to Alkaline
Nobra 17 8.2529 7.5 8.8 0.33 Sl. Alkaline to Alkaline
Kargil 5 8.22 8 8.6 0.268 Mod. Alkaline to
Alkaline
Suru 4 8.025 7.8 8.2 0.1708 Mod. Alkaline
Drass 1 7.4 7.4 7.4 * Sl. Alkaline to Alkaline
EC
(us/cm)
Karu 9 256.7 150 301.2 50.7 Normal
Nyoma 31 366.2 173.6 578.2 111.4 Normal
Chusule 7 380.8 262.9 686 166.2 Normal
Durbok 6 816 224 2233 721 Normal to critical
Nobra 17 347.9 192.4 725 148.1 Normal
Kargil 5 591 267 1541 534 Normal to critical
Suru 4 264.9 176.9 361.4 76.2 Normal
Drass 1 252.3 252.3 252.3 * Normal
% OC
Karu 9 0.771 0.039 1.521 0.547 Low to high
Nyoma 31 1.04 0.234 2.808 0.707 Low to high
Chusule 7 1.983 0.078 3.861 1.559 Low to high
Durbok 6 1.495 0.468 3.315 1.041 Low to high
Nobra 17 1.196 0.117 2.925 0.746 Low to high
Kargil 5 1.209 0.546 1.911 0.544 Med to high
Suru 4 1.443 0.702 2.301 0.723 Med to high
Drass 1 1.326 1.326 1.326 * High
Page | 182
O.M (kg/ha)
Karu 9 1.33 0.067 2.622 0.944 Low to high
Nyoma 31 1.794 0.403 4.841 1.22 Low to high
Chusule 7 3.42 0.13 6.66 2.69 Low to high
Durbok 6 2.734 1.614 5.715 1.643 Low to high
Nobra 17 2.057 0.202 5.043 1.291 Low to high
Kargil 5 2.084 0.941 3.295 0.938 Med to high
Suru 4 2.488 1.21 3.967 1.246 Med to high
Drass 1 2.286 2.286 2.286 * High
Total N %
Karu 9 0.0665 0.0034 0.1311 0.0472 Low to high
Nyoma 31 0.0897 0.0202 0.242 0.061 Low to high
Chusule 7 0.171 0.0067 0.3328 0.1344 Low to high
Durbok 6 0.1367 0.0807 0.2858 0.0822 Low to high
Nobra 17 0.1028 0.0101 0.2521 0.0646 Low to high
Kargil 5 0.1042 0.0471 0.1647 0.0469 Med to high
Suru 4 0.1244 0.0605 0.1983 0.0623 Med to high
Drass 1 0.1143 0.1143 0.1143 * High
Av. N (kg/ha
Karu 9 257.8 156.8 407.7 92.5 Low to high
Nyoma 31 297.4 125.4 627.2 120.1 Low to high
Chusule 7 430.1 188.2 721.3 231.7 Low to high
Durbok 6 460 188 941 282 Low to high
Nobra 17 396.6 125.4 846.7 204.4 Low to high
Kargil 5 269.7 156.8 376.3 95.6 Low to Med
Suru 4 588 314 1098 348 Med to high
Drass 1 658.56 658.56 658.56 * High
Av. P (kg/ha
Karu 9 28.48 13.84 55 12.8 Med to high
Nyoma 31 45.52 12.19 168.77 33.64 Med to high
Page | 183
Chusule 7 40.4 11.5 97.2 29.1 Low to high
Durbok 6 22.9 5.38 50.6 17.03 Low to high
Nobra 17 32.07 3.82 99.29 21.13 Low to high
Kargil 5 34.22 15.54 60.98 18.85 Med to high
Suru 4 32.9 15 66 23.4 Med to high
Drass 1 36.744 36.744 36.744 * High
Av. K (kg/ha
Karu 9 505 90 1098 349 Low to high
Nyoma 31 484.8 123.2 1108.8 334.1 Low to high
Chusule 7 661 364 1092 308 High
Durbok 6 737 319 1120 401 Med to high
Nobra 17 387.7 89.6 756 190.6 Low to high
Kargil 5 383 112 1092 410 Low to high
Suru 4 447 190 818 266 Med to high
Drass 1 263.2 263.2 263.2 * Medium
DTPA-Zn
(ppm)
Karu 9 0.871 0.382 1.83 0.512 Deficit to sufficient
Nyoma 31 0.916 0.274 4.338 0.843 Deficit to sufficient
Chusule 7 0.648 0.236 1.104 0.325 Deficit to sufficient
Durbok 6 0.572 0.306 0.766 0.1987 Deficit to Marginal
Nobra 17 1.296 0.332 5.066 1.169 Deficit to sufficient
Kargil 5 1.201 0.484 2.06 0.696 Deficit to sufficient
Suru 4 1.521 1.04 2.546 0.692 Marginal to Sufficient
Drass 1 0.854 0.854 0.854 * Marginal
DTPA-Cu
(ppm)
Karu 9 0.625 0.188 2.102 0.606 Deficit to sufficient
Nyoma 31 0.686 0.034 2.658 0.7 Deficit to sufficient
Chusule 7 1.286 0.02 2.918 1.045 Deficit to sufficient
Page | 184
Durbok 6 1.493 0.314 3.23 1.2 Marginal to Sufficient
Nobra 17 0.6689 0.06 1.674 0.4034 Deficit to sufficient
Kargil 5 1.469 0.352 2.336 0.801 Marginal to Sufficient
Suru 4 4.8 1.03 13.24 5.73 Sufficient
Drass 1 1.324 1.324 1.324 * Sufficient
DTPA-Fe
(ppm)
Karu 9 3.872 0.136 7.324 2.576 Deficit to sufficient
Nyoma 31 6.42 1.62 24.28 5.76 Deficit to sufficient
Chusule 7 14.46 1.99 31.82 14.14 Deficit to sufficient
Durbok 6 14.54 5.67 35.76 10.76 Marginal to Sufficient
Nobra 17 13.8 2.47 28.06 7.42 Deficit to sufficient
Kargil 5 12.63 4.55 16.33 4.7 Marginal to Sufficient
Suru 4 24.55 14.16 40.54 11.96 Sufficient
Drass 1 20.52 20.52 20.52 * Sufficient
DTPA-
Mn(ppm)
Karu 9 2.055 0.262 4.692 1.268 Deficit to Marginal
Nyoma 31 3.586 1.02 19.29 4.009 Deficit to sufficient
Chusule 7 3.173 1.504 6.728 1.91 Deficit to Marginal
Durbok 6 3.96 1.43 9.01 2.85 Deficit to sufficient
Nobra 17 4.569 1.022 8.266 2.44 Deficit to sufficient
Kargil 5 6.69 2.27 10.91 3.77 Deficit to sufficient
Suru 4 6.52 0.98 19.41 8.75 Deficit to sufficient
Drass 1 2.158 2.158 2.158 * Deficit
Available -Ca
Karu 9 300.8 122.2 400.1 107.1 Deficit
Nyoma 31 265.9 2.2 379.9 95.3 Deficit
Chusule 7 199 124.1 377 112.6 Deficit
Durbok 6 139.73 125.8 159 13.66 Deficit
Nobra 17 134.03 124.1 155.3 7.11 Deficit
Page | 185
Kargil 5 138.54 121.6 161.6 14.8 Deficit
Suru 4 128.85 121.3 141.2 8.58 Deficit
Drass 1 125.8 125.8 125.8 * Deficit
Available-Mg
Karu 9 20.76 10.43 29.66 8.48 Deficit
Nyoma 31 24.52 0.96 30.53 7.29 Deficit
Chusule 7 17.37 10.02 29.74 8.95 Deficit
Durbok 6 10.502 9.87 10.76 0.331 Deficit
Nobra 17 10.271 9.3 10.66 0.31 Deficit
Kargil 5 10.686 10.42 10.85 0.174 Deficit
Suru 4 10.165 9.87 10.56 0.292 Deficit
Drass 1 10.3 10.3 10.3 * Deficit
Available -S
Karu 9 225.3 40 490 155.8 Suffucient
Nyoma 31 216.4 55 495 149.1 Suffucient
Chusule 7 295 162.5 487.5 137.4 Suffucient
Durbok 6 329.2 142.5 500 179.1 Suffucient
Nobra 17 173.1 40 337.5 85.1 Suffucient
Kargil 5 171 50 487.5 183.2 Suffucient
Suru 4 199.4 85 365 118.6 Suffucient
Drass 1 117.5 117.5 117.5 * Suffucient
DTPA-Ni
Karu 9 0.7913 0.536 1.312 0.2183 Below Toxic Level
Nyoma 31 0.8921 0.38 2.432 0.3882 Below Toxic Level
Chusule 7 0.638 0.504 1.002 0.1748 Below Toxic Level
Durbok 6 0.4427 0.288 0.598 0.1301 Below Toxic Level
Nobra 17 0.5324 0.226 1.5 0.2993 Below Toxic Level
Kargil 5 0.3556 0.256 0.474 0.0806 Below Toxic Level
Suru 4 0.381 0.256 0.568 0.1323 Below Toxic Level
Page | 186
Drass 1 0.412 0.412 0.412 * Below Toxic Level
DTPA-Pb
Karu 9 1.144 0.056 2.574 0.775 Below Toxic Level
Nyoma 31 1.224 0.056 2.574 0.757 Below Toxic Level
Chusule 7 0.775 0.336 1.314 0.337 Below Toxic Level
Durbok 6 0.476 0.056 1.314 0.516 Below Toxic Level
Nobra 17 0.764 0.056 1.594 0.49 Below Toxic Level
Kargil 5 0.168 0.056 0.476 0.1825 Below Toxic Level
Suru 4 0.615 0.056 2.014 0.942 Below Toxic Level
Drass 1 0.336 0.336 0.336 * Below Toxic Level
DTPA-Cd
Karu 9 0.1353 0.08 0.246 0.0643 Below Toxic Level
Nyoma 31 0.08181 0.08 0.118 0.00745 Below Toxic Level
Chusule 7 0.08 0.08 0.08 0 Below Toxic Level
Durbok 6 0.08 0.08 0.08 0 Below Toxic Level
Nobra 17 0.08435 0.08 0.154 0.01795 Below Toxic Level
Kargil 5 0.0952 0.08 0.118 0.02081 Below Toxic Level
Suru 4 0.08 0.08 0.08 0 Below Toxic Level
Drass 1 0.118 0.118 0.118 * Below Toxic Level
Page | 187
Table: Belt wise variation of soil parameters of Pashmina growing areas
Variable Belt N Mean Min Max StDev Status
pH
Traditional 53 8.2034 7.2 9.43 0.4755 Neutral to Alkaline
Non-Traditional 27 8.1815 7.4 8.8 0.3352 Neutral to Alkaline
EC
(Us/cm)
Traditional 53 400.5 150 2233 291.6 Normal to critical
Non-Traditional 27 377.1 176.9 1541 264.5 Normal to critical
OC (%)
Traditional 53 1.171 0.039 3.861 0.926 Low to high
Non-Traditional 27 1.24 0.117 2.925 0.675 Low to high
O.M
(kg/ha)
Traditional 53 2.036 0.067 6.656 1.589 Low to high
Non-Traditional 27 2.134 0.202 5.043 1.168 Low to high
Total N
%
Traditional 53 0.1018 0.0034 0.3328 0.0794 Low to high
Non-Traditional 27 0.1067 0.0101 0.2521 0.0584 Low to high
Av. N
(kg/ha
Traditional 53 326.6 125.4 940.8 168.3 Low to high
Non-Traditional 27 411.2 125.4 1097.6 228.5 Low to high
Av. P
(kg/ha
Traditional 53 39.4 5.38 168.77 29.64 Low to high
Non-Traditional 27 32.77 3.82 99.29 19.85 Low to high
Av. K
(kg/ha
Traditional 53 540 89.6 1120 343.5 Low to high
Non-Traditional 27 390.9 89.6 1092 239.9 Low to high
DTPA-Zn
(ppm)
Traditional 53 0.8339 0.236 4.338 0.6949 Deficit to sufficient
Non-Traditional 27 1.295 0.332 5.066 0.994 Deficit to sufficient
DTPA-Cu
(ppm)
Traditional 53 0.846 0.02 3.23 0.838 Deficit to sufficient
Non-Traditional 27 1.453 0.06 13.24 2.473 Deficit to sufficient
DTPA-Fe
(ppm)
Traditional 53 7.97 0.14 35.76 8.33 Deficit to sufficient
Non-Traditional 27 15.43 2.47 40.54 8.42 Deficit to sufficient
DTPA-
Mn(ppm)
Traditional 53 3.314 0.262 19.29 3.33 Deficit to sufficient
Non-Traditional 27 5.161 0.976 19.41 4 Deficit to sufficient
Page | 188
Available
-Ca
Traditional 53 248.7 2.2 400.1 104.1 Deficit
Non-Traditional 27 133.79 121.3 161.6 9.16 Deficit
Available-
Mg
Traditional 53 21.35 0.96 30.53 8.53 Deficit
Non-Traditional 27 10.333 9.3 10.85 0.323 Deficit
Available
-S
Traditional 53 241.1 40 500 153.4 Suffucient
Non-Traditional 27 174.5 40 487.5 107.1 Suffucient
DTPA-Ni
Traditional 53 0.7905 0.288 2.432 0.3502 Below Toxic Level
Non-Traditional 27 0.4727 0.226 1.5 0.2541 Below Toxic Level
DTPA-Pb
Traditional 53 1.0667 0.056 2.574 0.7275 Below Toxic Level
Non-Traditional 27 0.615 0.056 2.014 0.558 Below Toxic Level
DTPA-Cd
Traditional 53 0.09045 0.08 0.246 0.03299 Below Toxic Level
Non-Traditional 27 0.08696 0.08 0.154 0.01808 Below Toxic Level
Page | 189
Table: Soil fertility status of different locations of Pasture.
S.No.→ P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10
V S V S V S V S V S V S V S V S V S V S
pH 7.56 Ne 8.53 A 8.42 MA 8.53 A 8.04 MA 8.04 MA 7.93 MA 9.04 A 8.42 A 8.25 MA
Electrical conductivity
(µs/cm)
100 N 4200 I 290 N 310 N 390 N 20 N 20 N 420 N 230 N 370 N
Organic carbon (%) 0.39 L 1.6 H 0.7 M 4.29 H 0.42 L 1.01 H 1.87 H 0.31 L 0.7 M 1.01 M
Available Nitrogen (Kg/ha) 336 M 1379 H 603 H 1973 H 362 M 362 M 870 H 603 H 267 M 870 H
Available Phosphorous
(kg/ha)
8.51 L 7.87 L 7.87 L 7.884 L 11.64 L 42.56 H 5.48 L 9.92 L 11.2 L 13.64 M
Available Potassium
(kg/ha)
296.8 M 5712 H 4704 H 196 M 257.6 M 212.8 M 459.2 H 106.4 L 184.8 M 156.8 M
Calcium ( ppm) 80.65 L 84.25 N 166.1 M 122.4 M 158.4 M 320.8 H 308.95 H 301.05 H 326.25 H 339.85 H
Magnesium (ppm) 9.86 L 12.74 L 12.77 L 12.18 L 13.08 L 13.17 L 13.18 L 11.01 L 12.52 L 13.11 L
Sodium 15.16 N 4.96 N 14.69 N 14.93 N 15.90 N 19.51 N 11.68 N 8.25 N 18.88 N 19.07 N
Zinc (DTPA) ppm 0.62 Ma 0.77 Ma 0.40 D 0.56 D 0.13 D 0.39 D 0.14 D 0.19 D 0.16 D 0.94 Ma
Copper ( DTPA) ppm 1.79 Su-
III
1.86 Su-
III
0.79 Su-
I
0.81 Su-
II
0.94 SU-
III
1.14 Su-
II
0.34 Ma 0.28 Ma 0.32 Ma 0.38 Ma
Iron (DTPA) ppm 5.05 Ma 7.87 Ma 1.61 D 2.68 D 4.11 Ma 4.78 Ma 0.78 D 1.4 D 0.65 D 1.88 D
Manganese (DTPA) ppm 0.77 D 0.47 D 0.73 D 1.72 D 0.96 D 2.4 D 2.22 D 1.04 D 1.72 D 0.12 D
Page | 190
Chromium (DTPA) ppm 0.02 Sa 0.07 Sa 0.02 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa 2.1 Sa 1.89 Sa 1.24 Sa 1.24 Sa 1.57 Sa
Nickel (DTPA) ppm 0.12 Sa 0.35 Sa 0.27 Sa 0.39 Sa 0.12 Sa 0.65 Sa 0 Sa 0.72 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa
Lead (DTPA) ppm 0.98 Sa 1.18 Sa 0.65 Sa 1.05 Sa 0.52 Sa 0.41 Sa 0.16 Sa 0.48 Sa 1.06 Sa 0.35 Sa
Cadmium (DTPA) ppm 0.11 Sa 0.04 Sa 0.04 Sa 0.05 Sa 0.42 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa
Bulk density 1.57 N 1.77 N 1.8 N 1.96 N 1.68 N 1.76 N 1.32 N 1.83 N 1.6 N 1.64 N
Particle density 2.85 N 2.5 N 2 N 2.5 N 2 N 3.3 N 2.85 N 2.85 N 2.85 N 4 N
V = Value, S = Status, Ne = Neutral, N = Normal, L = Low, M = Medium, Ma = Marginal, Su = Sufficent, D = Deficit, SA = Safe, A = Alkaline,
I = Injurious to all crops, MA = Moderate Alkaline
P1= Pasture Kargyam, P2= Pasture Mugleb, P3= Pasture Taktak, P4= Pasture Digger,P5= Pasture Miru, P6= Pasture Tourtung Tokpo,
P7= Pasture Kargil, P8= Pasture Meerak, P9= Pasture Maan and P10= Pasture Cheshule.
Page | 191
Table: Village wise Soil parameters in traditional and non-traditional areas of H.P:
Parameter Traditional Area Mean Value
Of traditional
belt
Non-Traditional
Area
Mean Value
of non-
traditional
belt
Overall Mean
value in
Pashmina
growing areas Kibber Langcha Lari Nako Salkhar Sumra Thang
karma Namgia Hango
pH (soil reaction) 8.5 8.5 7.8 8.6 8.9 7.5 8.6 8.34±0.18 8.3 8.4 8.35±0.05 8.34±0.14
EC(µS) 157 --- --- 138 --- 130 131 139.0± 6.26 145 139 142± 3.0 140.0 ± 4.08
Organic carbon(g\Kg
soil) 16.9 16.7 16.1 25.5 14.1 14.0 17
17.18± 1.46
24.6 19.2 21.9±2.70 18.23±1.39
Nitrogen(Kg\ha) 355.7 326.5 187.8
172.
8 141.1 117.6 129 204.36± 36.61 235.7 153.7 194.7± 41.0
202.21±
28.82
Phosphorus(Kg\ha) 41.7 28.5 36.5 98.8 25.8 28.1 54 44.77±9.74 142.2 80.0 111.1± 31.1 59.51±13.31
Potassium(Kg\ha) 429.7 293.5 287.4
420.
0 221.7 297.5 327
325.26±
28.38 306.4 978.8
642.59 ±
336.2
395.77 ±
76.06
Sulphur(Kg\ha) 107.8 84.0 665.2 --- --- 117.6 121.7
219.26±
111.68 89.6 85.3 87.45 ± 2.15 181.6 ± 80.81
Calcium(meq\100g) 2.47 2.35 7.2 --- --- 2.3 3.1 3.48±0.94 5.7 7.7 6.7±1.0 4.40±0.90
Magnesium(meq\100g) 0.21 0.21 0.5 0.58 --- 0.851 --- 0.47± 0.12 0.56 0.9 0.73±0.17 0.54±0.10
Iron(mg\Kg) 45.6 28.05 ---
17.0
7 16.08 29.02 19.12 25.82±4.55 19.04 18.2 18.62±0.42 24.02±3.54
Manganese(mg\Kg) 39.21 36.86 ---
22.9
2 17.68 15.06 18.29 25.0±4.26 36.12 24.92 30.52±5.6 26.38±3.41
Copper(mg\Kg) 2.88 1.07 0.19 0.12 0.87 2.38 0.15 1.09±0.42 2.05 1.28 1.67±0.38 1.22±0.34
Zinc(mg\Kg) 6.16 5.68 3.18 4.41 1.11 40.72 --- 10.21±6.14 13.03 11.08 12.05±0.97 10.67±4.51
Page | 192
Table: Village wise water parameters in traditional and non-traditional areas of H.P
Parameter Traditional Area Mean Value
in Traditional
belt
Non-Traditional
Area
Mean Value
in Non-
Traditional
belt
Overall Mean
Hurling Lari Nako Chango Salkhar Sumra Namgia Hango
Nitrogen
(ppm)
2.2 1.4 1.6 0.2 2.2 2.8 1.73±0.36 3.9 0.2 2.05±1.85 1.81±0.44
Phosphorus
(ppm)
Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces
Potassium
(ppm)
0.3 1.6 1.3 2.8 0.5 0.3 1.13±0.40 0.4 1.1 0.75±0.35 1.04±0.30
Calcium
(ppm)
24.8 56.5 14.2 27.1 26.7 24.3 28.93±5.84 26.1 10.0 18.05±8.05 26.21±4.87
Magnesium
(ppm)
10.0 11.8 4.3 8.3 9.3 9.4 8.85±1.02 9.3 7.4 8.35±0.95 8.72±0.77
Iron (ppm) Traces Traces Traces Traces 0.12 0.30 0.07±0.05 0.25 Traces 0.12±0.12 0.08±0.04
Manganese
(ppm)
Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces
Zinc (ppm) Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces 0.03 0.005±0.005 0.09 0.70 0.395±0.30 0.10±0.08
Copper
(ppm)
Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces 0.15 0.075±0.075 0.018±0.018
Sulphate
(ppm)
30.2 127.3 6.7 20.3 19.8 26.5 38.47±18.06 20.6 4.4 12.5±8.1 31.97±13.97
Note: Values shown as “traces” were considered as 0.0 for calculation of mean and S.E.
Page | 193
*Refunded vide Cheque No: 05014280 dated: 02-09-2014
**This includes amount of Rs 10.92140 and 0.40436 lakhs (=11.32576) released on account of LIC refund during the year 2010-11 and 2011-12 respectively and stands already refunded to PIU NAIP. ***An amount of Rs 1.02446 lakhs was received for supply of charkhas from different agencies and utilized for the said purpose.
Consortium Principal Investigator
Part-III: Budget and its Utilization SKUAST-K
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE (Final) (Period from 28/01/2009 to 30/06/2014)
Total Sub-project Cost: 648.538 (Original Cost)
Sanctioned/Revised Sub-project cost (if applicable): 794.01
Date of Commencement of Sub-project 28 January 2009
Duration: From 28/01/2009 to 30/06/2014 (DD/MM/YYYY)
Funds Received in each year I Year : 2.17250
II Year: 420.929
III Year : 165.81069
IV Year : 66.00887
V Year : 45.89141
VI Year : 128.40711
Total Amount received: 829.21958
Bank Interest received on fund (if any): 6.23181 Amount refunded: 96.94629 + 11.72409* = 108.67038
Total expenditure: 752.8788705 Expenditure Head-wise:
Particulars Fund Allocated*
Expenditure Incurred
Total Exp Year
08-09 Year 09-
10 Year 10-
11 Year 11-
12 Year 12-
13 Year 13-
14
A. Recurring Contingencies
(1) TA 22.84 0.24979 4.99581 5.39768 4.89762 3.82293 3.14457 22.5084
(2) Workshop 9.81 0.49996 1.99634 0.35079 0.9633 0.90062 1.09038 5.80139
(3) Contractual Staff 40.90 0.36354 5.56742 6.18715 8.74212 5.76813 9.22937 35.85773
(4) Operational Cost 303.66 0.85971 71.64662 73.1898688 42.0699752 36.51387 43.6711725 267.9512165
Sub- Total of A (1-4) 377.21 1.973 84.20619 85.1254888 56.6730152 47.00555 57.1354925 332.1187365
B. HRD Component
(5) Training 22.59 0.00 3.77232 4.85804 2.65670 0.10290 10.95440 22.34436
(6) Consultancy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00000 0
Sub- Total of B (5-6) 22.59 0.00 3.77232 4.85804 2.65670 0.10290 10.95440 22.34436
C. Non - Recurring
(7) Equipment 302.82 0.00 208.196134 33.59478 14.93569 0.00 54.57824 311.304844**
(8) Furniture 1.98 0.00 1.98241 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98241
(9) Work / New/ Renovation 10.00 0.00 0.00000 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10
(10) Others / Animals books 40.93 0.00 25.23837 15.11208 0.57272 0.00 0.00 40.92317
Sub- Total of C (7-10) 355.73 0.00 235.416914 58.70686 15.50841 0.00 54.57824 364.210424
SUB TOTAL (A+B+C) 755.53 1.973 323.395424 148.6903888 74.838125 47.10845 122.6681325 718.6735205
D. Institutional Charges 38.49 0.1975 9.01418 8.60750 5.94378 3.58976 5.82809 33.18089
E. Expenditure out of
Revenue
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 1.02446 0.00 1.02446***
Grand Total
(A+B+C+D)
794.02 2.17050 332.409604 157.2978888 80.7819052 51.72267 128.4962225 752.8788705
Page | 194
Part-III: Budget and its Utilization CSWRI
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE (Final)
(Period from 28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014)
Sanction Letter No. F.NO 1(5)/2007-NAIP Dated January, 2009
Total Sub-project Cost: 107.543 (Original Cost)
Sanctioned/Revised Sub-project cost (if applicable): 270.17
Date of Commencement of Sub-project 28 January 2009
Duration: From 28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014 (DD/MM/YYYY)
Funds Received in each year
I Year : 0.924
II Year : 59.78661
III Year: 26.53666
IV Year: 16.43686
V Year : 8.42562
VI Year: 158.36
Total amount received : 270.46975
Bank Interest received on fund (if any):4.03645
Amount Refunded: 97.25603
Total expenditure : 178.21917
Expenditure Head-wise: Particulars Fund
Allocated
Expenditure Incurred Total Exp
Year 08-09 Year 09-10 Year 10-11 Year 11-12 Year 12-13 Year 13-
14
A. Recurring Contingencies
(1) TA 11.720 0.18298 1.81949 2.36421 1.10484 0.74942 1.35382 7.57476
(2) Workshop 2.500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000
(3) Contractual Staff 14.140 0.19513 2.21711 3.09203 2.88 2.88 2.88 14.14427
(4) Operational Cost 42.560 0.39 8.33647 7.90438 8.02843 3.74135 8.92727 37.32790
Sub- Total of A (1-4) 70.92000 0.76811 12.37307 13.36062 12.01327 7.37077 13.16109 59.04693
B. HRD Component
(5) Training 5.78 0 1.44482 3.36527 0.96768 1.67652 0.250 7.70429
(6) Consultancy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000
Sub- Total of B (5-6) 5.78 0.00 1.444820 3.365270 0.967680 1.676520 0.250 7.704290
C. Non - Recurring
(7) Equipment 186.52 0.00 36.06024 0.15 0.30784 0.00 69.62025 106.13833
(8) Furniture 1.00 0.00 0.99864 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99864
(9) Work / New /
Renovation
2.00 0.00 1.88248 0.11738 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.99986
(10) Others / Animals
books
0.50 0.00 0.22663 0.26916 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49579
Sub- Total of C (7-10) 190.02 0.00 39.16799 0.53654 0.30784 0.00 69.62025 109.63262
SUB TOTAL (A+B+C) 266.72 0.768 52.98588 17.26243 13.28879 9.04729 83.03134 176.38384
D. Institutional
Charges
3.46 0.0440 0.67850 0.524970 0.587860 0.0 0.0 1.83533
Grand Total
(A+B+C+D)
270.18 0.81211 53.66438 17.7874 13.87665 9.04729 83.03134 178.21917
Consortium Co-Principal Investigator
Page | 195
Consortium Principal Investigator
Part-III: Budget and its Utilization (CSK HP KVV Palampur)
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE (28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014)
Sanction Letter No. F.NO 1(5)/2007-NAIP Dated January, 2009
Total Sub-project Cost : 138.673 (Original Cost)
Sanctioned/Revised Sub-project cost (if applicable) : 129.80
Date of Commencement of Sub-project 28 January 2009
Duration: From 28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014 (DD/MM/YYYY)
Funds Received in each year
I Year : 1.26
II Year : 56.08359
III Year : 27.70824
IV Year : 15.14379
V Year : 1.99108
VI Year : 20.66
Total amount received ` 122. 84670
Bank Interest received on fund (if any) ` Nil
Amount Refunded: 6.11757
Total expenditure ` 112.124780
Expenditure Head-wise:
Particulars Fund
Allocated*
Expenditure Incurred Total Exp
Year 08-09 Year 09-
10
Year 10-
11
Year 11-
12
Year 12-
13
Year 13-14
A. Recurring Contingencies
(1) TA 6.56 0.09810 0.80417 1.1244 0.94804 0.40865 0.95110 4.33446
(2) Workshop 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42081 0.42081
(3) Contractual Staff 10.31 0.00 1.05146 1.7600 2.07096 2.340 2.16000 9.38242
(4) Operational Cost 67.36 0.27549 4.93628 19.1271 14.87132 15.0312 11.64399 65.88537
Sub- Total of A (1-4) 84.73 0.37359 6.79191 22.0115 17.89032 17.77985 15.17590 80.02306
B. HRD Component (5) Training 3.69 0.00 1.00824 0.6950 0.58906 0.05 0.89150 3.23380
(6) Consultancy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00
0.00000
Sub- Total of B (5-6) 3.69 0.00 1.008240 0.695000 0.589060 0.050000 0.892 3.233800
C. Non - Recurring
(7) Equipment 23.04 0.00 10.54442 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.54442
(8) Furniture 1.00 0.00 0.99718 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99718
(9) Work / New / Renovation 2.83 0.00 2.57500 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.82500
(10) Others / Animals books 9.03 0.00 1.373600 8.297720 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.67132
Sub- Total of C (7-10) 35.9 0.00 15.49020 8.548 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.03792
SUB TOTAL
(A+B+C) 124.32 0.374 23.29035 31.25421 18.47938 17.82985 16.06740 107.29478
D. Institutional
Charges 4.83 0.0600 0.74000 1.277000 0.924600 0.948400 0.880000 4.83000
Grand Total
(A+B+C+D) 129.79 0.43359 24.03035 32.53121 19.40398 18.77825 16.94740 112.124780
Page | 196
Part-III: Budget and its Utilization (SHD, Kashmir)
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE (Period from 28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014)
Sanction Letter No. F.NO 1(5)/2007-NAIP Dated January, 2009
Total Sub-project Cost : 48.28 (Original Cost)
Sanctioned/Revised Sub-project cost (if applicable): 49.09
Date of Commencement of Sub-project: 28 January 2009
Duration: From 28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014 (DD/MM/YYYY)
Funds Received in each year
I Year: 0.00
II Year: 13.67
III Year: 17.00618
IV Year: 0.00
V Year: 4.33510
VI Year: 0.44412
TOTAL Amount Received: 35.4554
Bank Interest received on fund (if any): 0.71944
Amount Refunded: Nil
Total expenditure: 35.43128
Expenditure Head-wise: Particulars Fund
Allocated*
Expenditure Incurred Total Exp
Year 08-09
Year 09-10
Year 10-11
Year 11-12
Year 12-13
Year 13-14
A. Recurring Contingencies
(1) TA 5.00 0.00 2.50 0.57 0.63225 0.42196 0.56579 4.69
(2) Workshop 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00 0.00
(3) Contractual Staff 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00
(4) Operational Cost 31.89 0.00 4.38908 5.95277 6.14723 0.45 3.27 20.20908
Sub- Total of A (1-4) 36.89 0.00 6.88908 6.52277 6.77948 0.87196 3.83579 24.89908
B. HRD Component
(5) Training 3.46 0.00 0.50 1.18280 0.77720 0.03687 0.00313 2.50 (6) Consultancy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sub- Total of B (5-6) 3.46 0.00 0.50 1.18280 0.77720 0.03687 0.00313 2.50 C. Non - Recurring
(7) Equipment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(8) Furniture 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (9) Work / New / Renovation
6.00 0.00 0.00 5.993620 0.00591 0.00 0.00047 6.00
(10) Others / Animals books
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub- Total of C (7-10) 7.00 0.00 1.00 5.993620 0.00591 0.00000 0.00047 7.00
SUB TOTAL (A+B+C) 47.35 0.00 8.38908 13.69919 7.56259 0.90883 3.83939 34.39908
D. Institutional Charges 1.74 0.00 0.21710 0.33824 0.29688 0.09024 0.08974 1.03220
Grand Total (A+B+C+D) 49.09 0.00 8.60618 14.03743 7.85947 0.99907 3.92913 35.43128
Consortium Co-Principal Investigator