FINAL REPORT

National Agricultural Innovation Project

(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)

A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and

Profitability of Pashmina Fibre

Sher-e-Kashmir

University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir

Shalimar, Srinagar (J&K) India

2014

Printed on : August 2014

Component : Production to Consumption System (PCS-II)

Citation : Prof. Sarfaraz A Wani. 2014. A Value Chain on Enhanced

Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina Fibre. ICAR funded

NAIP Reseacrch Project 20030101. FVSc & AH, SKUAST-K

Shuhama Srinagar (190006) J&K India.

Copyright : Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

Disclaimer : This report is based on the research findings by the consortium.

NAIP is not responsible for the content, quality and technical

information provided herein.

Published by : Vice-Chancellor

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and

Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar 190025 (J&K) India.

Tel: 0194-2462159; Fax: 0194-2462160

Email: vcskuast-jk@nic.in; vcskuast@gmail.com

Website: www.skuastkashmir.ac.in

Edited by : Prof. Sarfaraz A Wani.

Dean, FVSc & AH

SKUAST-K, Shuhama Srinagar (190006) J&K India.

Compiled by : Dr Asif Hassan Sofi

Assistant Professor

Division of LPT, SKUAST-K

Hindi translation : Dr. Dinesh Krofa

Assistant Professor

Division of LPT, COVAS, CSKHPKVV, Palampur-176062 (HP)

Cover page

photographs

: Pashmina Goat Farm units in NT Area of Kargil.

Table Top Paddle Operated Innovative NAIP Charkha. (Pic by Dr. Asif H Sofi and Dr Zahid A Kashoo)

______________________________________________________________________________

Printed at: Accurate Printers, Srinagar

CONTENTS

Page No’s

Foreword 1

Preface 2

4

Executive Summary/ Key words 8

Part-I: General Information of Sub-project 11

Part-II: Technical Details

1. Introduction 14

2. Overall Sub-project Objectives 15

3. Sub-project Technical Profile 15

4. Baseline Analysis 20

5. Research Achievements 24

6. Innovations 80

7. Process/Product/Technology/Value Chain/Rural Industry Developed 82

8. Patents (Filed/Granted) 83

9. Linkages and Collaborations 83

10. Status on Environmental and Social Safeguard Aspects 84

11. Constraints, if any and Remedial Measures Taken 85

12. Publications 85

13. Media Products Developed/Disseminated 98

14. Meetings/Seminars/Trainings/Kisan Mela, etc. organized 101

15. Participation in Conference/ Meetings/Trainings/ Radio talks, etc. 110

16. Foreign Trainings/Visits undertaken 119

17. Performance Indicators 120

18. Assets Generated 121

19. Awards and Recognitions 131

20. Steps Undertaken for Post NAIP Sustainability 132

21. Possible Future Line of Work 133

22. Personnel 134

23. Governance, Management, Implementation and Coordination 137

Part-III: Budget and its Utilization 141

Part-IV: Declaration 143

Pro-forma

Details of Technologies Developed/ Validated/ Adopted 144

Bibliography cited 159

Annexure

Success Stories 162

Value Chain Analysis 167

Beneficiary List 170

Water quality of Changthang Area 178

Overall variation of soil parameters of pashmina growing area 180

Block wise varaiation of soil parameters of pashmina growing area 181

Soil fertility of different location of pastures 189

Village wise status of soil paramtres in Traditional and Non-traditional

areas of HP.

191

Village wise status of water paramtres in Traditional and Non-traditional

areas of HP.

192

Budget and its utilization from different consortium partners 193

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Sher-e-Kashmir University of

Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir

Dr. Tej Partap Vice Chancellor

FOREWORD

It gives me a great pleasure that Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of

Kashmir has successfully completed World Bank funded National Agricultural Innovation Project from ICAR entitled

“A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina Fibre”. The project was executed in a

consortium mode with SKUAST-K as lead Centre and CSK HP KVV, Palampur, Central Sheep and Wool Research

Institute, Avikanagar and Sheep Husbandry Department, Kashmir as Consortium partners, besides All Chagthangi

Pashmina Growers Association, Kashmir Handmade Pashmina Promotion Trust (KHPPT), TAHFUZ, All J&K

Handicraft Society Srinagar, Bhuttico Weavers Association (BWA), Kullu and Shivaco shawls, H.P and many more

as Associated Partners.

The project was envisaged with the objectives of increased productivity, production and profitability of

pashmina fibre by breed improvement, intervention in production system, expansion in pashmina production areas,

improvisation in harvesting and processing tools and techniques, development of quality standards, skill development,

capacity building and linkage/integration among stakeholders.

It is a matter of satisfaction that under the subproject, number of technologies including portable dipping

tanks, improvisation of handloom, warping system have been developed, besides two patents have been filed for the

technologies developed viz; improvisation of traditional charkha and PCR based technique for identification of

pashmina fibre.

At the end of the day, the outcome of the work gets reflected by its effects on the beneficiaries. The

subproject lead to the improvement in the livelihood security of the farmers besides self sustainability of work as

number of projects/schemes has been sanctioned by ICAR, CWDB, DST, Govt. of HP for carrying forward the

technologies/activities developed under NAIP and their further popularization in the field.

I congratulate the project team of whole consortium in general and team from SKUAST-Kashmir in particular

under able leadership of Prof. (Dr.) Sarfaraz A Wani for their dedication and commendable work .

Shalimar Srinagar-191121, J&K, India, PO Box No 262, GPO Srinagar-190001, J&K

Phone (O):- 0194-2462159, 2464028; Fax: 0194-2462160; (R) 0194-2461543, 2463655; Fax: 0194-2461543

Email: vc@skuastkashmir.ac.in; skuastkvc@gmail.com

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Sher-e-Kashmir University of

Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir

Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani

Dean, FVSc & AH

PREFACE

It is a great honor for me that we as a consortium have successfully completed the activities of the National

Agricultural Innovation Project entitled “A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina

Fibre”. The project was envisaged with two broad objectives viz; Augmentation of pashmina productivity and

production and improvement in pashmina utilization.

Pashmina is one of the best naturally available animal fiber having aesthetic feel and high value. But the

production and productivity of pashmina in India is very low as compared to world average. The main reason for this

is high degree of inbreeding, poor husbandry practices, poor/inadequate nutrition, inadequate animal health facilities

and shelter. To address these issues of low productivity/production of pashmina besides improving processing tools

and techniques, a multidimensional research project was sanctioned by ICAR under National Agricultural Innovation

Project, entitled “A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina Fibre” in year 2009 with

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir as Lead Centre and CSK HP KVV,

Palampur, CSWRI-Avikanagar and Sheep Husbandry Department, Kashmir as Consortia partners. The envisaged

activities of the subproject included breed improvement, intervention in production system, expansion in pashmina

production areas, improvisation in harvesting/processing tools and techniques, development of quality standards, skill

development, capacity building and linkage/integration among stakeholders.

The final progress report is the outcome of the contributions made by all the CCPI‟s/ Co-PI‟s/ Scientists at all

the consortium centres which is worth appreciating. During the project period of more than five years, team of whole

consortium did a remarkable job in achieving envisaged targets. The work done is even more commendable as the

project team worked in the far flung areas of Ladakh and HP where the temperature even drops to -40oC during

winters. All the envisaged activities were completed insipite of inaccessible areas for about six months of the year.

Number of technologies included expansion of pashmina goat rearing areas in non-traditional areas, shelter

management, portable dipping tanks, improvisation of processing tools and techniques etc were developed. Two

patents were also filled for improvisation of traditional charkha and PCR based technique for identification of

pashmina fibre which gives more satisfaction.

The major outcome of the subproject is improvement in the livelihood security of the farmers/artisans. The

farmers in the non-traditional areas of pashmina rearing had an additional income of about Rs. 50000.00 per year

from the pashmina enterprises. The increase in monthly remunerations of spinners and weavers on improvised

charkha and handloom as compared to traditional one is 146.64 (%) and 28.02 (%) respectively. The self

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sustainability of the activities is in itself a success of the project as number of the project/ schemes have been

sanctioned by CWDB, DST, and ICAR for continuous implementation.

The constant input and/or advice given by the Consortium Advisory Committee and Consortium

Implementation Committee has helped a lot in execution of the project activities which is highly acknowledged.

The support and dynamic leadership under Dr. S. Ayyappan, Secretary (DARE) and Director General ICAR

is highly acknowledged. Thanks are due to DDG (AS) and other ADG‟s at ICAR for time to time support and

cooperation.

Sincere thanks are due to National Director/s (NAIP) Dr Bengali Babu and Dr. D. Rama Rao for their

determination and time to time support during the course of the project. This is to place on record and acknowledge

the trustful support and motivation by past and present National Coordinators, NAIP (PCS-II) viz; Dr. J P Mittal, Late

Dr R K Goyal and Dr R Ezekiel. They have always been providing immense help and encouragement in the

implementation of the subproject and thereby more systematic approach in doing the things. Thanks are also due to

the Director Finance S Bilgrami and Undersecretary/Deputy secretary NAIP for constant help and encouragement.

Thanks are due to all the staff of NAIP/ ICAR, staff in PIU, administrative officers, financial officers, research

associates Component-2 and office assistants for their support.

Special thanks are for Hon‟ble Vice Chancellor SKUAST-Kashmir Dr Tej Partap for his immense help and

motivational force to perform under all sorts of conditions.

Immense help provided by Prof. Anwar Alam, former Vice Chancellor SKUAST-K and Dr. A R Trag, former

Director Research, SKUAST-K during the formulation and initial stages of the project is highly appreciated.

The support and help rendered by the Director Research, SKUAST-K Dr. Shafiq A Wani and staff in

Directorate of Research is highly acknowledged. Thanks are due to Comptroller, SKUAST-K and staff for carrying

out the financial matters of the subproject. Thanks are due to all the Research Associates, Senior Research Fellows,

field assistants, office assistants, skilled labourers and other staff of the subproject at Lead centre and other

consortium centres for successful completion of the subproject in its best possible manner.

Last but not the least thanks are to the staff of all the Divisions of SKUAST-Kashmir associated with the

project including Dvision of Livestock Products Technology, for their help and support during the course of the

project.

There may be many hands who must have played their role knowingly or unknowingly in accomplishment of

the project are highly acknowledged.

Prof. (Dr.) Sarfaraz A Wani

CPI NAIP Pashmina

(SKUAST-K)

Faculty of Veterinry Science and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Srinagar-190006, J&K, India,

Phone (O):- 0194-2262207; Fax: 0194-22262207; Email: deanvety@skuastk.ac.in; sarfarazawani@gmail.com

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Executive Summary

Ladakh region (J&K), Lahul, Spiti and Kinnaur valley (HP) are the only areas in India that represent the

Trans-Himalayan high altitude cold desert environment with an elevations ranging from 3500 to 4500 m above MSL.

These areas experience harsh dry climate characterized by wide temperature fluctuation, ranging from -400C (winter)

to 300C (summer), very low precipitation and hypoxia. These climatic conditions along with qualitatively poor soil

profile, deficient irrigation facilities and undulating terrain makes most of the area in the region unsuitable for crop

based agricultural activities. Accordingly, livestock based farming system in these areas forms the main source of

livelihood for the populace. Fortunately, nature has endowed these areas with some specific species/breeds of

livestock highly adapted to these agro-climatic and agro-ecological conditions. The pashmina producing goat breeds

(Changthangi and Chegu breeds) are amongst these special livestock breeds that have adapted to the harsh agro-

climatic and agro-pastoral conditions.

The pashmina goat farming, the sole source of sustenance of the economically and socially deprived nomadic

tribes (Changpa), confronted with the low productivity and production of pashmina, yielding low remuneration has

been the main reason for poor and static socio-economic status of these tribes. The reasons for low productivity and

production of pashmina include high degree of inbreeding, poor husbandry practices, poor/inadequate nutrition,

scanty surface grazing, inadequate animal health facilities and improper shelter besides its restriction to traditional

areas.

Furthermore, the economically weaker sections of society (spinners, weavers and shawl bafs) including

women are involved in processing of pashmina at cottage industry level. Also, the processing tools used and

techniques followed are very old, labour intensive, full of drudgery, less efficient, yielding low output per unit of time

spent, there by rendering the job less remunerative. Further, the ban imposed on Shahtosh trade in any form has

rendered about 40,000-45,000 highly skilled craftsmen/ women jobless. These skilled artisans could be provided with

gainful employment through their engagement in processing of pashmina and thereby saving them from starvation

and also preserving an age old heritage. Moreover, the absence of quality standards for pashmina and pashmina

products has rendered this trade open to the exploitation by unscrupulous traders at the cost of genuine pashmina and

pashmina products.

Hence the subproject was envisaged to fill the gaps by designing a multidimensional research programme

involving breed improvement, intervention in production system (health cover, shelter, pasture improvement etc),

expansion in pashmina production areas, improvisation in harvesting/processing tools and techniques, establishment

of quality standards, skill development, capacity building and linkage/integration among stakeholders (farmers,

processors, extension and R&D agencies) resulting in improvement in both productivity and production of pashmina

and its utilization, thereby increasing the profitability and sustainable livelihood.

In order to achieve the targets, the envisaged activities were executed by identifying the beneficiary farmers

in the production sector on the basis of their socio-economic status. The elite pashmina goat germ plasm was procured

from the potential areas of Ladakh and HP. Farm units were established in traditional area (by providing elite bucks to

the extent of 3% of their breedable does) and non-traditional area (1 buck and 9 does). All the interventions in terms

of shelter, feeding and health management were provided. The shelter management included kid shelter in traditional

area and angle irons, chain link fencing and tin sheets for erecting pashmina goat sheds in non-traditional areas.

Feeding management included complete Feed blocks, UMMB and concentrate feed while health management

Page | 9

comprised of dosing/dipping, vaccination and need based treatment. In the processing sector families were also

selected on the basis of their socio-economic status. The processing tools/techniques were improvised by fabricating

improvised charkha, handloom, warping system and their distribution in the field. Further, keeping the environmental

safeguard into consideration, the application of natural dyes on pashmina was standardized. To prevent imitation of

pashmina fabrics, the quality assurance tests including PCR based technique for identification of animal fibres were

also standardized.

The interventions in the pashmina production areas of ladakh has lead to an improvement in pashmina

production and kidding percentage by 40.07 (%) and 10 (%) respectively besides improving the birth weight of kids

from 2.37±0.12 to 2.61±0.18. The kid shelter in the form of thermo-chambers covered by tarpaulin has reduced the

kid mortality among the beneficiary families from 67.54 (%) to 31.33 (%). The horizontal expansion of pashmina

production area to non-traditional areas of Kargil, Leh and HP has been a great success with overall survivability,

kidding percentage and kid mortality as 89.73±0.40, 85.09±0.53 & 74.79; 85.16±0.66, 50.58±0.80 & 59.61; and

30.52±0.54, 26.07±0.78 & 24.19 percent respectively. The overall pashmina yield (gm) in Kargil and Leh was

reported as 182.33±0.30 & 161.61±0.52 with the quality in terms of fibre diameter (µ) and fibre length (mm) as

14.04±0.09 & 15.03±0.37; and 56.02±0.16 & 48.26±0.56 respectively. By adopting the pashmina goat farms in Kargil

and HP under strengthening of pashmina goat farms, there has been an improvement in the pashmina yield from

146.22 to 213.53 gm and 176.29 to 188.46 gm respectively. In processing sector, 105 modified/innovative charkha

(Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha) were fabricated and distributed to beneficiary spinners in Kashmir,

Ladakh and Palampur. The field results have shown that innovative charkha is proving efficient in terms of time

consumed for spinning by 73.50% over traditional one besides decreasing physical drudgery. In terms of income,

there is an increase of 146.64% (Rs 1638 to Rs 4040) remuneration over traditional one for same period of time

without deteriorating the quality of yarn. Provisional patent application was filed vide number 3616/Del/2011 dated:

13-12-2011. Field results of fabricated improved handloom with multiple shuttles for multiple design development

have shown that there is an increase in net return to weavers by 28.02% over traditional one. The advantages of

Improvised warping systems (installed on community basis) includes reduction of physical drudgery, saving of

warping time (150%), reduction in warping cost from Rs 100 to only Rs 50 per shawl. Organic substances viz: walnut

husk, onion peel, saffron flower petals, pomegranate rind, silver oak, myrobalan, meddar, henna , tulip and Lumb

(Biden pilosa) were used for natural dyeing of pashmina fabric. Study revealed that pashmina could be dyed with

these organic sources with good fastness. Dehairing machine for dehairing of pashmina was improvised. The

improvement has resulted in reduction in passage of pashmina from five to only three which not only reduced the

damagaing effect to the delicate pashmina fibre but also improved its recovery percentage. The use of PVA as carrier

fibre in machine spinning has shown an advantage over the utilization of nylon as the former can be dissolved in hot

water as against HCL. This technique has prevented the damage to the delicate fibre as was encountered in the nylon

dissolution method. The standardization of PCR based technique for identification of animal fibres has revealed that

the falsification/adulteration of pashmina with the wool up to 10% can be detected. The applications for grant of

patent has been filed vide No: 3400/Del/2012 dated: 05/11/2012.

The significant achievements of the project are as under:

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Production technologies developed and adopted : 05

Processing technologies developed, adopted/ commercialized : 07

Rural industries established/commercialized : 96

Patents (filed/granted) : 02

Publications :

Research papers published : 20

Popular articles published : 01 Books/book chapters published : 03

Bulletins/brochures/leaflets published : 17

Training manuals published : 07 Seminars/symposium/Conference Proceedings 64

Film/ CD developed Coverage in press, TV, media : 07

Trainings undertaken and scientists/other staff trained

(national/international)

: 58

Trainings organized and farmers/other stake holders trained : 124 trainings organized covering 2933 farmers/

artisans

Field demonstrations organized : ---

Field day/farmer day/mela‟ organized : ---

Awards/honors : 06

By the interventions made in the project, the environmental issues have been taken care of. All the

technologies developed have a positive impact on environment. The additional increase in livestock strength in the

non-traditional belts has resulted in increase in soil fertility due to production of organic manure. The utilization of

natural sources for dyeing of pashmina has reduced the environmental contamination caused by synthetic dyes and

anti moth agents. Further regarding the social issues, the subproject has contributed in this area in many ways. Firstly,

the technologies developed in the sub-project have improved the livelihood security of farmers/artisans. e.g

establishment of pashmina goat units improved the livelihood of farmers as they earn additional 50000 to 60000 per

year from the enterprises by the sale of pashmina and additional animals. Secondly, subproject has also contributed

towards women empowerment e.g. by the improvisation and introduction of traditional charkha, the women folk got

benefitted by increase in monthly net returns by 146.64% (from Rs 1638 to Rs 4040) over traditional one for same

period of time with good efficiency and decreased drudgery. Capacity building of unemployed and educated women

folk in the fields of health care, processing and quality evaluation was carried out which in turn empowered them to

run small enterprises and earn their livelihood.

Breed up gradation and decreased inbreeding in traditional pashmina belts and expansion of pashmina

production belts to non-traditional areas was successfully achieved. All the interventions and technologies developed

were well adopted by Development Departments for sustainability. Technologies developed in processing sector have

been transferred to artisans, Development Departments, NGO‟s for adoption and propagation. Continuous logistic and

technical support will be given to the stakeholders from the consortium partners for further development vis-a-viz

projects/research/field work etc. Fresh funds were attracted from ICAR, CWDB, DST and Department of Animal

Husbandry GOI for continuous development in the identified areas and consolidation of the achievements already

made.

Key words: Non-traditional area, Pashmina, Traditional area, Value Chain.

Page | 11

Part-I: General Information of Sub-project

1 Title of the sub-project : A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and

Profitability of Pashmina Fiber.

2 Sub-project code : 20030101

3 Component : PCS-2

4 Date of sanction of sub-project : 28 Jan 2009

5 Date of completion : June 2012

6 Extension if granted : July 2012 to March 2014

7 Duration of the sub project : 5 years and 2 months

8 Total sanctioned amount for the

sub-project

: 1243.08

9 Total expenditure of the sub-

project

: 1078.6540305

10 Consortium leader : Dr. M. A. Kirmani

Dean

FVSc & AH, SKUAST-K Shuhama, Srinagar-190006 (J&K) India

kirmanima@gmail.com

(w.e.f. 28 Jan 2009 to 28 Feb 2011)

Dr. Shafiq A Wani

Director Research,

SKUAST-K, Shalimar-190025 (J&K) India Phone:0194-2461103

shafiqawani@gmail.com

(w.e.f. 01 March 2011 to 31March 2014)

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List of Consortium Partners:

Name of CPI/ CCPI

with designation

Name of organization and

address, phone & fax, email

Duration

(From-To)

Budget

(Lakhs)

CPI Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani

Professor LPT/

Dean

Faculty of Veterinary Science and

Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K,

Shuhama, Srinagar-190006 (J&K) India

Telefax: 0194-2262207

Mobile: 09419088688 sarfarazawani@gmail.com

28 Jan 2009 to

31 March 2014

794.01

CCPI1 Dr. Farooq A Matto

Professor

Division of Animal Nutrition

Faculty of Veterinary Science and

Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Shuhama, Srinagar-190006

(J&K) India

fa_mattoo2008@yahoo.com

28 Jan 2009 to

6 Sep 2012

CCPI2 Dr. D.B Shakyawar Principal Scientist

Division of Textile Manufacturing and Textile

Chemistry

CSWRI-Avikanagar, Jaipur Rajasthan-344501

Phone: 01437-220179

Mobile: 09887896766 Email:

dbshakya_67@yahoo.co.in

28 Jan 2009 to 31 March 2014

270.17

CCPI3 Dr. Y P Thakur

Professor

Division of Animal Genetics &

Breeding, COVAS CSKHPKVV, Palampur-176062

Email:ypthakur@rediffmail.com

28 Jan 2009 to

26 July 2010

129.80

Dr. R.K Mandial

Professor

Division of Veterinary Medicine,

COVAS CSK HP KVV, Palampur-176062

Mobile: 09418298994

Email:rkmandial@gmail.com

26 July 2010 to

31 March 2014

CCPI 4 Dr. Tsering Phunstog,

DSHO

Department of Sheep Husbandry,

Leh

Phone:01982-251122

01982-252037 Email:sharif.sheldan@gmail.com

28 Jan 2009 to

31-10-2011

49.09

Dr P Angchuk

DSHO

01-11-2011to

29-09-2012

Dr. Mohammad

Sharief

DSHO

30-09-2012 to

31 March 2014

CPI-Consortia Principal Investigator; CCPI-Consortia Co-Principal Investigator

Page | 13

Statement of budget released and utilization partner-wise (in Lakhs):

CPI/ CCPI Name,

designation &

address)

Total budget

sanctioned

Fund released

(up to closing date)

Fund utilized

(up to closing date)

CPI Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani

Dean FVSc & AH,

SKUAST-K Shuhama

190006 (J&K)

794.01 829.21958

752.87887

CCPI1 Dr. D.B Shakyawar

Principal Scientist

Division of Textile

Manufacturing and Textile Chemistry

CSWRI- Avikanagar,

Jaipur Rajasthan-344501

270.17 270.46975 178.21917

CCPI2 Dr. R.K Mandial

Professor

Division of Veterinary Medicine, COVAS

CSK HP KVV,

Palampur-176062

129.80 122.8467 112.12478

CCPI 3 Dr. Mohammad Sharief District Sheep

Husbandry Officer, Leh

49.09 35.4554 35.43128

Total

1243.08 1257.99143 1078.6541

CPI-Consortia Principal Investigator; CCPI-Consortia Co-Principal Investigator

Page | 14

PART II- Technical Details

1. Introduction

North West Himalayan Region comprising states of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), Himachal Pradesh (HP) and

Uttarakhand, is spread over 33 million hectare area and inhabited by 24.5 million people. However, due to

hilly/mountainous topography, poor soil profile and other adverse factors, only 6% of the area is suitable for

agriculture use. Further, agriculture in these areas is mostly rain fed and crop failures are not uncommon. Under these

ecofragile conditions, livestock rearing especially small ruminants plays a vital role in livelihood security of the

people in the region.

Ladakh region (J&K), Lahul, Spiti and Kinnaur valley (HP) are the only areas in India that represent the

Trans-Himalayan high altitude cold desert environment with an elevations ranging from 3500 to 4500 m above MSL.

These areas experience harsh dry climate characterized by wide temperature fluctuation, ranging from -400C (winter)

to 300C (summer), very low precipitation and hypoxia. These climatic conditions along with qualitatively poor soil

profile, deficient irrigation facilities and undulating terrain makes most of the area in the region unsuitable for crop

based agricultural activities. Accordingly, livestock based farming system in these areas forms the main source of

livelihood for the populace. Fortunately, nature has endowed these areas with some specific species/breeds of

livestock highly adapted to these agro-climatic and agro-ecological conditions. The pashmina producing goat breeds

(Changthangi and Chegu breeds) are amongst these special livestock breeds that have adapted to the harsh agro-

climatic and agro-pastoral conditions.

Pashmina production in the country, however, faces a number of constraints which makes it a non-vibrant

economic activity. The total world pashmina production is 15000-20000 T (Anon, 2009). Out of this, China alone is

producing 72% followed by Mongolia (18%) where as India contributes only less than 1%. Out of 50 tons of

pashmina produced in India, Jammu & Kashmir alone produced 40 tons (Wani and Wani, 2007) which is considered

as best of the lot. The average productivity of pashmina per animal in India has been reported to be 250g/year for

Changthangi breed and 100 g/year for Chegu breeds which is far less compared with the average global productivity

of 750-1000g/animal/year (Singh, 2004). The reasons for low productivity and production of pashmina are many and

varied. However, high degree of inbreeding, poor husbandry practices, poor/inadequate nutrition, scanty surface

grazing, inadequate animal health facilities and improper shelter are major factors contributing to low productivity

and production besides its restriction to traditional areas. The average survivability of these breeds has been reported

to be 60% (Ganai et al. 2004). The present population of Changithangi and Chegu breeds has been estimated to be

1.45 lac and 0.06 lac, respectively (Singh, 2004). Harvesting techniques in vogue are also primitive and labourious

(one man day/goat).

The pashmina goat farming, the sole source of sustenance of the economically and socially deprived nomadic

tribes (Changpa), confronted with the low productivity and production of pashmina, yielding low remuneration has

been the main reason for poor and static socio-economic status of these tribes. Furthermore, the economically weaker

sections of society (spinners, weavers and shawl bafs) including women are involved in processing of pashmina at

cottage industry level. Also, the processing tools used and techniques followed are very old, labour intensive, full of

drudgery, less efficient, yielding low output per unit of time spent, there by rendering the job less remunerative (Rs

50-60/man/day). Further, the ban imposed on Shahtosh trade in any form has rendered about 40,000-45,000 highly

Page | 15

skilled craftsmen/ women jobless. These skilled artisans could be provided with gainful employment through their

engagement in processing of pashmina and thereby saving them from starvation and also preserving an age old

heritage. Moreover, the absence of quality standards for pashmina and pashmina products has rendered this trade open

to the exploitation by unscrupulous traders at the cost of genuine pashmina and pashmina products.

The survey of literature revealed that few studies have been conducted on pashmina goat production system,

including its impact on social, economic, environmental and natural resource aspects in India. It has also been

observed that no systematic work has been undertaken on improvement/improvisation of harvesting and processing

tools/techniques, development of quality standards and designs in the country.

In view of the above findings, it was hypothesized that by designing a multidimensional research programme

involving breed improvement, intervention in production system (health cover, shelter, pasture improvement etc),

expansion in pashmina production areas, improvisation in harvesting/processing tools and techniques, establishment

of quality standards, skill development, capacity building and linkage/integration among stakeholders (farmers,

processors, extension and R&D agencies) will result in improvement in both productivity and production of pashmina

and its utilization, thereby increasing the profitability and sustainable livelihood.

2. Overall Subproject Objectives

a) Augmentation of Pashmina Productivity and Production.

b) Improvement in Pashmina Utilization

3. Sub-Project Technical Profile

3.1 Objective wise work Plan

Objective I: Augmentation of Pashmina Productivity and Production

1) Identification of farm families (goat breeders) as per the stratified random sampling procedure for

interventions in the identified traditional pashmina belt.

2) Selection of beneficiary families using random sampling technique in identified non-traditional areas.

3) Identification of elite germplasm with a production record of upto 500g (males) and 400g (females) of

pashmina against a population average of 250 g/animal/year.

4) Distribution of elite bucks at the rate of 3-4% of breedable does with a minimum of one buck among

identified farm families in traditional pashmina belt.

5) Establishing pashmina goat units in identified non-traditional areas by providing 9 does and 1 buck to

identified beneficiary families.

6) Health cover viz; vaccination, dipping and dosing shall be provided to all the livestock.

7) Dipping tanks shall be constructed in the identified villages/clusters.

8) Conduct of complete metabolic profiles of the pashmina goats in the operational areas and monitored for

required interventions.

9) Introduction of feed and mineral blocks to overcome nutrient deficiencies during periods of scarcity.

10) Development of pasture which will include:

a) Study of soil mineral profile for requisite intervention.

b) Introduction of fenced/rotational grazing system in selected grazing areas, on pilot basis, to facilitate

availability of surface grazing and also lessen deterioration of pastures.

Page | 16

c) Introduction of land races of legumes in selected pastures shall be attempted.

11) Introduction of low cost shelters to combat harsh winters and natural calamities.

12) Hands-on training to farmers on improved goat production practices covering breeding, health, feeding and

other management aspects.

13) Strengthening of the two existing Pashmina Goat Breeding Farms of Sheep Husbandry Department, located at

Upshi, Leh and Khangriyal, Kargil for sustained production and supply of elite pashmina germplasm to the

farmers.

Objective II: Improvement in Pashmina Utilization

1) Surveillance for identifying beneficiary families for intervention in pashmina harvesting and processing.

2) Introduction of improvised combs and machine shearing for efficient harvesting.

3) Fabrication of improvised spinning charkhas for higher efficiency so as to increase the returns to the women

spinners (economically deprived class of society).

4) Fabrication of improvised handlooms for higher weaving efficiency and net returns to the artisans.

5) Revival of traditional designs.

6) Introduction of novel designs in weaving.

7) Introduction of organic agents for dyeing and finishing, thereby reducing environmental hazards.

8) Development of quality standards of pashmina and pashmina products for value based pricing and control

fraudulent trade.

9) Hands on training to artisans on improvised processing tools and techniques.

10) Market promotion through exhibition, fares etc in collaboration with associated partners.

Page | 17

S.

No

State and District-

Consortium Partners/

Germplasm centers

Cluster Operational Village No. of

farm

units

1 Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) State:

i. District Leh

(a) Traditional

Pashmina Goat

Rearing Area, viz:

Changthang Area

i. Durbuk Block Kargyam, Shachukul, Erath and

Muglab

30

ii Chusule Block

Chusule, Maan and Merak 22

iii Nyoma Block Kharnak, Samad, Korzok, Rongo,

Anly, Samdoo, Angkung and

Koyul

55

iv Kharu Block Gya and Meru 08

(b) Non Traditional

Pashmina Goat

Rearing Area

i Nobra Block

Diggar, Tangyar, Lakjung and

Turtuk

25

ii. District Kargil

(a) Non Traditional

Pashmina Goat

Rearing Area

i Kargil Block

Shakar, Chiktan, Bodh Kharboo,

Henaskut

24

ii Suru Block

Youljuk, Khawos, Panikhar and

Prentee

16

iii Drass Block

Bhimbet 11

iii. District Srinagar, Ganderbal and Budgam

(Processing only) i Srinagar

Budgam

Ganderbal

Srinagar Old City Areas including

outskirts, adjoining areas in

Gandeerbal districts, Kanihama,

Soibug and Dhobiwan etc of

Budgam District.

100

Spinners

and

25

weavers

2 Himachal Pradesh (HP) State

i. District Lahul & Spiti:

(a) Traditional

Pashmina Goat

Rearing Area

i. Keylong Sub-

Division

(4 Villages)

Cluster around Darcha, 20

ii. Kaza Sub-Division

(4 Villages)

Hansa/Losar, Kibber/ Lancha,

Scheold/Due, Dhankar/pinvalley

20

(b) Non Traditional

Pashmina Goat

Rearing Area

i. Udaipur Sub-

Division

(2Villages)

Cluster around Tigret 10

ii. District Kinnaur:

(a) Traditional

Pashmina Goat

Rearing Area

i. Pooh Sub-Division

Hangrang Valley

(4 Villages)

Nako, Chango,Sumra and Shalkar 20

(b) Non Traditional

Pashmina Goat

Rearing Area

i. Pooh Sub-Division

(2 Villages)

Namgia, and Hango, 10

Page | 18

iii. District Kullu:

(Processing only) i District Kullu Selected areas of Kullu district 15

Spinners

and

03

weavers

3 Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) State:

i. District Leh:

(a) Germplasm

Center

Traditional Pashmina

Goat Rearing Area

Pashmina Goat Breeding Farm,

Upshi, Leh, (Ladakh

20 elite

Bucks and

200 elite

Does

ii. District Kargil:

(a) Germplasm

Center

Non Traditional

Pashmina Goat Rearing

Area

Pashmina Goat Breeding Farm,

Khangryal, Kargil Ladakh

20 elite

Bucks and

200 elite

Does

Grand Total

(a) Total Number of Farm Units 274

(b) Total Number of Spinners 115

(c) Total Number of Weavers 28

(d) Total Number of Germplasm Centers 02

3.2. Monitoring Indicators and their Outputs

S. No Major

Activities

Monitoring indicators Outputs

1. Pashmina yield

enhancement

Up to 40 % increase in pashmina yield in

the project livestock at the end of project.

Enhancement in yield of

pashmina

2 Improved

health, feeding

&

managemental

practices.

Reduce kid and adult mortality (up to 50

%).

Increase in body weight gain by about 7

% / unit time.

Increase in availability of surface

grazing.

Increase production,

productivity and off take

of the breed.

3 Pashmina

production in

non-traditional

belt.

Percent survivability of the breed in

comparison to traditional belt.

Production status.

Fiber quality assessment. (length,

diameter, yield & undercoat percentage)

Establishment and

extension of pashmina

production system in non-

traditional belt.

Page | 19

4 Improvisation of

harvesting

technology.

Percent reduction in time/ labour in

harvesting of pashmina.

Percent improvement in fine fiber yield.

Effect on pashmina yield during

succeeding shearing.

Reduce farm drudgery,

labour cost and time

saving.

5 Introduction of

improved

charkhas

Percent increase in spinning efficiency of

pashmina.

Quality improvement in Pashmina yarn.

Increase spinning

efficiency, drudgery

reduction and increase in

return to the artisans.

6 Introduction of

modified

handlooms

Percent increase in weaving efficiency.

Reduction in time invested per unit cloth

weaved.

Enhanced weaving

efficiency, better quality

products and increase

return to the artisans.

7 Introduction of

novel designs

Acceptability of the improved designs

Comparative economic returns of the

novel designs.

Increase net return to the

processors.

8 Use of organic

dyes and

finishing agents.

Consumer preference.

Higher acceptability.

Increase in net returns to

processors.

Eco-friendly dyeing.

3.3. Expected Outcome

1) Enhancement in the productivity (~40%) and production of pashmina (~20%).

2) Increase in raw material availability for pashmina processing industry (~20%).

3) Sustainable uses of natural resources especially pasture lands leading to reduced degradation and ensuring

safe environment (+++).

4) Community managed remunerative farming system.

5) Reduction in drudgery and labour component involved in processing (~20%).

6) Improved efficiency in pashmina processing thereby increasing economic returns to the artisan (~20%).

7) Capacity building in production and processing skills of stakeholders.

8) Environmental conservation and reduction in health hazards to processors as well as consumers by use of

organic coloring and finishing agents.

9) Increase in both on-farm and off-farm returns (~20%).

10) Strengthening of linkage among stakeholders ensuring effective delivery system.

11) Organized and unexploited collection, processing and marketing of pashmina resulting into higher and

sustainable income to the pashmina farmers, spinners, weavers and craftsman (4 times reduction in labour for

harvesting; 10% increase in recovery of fine Pashmina; 20% increase in the income of spinners and weavers).

Page | 20

4. Baseline Analysis

The baseline survey of the operational areas was carried out in the year 2009-10. Broadly, the operational

areas were divided in to production and processing sectors.

4.1. Processing Sector

The baseline survey of spinners and weavers was carried out as per the household questionnaire covering the

processing areas of Srinagar, Ganderbal and Budgam (J&K). The survey revealed as under:

Social participation of head of households (spinners and weavers) in Panchayats was low (7.11%) and

medium (22%) respectively. There was no participation of spinners in Co-operative societies, however

weavers showed some participation (5.33%).

The average family size was found to be 5.60 in spinners and 5.82 in weavers.

The age wise distribution of households in the two artisan groups showed that highest number of family

members belonged to the age group of 15-40 years.

The literacy status in the two artisan groups showed that illiteracy was highest in women (50.08% and

59.62%, respectively). Further, it was found that illiteracy was also highest in the head of households in both

spinners and weavers and it ranged from 65.33% to 72%.

The working pattern of two artisan groups showed that maximum number of people belonged to wage

artisans 61.11% and 43.33%, respectively. There is a shift from Self Manufacturing to wage artisan among

spinners to avoid marketing risk and exploitation by middleman.

The access to infrastructure facilities of sample villages showed that more than 50% of surveyed villages had

access to Public Health Centers, Veterinary Services and Bank within 0.5-1 km of distance. However, none of

the villages has access to Mandis. Maximum number of villages were availing bus as a means of transport

and had pakka road connectivity with main towns. It was found that these villages had facilities of parks and

playgrounds, Post offices, Internet and Mobile service etc.

The land and livestock holding of the two groups of the artisans revealed that both spinners and weavers

belong to category of marginal farmers as they possess less than 0.03 hectares of land. Similarly, only 20%

and 33% of the spinners and weavers have cows. However, a very small number of farmers possess other

category of livestock.

The study revealed that spinners faced processing problems due to breakage of threads (99.56), poor quality

pashmina (76.44) and improper charkha (72.89).

Innovation in charkha design was proposed by 50% of spinners, whereas mechanization of charkha was

proposed by 44.22% of spinners. The problems related to health and poverty was the major constraints faced

by these artisans.

The study of problems faced by weavers showed that weavers are using either traditional (55.33%) or fly

shuttle looms (44.67%) for weaving. The improvement in the design of looms was proposed by (48.67%)

weavers.

It was found that a very low (6.00%) proportion of weavers are aware about latest technological

developments in the weaving. Similarly the majority of the weavers (77.33%) showed interest in revival of

Traditional weaving and shawl making.

Page | 21

The study on awareness about G.I patent showed that very few weavers (3.33%) were knowing about this.

However, enquiries showed that the 62.00% and 33.33% of the weavers voted that G.I patent should be

administered by either Government or Jointly by Govt./workers, respectively.

The study revealed that both spinners and weavers had almost no awareness about developmental schemes

launched by government for artisans from time to time. It was further noticed that artisan group was ready to

avail financial assistance, if provided on low interest rates.

The study on market demand for different types of shawls showed that the demand is low at both National

and International for all kinds of shawls. The reasons for slump in demand of shawls was ascribed to

adulteration (38.67), sale of fake Pashmina shawls (38.00), mill spinning of yarn (28.00) and Global recession

(15.33%).

Similarly in Himachal Pradesh, a survey on 45 weavers & 49 spinners households in Kullu Valley of

revealed that:

The family size of the artisans was small having mean value of 4.33 for weavers and 4.32 for

spinners/household.

Amongst the heads of weaver households, 91.11% were literate whereas amongst the heads of spinners

households, 73.47% were literate with varying levels of education.

The maximum level of education was up to high school with exception of 4.44% weavers and 8.16% spinner

respondents who had education up to graduation level.

The survey indicated that mill-spun yarn was a great threat to the artisans of the valley as 66.67% of the

spinners expressed the opinion to impose ban on the mill-spinning of the yarn so as to protect their livelihood.

Hand-spun yarn was preferred by 44.45% of the weavers, mill-spun by 8.89% whereas 46.67% of the

weavers showed interest for both.

With regard to type of loom, 51.12% of weavers were found using traditional loom whereas 48.88% were

using Flt Shuttle loom. It was interested to note that not a single weaver was found using power loom among

the sample households.

4.2. Production Sector

The baseline survey of pashmina farmers was carried out as per the household questionnaire covering the

production areas of Ladakh region of J&K state. The survey revealed as under:

Average land holding of the households was 0.326 hectare, out of which 0.277 was irrigated and 0.049 un-

irrigated land. The average orchard and pasture land available per households was 0.005 and 0.018 hectare,

respectively.

The study on demographic structure revealed that the average family size in different surveyed blocks was

4.44 (Durbuk), 5.01(Chusule), 5.01 (Nyoma), 4.75(Nobra), 6.22 (Kargil), 3.73 (suru) and 4.90 (Drass). The

age wise distribution of household showed that the highest number of family members (43.63% and 43.50%

in female and males respectively) belonged to age group of 15-40 years. The household comprising of family

members falling in >60 years age group ranged from 14.10% (males) to 11.00% (females).

The occupational pattern of household showed that 41.00% of households have livestock rearing as their

“Primary Occupation” whereas secondary occupation involved Knitting, Dari work Phang Spinning (Not

traditional Kashmiri Charkha Spinning) etc (10.40% ), Self –Employed (Shopkeepers, Tourism related trades

Page | 22

and Others etc) (13.39%), Govt. Employed (14.07%), Non-Agricultural Labors (8.22%), Agriculture

(10.00%), and Others (2.93%).

The livestock inventory indicated that goat is the major livestock specie in the Traditional belt accounting for

83.52% of ruminants reared by the farmers in the sampled villages. Out of which, majority of the goats in the

traditional belt are of Changthangi breed whereas in non-traditional areas, only 30% were Changthangi goats.

Other livestock comprised of Ovines (8.47%), Bovines (3.78%), Yak (3.44%) and Equines (0.765%). The

Ovines (Sheep) constituted the highest percent of total livestock ranging from 25 to 50% in different blocks

of the Non-Traditional belt.

The literacy status of the sampled households revealed that illiteracy rate was highest (48.06% and 53.50%

respectively) among both male and female groups.

The survey revealed that average annual income from livestock production including Pashmina goats ranged

between 1.42 to 2. 32 lacs / household (depending on livestock strength and surplus thereof). On an average

each family earns Rs 0.82 lacs/year from sale of Pashmina and Pashmina goats.

Among various extension agencies, the access of Animal/Sheep Husbandry Department was highest whereas

it was lowest for Central Wool Development Board.

Survey revealed that in NT areas, 22.69 % of livestock shelters are made of stone barkade whereas 77.31 %

shelters are closed with open courtyard. However in traditional areas, 73.20 % shelters are made of stone

barkade whileas 26.80 % keep their livestock in open. The floor of the shelters is Kaccha/Sandy in nature

(100%).

The livestock was maintained on grazing alone, semi stall feeding and stall feeding by 50, 40 and 10 percent

of sampled households respectively. Furthermore, among semi stall feeding the livestock were regularly part

fed, part fed during scarcity, strategic feeding in pregnancy and supplementary feeding by 5, 10, 20 and 5

percent of sampled household respectively.

The farmers replaced their livestock by purchase from fellow farmers, through middle man from outside,

from outside through other means and animal fairs in 52.67, 30.00, 9.00 and 8.33 percent of sampled

household respectively.

The livestock were maintained either under migratory system (77.00%) or semi-migratory system (23.00%)

of sampled household.

The Pashmina goat produces 230-250 gm of Pashmina /animal/annum. The household utilize 80 gm of

Pashmina for their personal garments/bedding and rest Pashmina is sold. The average income from the sale of

Pashmina/household/annum is Rs 23000.00.

The harvesting practices and the tools used in Traditional area were indigenous in majority of sampled

household (82.67%) whereas improved/ improvised techniques of harvesting was used by 17.33% of sampled

household.

Similarly, the baseline survey on 380 households in 54 villages in Himachal Pradesh conducted in

year 2009-10 revealed that:

The family size of breeders was small ranging from 3.60 to 4.58 with an average family size of 4.17

members/household.

The proportion of male members in the household was higher (2.25) than the female members (1.92).

Page | 23

The educational status showed that 73.10 % of heads of family and 80.64 % of the other family members

were literate with varying level of educational qualification. The maximum level of education was up to

senior secondary and very few respondents (3.55%) were educated up to graduate level.

The pooled mean of livestock/household was 13.19 animals including 7.72 Chegu pashmina goats/household.

The total average annual income/farmer was recorded to be Rs 15231 from livestock component.

The major variable cost involved in goat rearing was found as feed, fodder and human labour. Per animal

variable cost/year varied between Rs 210 to Rs 1386.

The average gross return accrued from this enterprise was Rs 3545 per animal/year and Rs. 25666 per

flock/year.

95% of the households followed extensive grazing system by using the common pasture land.

Endoparasitism, ectoparasitism, Food & Mouth Disease and PPR were the major diseases affecting the Chegu

pashmina goats for which elementary preventive measures were being adopted with the help of local

Veterinary Institutions of H.P, State Animal Husbandry Department but still the mortality was very high both

in adults as well as in kids (42.18 to 62.46%) in the area.

The farmers were found to rear the Chegu pashmina goats both for meat as well as for pashmina production.

The pashmina productivity ranged from 100 to 140 g with a mean value of 120 g/animal/year.

Page | 24

5. Research Acheivements

5.1. Improvement in Pashmina Goat Rearing in Traditional Area

Ladakh region (J&K), Lahul, Spiti and Kinnaur valley (HP) are the only areas in India that represent the

Trans-Himalayan high altitude cold desert environment with an elevation ranging from 3500 to 4500 m above MSL.

The harsh climatic conditions along with qualitatively poor soil profile, deficient irrigation facilities and undulating

terrain makes most of the area in the region unsuitable for crop based agricultural activities. Accordingly, livestock

based farming system in these areas forms the main source of livelihood for the populace. Fortunately the pashmina

producing goat breeds (Changthangi and Chegu breeds) are amongst special livestock breeds which nature has

bestowed them to suit these harsh agro-climatic and agro-pastoral conditions. However, the pashmina production in

these areas faces a number of constraints which makes it a non-vibrant economic activity. The average pashmina

production in India is very low as against the world average. Although there is a wide diversity in germplasm but the

rearing of pashmina goat is done by adapting traditional managemental practices with almost no scientific

intervention. The true/traditional breeding tracts of pashmina goats is restricted to Nyoma and Durbok blocks of

Changthang of District Leh in J&K state; cold desert of Spiti, Todd and Minnar Valley (Lahul and Spiti); Hangrang

Valley of Kinuar, Udeen and Sural in Pangi Valley (Chamba district) of HP and higher belts of Uttarkashi, chamoli

and Pithorgarh districts of Uttarakhand state. Keeping in view the problems in pashmina production in traditional

areas, an activity was envisaged with the improvement in pashmina goat rearing in the traditional areas of J&K and

HP by various interventions like breed up gradation, health management, shelter management etc which in the long

run will help in eliminating the problems of the low pashmina production from these areas. The operational areas

covered in the project are given in table.

Table: Operational Areas of Traditional belts of J& K and HP.

Block Villages No. of

Beneficiries

Total Remarks

JAMMU & KASHMIR Durbuk Kargyam 10

30

Intervention in

the form of

shelter management,

health

management etc

was carried out in all the beneficiary

families.

However the breed

upgradation was

carried out in Samad, Kharnak,

Gya, Meeru,

Kargyam, Laga,

Shashuhul 10

Earth 05

Muglib 03

Laga 02

Chusule Chushule 12 22 Maan 05

Meerak 05

Nyoma Kharnak 05

54

Samad 05

Karzok 09

Rango 05

Anlay 15

Koyal 05

Sumdoo 05

Angkung 05

Page | 25

Kharu Gya 3

10

Sasoma, Mugleb

and Erath Miru 5

Sasoma 2

SUB TOTAL 116

HIMACHAL PRADESH

Spiti/Pooh Kibber 5 43 Interventions in

the form of breed upgradation were

done by

providing elite pashmina goats to

the beneficiaries

in the ratio of 5+1 or 4+1 (does +

buck) as per the

availability.

Langcha 10

Sumra 5

Hurling 5

Shalkar 5

Chango 1

Nako 7

Darcha 5

SUB TOTAL 43

GRAND TOTAL 159

5.1.1. Breed up gradation

Traditionally, pashmina goats are being reared by nomads (Changpas) of the Changthang region (traditional

belt for pashmina production) of Ladakh, by adapting traditional practices of breeding. The selection and exchange

of elite bucks was given less importance resulting in inbreeding, which subsequently lead to less fibre production

and poor performance. Hence intervention was done by selecting bucks from potential areas with elite germplasm

having capacity of producing pashmina up to 500 g and subsequent distribution and breeding in the traditional belt

of pashmina production.

Under this activity, 108 elite pashmina bucks were distributed among 78 families in nine villages of

traditional areas of Leh. The villages included Samad, Kharnak, Gya, Meeru, Sasoma, Kargyam, Laga, Mugleb and

Erath. Likewise, 252 elite pashmina goats were distributed among 43 families (5 does and 1 buck or 4 does and 1

buck/family) in eight villages namely Kibber, Langcha, Sumra, Hurling, Shalkar, Chango, Nako and Darcha of

traditional areas in HP.

By introducing the elite bucks and subsequent exchange of these among beneficiary families in the

traditional areas under NAIP, there has been a considerable reduction in the degree of inbreeding and hence

inbreeding depression among the livestock of beneficiary families, which lead to the better performance of livestock

with the beneficiaries. The overall survivability percentage of pashmina bucks in the beneficiary villages was

recorded as 88.07 in 2011; 92.71 in 2012 and 97.75 in 2013. The performance of pashmina goats improved which

can be judged by the improvement in fibre production and birth weight of kids. With the introduction of elite bucks

coupled with others interventions like feeding and health management, there was an improvement in the pashmina

production in the beneficiary villages by 40.07 (%) (167.89 in 2009 to 235.17 in 2013) within four years. The

kidding percentage also showed an improvement from 2011 to 2103 with percentages of 46.63 (2011), 48.55 (2012)

and 56.28 (2013). The average birth weight of kids improved from 2.37±0.12 (2011) to 2.48±0.22 (2012) to

2.61±0.18 (2013) in traditional areas of Leh.

Page | 26

Table: Survivability and Mortality Percentage of bucks provided to beneficiary villages in Traditional areas of Leh

Area Survivability Perentage (%) Mortality Perentage (%)

2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013

Miru 100.00 85.71 83.33 0.00 14.29 16.67

Gya 75.00 66.67 100.00 25.00 33.33 0.00

Sasoma 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Muglab 33.33 100.00 100.00 66.67 0.00 0.00

Laga 50.00 100.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 0.00

Earth 100.00 100.00 87.50 0.00 0.00 12.50

Kargyam 86.67 92.31 100.00 13.33 7.69 0.00

Samad 89.47 94.12 100.00 10.53 5.88 0.00

Kharnak 100.00 91.67 100.00 0.00 8.33 0.00

Overall

average 88.07 92.71 97.75 11.93 7.29 2.25

Table: Year wise Performance of Elite bucks in terms of kidding percentage

Area No. of Does Covered No. of kids born Kidding %

2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013

Miru 226 278 324 139 142 201 61.50 51.08 62.04

Gya 314 354 389 183 225 257 58.28 63.56 66.07

Mugleb 236 327 340 76 90 94 32.20 27.52 27.65

Earth 163 168 162 90 59 101 55.21 35.12 62.35

Kargyam 691 751 835 229 141 144 33.14 18.77 17.25

Samad 1790 1934 2532 987 1087 1432 55.14 56.20 56.56

Kharnak 1963 2089 2318 806 1121 1654 41.06 53.43 71.35

TOTAL 5383 5901 6900 2510 2865 3883 46.63 48.55 56.28

GRAND

TOTAL 18184 9258 50.91

Table: Year wise Average Birth Weight of kids in traditional areas of Leh.

Area Average Birth Weight (kgs)

2011 2012 2013

Miru 2.44±0.12 2.52±0.34 2.67±0.22

Gya 2.20±0.43 2.22±0.32 2.57±0.12

Mugleb 2.21±0.27 2.34±0.35 2.43±0.43

Earth 2.46±0.53 2.54±0.32 2.58±0.23

Kargyam 2.13±0.17 2.28±0.42 2.42±0.32

Samad 2.53±0.19 2.69±0.34 2.64±0.22

Kharnak 2.67±0.54 2.76±0.64 2.87±0.39

Overall Average 2.37±0.12 2.48±0.22 2.61±0.18

Page | 27

Table: Year Wise Average Pashmina Production in Traditional Belt before and after intervention

S.

No

Area Year wise average Pashmina Yield per animal (gm)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1 Miru 158±0.43 186±0.32 208±0.25 224±0.21 252±0.17

2 Gya 142±0.42 164±0.21 186±0.18 236±0.32 256±0.16

4 Mugleb 147±0.56 170±0.41 213±0.23 260±0.16 290±0.11

6 Earth 158±0.34 267±0.17 277±0.14 286±0.18 296±0.23

7 Kargyam 209±0.22 199±0.23 203±0.26 232±0.17 242±0.14

8 Chushul 178±0.12 197±0.18 224±0.32 254±0.12 286±0.24

9 Maan 153±0.16 174±0.09 198±0.14 166±0.17 241±0.16

10 Merak 164±0.22 185±0.11 203±0.19 198±0.15 267±0.18

11 Koyul 166±0.19 178±0.18 175±0.22 200±0.19 205±0.14

12 Hanley 194±0.18 204±0.32 212±0.26 220±0.13 230±0.27

13 Rongo 194±0.28 210±0.24 218±0.13 228±0.12 247±0.16

14 Sumdo 201±0.32 230±0.19 234±0.29 254±0.08 287±0.26

15 Angkung 197±0.26 240±0.15 221±0.12 263±0.21 259±0.27

16 Korzok 231±0.19 256±0.16 291±0.15 209±0.16 289±0.15

17 Kharnak 270±0.18 278±0.21 303±0.17 289±0.19 315±0.18

18 Samad 260±0.31 230±0.27 257±0.12 276±0.26 271±0.16

Total 167.89 187.11 201.28 210.83 235.17

In Himachal Pradesh, the overall survivability and mortality percentage was recorded as 70.24 % and 29.76

% respectively. The survivability was highest (90.00%) in Salkhar whereas it was lowest (52.00%) in Kibber village.

The overall Kid mortality in the traditional belt was observed to be 29.76 % as compared to 24.19 % in non-

traditional area. The kidding percentage remained highest (53.85%) in Chango village and lowest (15.96%) in Nako

village. The overall body weight of kids in traditional area (Kibber, Langcha, Sumra, Hurling, Salkhar, Chango, Nako

& Darcha) was recorded as 2.103±0.148 kg at birth, 4.708±0.390 kg at 3 months, 8.416±0.471 kg at 6 months,

10.763±0.602 kg at 9 months and 14.589±0.576 kg at 12 months of age as compared to the corresponding respective

body weight of 2.523±0.173 kg , 5.715± 0.404 kg, 9.353± 0.571, 12.927±0.557 kg and 17.138±0.489 kg born in non-

traditional area (Namgia, Hango, Tingret & Chimret). The birth weight as well as the weight gain in kids of traditional

area was found to be lower as compared to that of non-traditional area. The overall pashmina goat strength among the

benefciaries in the traditional belt of HP has increased from 252 to 334 with exclusion of mortality and to 475 with

inclusion of mortality. Thus, the pashmina goat population is expected to increase year after year, if the similar types

of managemental practices are continued in the future. The average pashmina yield per adult goat/year was recorded

to be 189.62±6.08 g in traditional area which was higher than the mean value of 140.46±5.11 g recorded in goats of

non-traditional area of Himachal Pradesh. Dev (1998) recorded the mean pashmina fibre yield as 127.50±10.0 g in

Chegu goats or their crosses maintained at Mukteshwar in Uttrakhand whereas Bhat and Khan (2009) mentioned

pashmina productivity in the range of about 120 g per head in Chegu goats in India.

Page | 28

TABLE: Year wise survivability % (adult) in traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh

S.

No

Traditional village 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Kibber 100 88.00 72.73 81.25 52.00

2 Langcha -NA- 91.53 87.04 89.36 71.19

3 Sumra -NA- 93.33 92.86 96.15 83.33

4 Hurling -NA- 93.33 85.71 95.83 76.67

5 Salkhar -NA- 100.00 93.33 96.43 90.00

6 Chango -NA- 83.33 100.00 80.00 66.67

7 Nako -NA- 88.10 83.78 87.10 64.29

8 Darcha -NA- -NA- 80.00 66.67 53.33

Overall 100.00 91.89 85.90 88.06 70.24

TABLE: Year wise Mortality % (adult) in traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh

S.

No

Traditional

village

2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Kibber 0.0 12.00 27.27 18.75 48.00

2 Langcha -NA- 8.47 12.96 10.64 28.81

3 Sumra -NA- 6.67 7.14 3.85 16.67

4 Hurling -NA- 6.67 14.29 4.17 23.33

5 Salkhar -NA- 0.0 6.67 3.57 10.00

6 Chango -NA- 16.67 0.0 20.00 33.33

7 Nako -NA- 11.90 16.22 12.90 35.71

8 Darcha -NA- -NA- 20.00 33.33 46.67

Overall 0.0 8.11 14.10 11.94 29.76

TABLE: Year wise Kid mortality (%) in traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh

S.

No

Traditional

village

2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Kibber 25.00 33.33 40.00 28.57 32.35

2 Langcha -- 21.05 27.27 23.07 24.07

3 Sumra -- 22.22 33.33 22.22 26.66

4 Hurling -- 28.57 33.33 33.33 32.25

5 Salkhar -- 20.00 26.66 27.27 25.00

6 Chango -- 33.33 50.00 0.00 28.57

7 Nako -- 25.00 42.85 50.00 40.00

8 Darcha -- -- 40.00 50.00 43.75

Overall 25.00 24.59 33.33 29.50 29.59

Page | 29

TABLE: Year wise Kidding percent in traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh

S.

No

Traditional village 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Kibber 40.0 45.00 55.56 50.00 47.22

2 Langcha -NA- 41.30 51.16 33.33 42.19

3 Sumra -NA- 36.00 52.17 40.91 42.86

4 Hurling -NA- 28.00 62.50 42.86 44.29

5 Salkhar -NA- 40.00 60.00 47.83 49.32

6 Chango -NA- 60.00 50.00 50.00 53.85

7 Nako -NA- 11.90 16.22 12.90 15.96

8 Darcha -NA- -NA- 40.00 30.00 35.56

Overall 40.00 33.70 47.94 35.88 39.47

5.1.2. Kid Shelter Management

In traditional areas of pashmina production, no shelter is being used by the nomads for pashmina goats except

open enclosures (paddocks) made up of rocks and that too only during night. The animals are kept outdoor without

proper shelter which help them to stimulate the growth of pashmina as low temperature especially sub-zero

temperature induces and stimulate growth of fine pashmina. However, the new born kids lack thermoregularity

mechanism during first few weeks of birth hence when exposed to severe cold results in heavy kid mortality. The

traditional method of protecting the kids from extreme cold is keeping them in kid shelter which is a small pit like

burrow with very little space. During harsh winter conditions, when the temperature reaches to -40oC, the ill shelter

management takes heavy toll in both adult pashmina goats and young ones. Hence to prevent losses of new born kids

(the future generation of pashmina goats) due to harsh weather conditions, technology of thermo-chambers

comprising of underground pits covered with tarpaulin and polyvinyl sheets were disseminated in the area under the

NAIP project. One hundred and fifteen (115) beneficiary families have been covered in Ladakh by providing shelter

material to each beneficiary family for covering of the underground pit. The impact of the technology was assessed by

the reduction in the kid mortality percentage by 36 percent at the end of the intervention. There was a gradual

reduction in the kid mortality from 67.54 % in year 2009 (before the intervention) to 31.33 (%) in year 2013.

Reduction in percentage of kid mortality has a huge impact in a number of ways. These include increase in number of

pashmina goat population, increased pashmina production and improvement in the livelihood security of the nomads

of Changthang through better returns from the produce.

Page | 30

Table: Impact of Kid shelter management on Kid mortality percentage in Ladakh.

5.1.3. Introduction of Portable Dipping Tanks

Infestation with ecto-parasites including lice, ticks etc is one of the grave problem in pashmina goat rearing in

the traditional areas. The ecto-parasitic infestation is associated with the irritation and stress which ultimately leads to

poor performance of pashmina goats in terms of quality and quantity of pashmina. Further, the situation becomes

more aggravated because of the poor health cover in those far flung areas. Keeping in view the gravity of the

situation, portable dipping tanks were distributed in 17 operational villages in Leh to be used by the beneficiary

families at community level. The portable dipping tanks were used for medicated bath of the pashmina goats which

decreased the parasitic load of the goats. The technology has been adapted successfully with encouraging results and

transferred to the Department of Sheep Husbandry for further dissemination.

In HP, a total of 46 dipping tubs, each of 65 litres capacity, made of high quality unbreakable plastic material

were distributed to 31 beneficiaries farmers of 6 villages (Chango, Salkhar, Sumra, Hurling, Langcha & Kibber) and

14 benficiaries of 2 villages (Namgia and Hango).

S.

No.

Area Year wise Kid Mortality percentage

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1. Miru 65 40 38 35 29

2. Gya 56 38 44 35 32

3. Sasoma 54 43 48 33 28

4. Muglab 80 65 46 47 42

5. Laga 78 66 56 54 49

6. Yearath 70 33 31 25 21

7. Kargyam 76 56 52 49 34

8. Chushul 65 35 38 32 31

9. Maan 56 30 27 26 23

10. Merak 62 27 25 20 15

11. Koyul 76 45 43 32 38

12. Hanley 73 43 44 42 39

13. Rongo 67 37 35 31 33

14. Sumdo 67 32 34 29 27

15. Angkung 62 31 29 33 28

16. Korzok 68 43 41 55 37

17. Kharnak 75 39 53 32 25

18 Samad 65 37 47 35 33

Total 67.54 41.11 40.61 35.83 31.33

Page | 31

5.1.4. Health Management

Pashmina goats in India are reared in the far flung areas of Ladakh and HP where almost no health cover is

being provided to the livestock. Moreover, the areas of pashmina goat rearing remain cutoff from rest of the state

due to heavy snowfall, hence inaccessibility to the areas in harsh winters causing huge mortality due to lack of

veterinary aid to the area. Intervention was done in the form of providing both preventive and curative drugs. The

priority was given on the preventive treatment of all the livestock of all the adapted beneficiary farmers in the form

of vaccines against FMD, PPR, ET and dosing against endo-parasites. Besides that, need based treatment against

respiratory, gastro-intestinal diseases etc was provided to the beneficiary breeders for pashmina goats through

project monitoring teams visiting the areas frequently. In total, 28945 animals were treated in the operational

villages of traditional areas suffering from pneumonia/CCPP, diarrhea, lameness, conjunctivitis and many more.

This has resulted in drastic reduction in morbidity and mortality rate.

Another major problem associated with the pashmina goat industry in the traditional area is prevalence of

CCPP like respiratory disease which cause huge economical loss due to heavy morbidity and mortality. Further it

causes drug induced abortion (because of treatment with drugs like tetracycline). To address this issue, a successful

intervention was done by progesterone therapy which was given @ 0.075 gm along with tetracycline (drug of choice

against CCPP), which not only showed improvement but at the same time reduced the rate of abortion. Technology

for control of these economically important diseases viz: FMD, PPR, ET, CCPP and ecto-parasites through use of

safer drugs in a way feasible at farmers level was transferred in traditional belts by both SKUAST-K and CSK HP

KVV Palampur. This needs to be further advocated. The impact of the health management can lead to the reduction

in the mortality rate of livestock which is mostly because of CCPP like diseases. Furthermore, due to reduction in

both endo and ecto parasites, there is reduction in stress of animals which in turn leads to more fibre production and

better economic returns.

5.2. Expansion of Pashmina Goat rearing in Non-traditional areas

Pashmina production in the country faces a number of constraints which makes it a non-vibrant economic

activity. High degree of inbreeding, poor husbandry practices, poor/inadequate nutrition, scanty surface grazing,

inadequate animal health facilities and improper shelter are major contributing factors besides, restriction of the

pashmina goat rearing to the only traditional areas. Keeping in view low pashmina production and great prospect of

expanding the pashmina rearing area to non-traditional areas of Ladakh and HP where there is almost similar

ecological niche to those of traditional areas, an activity of expanding pashmina rearing area was envisaged.

Accordingly, 76 (each comprising of 09 does and 01 buck) & 20 (each comprising mainly of does with 2-4 bucks in

each village) pashmina goat units were established in Non-Traditional areas of Ladakh & HP respectively. The detail

is given as under:

Page | 32

Table 1: Area wise number of pashmina goat units established in Non-Traditional areas of Ladakh and HP.

S. No Block Village Number of

units

Total Remarks

Jammu & Kashmir

1 Kargil Shakar 05

24

Each unit comprising of 9 does

and 1 buck except some to whom only 9 does were allotted due to

paucity of bucks.

They were directed to utilize the bucks at community level.

In addition, 10 more units were

established, 5 each in Lalung and

Barcha of Kargil district (unit comprising of 5 +1) in

collaboration with KVK Kargil.

Chiktan 05

Bodhkharboo 09

Khangriyal 05

2 Suru Youljuk 05

16

Khowoos, 04

Panikhar 01

Printee 05

Chuskoor 01

3 Drass Bhimbat 11 11

4 Nobra Digger, 05

25 Tangayar, 05

Lakjung 05

Turtuk 10

SUB TOTAL 76

Himachal Pradesh

1 Pooh Hango 08

20

Each unit comprised of 6 animals

mainly does with 2-4 bucks in

each village. Namgia 06

2 Udaipur Tingrit 04

Chimret 02

SUB TOTAL 20

GRAND TOTAL 96

All logistic inputs viz; shelters material (wire roles, angle iron, UV Stabilized poly films and tin sheets) for

erecting pashmina goats sheds, feeding management (feed blocks, UMMB blocks and concentrate feed), health cover

(vaccination, dosing and need based treatment) & trainings were provided to the farm families. The livestock units

were monitored regularly from October 2009 for their performance viz; adaptability, body weight gain, survivability,

reproductive efficiency, pashmina productivity and quality.

The goats performed exceedingly well in their new tract except lakjung, shakar and boodkharboo. In Kargil,

the overall survivability (%), mortality (%), kidding (%) and kid mortality (%) over last four years (2010, 2011, 2012

and 2013) of establishment was reported as 89.73±0.40, 10.27±0.40, 85.16±0.66 and 30.52±0.54 respectively. The

average body weight (kg) of new born kids, hoggets and adults under the new environment was reported as

2.63±0.04, 20.7±0.19 and 28.87±0.12 respectively which was better than that of traditional area (Anon, 2003; Sheikh

et al. 1996). The goats performed exceedingly well especially in suru, drass and khangriyal as pashmina goats in these

areas showed better survivability and kidding percentage and lower mortality as compared to other areas. The

adaptability in these areas could be further judged by the body weight gain as the birth weight of kids, hogget and

adult weight was found better in suru and drass areas as compared to other areas of kargil district. The survivability

was also found good in boodhkharbu, shaker and chiktan but due to natural calamities including cloud burst and

predator attack, the number of animals decreases at initial stages with the result there was less kidding percentage and

subsequently lower strength of pashmina goat units. Over the last four years of adaptability in new environment, the

Page | 33

average pashmina yield (gm) in Kargil ranged from 145.17±0.85 (Shaker) to 208.09±1.24 (Khangriyal) with an

overall mean of 182.33±0.30 gm. The pashmina yield showed an improvement from 170.15 gm per head in 2010 to

198.61 gm in 2013. The reason may be better adaptability of the goats in the non-traditional belt and better knowledge

and skills attained by the unit holders (breeders) of pashmina goat rearing. Since pashmina yield per animal was better

in subsequent than first year, hence it is expected that pashmina yield will also improve further year after year if

managemental system is taken care of in an organized manner. The quality of pashmina harvested from different non-

traditional areas of kargil district in terms of fibre diameter (µ) and fibre length (mm) ranged from 13.56±0.21 to

14.27±0.40; 53.37±0.55 to 59.22±0.34 with an overall means of 14.04±0.09 and 56.02±0.16 respectively which is at

par with the traditional belt. Our observation were more or less in agreement with the findings of various workers

where in they reported the fibre length of Changthangi pashmina as 4.0-6.20 cm (Sahni, 1981), 4.95±0.11 cm

(Darokhan and Tomar, 1983), 5.59±0.38 (Ahmad and Gupta, 1989a), 4.86 cm (Ganai et al 2004), (Wani et al 2004),

4.90±0.19 (Bumla et al 2011) and 6.70±1.57 (Sofi et al 2011). The observed fibre diameter was slightly towards

higher side than the reported values of 13.37±0.05 (Ahmad and Gupta, 1989a), 12.16-12.55 (Ganai et al 2004),

13.19±0.62 (Wani et al 2004), 12.25±0.11 (Bumla et al 2011) and 13.93±0.14 (Sofi et al 2011) but is still within

acceptable range.

In Leh district, the overall survivability (%), mortality (%), kidding percentage (%) and kid mortality (%)

over the period of study was reported as 85.09±0.53, 14.91±0.53, 50.58±0.80, and 26.07±0.78 respectively.. Higher

survivability or lower mortality was observed in digger followed by lakjung, tangyar and turtuk. The survivability and

kidding percentage in NT areas especially digger improved considerably from first year of adaption in their new

environment. The mean kidding percentage in digger, tangyar, lakjung and turtuk improved from first year of

adaption to forth year from 4.88±1.25 to 63.16±1.32; 68.89±1.36 to 77.78±1.72; 35.71±1.95 to 46.88±1.72 and

21.95±1.30 to 45.45±1.62 respectively. Less kidding percentage in the initial periods was because of abortions

induced due to treatment with tetracycline for CCPP like diseases which is endemic in these areas. With little amount

of stress, the disease flares up in the whole lot and induces abortion, mostly during treatment with the tetracycline

(drug of choice for CCPP). Hence from second year of adoption, treatment for CCPP with tetracycline was

substantiated with progesterone therapy which decreased abortion rate. Kid mortality was lower in turtuk followed by

lakjung, digger and tangyar. The birth weight (kgs) of kids born in the study area of turtuk, digger, tangyar and

lakjung was 2.45±0.12, 2.32±0.11, 2.37±0.09 and 2.09±0.22 respectively. The observed values were found better than

those reported in the traditional belt by various workers viz; 1.88±0.01 (Sheikh et al 1996); 1.51±0.05 (Ganai and

Kirmani, 2005), 2.06 to 2.11 (Anon, 2003). The body weight (kgs) at 1 year of age ranged from 15.35±0.47 to

21.22±0.44 with an overall mean of 18.99±0.31. Our observation was far better than reported by Ganai and Kirmani,

2005 in traditional area who have found an average body weight of 16.71±0.12 kgs. The average pashmina yield

(gms/head) over the period of study in Digger, Tangyar and Turtuk ranged from 160.00±0.80 to 202.72±3.32;

146.41±0.68 to 163.78±3.07; and 150.74±1.60 to 179.32±2.12 with an overall average of 167.51±0.79, 151.31±0.79

and 167.31±1.51 respectively. Natural loss of pashmina (both fine as well as guard fibres) was observed in Lakjung

area due to entanglement in thorny bushes, prevalent in the area. In general the overall pashmina production improved

as compared to first year. The reason may be better adaptability of the goats in the non-traditional belt and better

knowledge and skills attained by the unit holder (breeder). Evaluation of fibre quality harvested from the non-

traditional belt of Leh revealed that the mean fibre diameter (µ) and fibre length (mm) was 16.29±0.68 and

44.88±1.94 during first year; 14.68± 0.41 and 48.77±0.54 during second year, 14.73±0.41 and 49.17±0.45 during

thord year, 14.25±0.23 and 49.87±0.35 during fourth year with overall mean of 15.03±0.37 and 48.26±0.56

Page | 34

respectively. Pashmina obtained during the fourth year has comparatively better quality than first year. The possible

reason for lower quality during first year could be attributed to the early adaption period in the new tract. Our

observation are more or less in agreement with the findings of various workers where in they reported the fibre length

of Changthangi pashmina as 4.0-6.20 cm (Sahni, 1981), 4.95±0.11 cm (Darokhan and Tomar, 1983), 5.59±0.38

(Ahmad and Gupta, 1989a), 4.86 cm (Ganai et al 2004), (Wani et al 2004), 4.90±0.19 (Bumla et al 2011) and

6.70±1.57 (Sofi et al 2011). The observed fibre diameter was slightly towards higher side than the reported values of

13.37±0.05 (Ahmad and Gupta, 1989a), 12.16-12.55 (Ganai et al 2004), 13.19±0.62 (Wani et al 2004), 12.25±0.11

(Bumla et al 2011) and 13.93±0.14 (Sofi et al 2011) but is still within acceptable range.

TABLE: Year wise Survivability Percentage in Non-traditional areas of Kargil

S.

No

Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Suru 90.13±0.82 86.32±0.85 93.97±0.83 94.28±0.74 92.18±0.66

2 Drass 93.33±0.88 88.83±0.86 96.90±0.60 85.46±0.93 90.91±0.62

3 Boodkharbo 69.77±1.23 83.08±1.37 87.34±1.22 88.46±1.36 81.91±1.21

4 Shakar 79.17±1.76 78.85±2.22 94.00±1.14 85.96±1.66 87.92±1.22

5 Chiktan 63.83±1.67 86.05±1.75 94.55±0.99 89.86±1.60 85.51±1.40

6 Khangriyal -- 80.00±1.68 98.21±0.23 85.33±1.70 90.61±1.07

Overall 82.88±0.75 85.55±0.52 94.49±0.43 89.45±0.45 89.73±0.40

TABLE: Year wise Mortality Percentage in Non-traditional areas of Kargil

S.

No

Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Suru 9.87±0.82 13.68±0.85 6.03±0.83 5.72±0.74 7.82±0.66

2 Drass 6.67±0.88 11.17±0.86 3.10±0.60 14.54±0.92 9.09±0.62

3 Boodkharbo 30.23±1.23 16.92±1.37 12.66±1.22 11.54±1.36 18.09±1.21

4 Shakar 20.83±1.76 21.15±2.22 6.00±1.14 14.04±1.66 12.08±1.22

5 Chiktan 36.17±1.67 13.95±1.75 5.45±0.99 10.14±1.60 14.49±1.40

6 Khangriyal -- 20.00±1.68 1.79±0.23 14.67±1.70 9.39±1.07

Overall 17.12±0.55 14.45±0.52 5.51±0.43 10.55±0.45 10.27±0.40

TABLE: Year wise Kidding Percentage in Non-traditional areas of Kargil

S.

No

Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Suru 78.01±1.63 105.93±1.32 75.37±1.15 109.63±1.58 92.11±1.20

2 Drass 79.80±1.60 92.52±1.89 89.25±1.46 110.15±2.09 93.01±1.22

3 Boodkharbo 12.28±1.19 110.42±2.17 53.33±1.87 71.43±2.21 58.87±1.15

4 Shakar 38.89±2.05 64.52±2.45 82.14±1.83 100.00±2.85 69.11±1.80

5 Chiktan 48.15±2.64 72.41±3.08 68.57±1.64 107.69±3.75 73.50±2.71

6 Khangriyal - 97.22±2.70 80.56±1.81 60.00±2.49 79.44±2.27

Overall 61.94±0.92 96.11±0.87 78.59±0.78 102.13±0.94 85.16±0.66

Page | 35

TABLE: Year wise Kid Mortality Percentage in Non-traditional areas of Kargil

S.

No

Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Suru 20.00±1.08 20.98±1.10 36.63±1.46 20.27±1.18 23.71±0.94

2 Drass 12.66±1.46 24.24±1.17 39.76±1.32 51.75±1.56 34.90±1.05

3 Boodkharbo 28.57±1.55 52.83±1.79 37.50±1.98 20.00±2.35 43.37±1.31

4 Shakar 0.00 45.00±2.71 47.83±2.07 39.29±2.11 36.47±1.44

5 Chiktan 0.00 14.29±1.73 29.17±2.26 28.57±1.83 20.93±1.93

6 Khangriyal -- 57.14±2.47 24.14±1.46 38.10±3.05 41.18±2.03

Overall 15.25±0.60 30.73±0.75 36.57±0.74 34.99±0.77 30.52±0.54

Table: Average weights of Pashmina Goats reared in Non-Traditional Areas of Kargil of J&K.

S.

No

Area Average Body weight (Kgs)

Kid Hogget Adult

1 Suru 3.82±0.18 21.61±0.37 32.66±0.22

2 Drass 3.55±0.20 22.78±0.25 29.43±0.24

3 Boodhkharbu 1.67±0.08 17.40±1.01 26.02±0.24

4 Shakar 2.63±0.21 19.15±0.40 24.06±0.31

5 Chiktan 2.60±0.14 17.15±0.51 26.85±0.35

6 Khangriyal 2.25±0.27 17.00±0.68 26.53±0.33

Overall 2.63±0.09 20.72±0.19 28.87±0.12

TABLE: Year wise average pashmina yield (gm) in Non-traditional areas of Kargil

S

No. Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Suru 147.18±0.69 135.20±0.79 215.94±0.85 212.13±3.45 177.25±0.54

2 Drass 212.35±0.88 155.50±0.76 206.93±0.77 213.18±1.59 196.21±0.58

3 Boodkharboo 133.99±0.88 136.75±1.12 266.67±4.50 220.17±2.80 188.09±0.63

4 Shakar 168.24±1.25 166.89±1.02 106.19±1.87 140.23± 1.23 145.17±0.85

5 Chiktan 198.50±0.09 160.69±1.34 175.71±1.90 180.72±2.10 180.01±0.90

6 Khangriyal - 189.00±1.28 212.90±1.48 225.25±2.69 208.09±1.24

Overall 170.15±0.43 152.94±0.41 203.20±0.55 198.61±1.62 182.33±0.30

Page | 36

Table: Average fibre diameter of pashmina harvested form pashmina goats in Non Traditional Area

of Kargil.

S

No. Area Fibre Diameter (µ)

2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Suru 15.18±1.07 13.94±0.25 14.62±0.35 13.34±0.24 14.16±0.20

2 Drass 13.78±0.38 14.54±0.29 13.48±0.35 13.74±0.35 14.14±0.21

3 Boodhkharbu 14.22±0.30 14.16±0.21 13.82±0.39 13.24±0.11 14.10±0.18

4 Shakar 13.55±0.47 13.48±0.11 13.70±0.38 14.32±0.31 13.56±0.21

5 Chiktan 14.39±0.48 14.67±0.53 13.14±0.40 13.52±0.33 13.79±0.25

6 Khangriyal ---- ---- 14.27±0.40 13.63±0.32 14.27±0.40

Overall 14.05±0.24 14.08±0.12 14.03±0.15 14.12±0.19 14.04±0.09

Table: Average fibre length of pashmina harvested from Pashmina goats in Non Traditional Area of

Kargil.

Table: Year wise Survivability percentage in non-traditional area of Leh

S.

No.

Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Digger 87.50±1.64 94.70±0.98 81.94±1.24 93.15±1.28 89.02±1.00

2 Tangyar 95.83±1.05 88.14±1.50 80.82±1.83 83.78±1.77 86.22±1.35

3 Lakjung 85.42±1.66 100.00±0.00 81.25±2.00 84.75±2.01 87.61±1.14

4 Turtuk 80.00±1.39 84.00±1.01 75.22±1.19 84.07±1.29 80.76±0.88

Overall 85.77±0.79 90.26±0.64 79.19±0.76 86.21±0.78 85.09±0.53

S

No. Area Fibre Length (mm)

2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Suru 43.78±3.82 55.12±0.37 56.61±0.75 53.61±0.35 55.10±0.29

2 Drass 59.72±2.03 59.67±0.44 58.12±0.59 52.12±0.32 59.22±0.34

3 Boodhkharbu 52.42±1.38 54.69±0.32 51.24±0.94 54.24±0.75 54.21±0.30

4 Shakar 56.87±1.43 56.99±0.52 57.81±0.35 56.81±0.45 57.33±0.36

5 Chiktan 48.61±1.25 52.31±0.96 53.69±0.69 54.69±0.29 53.37±0.55

6 Khangriyal ---- ---- 54.04±0.85 54.04±0.35 54.04±0.85

Overall 52.28±0.77 56.18±0.19 56.10±0.29 55.23±0.52 56.02±0.16

Page | 37

Table: Year wise Mortality Percentage in non-traditional area of Leh

S.

No.

Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Digger 12.50±1.64 5.30±0.98 18.06±1.24 6.85±1.28 10.98±1.00

2 Tangyar 4.17±1.05 11.86±0.50 19.18±1.83 16.22±1.77 13.78±1.35

3 Lakjung 14.58±1.66 0.00±0.00 18.75±2.00 15.25±2.01 12.39±1.14

4 Turtuk 20.00±1.39 16.00±1.01 24.78±1.19 15.93±1.29 19.24±0.88

Overall mean 14.23±0.79 9.74±0.64 20.81±0.76 13.79±0.78 14.91±0.53

Table: Year wise Kidding percentage in non-traditional areas of Leh

S.

No.

Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Digger 4.88±1.25 73.70±1.40 57.50±1.42 63.16±1.32 49.04±0.66

2 Tangyar 68.89±1.36 69.80±1.68 80.65±1.70 77.78±1.72 73.29±1.35

3 Lakjung 35.71±1.95 37.84±2.23 50.00±2.04 46.88±1.72 41.96±1.22

4 Turtuk 21.95±1.30 44.78±1.74 72.55±1.60 45.45±1.62 43.03±1.21

Overall mean 31.43±1.02 55.14±1.05 65.58±0.94 56.74±1.01 50.58±0.80

Table: Year wise Kid Mortality Percenatge in non-traditional areas of Leh

S.

No.

Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Digger 0.00±0.00 21.43±1.93 39.13±2.75 37.50±2.11 31.17±1.86

2 Tangyar 58.06±2.68 30.00±1.86 16.00±1.72 33.33±2.17 35.51±2.19

3 Lakjung 6.67±2.11 35.71±2.06 37.50±2.17 26.67±2.32 26.67±1.73

4 Turtuk 0.00±0.0 0.00±0.00 27.03±1.53 15.00±1.47 12.38±1.06

Overall mean 28.79±0.96 19.61±0.91 28.71±0.96 28.75±0.98 26.07±0.78

Table: Average body weight of Pashmina goats reared in non-traditional areas of Leh

S.

No

Area Average body weight in (kgs)

Kid Hogget Adult

1. Digger 2.32 ± 0.11 17.00 ± 0.84 29.43±0.24

2. Tangyar 2.37 ± 0.09 19.73 ± 0.63 26.85±0.35

3. Lakjung 2.09 ± 0.22 15.35 ± 0.47 26.53±0.33

4. Turtuk 2.45 ± 0.12 21.22 ± 0.44 32.66±0.22

Overall mean 2.33 ± 0.07 18.99 ± 0.31 28.87±0.12

Page | 38

Table: Average pashmina yield per animal (gm) in Non-Traditional Area of Leh.

S.

No AREA

Average Pashmina Yield (gms)

Year 2010 Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013 Overall

1. Digger 160.00±0.80 197.59±4.22 172.70±3.28 202.72±3.32 167.51±0.79

2. Tangyar 146.41±0.68 154.03±3.50 172.22±3.55 163.78±3.07 151.31±0.79

3. Lakjung * * * * *

4. Turtuk NA 150.74±1.60 173.29±2.32 179.32±2.12 167.31±1.51

Overall 152.73±0.58 161.09±1.62 172.80±1.54 181.36±2.20 161.61±0.52

*Pashmina could not be harvested because there is a shedding problem due to spiny vegetation in the

area.

Table: Year wise Quality of Pashmina harvested from Non-Traditional Areas of Leh.

S.No Parametre 2010 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Fibre

Diameter (µ )

16.29±0.68 14.68±0.41 14.73±0.41 14.25±0.23 15.03±0.37

2 Fibre length

(mm)

44.88±1.94 48.77±0.54 49.17±0.45 49.87±0.32 48.26±0.56

In Himachal Pradesh, among the performance studies of pashmina goats in non-traditional areas,

survivability/mortality study showed that out of 119 Chegu Pashmina Goats distributed in non-traditional belt, 89

survived during the period with an overall survivability percentage of 74.79 % and mortality percentage of 25.21 %.

The survivability was highest (83.33%) in Hango village, followed by 79.17% in Tigrit village and 69.44% in Namgia

village. The survivability was lowest (45.45%) in Chimret village. The overall Kid mortality in the non-traditional

belt was observed to be 24.19 % as compared to 29.60 % in traditional area. The kidding percentage remained highest

(80.30%) in Hango village with lowest (33.67%) in Namgia village. The body weight of the kids born to Chegu goats

in non-traditional area of Himachal Pradesh was found to be 2.52±0.17 kg, 5.72±0.40 kg, 9.35±0.57, 12.92±0.56 kg

and 17.14±0.49 at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months of age respectively which was higher as

compared to that of traditional area. The overall pashmina goat strength in the non-traditional belt of HP has increased

from 119 to 230 with exclusion of mortality and to 305 with inclusion of mortality. Thus, the pashmina goat

population is expected to increase year after year, if the similar type of managemental practices is continued in the

future. The increase in the strength of the livestock was higher in non-traditional area as compared to that in

traditional area probably, because of more interest and special care provided by the farmers of non-traditional area as

it was a new activity for them and the farmers were very enthusiastic to adopt this new activity. The average

pashmina yield per adult goat/year was recorded to be 140.46±5.11 g in non-traditional area which was lower than the

mean value of 189.62±6.08 g recorded in goats of traditional area of Himachal Pradesh. Dev (1998) recorded the

mean pashmina fibre yield as 127.50±10.0 g in Chegu goats or their crosses maintained at Mukteshwar in Uttrakhand

whereas Bhat and Khan (2009) mentioned pashmina productivity in the rage of about 120 g per adult animal in Chegu

Page | 39

breed of goats. During the present investigation, the quality analysis of pashmina fibre revealed the mean fibre

diameter ranging from 12.34±0.33 µ to 15.14±0.62 µ in non-traditional area of Himachal Pradesh as against the value

of 8.20 to 20.90 µ with a mean value of 13.95±0.43 µ reported in Chegu pashmina goats by Thakur et al (2006) in the

traditional belt. The mean fibre length was found to vary from 31.26±0.67 mm to 33.58±0.81 mm as compared with

the value of 19.50 mm (1.95 cm) to 44.00 mm (4.40 cm) recorded by the above author in Chegu goats. In comparison,

the mean fibre diameter of Changthangi goat breed of Jammu & Kashmir was reported to be slightly lesser

(12.28±0.11 µ) than that of Chegu breed of Himachal Pradesh whereas the fibre length of Chegu goat pashmina was

markedly lesser than that of Changthangi breed (49.04±0.19 mm) as reported by Bumla et al (2011).

TABLE: Year wise survivability (%) in Non-traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh.

S.

No

Area Number of

Animals

distributed

2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Hango 48 97.92 91.49 93.02 83.33

2 Namgia 36 91.67 87.88 86.21 69.44

3 Tingrit 24 95.83 95.65 86.36 79.17

4 Chimret 11 90.90 90.00 55.56 45.45

Overall 119 94.96 91.15 86.41 74.79

TABLE: Year wise Mortality (%) in Non-traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh.

S.

No

Area Number of

Animals

distributed

2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Hango 48 2.08 8.51 6.98 16.67

2 Namgia 36 8.33 12.12 13.79 30.56

3 Tingrit 24 4.16 4.35 13.64 20.83

4 Chimret 11 9.10 10.00 44.44 54.55

Overall 119 5.04 8.85 13.59 25.21

TABLE: Year wise Kidding percent in Non-traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh.

S.

No

Area Number of

females

distributed

2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Hango 46 63.04 86.67 92.68 80.30

2 Namgia 36 25.00 45.45 31.03 33.67

3 Tingrit 20 20.00 78.95 83.33 59.65

4 Chimret 9 22.22 75.00 62.50 52.00

Overall 111 39.64 71.42 69.80 59.61

Page | 40

TABLE: Year wise Kid mortality (%) in Non-traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh

S.

No

Area 2011 2012 2013 Overall

1 Hango 13.79 17.95 18.42 16.98

2 Namgia 44.44 33.33 22.22 33.34

3 Tingrit 25.00 20.00 26.67 23.52

4 Chimret 50.00 66.67 60.00 61.53

Overall 22.72 25.34 23.88 24.19

Table: Average weights of Pashmina Goats reared in Non-Traditional and Traditional Areas of Himachal

Pradesh.

S.

No

Area Average Body weight (Kgs)

At Birth 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months

1 Non-

Traditional

2.523±

0.173

5.715±

0.404

9.353±

0.571

12.927±

0.557

17.138±

0.489

2 Traditional 2.103±

0.148

4.708±

0.390

8.416±

0.471

10.763±

0.602

14.589±

0.576

Table: Quality of Pashmina harvested from Non-Traditional Areas of Himachal Pradesh.

S.No Area Fibre Diamtere( µ ) Fibre Length (mm)

1 Namgia 15.14±0.62 31.79±0.72

2 Hango 12.34±0.33 31.26±0.67

3 Tingrit 13.62±0.59 33.58±0.81

4 Chimret 14.19±0.51 32.26±0.79

5.3. Strengthening of Germplasm Centres

The Government of Jammu & Kashmir has established pashmina goat breeding farm at Khangriyal (Kargil)

with an objective of providing elite germplasm bucks to the pashmina breeders to improve their livestock. However,

since more than a decade, the livestock was not upgraded in these farms with the result inbreeding had arisen leading

to less average fibre production of 125 g as against 250 g in traditional belt. As the farm serve as a source of bucks for

breed up gradation, the activity of farm was to provide elite bucks to the possible pashmina rearing areas of kargil.

Hence an attempt was undertaken in the subproject to improve the quality of livestock in the farm with a better

germplasm. Under this activity, 213 elite pashmina goats (13 bucks and 207 does) were provided to Pashmina Goat

Breeding Farm Khangriyal in the year 2010. The livestock provided performed well, with the result all the existing

livestock in the farm was replaced by the elite livestock provided under NAIP in year 2011. The performance of

khangriyal farm from year 2011-2013 is given in Table. The intervention resulted in the improvement of average

Page | 41

pashmina production per head from 146.22 g in 2011 to 213.53 g in 2013. This intervention of strengthening of

pashmina goat farm will be having a long term effect on the overall pashmina production as the farm will act as a

source of elite bucks to the breeders for future up gradation.

Table: Overall Performance of Pashmina Goat Farm Khangriyal after NAIP Intervention.

Parameters Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013

Survivability (%) 100.00 90.00 90.00

Mortality (%) 0.00 10.00 10.00

Kidding Percentage

(%)

62.32 55.00 51.61

Kid Mortality (%) 11.63 10.23 27.50

Pashmina Yield 146.22±0.47 192.66±0.59 213.53±0.71

The Government of J&K has also established a Pashmina goat breeding Farm at Upshi Leh which is catering

the supply of elite bucks to the traditional areas for breed upgradation. Under the project attempt was made to provide

more elite bucks to the farm which DSHO Leh/In charge PGF Upshi did not accept. Hence the activity of

strengthening the existing elite germplasm could not be undertaken. Although the other interventions in the farm of

shelter, health cover etc was undertaken.

In Himachal Pradesh also a pashmina goat farm owned by a Non-Government Organization namely,

Thangkarma Harit Sangthana, located at Thangkarma in District Kinnaur was adopted under the project. This farm

was having strength of 250 animals (155 adults, 65 hoggets & 30 kids). Various interventions including nutritional,

health and other managemental practices were introduced in this farm. Shelter material was also provided to have

better housing facilities to the livestock. Pashmina harvesting tools as well as the technique for efficient harvesting

was provided to the farm. In return, elite livestock (55 does & 11 bucks) were procured from this farm for distribution

among other beneficiaries in the operational areas. After adoption, the performance of farm improved as given in the

Table. The impact of the intervention could be judged by the fact that survivability increased from 87.27 to 92.71%,

adult mortality reduced from 12.73 to 7.29%, kid mortality decreased from 26.05 to 20.40% and kidding percentage

increased from 72.26 to 76.16%. The average pashmina production per head increased from 176.79±4.67 gm in 2012

to 188.46±5.79 gm in 2013. This intervention will also be having a long term effect on the overall pashmina

production as the farm will act as a source of elite bucks to the breeders.

Table: Overall Performance of Pashmina Goat Farm of Thangkarma Harit Sangathana after NAIP

Intervention.

Parameters Year 2012 Year 2013

Survivability (%) 87.27 92.71

Mortality in adult (%) 12.73 7.29

Kidding Percentage (%) 72.26 76.16

Kid Mortality (%) 26.05 20.40

Pashmina Yield 176.29±4.67 188.46±5.79

Page | 42

5.4. Soil, Water and Pasture studies of Pashmina goat rearing areas of Ladakh and HP.

5.4.1. Soil health studies

The soil survey of different locations of Ladakh region was conducted during 2010 using Garmin Map 296

GPS. Soil samples (0 to 20 cm deep) from 80 sites (53 from traditional belt and 27 from non-traditional belt) covering

8 blocks (Karu, Nyoma, Chusule, Durbok, Nobra, Kargil, Suru and Drass) of ladakh region were collected. The

Garmin Map 296 GPS was used to collect the coordinates of the sites where composite soil samples were taken,

randomly from 20-30 cores from each selected location. The samples were processed using standard procedures

(Jackson 1973) to determine the physical and chemical properties as well as available nutrients. Samples were air-

dried and ground to pass through a 2mm sieve. The soil pH and EC were determined in a 1:2.5 (Soil: water

suspension) by Jackson 1973. The available N in the soil sample was determined by alkaline potassium permanganate

method (Subbiah and Asija 1956), OC by Walkley and Black (1934) method, available P by Olsen et al. (1954)

method and available K by neutral normal ammonium acetate method (Jackson 1973). Available micronutrients were

extracted with DTPA extractant (Lindsay and Norvell 1978) and estimated on an atomic absorption

spectrophotometer, after standardising the instrument using the Sigma –Aldrich standards of the particular element.

Exchangeable calcium, magnesium and sodium were determined by AAS. Bulk density was carried by following the

method of Black and Hartge 1986 and particle density by (Piper 1966) method. The data was analysed using geo

statistical interpolation technique of Kriging using Licensed Arc GIS 10.1software.

From the soil analysis study, it was observed that soil pH varied from 7.2 to 9.43 with an average of 8.19. The

higher pH (8.20) was observed in traditional belt followed by the non-traditional belt (8.18). Among the blocks,

Chusule soils had the higher average pH (8.35) followed by Nobra and Durbok. The overall electrical conductivity

varied from 150 to 2233 uscm-1

, with a mean value of 392.6 uscm-1

. The average value of 400.5 and 377.1 uscm-1

was

observed in the traditional and non-traditional belts, respectively. The lowest EC was observed in the Drass, Suru and

Karu blocks and the highest (816) was observed in Durbok block. The higher salt accumulation can be attributed to

the low rain fall prevailing in the area. The organic carbon was found to be 0.039 to 3.861 percent with a mean value

of 1.194 per cent . OC (1.24%) was found to be higher in the non-traditional belt than traditional belt (1.171). Among

blocks, Chusule showed highest OC followed by Durbok where as the lowest was observed in Karu block of

traditional belt. The high organic carbon can be attributed to less decomposition due to low temperatures in the area.

The organic matter was found to be 0.067 to 6.656 with a mean value of 2.069. The Durbok block observed highest

organic matter followed by Suru block while as lowest was found in karu block. The overall average total N was

estimated to be 0.103 % with a range of 0.0033 to 0.332 % in traditional and non-traditional areas. The non-traditional

area showed a bit higher total N content (0.1067%) than traditional areas (0.1018%). Among block, the highest total

N was found in the Durbok block (0.1367%) while as the lowest was observed in the Karu block of traditional

pashmina growing area. The descriptive statistics revealed that the soils from pashmina growing areas of Ladakh are

high in available N with a mean value of 355.2 kg/ha and ranged from 125.4 kg/ha to 1097.6 kg/ha. Variations in

available N were found in both the traditional and non-traditional belts. The highest available nitrogen was observed

in the Drass block, while as lowest available nitrogen was observed in the Karu block followed by Kargil and Nyoma

blocks . The overall average available phosphorus was estimated to be 37.16 kg/ha with range of 3.82 kg/ha to 168.77

kg/ha in traditional and non-traditional areas, which signifies that the soils are low to high in available P. The

traditional area showed a higher available phosphorus concentration (39.4 kg/ha) than non-traditional areas

Fig.1:

Page | 43

(32.77kg/ha). The status of available K was found to be low to high with an overall average of 489.7 kg/ha. The

traditional area showed higher available potassium (540 kg/ha) as compared to non-traditional area (390.9 kg/ha). As

far as the block wise variation in available potassium is concerned, it was observed that the available potassium was

highest in Durbok block (737 kg/ha) while as lower concentration was observed in Drass block (263.2 kg/ha) . The

overall average available calcium was found to be 209.9 ppm which signifies that the soils are deficit in calcium.

However, the traditional area showed higher available calcium (248.7 ppm) than non-traditional areas (133.79). In

block wise variations, the available calcium was higher in Karu (300.8 ppm) followed by Nyoma and low in Drass

block (125.8ppm). Durbok block (329.2 ppm) showed higher available sulphur followed by Karu and where as it was

lower in Drass block (117.5ppm). As far as available magnesium is concerned, the overall average available

magnesium was estimated to be 17.634 ppm with range of 0.96 ppm to 30.53 ppm in pashmina rearing areas of

Ladakh, which signifies that the soils are sufficient in available sulphur. The soil from both traditional and non-

traditional areas were found to be deficient to sufficient in available Zn as the overall average zinc was estimated to

be 0.989 ppm with range of 0.236 to 5.06. In general, the non-traditional areas showed higher concentration (1.295

ppm) as compared to traditional area (0.833ppm). The non-traditional area showed higher Cu concentration (1.453

ppm) as compared to traditional area (0.846 ppm). Among the block, higher copper concentration was observed in

Suru block (4.8 ppm) while as low concentration of copper was observed in Karu block (0.625). The soils were found

deficient to sufficient in available Fe as the overall average of iron was estimated to be 10.48ppm with range of 0.14

to 40.54 ppm.The overall average manganese was found to be 3.93ppm with range of 0.262 ppm to 19.41ppm.

Results also revealed that DTPA Nickel, Lead and Cadmium were found below toxic limit in both the traditional and

non-traditional areas of Ladakh region (ANNEXURE).

In Himachal Pradesh, the soil survey of different locations of Kinnaur and Lahaul-Spiti was conducted during

the year 2010 and 2011. A total of 17 composite soil samples, 10 to 20 cm deep, from 85 different sites (60 from

traditional belt and 25 from non-traditional belt) covering 9 villages (7 from traditional and 2 from non-traditional

area) belonging to 2 blocks (Pooh and Spiti) of District Kinnaur and Lahaul-Spiti were collected. The details of the

sample collection sites are given in Table.

Table: Number and location of Soil samples collection sites

S.

No.

Place Block No. of composite soil

samples*

No. of sites

1 Kibber Spiti 3 15

2 Langcha 2 10

3 Lari 1 05

Sub-Total 6 30

4 Namgia Pooh 3 15

5 Nako 1 05

6 Hango 2 10

7 Sulkhar 1 05

8 Sumra 2 10

9 Thangkarma 2 10

Sub-Total 11 55

Grand Total 17 85

*Each composite soil sample consisted of soil samples of 5 sites

Page | 44

The soil samples were analysed for various parameters using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer in the

laboratory of Department of Soil Sciences, CSK HPKV-Palampur (H.P). From the results of soil analysis

(ANNEXURE), it was observed that pH varied from 7.5 to 8.9 with an average of 8.34±0.14 signifying alkaline soil

in whole of the pashmina growing area of the region. pH value was comparable and almost equal in both traditional

and non-traditional area. The overall electrical conductivity varied from 130 to 157 µS, with a mean value of

140±4.08 µS. The average values in traditional and non- traditional belts were almost found comparable. The mean

value of organic carbon was found to be 18.23±1.39 g/Kg soil which was higher than the normal value. It was found

to be higher in the non-traditional belt than traditional belt. The high organic carbon can be attributed to less

decomposition due to low temperatures in the area. The overall average total nitrogen in Pashmina rearing areas of

H.P. was estimated to be 202.21±28.82 Kg/ha with a range of 117.6 to 355.7 Kg/ha indicating low Nitrogen value in

the soil. Variations in available N were found in both the traditional and non-traditional belts. Traditional area showed

marginally high nitrogen contents as compared to non-traditional areas. The overall average available phosphorus was

estimated to be 59.51±13.31 kg/ha with range of 25.8 kg/ha to 142.2 kg/ha. The non-traditional area showed three

times higher available phosphorus concentration than traditional areas. Overall phosphorus concentration was found

high in Pashmina goat rearing areas. The status of available K was found to be medium to high with an overall

average of 395.77±76.06 kg/ha. The traditional area revealed lesser available potassium as compared to non-

traditional area. The sulphur concentration was found to be in excess consistently in all Pashmina growing areas. The

overall mean value was noticed to be 181.6±80.81 kg/ha with very wide variation from 84 kg/ha to 665.2 kg/ha and

traditional areas showed more sulphur as compared to non-traditional areas. The overall average available calcium

was found to be 4.40±0.90 meq/100g which signifies that the soils are having enough calcium. However, the

traditional area showed lesser available calcium than non-traditional areas. As far as available Magnesium is

concerned, the overall average available magnesium was estimated to be 0.54±0.10 meq/100g with a range of 0.21 to

0.90 meq/100g indicating almost entire area as magnesium deficient. The traditional areas were more deficient as

compared to non-traditional areas. The soils were found to have sufficient iron as the overall average of iron was

estimated to be 24.02±3.54 mg/Kg with a range of 16.08 to 45.60 mg/Kg. Both the belts (traditional as well as non-

traditional) had sufficient Iron. The overall average Manganese was found to be 26.38±3.41 mg/kg with the range of

15.06 mg/kg to 39.21 mg/kg showing the areas as Manganese rich. The mean Copper concentration was comparable

in both non-traditional and traditional areas with overall mean of 1.22±0.34 mg/Kg denoting that around one third of

the area is deficient in Copper. The soil from both traditional and non-traditional areas were found to be rich in

available Zn as the overall average zinc was estimated to be 10.67±4.51 mg/Kg with range of 1.11 mg/Kg to 40.72

mg/Kg. On perusal of available literature, it appears that except a little study carried out by Singh and Gupta (1990),

Kaushal et al. (1997), Naveen Datt et al. (2012) and Sharma and Kanwar (2012), and that too for very limited

parameters and in lower hills of North-West Himalayas, no other detailed/systemic scientific soil interventions have

been carried out so far. Hence the present values may be taken as baseline values for pashmina growing areas of

Himachal Pradesh for further research.

5.4.2. Pasture Health Studies

The areas for selection of pastures were randomly selected at different locations of the region keeping in view

the topography, availability of water, low interference from inhabiting people as well as livestock of the area into

consideration. The sites for pasture development were selected both in the traditional as well as non-traditional belts

of Pashmina of Ladakh region to meet the requirements of fodder for livestock during scarcity, which is one of the

Page | 45

main reason for low Pashmina production thereby threatening livelihood and lowered socioeconomic status of the

inhabiting people. Ten pastures from 10 different areas of Ladakh region viz; Kargyam, Mugleb, Taktak, Digger,

Miru, Tourtung Tokpo, Kargil, Meerak, Maan and Cheshule were selected. The samples were collected from above

mentioned areas and analyzed for different parameters by following the standard methods.

The pH of soils of pastures of ladakh region ranged from 7.56 to 9.04 with an average value of 8.27. The

pasture of Kargyam (7.56) was found neutral in nature. Whereas, Mugleb (8.53), Digger (8.53), Meerak (9.04) and

Maan (8.42) were alkaline in nature. Taktak (8.42), Miru (8.04), Tourtung Tokpo (8.04), Kargil (7.93) and Cheshule

(8.25) were found to be moderate alkaline in nature. The electrical conductivity was observed to range from 20 to

4200 µs/cm with an average value of 635 µs/cm. The overall electrical conductivity of the soils of all the pastures

were found normal except for the Mugleb pasture which was found 4200 µs/cm which is injurious to all types of

crops. The organic carbon in Kargyam (0.39), Miru (0.42) and Meerak (0.31) pastures were found in low status

whereas, Mugleb (1.6), Digger (4.29), Tourtung Tokpo (1.01) and Kargil (1.87) showed high organic carbon status.

However pastures of Taktak (0.7) and Maan (0.7) showed medium status as far as OC is concerned. The available

nitrogen in the pastures of Ladakh region was found to range from 267 to 1973 with an average of 726.5. Available

phosphorous ranged from 5.48 to 42.56 with an average of 12.65. Pastures of Karygam (8.51), Mugleb (7.87), Taktak

(7.87), Digger (7.88), Miru (.64), Kargil (5.48), Meerak (9.920 and Maan (11.2) showed low phosphorous status

whereas Tourtung Tokpo (42.56) and Cheshule (13.640) showed high and medium phosphorous status respectively.

As far as the available potassium is concerned, the pastures of Kargyam (296.8), Digger (196), Miru (257.6), tourtung

Tokpo (212.8), Maan (184.8) and Cheshule (156.8) showed medium potassium status. However, Mugleb (5712),

Taktak (4704) and Kargil (459.2) showed higher potassium status whereas Meerak (K 106.4) pasture showed low

status. The Calcium in the area was found to range from 80.65 to 339.85 with an average of 220.87 while as

Magnesium and sodium concentration showed low and normal status with a range from. 9.86 to 13.18 and 4.96 to

19.51 respectively. The Zinc (DTPA) ppm in the pastures of Kargyam (0.62), Mugleb (0.77) and Cheshule (0.94)

showed marginal status, whereas rest of the pastures studied showed deficit status. Copper (DTPA) ppm ranged from

0.28 to 1.86 with an average value of 0.87. while as Iron (DTPA) ranged from 0.65 to 7.87 with an average of 3.08.

The overall Maganese (DTPA) ppm was found deficit in status with an average of 1.22. The Chromium (DTPA) ppm,

Nickel (DTPA) ppm, Lead (DTPA) ppm and Cadimum (DTPA) ppm was found safe in all the pastures of the studied

region with an average value of 0.82, 0.26, 0.68 and 0.07, respectively. Bulk density and Particle density of total

pastures resulted in normal category with an average value of 1.69 and 2.77, respectively (ANNEXURE).

In Himachal Pradesh the sites for pasture development were selected both in the traditional as well as non-

traditional belts of Spiti and Kinnaur region to meet the requirements of fodder for livestock during scarcity, which is

one of the main reason for low Pashmina production. A total of four pastures were selected. Two pastures from

traditional areas of Spiti region viz; Langcha and Kibber were selected. While two pastures, one each from traditional

area (Sumra) and non-traditional area (Hango) of Distt. Kinnaur were also included in the study. The soil samples

were collected from above mentioned areas and analyzed for different parameters by following the standard methods.

The pH of pastures in general was alkaline, however pasture of Sumra was more towards neutral pH. The

electrical conductivity was observed to range from 135 to 162 µS. Overall electrical conductivity of the soils of all the

pastures were found normal. The organic carbon status in all the pastures was high (13.6-19.7 g/Kg of soil). The

available nitrogen in the high altitude pastures of Spiti (Langcha and Kibber) was within normal range as compared to

pasture of low altitude in spiti (Sumra) and pasture of non-traditional area of Distt. Kinnaur (Hango). In later two, the

Nitrogen level was less than the normal range. Available phosphorous ranged from 30.1 to 72.8 Kg/ha showing that

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pastures are Phosphorus rich. Pasture of Hango showed the maximum phosphorous value (72.8 Kg/ha) amongst the

pastures under study. As far as the available potassium is concerned, the pastures were rich in Potassium with

maximum levels shown at Hango. The Calcium in the area was found to range from 2.3 to 6.8 meq/100g which

indicated sufficient level of Calcium in the soil of pastures. Magnesium levels ranged between 0.19 to 0.85 meq/100g,

with lowest in pasture of Kibber (spiti). The levels indicated deficiency of Magnesium in the pastures. The level of

Iron in the pasture of Hango was lowest (17.1 mg/kg) among all the pastures, although all pastures were rich in Iron.

Levels of Manganese ranged from 16.8 to 37.6 mg/kg making all pastures as Manganese rich. Levels of Copper

ranged between 0.98 mg/kg to 2.51 mg/kg while that of Zinc between 4.90 to 31.8 mg/kg showing that the area is rich

in Zinc.

Table. Soil fertility status of different pasture locations of Himachal Pradesh

Parameter Langcha Kibber Sumra Hango

pH (soil reaction) 8.6 8.6 7.6 8.4

Electrical conductivity (µS) --- 162 135 142

Organic carbon (g/kg soil) 16.9 17.2 13.6 19.7

Nitrogen (Kg/ha) 334.4 382.8 128.2 164.2

Phosphorous (Kg/ha) 33.5 45.4 30.1 72.8

Potassium (Kg/ha) 308.2 445.3 312.6 809.2

Sulphur (Kg/ha) 89.7 114.1 108.7 92.8

Calcium (meq\100g) 2.3 2.5 2.4 6.8

Magnesium (meq\100g) 0.20 0.19 0.8 0.85

Iron (mg\Kg) 29.6 42.9 27.2 17.1

Manganese (mg\Kg) 34.2 37.6 16.8 22.7

Copper (mg\Kg) 0.98 2.56 2.31 1.12

Zinc (mg\Kg) 4.90 5.91 31.8 10.7

5.4.3. Water Health Studies

The water samples from different rivers and streams in the pashmina producing areas of ladakh region as well

as from available water sources in selected pastures of traditional as well as non-traditional belts were taken during

the year 2013 to determine its stability for drinking to animal and human consumption. The samples were analyzed

for various parameters viz; pH, Electrical conductivity (Ec) , Bicarbonate, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, micro

nutrients and other heavy metals. The pH and Ec of water was measured by using a digital pH meter and digital

conductivity metre. Bi Carbonates were determined by following standard procedure. Ca, Mg, micronutrients and

other heavy metals were estimated on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, after standardizing the instrument

using the Sigma –Aldrich standards of the particular element. Na and K were determined using Flame Photo meter.

Results revealed that the water samples collected from different areas are safe for drinking for animal /human

consumption. (ANNEXURE)

The surface water samples from different streams in the pashmina producing areas of Kinnaur, Lahaul-Spiti

as well as from available water sources in selected pastures of traditional as well as non-traditional belts of HP were

collected from 8 villages and processed and analysed for various minerals using Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometer in the laboratory of Department of Soil Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).

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Table: Water samples collection sites / villages

S.

No.

Place Name of Block Name of District

1 Hurling Spiti Lahaul & Spiti

2 Lari Spiti Lahaul & Spiti

3 Namgia Pooh Kinnaur

4 Nako Pooh Kinnaur

5 Hango Pooh Kinnaur

6 Sulkhar Pooh Kinnaur

7 Sumra Pooh Kinnaur

8 Chango Pooh Kinnaur

From the results (ANNEXURE), it was observed that phosphorus and manganese are present only in traces in

whole of the pashmina growing area of H.P, while copper was present in traces only in the traditional belt. In non-

traditional belt, copper was observed to be present in one village (Hango) with the value of 0.15 ppm. The overall

average total potassium in Pashmina rearing areas was estimated to be 1.04±0.30 while as the overall calcium

concentration was observed to be 26.21±4.87 ppm. The traditional areas showed higher calcium levels (28.93±5.84

ppm) as compared to the non-traditional area (18.05±8.05 ppm). There was not much variation between traditional

and non-traditional belts in magnesium levels with an overall level as 8.72±0.77 ppm. Iron was found in traces in

most of the villages except Salkhar, Sumra and Namgia. Highest value of 0.30 ppm was found in village Sumra. Zinc

was found to be in traces in most of the villages of traditional belt except Sumra (0.03 ppm). In non-traditional belt,

Zinc was invariably present in water with highest concentration in Hango (0.70 ppm). Overall mean value of sulphate

was noticed to be as 31.97±13.97 ppm with wide variation from 4.4 to 127.3 ppm. Traditional area showed more

sulphate as compared to non-traditional area. On perusal of available literature, it appears that no work has been

carried over, so far, to investigate the water parameters in the pashmina growing area of Himachal Pradesh. Hence,

the present values may be taken as baseline values for all above parameters for further research.

5.5. Animal Health

5.5.1. Investigation Protocol

Health investigations in Changra goats of Ladakh region were carried out through an active animal health

survey. The survey protocol included 1) collection of information from the farmers regarding animal health problems,

2) animal physical examinations/case observations/ postmortem examination, 3) laboratory examinations including

haematology, serum biochemistry, hormone profile, coprology, parasite identification and histopathology, and 4)

diagnosis using serological tests.

5.5.2. Health Status

5.5.2.1 Haematological Profile

Erythrocytic Profile: The various erythrocytic parameters recorded in Changthangi goats of Ladakh included

mean Hb level 9.383 ± 0.074 gm/dL ; haematocrit 40.146 ± 0.285%; TEC 13.421 ± 0.101 m/dL; MCV 30.206 ±

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0.264fL; MCH 7.050 ± 0.063pg; and MCHC 23.428 ± 0.122%. The erythrocytic profile of changra goats was

suggestive of anaemia characterized by deficiency of haemoglobin., The RBCs in the peripheral blood film appeared

to be hypochromic microcytic reflecting iron and associated micronutrient deficiency. However, in general the

erythrocytic indices were slightly higher in animals reared under pastoral system. It was concluded that the nutritional

status of the pasture grasses as well as micronutrient status of the pastures need to be evaluated vis-à-vis the

physiological status of the animals. Although the mean indice values differed among sexes and age groups, the

differences were at large non significant and did not reveal any static trend.

The study of various haemato-biochemical parameters in Chegu goats of Himachal Pradesh revealed presence

of mild anaemia with Hb value as 10.85 0.32 g/dl, PCV value as 30.851.28% and TEC as 16.57 0.47x106 /cu mm

in goats of traditional area. In comparison, the goats of non-traditional area showed better Hb (12.02 0.53 g/dl), PCV

(35.121.89 %) and TEC (17.671.03 x 10 6/ cu mm) values indicating better health status. The presence of anaemia

in goats of traditional area may be attributed to lower plasma copper level (0.55± 0.06 mg/L). The haematological

examination of the blood collected from the kids of Chegu goats kept at Palampur (HP) revealed mean haemoglobin

value of 9.07±0.49 g/dl, PCV (24.87±1.79%), TEC (14.78±0.61 x 106/cu mm), MCV (17.08±1.55 fl), MCH

(6.16±0.43 pg), and MCHC (36.88±0.85%).

Leukocytic Profile: The overall mean values of leukocytic indices in Changthangi goats included TLC (7.841 ±

0.050 Th/dL); neutrophils (32.605±0.256%); lymphocytes (61.837±0.253%); monocytes (1.808±0.050%); eosinophils

(3.004 ± 0.090%) and basophils (0.743 ± 0.044%). The leukocytic indices of changra goats were within the normal

range for the species. The overall profile was suggestive of good immune status. In general eosinophil counts were

significantly higher in young age group which was attributed to parasitic infestation.

The leukocyte profile of Chegu goats in traditional and non-traditional areas, respectively, was characterized

by TLC (13.68±0.92 & 11.21±0.59 Th/dL); neutrophils (24.33±1.63 & 28.66±1.11%); lymphocytes (67.17±0.48 &

62.34±1.72%); monocytes (3.33±0.21 & 2.86±0.43%); eosinophils (4.66±0.33 & 5.22±0.90%) and basophils (0.50

±22 & 0.50±22%). TLC in kids was 17.63±1.65 x103 / cu mm.

5.5. 2.2. Biochemical Investigations

The clinical chemistry parameters have been utilized as a predictive tool in evaluating health status. In present

study, the values of liver and kidney function test indices were within normal range. The mean values of blood

glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio, ALP, AST, ALT, Urea, Creatinine anf

cholesterol were 62.967± 0.884 mg/dL, 5.932 ± 0.037gm/dL, 3.091 ± 0.024gm/dL, 2.838 ± 0.035gm/dL, 1.157 ±

0.031, 234.163 ± 5.380 IU/L, 78.095 ± 1.932 IU/L, 19.972 ± 0.704 IU/L, 28.755 ± 0.677 mg/dL, 0.814 ± 0.024

mg/dL and 138.093 ± 1.275 mg/dL respectively. The goats reared in highland pastures of Kharnak area appeared to

have better energy and protein status when compared with other traditional areas. However, significantly better

energy status was achieved with proper nutritional supplementation in non-traditional area. No effect of age or sex

was apparent on the different blood indices.

The mean values of various blood biochemicals of Chegu goats in traditional and non-traditional areas of HP,

including Glucose (54.94±2.60 & 60.18±3.67mg/dl), Total protein (8.44±0.33 & 9.05±0.33g/dl) , ALT (33.38±2.65 &

26.02±3.15IU/L), AST (21.00±3.40 & 24.56±2.89 IU/L), Total Bilirubin (0.60±0.095 & 0.88.±0.062mg/dl), BUN

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(10.19±1.29 & 20.62±2.43mg/dl) and Creatinine (1.15±0.038 & 1.29±0.06mg/dl) were matchable with the normal

values of other species of animals, thus, indicating normal health and revealing normal liver and kidney functioning in

goats of both traditional & non-traditional area of Himachal Pradesh. Blood urea nitrogen significantly increased from

26.54±2.76 mg% in summer to 40.61±2.92 mg% during rainy season whereas total protein (gm/dL) levels of 6.72

+0.33, 6.93 +0.32 and 6.28 +0.39; and creatinine levels (mg/dL) of 1.032 +0.06, 1.36 +0.11 and 1.23 +0.09 observed

during summer, rainy and winter seasons, respectively, were comparable.

5.5. 2.3. Blood mineral Profile

The blood minerals profile of Chegu goats in traditional vs non traditional areas including Calcium

(8.85±0.27 vs 8.22±0.28mg/dl), Magnesium (2.21±0.12 vs 1.88±0.05mg/dl), Iron (1.60±0.11 vs 1.83±0.99mg/L),

Zinc (1.00±0.10 vs 0.87±0.05mg/L), Cobalt (0.06±0.01 vs 0.05±0.005mg/L) and Manganese (0.02±0.001 vs

0.027±0.001mg/L), was comparable and within normal range, except for lower plasma copper levels (0.55±0.06 vs

1.11±0.65mg/L)in traditional area. The levels of Copper (0.79±0.37, 0.61±0.11 and 0.77±0.16 mg/L), Iron

(3.87±0.58, 3.35±0.26 and 3.43±0.40 mg/L), Zinc (0.92±0.15, 0.64±0.05 and 0.73±0.05 mg/L) and Magnesium

(2.19±0.21, 2.59±0.20 and 1.99±0.19 mg/dL) observed in summer, rainy and winter seasons, respectively, were

comparable while significant higher blood Calcium level were observed during winter (10.88±1.06 mg/dL) when

compared with summer (7.198±0.54 mg/dL) and rainy seasons (8.79 +0.25 mg/dL). The levels of Calcium (10.76 ±

0.52mg/dl), Iron (1.66 ± 0.16mg/L), Copper (1.17 ±0.13mg/L) and Zinc (0.94 ±0.10mg/L) in kids were in normal

range.

5.5. 2.4. Hormone Profile

A comparative study on hormonal profile of pure bred and cross bred chegu goats was conducted. The results

indicated that plasma concentration of Tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentration in pure bred and cross bred chegu goats

was 1.41 ± 0.08 nm/L and 1.43±0.05 nm/l respectively. Thyroxine (T4) level in pure bred chegu goats was

251.55±35.81 nm/L, whereas it was 407.49±18.31 nm/L in cross bred animals. The plasma cortisol level was very

high viz. 19.66±1.95 nm/L (>2 folds) in pure bred animals as compared to that in cross bred chegu goats (8.77±1.71

nm/dl). This investigation indicated that pure bred Chegu goats were under severe stress after migration to mid hill

area (Palampur) as compared to cross bred animals.

5.5. 2.5. Acid base and blood gas status

In chegu kids, the values of blood pH (7.38 ± 0.016), H+ concentration (41.5 ± 1.66 nmol/L), Actual

bicarbonate concentration (19.92 ± 0.70m mol/L), Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (34.58 ± 1.61mm Hg), Partial

pressure of oxygen (102.93 ± 11.4mm Hg), Total carbon dioxide (20.78 ± 0.73m mol/L), Base excess (– 4.23 ± 0.72m

mol/L), Potassium (5.10 ± 0.29m mol/L), Sodium (157.5 ± 2.70 m mol/L) and Chloride (102.66 ± 2.15m mol/L) were

more or less close to that recorded in other species of animals reared in the area of Palampur (HP).

5.5.3. Disease Status

Active surveillance in traditional and non-traditional areas revealed health implications as one of the serious

constraints warranting holistic prevention and control. As per the information retrieved from farmers in traditional

area and examination of animals, the major health concerns included heavy kid mortality, contagious caprine

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pleuropneumonia (CCPP), Contagious ecthyma, Pestes de petites ruminentis (PPR), diarrhea, ectoparasite infestation

(lice and tick), starvation, and abortion. Other affections observed included, pneumonia, mouth and gum lesions in

Chushul area due to high salt concentration in water, eye affection due to mechanical damage by spiny weeds, and

footrot.

Chegu goats were found to suffer from infectious diseases viz., Strongylosis, Strongyloidosis,

Anocephalidiasis, Nematodiriasis, Moniziasis, Coccidiasis, Enteritis, Pneumonitis, Brucellosis, Chlamydosis and Tick

infestation.The goats were also found to suffer from non-infectious diseases viz., Haematuria, Haemoglobinuria,

Proteinuria, Ketonuria, Anaemia, Hypocuperosis, Phytotoxicosis, Tympany, Lameness, Wounds (superficial & deep),

Fracture of horn, Hypothermia, Myocardial necrosis, Fibrinous Pericarditis, Necrotizing Hepatitis, Tricobezors and

Fibrinopurulent pneumonia (Pesteurella pneumonia).

5.5.3.1. Parasitological Investigation

Ectoparasitic infestation in changra goats was investigated during summer season. The ectoparasitic

conditions observed were lice infestation, tick infestation and mange. 100% of the flocks showed lice infestation.

Although all the animals examined individually harboured lice, upto 5% of animals showed clinical picture including

unthrifty appearance, rough coat and pruritis. Tick infestation was observed in 70.59% (12/17) flocks with 5-20%

animals examined individually harbouring the parasite. Mange was observed in 47.05% (8/17) flocks with 2-10%

animals showing lesions. Severely affected goats showed rough skin with complete loss of fleece. The lice recovered

were identified as Damalinia caprae.

Coprological examination in Changthangi goats revealed occurrence of coccidiosis. The overall prevalence of

Eimeria spp. was 70%. The highest prevalence of 80% (72/90) was observed in Samdoo, followed by 66.81%

(147/220) in Kharnak, and 65% (26/40) in chushul. Most of the cases were subclinical with only 17 diarrhoea cases

recorded. However, all the diarrhea cases were positive for Eimeria infection.. While the flocks migrate in the

pastures during day time, they are maintained in open paddocks during night hours. The paddocks are cleaned

infrequently and usually very damp, providing optimal conditions for gastrointestinal parasitism. Coprology in Chegu

goats revealed occurrence of Strongylosis, Strongyloidosis, Anocephalidiasis, Nematodiriasis, Moniziasis, and

coccidiosis.

5.5.3.2. Infectious and Contagious Diseases

Microbiological screening of faecal, blood,serum, nasal,vaginal swabs/samples from Chegu goats revealed

occurrence of Enterobacter spp, Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Actinobacillus spp. and

Brucella spp. Out of 25 tested samples for Chlamydosis by PCR ,8 were found positive.

Screening of Changthangi goats for brucellosis by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Standard Tube

Agglutination Test (STAT), Dot-ELISA, Plate ELISA and PCR showed that the disease is widespred, and an

important problem among the Pashmina goat flocks of Changthang,and hence a potential risk factor for changpas.

Screening of 51 flocks from 8 different areas of Changthang region of Ladakh revealed the overall flock-level

prevalence of 100% by RBPT, Dot- ELISA and PCR, 96.0% by Plate ELISA and 94.11% by STAT. the individual

level The apparent and true prevalence (calculated on basis of sensitivity & specificity of tests), respectively, by

various tests ranged from 12.67% (95% CI 9.92-15.88) to 28.12% (95% CI 24.31-32.25) and 15.72% (95% CI 12.69-

19.24 to 32.32% (95% CI 27.62-37.42) in traditional area, and 10.86% (95% CI 6.88-16.40) to 20.00% (95% CI

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14.38-26.46) and 8.33% (95% CI 0.00-19.10) to 24.05% (95% CI 16.94-32.23) in non-traditional areas. The

differences between the prevalences of the disease in differ areas, or between the flocks within the areas were

statistically non-significant. Significantly higher prevalence of brucellosis was observed in goats above 1 year of age

when compared with goats below one year age. Extensive monitoring and surveillance programme for animals and

humans in the area is warranted in order to evaluate the socio-economic impact of the disease and formulate adequate

intervention measures to eradicate it.

5.6. Molecular Genetic Studies on Pashmina Goats

5.6.1. Diversity studies in Pashmina Goats using Microsatellite Markers

A study was undertaken for population genetic analysis of microsatellite variation in three cashmere

(pashmina) producing goat populations of India viz: Chegu, Tibetain and Changthangi using 10 microsatellite

markers selected from the list suggested by ISAG-FAO. Observed number of alleles ranged from three (in ILSTS-

005and-065) to seven (in ILSTA-008) with total of 54 alleles across three populations. The overall Heterozygosity,

PIC and Shannon index values were 0.57, 0.64 and 1.49 indicating high gene diversity. The highest observed

heterozygosity was found in Chegu and minimum in Tibetain. Genetic distance was least (0.2045) between

Changthangi and Tibetain and the highest (0.3621) between Chegu and Changthangi. In all population, moderate

inbreeding was indicated (mean FIS=0.1664, FIT=0.2280) within and among the breeds. Genetic differentiation

between breeds was moderate with a mean FST value of 0.0738 which showed that the average proportion of genetic

variation explained by breed differences was 7.3%. The remaining 92.62% corresponding to difference among

individuals. The cluster obtained on phylogenetic tree generated from Nei‟s genetic distance matrix agreed with the

geographic origin of the breed. The genetic relatedness between Changthangi and Tibetain breeds indicate

intermixing of these breeds or same origin of these breeds. Deviations from hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were noted

for most of the locus. Bottleneck analysis revealed bottleneck for Chegu population under all the three mutation

models for sing test, whereas the standardized difference test and Wilcoxon rank test indicated Heterozygosity excess

in Chegu population under TPM and SMM models, but bottleneck was observed under IAM mutation model. Tibetain

exhibited Heterozygosity excess under all the mutation models for sign test, standardized difference test and

Wilcoxon rank test. Similar results were observed for changthangi with all the three tests under IAM, TPM and SMM

models. Hence results from sign test, standardized difference test and Wilcoxon rank test revealed bottleneck in chegu

goat, where as Tibetain and Changthangi goat were free from any bottleneck. These 10 markers can be used for

genetic investigations and assessing population structure in Indian goat populations. The study analyzed the

population structure of these populations and contributed to the knowledge and genetic characterization of three

Cashmere (Pashmina) goat populations. In addition, the microsatellites recommended by ISAG proved to be useful

for the biodiversity studies in goat studies in goat germplasm.

5.6.2. Molecular Characterization Studies

Molecular characterization of Keratin Associated Proteins (KAP) in pashmina and non-pashmina producing

goats was carried out to explore the different polymorphic variants of KAP 1.3 and KAP 1.4 genes in different breeds/

genetic groups of goats of Kashmir. In all 70 animals of Pashmina (Changthangi) goats (30 animals) and non-

Pashmina (Bhakarwal and Kargil goats, 20 animals each) goats formed the experimental material for the study.

Genomic DNA of the reference stock was isolated from blood. The primers for the amplification of these genes were

designed from the conserved area of the gene after identifying them through multiple sequence alignment software.

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The SSCP was carried out in 12% non- denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). Results indicated the

size variability of KAP 1.3 gene between Ovine and Caprine. The sheep KAP 1.3 gene has a deletion of 30

nucleotides after divergence of these species. The gene length in goat is 622 bp whereas it is 592 bp in sheep. In

Comparison to published sheep nucleotide sequence, the goat sequence recorded in the present study shows

variability at two positions, 91 and 409. At position 91, there is “C” in sheep but “T” in goat and at position 490 “T”

is replaced by “C” in goat. In single strand conformation (SSC) studies, two genotypes A1A1 (0.65) and A1A2 (0.35)

were recorded. These genotypes were formed by two designated alleles A1 (0.825) and A2 (0.175) in Bhakarwal goats.

Two genotypes B1B1 (0.55) and B1B2 (0.45), with allelic frequencies of 0.775 (B1) and 0.225 (B2) were observed in

Kargil goats. Similarly two genotypes C1C1 (0.50) and C1C2 (0.50) with allelic frequencies of 0.75 (C1) and 0.25 (C2)

were observed in Changthangi goats. All the six allele identified through SSC technique were subjected to

sequencing. On sequencing allele A1 and B1 of the Bhakarwal and Kargil breed, respectively, were observed to be

same at nucleotide level. In Pashmina goats, there is deletion of one nucleotide of one nucleotide at position 289 in

comparison to other goat studies herein. This deletion of nucleotide has resulted in shift of reading frame.

Consequently, this has changed the amino acid sequence of protein and there are nine different Amino acids in

Pashmina goat as compared to Bhakarwal and Kargil goats in the portion of the gene studied herein. The nucleotide

sequences of the KAP 1.3 fragment studied for Bhakarwal, kargil and Pashmina goats showed almost 100%

similarities with each other. The nucleotide sequence of Bhakarwal, Kargil and Pashmina goats showed 98.8, 94.8 ,

84.6 and 77.9% similarity with sheep, mice, rat and humans respectively. Phylogenetically, all the caprine genotypes

studied formed a separate group and the nearest species phylogenetically to goat is sheep. The investigation of KAP

1.4 gene size in ovine and caprine showed that there are 30bp deletions in the gene sequence of ovine. The size of this

gene in goat is 655 bp whereas in sheep it is only 625 bp. The deleted sequence is of 30 bp lengths and is a repeat

motif and these are repeated 6 times in goat whereas only 5 times in sheep. In comparison to published nucleotide

sequences of sheep, goat sequences are differing at position 174, 462 and 568. At these positions “G”, “T” and “T”

nucleotides are present in sheep, whereas these nucleotides have been replaced by “A”, “C” and “C” respectively. In

SSC studies, two genotypes were observed in each genetic group under study. In Bhakarwal goats, the genotypes

were designated as A1A1 (0.40) and A1A2 (0.60) and were formed by two alleles A1 (0.70) and A2 (0.30). The

different SSCP patterns observed in Kargil goats for KAP 1.4 gene were designated as B1B1 (0.35) and B1B2 (0.65)

genotypes. The frequencies of B1 and B2 alleles were 0.675 and 0.325, respectively. Similarly, two genotypes C1C1

(0.60) and C1C2 (0.40) were observed in Changthangi goats and frequencies of C1 and C2 alleles were 0.80 and 0.20

respectively. The alleles were later confirmed by sequencing and it was concluded that all the alleles observed in

breed were unique to the breed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at different position conferring different

mobility of fragment in the gel were also identified by sequencing. The designated A1 and A2 alleles of Bhakarwal

goats differ from each other at the position 605 of the nucleotide sequence “T” or “C” were observed in two alleles.

The designated B1 and B2 alleles of Kargil goats differed from each other at position 224, 374, 375, and 521. The

C→G, A→G, G→A and T→C, respectively. The designated C1and C2 alleles of Changthangi goats differed from

each other at one position 440 only. The nucleotides observed was “A” and “C”, respectively. Only two mutations

C224G and G375A in case of Kargil goats were non-synonymous and resulted in change of amino acids Cysteine (C)

→Serine (S) and Alanine (A) →Threonine (T), respectively. The nucleotide sequences of KAP 1.4 gene in

Bhakarwal, Kargil and Pashmina goats showed 99.7% similarity with each other. The nucleotide sequences of KAP

1.4 gene of Bhakarwal, Kargil and Pashmina goats showed more than 96.7% similarity with sheep and 74.4% with

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mice. Phylogenetically Bhakarwal, Kargil and Pashmina goats formed a separate group and sheep was nearest species

followed by mice.

5.7. Pasture Improvement

Under the activity of pasture Improvement, four kanals of land was identified and fenced with barbed wires in

eight villages of traditional areas in Leh viz; Mugleb, Maan, Meerak, Chushul, Kharnak, Miru, Korzok and Kargiyam.

The vegetable growth has increases in these protected pastures. There is a 30-60% vegetation in these pastures.

In HP, a common pasture of 6 kanal area was developed at Lancha village of Kaza sub division. Fescue grass

was successfully grown in this pasture. The pasture land has been well fenced with iron angles & barbed wire.

Another success was achieved by growing clover grass in a Hurling village of Kaza sub division (HP). The grass was

grown under two-tier system viz; apple tree and clover grass underneath.

A total of 35000 seedlings of Fescue grass were distributed to 52 farmers of 9 villages (Namgia, Hango,

Chango, Nako, Sulkhar, Hurling, Sumra, Kibber and Langcha) in traditional and non-traditional area of Himachal

Pradesh. The biomass of newly introduced grass was found to be 71.5 q/hectare as compared to the biomass mean

value of 30.3 q/hectare recorded for the local traditional grass grown in the area, thus, indicating more than 2 fold

increase in the yield of grass produced in the NAIP developed pasture. In addition, 22 Kg of Clover seed was

distributed to all the beneficiaries of 9 villages and was used for development of personal grazing land of the farmers.

5.8. Qualitative and Quantitative Improvement in Spinning and Weaving

5.8.1. Improvisation and Introduction of Dehairing Machine

The fine pashmina is having lot of impurities like vegetable matter, sloughed epithelial cells, dust, etc.

besides guard hairs, which needs to be removed before further processing. The undercoat/fine pashmina fibres can be

separated from guard hair by the process of dehairing. Traditionally it is done manually, mostly by women folk. It is

full of drudgery and leads to lot of physical stress to women folk. To avoid this, at some places the process of manual

dehairing has been replaced by machine dehairing. However for dehairing purpose, passing the fibres between the

rollers of dehairing machine 5-7 times could damage the surface of pashmina fibres. Hence a study was conducted to

see the effect of machine dehairing on the quality of pashmina fibre. Pashmina was dehaired both by manual and

machine dehairing methods. Study revealed that the fibre diameter showed non-significant difference between the

fibre dehaired manually and mechanically whereas fibre length showed the significant (P<0.05) difference (Table).

The lower fibre length in machine dehaired fibre was recorded mainly due to breakage of fibre while passing between

the different rollers of machine. The mean values of bundle strength (g/tex) showed non-significant difference

between the manual and machine dehaired fibres. Although, the difference was non-significant but the bundle

strength of manually dehaired pashmina was 10% more than machine dehaired fibre. The reduced strength of fibre

might be due to repeated passages of fibre in dehairing machine for separation of guard hairs while it was not the case

with manually dehaired fibre. The coefficient of friction (μ) was significantly lower in machine dehaired fibre than

manually dehaired fibre. The surface properties of fibre on SEM imaging showed damaged surface with broken scales

in fibre dehaired with machine whereas no such damages was seen in manually dehaired fibre (Plate). The results

revealed that machine dehairing causes reduction in fibre length, besides causing structural damage to the fibres. Due

to the damage of delicate fibre, the final product may have a short life as compared to the product developed from

Page | 54

manually dehaired fibre. Although there is a deterioration in the quality of machine dehaired fibres but at the same

time manual dehairing is full of physical drudgery. Hence keeping all this into consideration, an effort was made to

fabricate an improvised dehairing machine with an objective of reducing the number of passages. Accordingly, two

improvised dehairing machines were fabricated at Ludhiana and installed one each at SKUAST-K and CSWRI-

Avikanagar. The improvement has resulted in reduction in number of passages from five to only three which has lead

to less damage to the delicate fibre and more recovery of fine fibres. The recovery of undercoat in case of NAIP

fabricated dehairing machine was recorded as 40.46 (%) as against only 30.00 (%) in case of other dehairing

machines.

Table: Effect of Machine Dehairing on the quality of fine Pashmina fibre (Mean ± S.E).

Parameter

Manually

dehaired

Range Machine

Dehaired

Range

Fiber diameter (µ) 12.57±0.64 11.39-14.82 12.25±0.11 11.08-13.10

Fiber Length (mm) 60.33±0.21b 44.40-53.66 49.04±0.19

a 46.03-52.03

Bundle strength (g/tex) 10.1±0.11 9.23-14.32 9.03±0.28 8.08-13.13

Coefficient of friction

( µ)

0.61±0.005b

0.59-0.64 0.58±0.007a

0.55-0.61

Row wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)

Fig: Effect of Machine Dehairing on Surface property of Pashmina Fibre

Page | 55

5.8.2. Improvisation and Introduction of Innovative Charkha

The handicraft industry is well established in the North-West Himalayan regions of Jammu and Kashmir.

Among the handicrafts of Kashmir valley, pashmina shawls have gained global recognition and are liked by all,

irrespective of sex, age or nation (Yaqoob et al. 2012). They are internationally known for their quality in terms of

Total Hand Value and long life with no pile formation (Bumla, 2010). Traditional method of processing has given

them hand spun hand woven status (Bumla, 2010). Processing of pashmina involves number of steps viz; dehairing,

spinning, weaving, finishing etc (Bumla et al. 2012). Spinning converts continuous untwisted strand of fibers into

yarn of requisite count and twist suitable for further processing. This is done by women folk on a traditional spinning

wheel locally known as Yander (Yaqoob et al. 2012). In this method, a small tuft (tumb) of pashmina is held between

the second and third finger of the left hand supported by the thumb. As the spinner turns the wheel with her right

hand, she raises and lowers the left hand holding and releasing the fiber in a perfect harmony to the rhythm of turning

wheel (Bumla et al. 2012). This is a difficult task causing a lot of physical stress in the form of backache, numbness

in legs etc, reducing output and at the same time is less remunerative to the artisans (Yaqoob et al 2012).

Keeping in view the importance of handmade pashmina shawls, physical drudgery and less remuneration,

efforts were made to fabricate a spinning wheel which will reduce drudgery and increase remuneration without

deteriorating the quality of yarn. Initially four types of charkhas (small size model, ball bearing model, paddle

operated model and Table top model) were fabricated. Out of these, Table Top Model proved efficient. The charka

comprises of table top, small spinning wheel, spindle and foot paddle. The spinner sits on a stool and operates the

charka with her foot. Accordingly 105 improvised charkha (Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha) were

fabricated and distributed among beneficiary spinners (90 in Kashmir valley, 10 in Leh and 5 in Himachal Pradesh)

(ANNEXURE). The innovative charkha performed excellently with spinning loss of only 3% as against 12% in case

of traditional one. The field results from Kashmir valley has revealed that the innovative charkha is proving efficient

in terms of time consumed for spinning on an average by 73.50% over traditional one besides decreasing physical

drudgery. In terms of income, there is an increase of remuneration by 146.64 (%) (from Rs 1638 to Rs 4040 per

month) over traditional one for same period of time without deteriorating the quality of yarn. Provisional patent

application was filed vide number 3616/Del/2011 dated: 13-12-2011. Final application form was submitted on

13/12/2012 through K&S Partners (Ref file No: IP19027/VH/sk).

Improvement in efficiency and remuneration and reduction in the physical stress has made it more

approaching and lucrative among the local artisans. It has also lead to the improvement of livelihood security of the

artisan community. Success of the Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP charkha, can also be judged by the fact that

different government and non-governmental organizations viz; Kashmir Silk Producers Cooperative Ltd, Soura (50),

Handloom Development Department Magermal bagh, Srinagar (7), Numani Welfare Trust, Srinagar (8) Handloom

Development Department, Ganderbal (1) Mountain Agriculture Research and Extension Station, Gurez (80) and High

Mountain and Agricultural Research Institute Leh (50) have taken these charkha‟s for propagation in the field

Page | 56

Table 1: Spinning efficiency and economic returns of traditional and innovative charkha.

S.

No

Parameter Traditional

Charkha

Innovative

Charkha

1 Average quantity of pashmina spun per month

(gms)

117.39±1.30

(say 117)

202.74±1.38

(say 203)

2 Spinning Efficiency over traditional one (%) - 73.50

3 Average working hours per day 7 7

4 Average working hours per month 210 210

5 Average Number of Knots* spun per 10 gms 199.9±0.99

(say 200)

259.4± 0.98

(say 259)

6 Average number of knots spun per month 2340 5258

7 Spinning charges per knot as per market rate

(Rs)

1.00 Rs 1.00

8 Spinning charges earned per month (Rs) 2340 x 1.00 =

2340

5258 x 1.00=

5258

9 Cost of raw material (@ Rs 6 per gm) 117 x 6 = 702 203 x 6 = 1218

10 Net income per month (Rs) 2340-702=

1638.00

5258-1218=

4040.00

11 Net increase in income over traditional one

(Rs)

- Rs 2402.00

12 Percent increase in income (%) - 146.64

*One knot = 9 numbers of 2 ply threads of 9 inch length each= Unit for spinning charges

5.8.3. Improvisation and Introduction of Warping System

Warping is one the processing step for preparation of world known hand woven pashmina shawls. In this

process, six to eight rods are being erected into the ground. Two persons work together and transfer yarn from prech

(spool) onto the iron rods by using sticks. This process is called yarun. About 1200 threads are stretched in this

manner to form warp locally called yaen which is enough for 4 to 6 shawls. This is a very laborious task as 2-3

persons are required to work in proper sequence for warp making for almost a day with the result more labour charges

are required for warp preparation. Hence, to reduce this laborious work, an intervention was made by fabricating a

warping system where a warp can be prepared by a single person only at a single place. Accordingly, 4 improvised

warping systems were fabricated and installed on community basis at four places in Srinagar city viz; Zoonimar,

Eidgah, Danamazar and Nowshera (ANNEXURE). Besides that one warping system was installed at Lead Centre for

capacity building. The advantages of this warping system includes reduction of physical drudgery, saving of warping

time (150%), reduction in warping cost from Rs 100 to only Rs 50 per shawl.

Page | 57

Table: Impact of Improvised Warping System

S. No

Parameter Traditional

Warping system

Improvised

Warping System

1 Labour required for making warp for 4

shawls Two Persons One Person

2 Labour charges for making warp for 4

shawls

Rs 400 @ Rs 200

per Person

Rs 200 @ Rs 200 per

Person

3 Cost of warping per shawl 400/4=Rs 100 200/4 = Rs 50

4 Efficiency in terms of saving (%) --- 100.00

5 Time taken for making warp for four shawls

14 hours @ 7 hours per person

4 hours

6 Overall time saving over traditional one ……. 10 hours

7 Efficiency in terms of time (%) ….. 150

5.8.4. Improvisation in the traditional handloom

Among the Kashmiri handicraft items, the shawls have maintained the state of popularity among customers,

both domestic and foreigners from centuries. Although, Shawl prepared from any material, anywhere in the world

have got their own identity but those prepared in Kashmir are different from all because of the way they are being

prepared right from sorting of raw material up to finishing of final product. Traditional method of processing has

given them hand spun hand woven status (Bumla, 2010). The traditional methods of processing, involving dusting,

dehairing, combing, spinning, weaving, finishing, etc. have given these Kashmiri Shawls a special importance all over

the world. Weaving means interlacement of threads to make a fabric. Since pashmina is highly fragile fibre, hence

weaving is done on a traditional handloom with four paddle system where only plain type of shawls can be woven

with different weaves. Further, it is full of physical drudgery as well as less remunerative. Keeping in view the

importance of hand woven pashmina shawls, drudgery and less efficiency, improved loom with eight paddles and

shuttle type were designed to increase efficiency and at the same time achieve multi design. Twenty seven such

improvised looms were distributed among the beneficiary weavers in Kashmir valley (list as annexure). Field results

have shown that there is an increase in net return of weavers by 28.02% over traditional one besides reducing weaving

loss, finishing loss and physical drudgery over traditional loom (Table).

Table: Enhancement in Livelihood Security of weavers by weaving on improved loom over Traditional one.

S No. Parameters Traditional loom Improved looms

1 No. of shawls woven/month 6.56 ± 0.31 11.78 ± 0.41

2 Weaving charges/shawls (Rs) 1200±3.20 855.56 ± 3.18

3 Monthly income of weavers

(Rs)

6.56 x 1200 =

7872.00

11.78 x 855.56=

10078.49

Say 10078.00

4 Increase in Income/month over

traditional one (Rs)

- 2206.00

5 Percent increase in income

over Traditional one (%)

- 28.02

Page | 58

Table: Average Percent Weavings & Finishing Losses of Shawl Woven on Traditional and Improved loom

S.

No.

Weaving loss (%) Finishing loss (%)

Traditional Loom Improved Loom Traditional Loom Improved Loom

1. 23.61±0.70 14.72±0.45 9.8±0.71 8.07±0.81

5.8.5. Fibre Quality Evaluation

Quality of any product means the level of goodness or badness of its attributes for which the consumer wants

to purchase it or utilize it whereas, evaluation is a systematic determination of merit, worth, and significance of

something or someone using criteria against a set of standards. In simple terms, quality evaluation may be defined as

the process of examining and passing a judgment on the appropriateness or level of quality or standards of any

product. As far as the animal fibres including pashmina are concerned, broadly speaking, the evaluation of their

quality is must so as to decide their end use suitability and fixing their price for sale. Changthangi pashmina is

considered as one of the best pashmina in terms of its quality parameters. However, to check whether over the years

the quality has remained as such or has deteriorated, quality evaluation of Changthangi pashmina was carried out. The

pashmina was procured from All Changthangi Pashmina Growers Association for quality evaluation. Results revealed

that the mean undercoat percentage of pashmina on w/w basis obtained by manual dehairing was found as 76.01±

0.32 (%) and guard hair percentage as 23.99±0.98 (%). Our observation was in agreement with the results of Devillers

et al. (2000). However, our results were towards higher side than values reported for undercoat percentage of 71.07

(%) by Ahmad and Gupta (1989a). Wider variation of undercoat percentage on w/w basis, ranging from 22-66% in

Indian breeds, 36-96% in Soviet breeds and 8-58% in Australian feral breeds was reported by Couchman and

McGregor (1983). This wider variation in the fine percentage might be because of the differences in the genotypes of

the breeds and difference in their respective agro climates. The mean undercoat percentage on N/N basis reported as

87.52±1.12 (%) with a range of 78.90 to 92.90 (%) during the study was in agreement with the values (87.18 %)

observed by Ahmad and Gupta (1989a) . The fibre diameter of fine and guard hairs of Changthangi pashmina was

found as 12.25±0.11 (μ) and 67.77±1.08 (μ) respectively which was in close agreement with the observations of

Ganai et al. (2004); and Dorkhan & Tomar (1983). The earlier reports of Acharya and Sharma (1980), Acharya

(1982) and Ahmad & Gupta (1989a) were towards higher micron value than our observation. More fineness reported

in our study could be because of the differences in temperature which in winter season could reach even to –50ºC in

Changthangi area of Leh, Ladakh. Fibre length was found as 49.04±0.19 (mm) which is comparable with the earlier

reported values of Ganai et al. (2004), Sahni (1981) and Acharya & Sharma (1980).

The mean±S.E for the Tex (gm/km) of pashmina fibre is 0.33±0.17 with a range of 0.27 - 0.52 which is

slightly higher than the reported values of Patni et al. (1984) and Ahmad & Gupta (1989a) wherein they reported the

mean tex as 0.26 and 0.29 respectively. The breaking load was found as 3.0±0.01 with a range of 2.0 to 6.0 (g.wt/tex)

which is slightly lower than the reported values of Ahmad & Gupta (1989a). The difference could be because of the

difference in the average fineness of the fibres between the two studies. Tenacity was found as 7.60± 0.98 (g/tex)

which is lower than the findings of Ahmad & Gupta (1989a) and Patni et al. (1984) wherein they had reported the

mean values as 11.81 and 12.3 respectively which could be because of the differences in the fibre fineness between

the studies. The pashmina fibres analyzed showed the elongation percentage as 30.33±1.25 (%) with a range of 20.5

Page | 59

to 44.9 (%). Compression (%) and Compression resiliency (%) studied were found as 50.3±2.57 (%) and 45.10±1.23

(%). From the study, it can be inferred that the pashmina of changthangi origin in terms of physico-mechanical

parameters is of good quality.

Table: Mean ± S.E Percentage of Fine and Guard Hairs in Raw Pashmina

Type of

fibre

Weight/

Weight (%)

Range (%) Number/

Number (%)

Range

(%)

Undercoat 76.01±0.32 58.22-80.38 87.52±1.12 78.90-92.29

Guard

hairs

23.99±0.98 20.4-40.12 13.48±1.10 20.38-45.28

Table: Mean ± S.E of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Pashmina Fiber.

S. No Parameter Mean ± S.E

Range

1 Fiber Diameter (µ) 12.25±0.11 11.08-13.10

2 Fiber Length (mm) 49.04±0.19 46.03-52.03

3 Tex ( g/km) 0.33±0.17 0.27-0.52

4 Breaking load (g.wt/tex) 3.00±0.01 2.00-6.20

5 Elongation (%) 30.33±1.23 20.5- 42.9

6 Tenacity (g/tex) 7.60±0.98 5.30-14.21

7 Compressibility (%) 50.3±2.57 43.48-60.34

8 Compressional Resiliency (%) 45.10±1.32 42.21-50.96

In another study, comparative quality evaluation of pashmina from different areas of Changthang was

conducted. Samples of pashmina were collected from potential areas of chanthang viz; kharnak, samad, samdoo,

hanlay, Koyal, chomar, tsaga and dungti. The fibres were evaluated for Physico-chemical parameters. Results showed

that dehaired cashmere showed variations in fibre attributes based on its origin. Mean fibre diameter of dehaired

cashmere samples from Iran, Mongolia and China ranged from 13.6 to 19.2 µ (McGregor, 2004). However it ranged

from 12.94 to 14.49 µ for pashmina samples from Changthang. Great variation was found in all the fibre quality

parameters harvested from different areas of Nyoma block of Changthang region. The fine fibre percentage varies

from 43.85 (Kharnak) to 67.35 (Tsaga), while as the guard hair percentage was found highest in samples from Sumdo

(28.76) and lowest in Samad (9.88). The dusting percentage loss was recorded highest in Samad (54.32) followed by

Kharnak (45.84) and lowest in Sumdo (10.15). Regarding the two most important parameters of fibre quality viz fibre

length and diameter, it was found that Koyul, Chomur, Korzok and Sumdo have finest fibre with fibre diameter of

12.94µ, 13.07 µ, 13.35 µ and 13.50 µ respectively. The fibre length was found highest in Kharnak (75.76 mm)

followed by Samad (69.39 mm) and lower in Koyul (56.28 mm) and Samdo (57.91 mm). The overall fibre diameter

was found to be 13.93 µ, which was slightly towards higher side as reported by Darokhan & Tomar, 1983 (12.86 to

12.97µ), Ganai et.al., 2004 (12.16-12.55 µ). Similarly, the overall fibre length in the present study was reported as 6.7

cm which is much higher as compared to 4.95 cm and 4.86cm reported by Darokhan & Tomar, (1983) and Gania

Page | 60

et.al.,(2004) respectively. It is quite obvious from the data generated that as the fibre length increases the fibre

diameter also increases which shows negative correlation between the two important traits of the pashmina fibre. The

result is in agreement with Zaporozhtsev, 1975 who also states that the selection for increased fibre length resulted in

increased fibre diameter, undercoat weight and body weight. The difference in the performance may be due to

nutritional status, temperature, humidity and system of rearing in different areas of Changthang itself. The Kharnak

and Samad area which is considered as the best pashmina producing areas in Ladakh is bestowed with lustrous

pasture and favorable climate as compared to other areas.

The Pashmina fibre is ranked as A class, B class and C class by All Changthang Pashmina Grower

Association Leh on the basis of place of origin i.e. particular area of the production and accordingly the rates are

higher for A, B and C class respectively. In the present study fibre quality was ranked according to its diameter and

length and it was found that the top three areas in terms of pashmina quality are Kharnak, Samad and Chomur which

are classified under A class. The areas of Korzok, Koyal and Samad come under B class followed by Tsaga, Hanley

and Dungti in C class. These results are in agreement with the areas ranked by ACPGA Leh except for Chomur in

place of Korzok.

Table: Ranking of pashmina harvested from different nomadic areas of Nyoma block according to their

quality.

Area Rank Class Fine

Fibre

(%)

Guard

Hair

(%)

Dusting

loss

(%)

Fibre

Diameter

(µ)

Fibre

Length

(mm)

Grease

(%)

Kharnak 1st A 43.85±

2.56 10.30±

1.06 45.85±

3.52 13.98±

0.22 75.76±

2.05 6.34± 0.32

Samad 2nd

A 35.80±

2.27

9.88±

0.33

54.32±

2.48

14.21±

0.42

69.39±

4.16

7.22±

0.42

Chomur 3rd

A 54.27± 2.99

12.60± 1.64

33.10± 3.38

13.07± 0.35

63.19± 9.34

5.75± 1.38

Karzok 4th

B 49.86±

7.08

15.53±

1.05

39.76±

9.45

13.35±

0.31

63.76±

5.13

7.89±

1.76

Koyal 5th

B 46.66±

3.67

14.53±

3.53

38.80±

7.14

12.94±

0.21

56.28±

3.05

6.35±

0.34

Samdoo 6th

B 61.10±

5.24

28.76±

5.83

10.15±

1.20

13.50±

0.29

57.91±

3.22

7.58±

0.35

Tsaga 7th

C 67.35±

2.27

19.78±

1.98

12.87±

2.49

14.42±

0.54

57.34±

3.26

7.51±

0.83

Hanlay 8th

C 48.60±

6.55

14.11±

2.87

37.29±

4.32

14.50±

0.21

60.40±

5.17

8.64±

0.35

Dungti 9th

C 60.11±

12.83

26.79±

11.02

13.09±

4.11

14.49±

0.29

59.64±

3.75

6.40±

2.72

Overall 51.76±

2.22

16.75±

1.55

32.16±

2.87

13.93±

0.14

67.03±

1.57

7.08±

0.38

The quality evaluation of the pashmina obtained from chegu pashmina goats was also carried out by CSK HP

KVV Palampur. Pashmina samples were collected from different traditional and non-traditional areas of HP. The

Page | 61

results revealed that the finest fibre was observed in the goats reared in village Nako of traditional belt having mean

fibre diameter of 11.94±0.47 µ whereas in non-traditional area, the finest fibre was seen in the goats of Hango village

having mean fibre diameter of 12.34±0.33 µ. The detailed report is given in table.

Table: Quality analysis of Chegu Pashmina from traditional and non-traditional areas.

Operational

Area

Village Fiber Colour Mean Fiber

Diameter

(µ)

Mean Fiber

Length

(mm)

Traditional Hurling White 12.28±0.55 39.9±50.81

Hurling Brown 14.26±0.62 44.13±0.84

Salkhar White 13.66±0.55 47.52±0.52

Langcha White 12.81±0.50 43.50±0.66

Thangkarma Brown 13.08±0.48 41.33±1.12

Nako White 11.94±0.47 41.59±1.10

Kibber White 12.16±0.22 33.67±0.70

Non-

traditional

Namgai Black 15.14±0.62 31.79±0.72

Hango White 12.34±0.33 31.26±0.67

5.8.6. Yarn Quality Evaluation

For quality evaluation of yarn, two studies were carried out. In one study, pashmina fibre was spun both on

traditional charkha and machine to prepare hand spun and machine spun yarn. It was observed that count (Nm) of

hand-spun yarn is statistically higher than that machine-spun yarn. This statistical difference showed that the fine yarn

could be spun by hand spinning on charkha, whereas only up to 100 Nm could be spun on machine to avoid breakage

of yarn. Number of fibres/cross-section for hand-spun yarn was found significantly lower than for machine-spun yarn.

The lower number of fibres/cross-section in hand-spun yarn than in machine-spun yarn indicates that lesser numbers

of fibres are required which ultimately lead to more count for them. Our results were slightly lower than those

reported by Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b which might be due to the variation in fibre diameter in both these studies, viz

13.37µ in case of Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b and 12.25µ in our study. Twist/inch of yarn show non-significant

difference between hand-spun and machine- spun yarn. The results for hand-spun yarn are found to be higher than

those reported by Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b. This difference might be due to individual variation in spinners involved

in two studies. Tex of hand-spun and machine-spun yarn shows non-significant difference. Although the difference is

non- significant, the quality of hand-spun yarn is superior to machine-spun yarn in terms of tex. This shows that fine

yarn could be made on traditional charkhas. Our results are not in agreement with the findings of Gupta et al, 1990

wherein tex of pashmina yarn is reported as 19.056 g/km. The tensile properties, viz breaking strength and tenacity

are found to be statistically higher for hand-spun yarn than machine-spun yarn. The possible reason for the lower

values in machine-spun yarn might be due to the damage of the yarn during chemical treatment employed for

dissolving nylon portion of the yarns. The results of present study are not in agreement with the findings of Wani et

al, 2004 wherein the reported values are 52.00 g.wt and 3.3 g.wt/tex respectively for bending strength and tenacity.

The elongation percentage is found to be statistically lower for hand-spun yarn than for machine-spun yarn, indicating

better yarn geometry during machine spinning than hand spinning. These tensile properties observed in the present

study are in close agreement with earlier findings of Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b. The bending length (g.wt/cm3) is

found to be statistically non-significant between hand-spun and machine-spun yarns. The coefficient of friction for

Page | 62

hand spun and machine spun yarn was found 0.93±0.06 and 0.76±0.04 respectively. The lower values for coefficient

of friction for machine-spun yarn could be because of the damage to the fibres during chemical treatment. From the

scanning electron microscopic images of both types of yarn, it was clear that the surface of machine-spun yarn has

deteriorated compared to hand-spun yarn, probably because of the chemical treatment with HCl in which machine-

spun yarn is dipped for dissolving nylon portion.

Table: Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hand and Machine Spun Pashmina Yarn.

Type of Yarn Hand spun yarn Machine spun yarn

Properties

Yarn Fibre diameter (µ) 12.25±0.11

12.25±0.11

No. of fiber in cross-section 39.10 ± 2.23a

56.6 ± 2.61

b

Twist per inch 4.23 ± 0.31 4.70 ± 0.20

Actual count (Nm)

Double ply yarn

56.65 ± 1.19b

49.02 ± 2.22a

Actual count (Nm)

(Single ply yarn)

112.69 ± 0.47a

98.04 ± 0.01b

Tex (g/km) 17.75±0.33 20.0±1.04

Breaking strength (g) 60.9 ± 0.003 56.2 ± 0.002

Elongation (%) 33.13 ± 2.37a 50.21 ± 4.31

b

Tenacity (g/tex) 3.41 ± 0.20b

2.80 ± 0.14a

Bending length (g/cm3) 21.83±1.95 29.20±3.10

Coefficient of friction (µ) 0.93 ± 0.006b 0.76 ± 0.004

a

Row wise group means with different superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)

In another study, pashmina yarn was prepared by spinning on both traditional and Innovative charkha. The

quality evaluation showed that the count of yarn spun on traditional and innovative charkha shows non-significant

difference with the mean values as 61.18±1.53 (Nm) and 68.80±0.76 (Nm) respectively. Tex (gm/km) of the yarn

spun on an innovative charkha was also found non-significantly lower than traditional charkha with mean values of

14.57±0.35 and 17.35±0.95 respectively. The number of fibres/cross section was found significantly higher in case of

yarn spun on traditional (68.13±0.89) than innovative one (58.48± 0.69). The lower mean values in case of innovative

charkha could be because of the fact that it helps in spinning of finer yarn which is clear from the values of tex

proving the efficiency of the innovative charkha further. The number of twists/inch was found significantly lower in

case of innovative charkha (8.76±0.21) than traditional one (10.42±0.24). Although there were fewer twists in the

yarn spun on innovative charkha but the number is within acceptable range. Our reported values are far better than the

reported values of Ahmad and Gupta, 1989a in case of pashmina yarn where he reported 6.98±0.81 twists/inch. The

breaking load (gm.wt) of pashmina yarn spun on traditional charkha (42.11±0.36) showed non-significant difference

with that of innovative one (42.25±0.35) showing that there is hardly any difference between the two types of yarn as

far as the strength is concerned. The elongation percentage of yarn was found as 4.12±0.14 (%) and 4.17±0.13 (%)

respectively for yarn spun on traditional and innovative charkha which showed non-significant difference among each

other. Although tensile strength (N/mm2) showed significant difference with values of 2771.75±4.51 and 2350± 2.77

respectively between yarns spun on traditional and innovative one but the values are again within acceptable range.

Page | 63

The mean±SE values of tenacity (gm.wt/tex) showed non-significant difference between traditional yarn (2.53) and

innovative one (2.35). From the results, it was concluded that quality of yarn spun on the innovative charkha is at par

with that of yarn spun of traditional charkha.

Table: Comparative quality of pashmina yarn spun on traditional and innovative charkha.

Treatment

Yarn spun on

Traditional Charkha

Yarn spun on

Innovative Charkha

Parameter

Actual Count (Nm) 61.18 ±1.53 68.80±0.76

Actual Tex (gm/Km) 17.35±0.95 14.57±0.35

Conditioned Count(Nm) 63.58±1.55 70.28±0.81

Conditioned Tex (gm/Km) 16.65±0.91 14.27±0.37

No. of fibres/cross section 68.13± 0.89b 58.42± 0.69

a

No. of Twists /inch 10.42± 0.24b 8.76± 0.21

a

Breaking Load (gm. wt.) 42.107±0.36 42.25±0.37

Percent Elongation (%) 4.123±0.14 4.174±0.13

Tensile Strength (N/mm2) 3824±4.51 2350±2.77

Tenacity (gm wt./ Tex) 2.53 2.35

Row wise group means with different superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)

In HP, the dehaired pashmina was spun into yarn by different methods i.e. hand spinning by the beneficiary

artisans of the project using various types of charkha‟s (British charkha, Gandhi charkha and Traditional Takli) and

machine spinning. These yarns were evaluated for their quality in terms of physico-mechancical parameters.

Table: Quality analysis of yarn spun by different methods in HP.

S.

No

Type of

Yarn

Actual

count

(Nm)

Condition

ed Count

(Nm)

Actual

Tex

Condition

ed Tex

Breaking

strength

(gf)

Elongation

percentage

(%)

Tensile

strength

(kg/cm2)

1 Takli

Yarn

14.11±0.

38 (9.15)

15.50±0.42

(10.00)

71.08±0.

86 (9.39)

66.38±0.82

(9.21)

121.73±1.4

(49.96)

6.06±0.38

(73.04)

0.05±0.03

(55.09)

2 Gandhi

Charkha

Yarn

10.89±0.

43

(8.65)

12.19±0.33

(8.01)

92.47±1.

25 (8.42)

85.05±0.83

(7.28)

301.93±1.7

(28.19)

7.32±0.30

(35.35)

0.17±0.04

(24.74)

3 British

Charkha

Yarn

14.76±0.

32

(6.23)

15.98±0.36

(7.41)

68.08±0.

70 (6.39)

63.54±0.75

(8.05)

136.40±1.5

5 (52.87)

5.12±0.34

(67.09)

0.05±0.03

(52.87)

5 PVA+

Pashmin

a Yarn

43.93±0.

60 (7.29)

45.99±0.58

(6,58)

23.18±0.

36 (5.13)

22.14±0.41

(6.84)

235.23±1.7

8 (33.56)

5.65±0.26

(29.98)

0.15±0.05

(33.56)

6 Nylon +

Pashmina Yarn

36.70±0.

55 (7.44)

38.85±0.62

(8.93)

27.65±0.

46 (6.87)

26.33±0.51

(8.86)

141.97±

1.41 (29.47)

13.68±0.50

(38.95)

0.08±0.03

(29.47)

Figures in parenthesis= CV%

Page | 64

5.8.7. Fabric Quality Evaluation

The pashmina fabrics (shawls) were developed on both traditional handloom and woolen handloom by using

hand spun and machine spun yarn leading to four treatments viz; handspun yarn on traditional loom (HSTL),

handspun yarn on woolen loom (HSWL), machine spun yarn on traditional loom (MSTL) and machine spun yarn on

woolen loom (MSWL). Results revealed that the weight of HSTL and HSWL is significantly higher than that of

MSTL and MSWL. The lower weight of shawls developed from machine-spun yarn could possibly be due to

chemical treatment done for removal of nylon, thus changing the gravity of the fabric. The values of fabric weight

obtained in the present study are in agreement with that of the earlier reports published by Wani et al, 2004. Ends per

inch for the four types of shawl, viz: HSTL, HSWL, MSTL and MSWL are found to be 55.8±1.85, 56.4±1.69,

54.40±0.92 and 54.80±1.85 respectively. The ends per inch values show non-significant difference among the

treatments. However, the values are higher than those reported by Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b. This may be due to

individual variation between different weavers. The numbers of picks for the HSTL, HSWL, MSTL and MSWL in

present study are reported as 66.0±0.70, 60.8±3.15, 50.80±1.24 and 50.20±0.86. The results show significantly higher

values for HSTL and HSWL than MSTL and MSWL. This may be due to added nylon used during machine spinning

thus increases over all density of yarn. However the values for machine-spun yarn for both traditional loom and

improved loom show non-significant difference and are almost same in both. Further, the reported value of HSTL was

higher than earlier reports for pashmina shawl as reported by Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b. The thickness of HSTL and

HSWL showed significantly lower value than the MSTL and MSWL. This might be due to higher count for the hand-

spun yarn thus giving low thickness to the fabric. However, within the groups hand-spun yarn as well as machine-

spun yarn for both types of loom did not show any significant difference, thus reflecting that woolen looms which

increase efficiency can be effectively used for weaving pashmina shawl without affecting the quality in terms of

thickness.

The breaking load (Kg) of HSTL, HSWL, MSTL and MSWL shows non-significant difference among the

treatments. The results obtained in present study are lower than the finding of Ahmad and Gupta, 1989b; and Wani et

al., 2004 for shawls developed from hand-spun on traditional loom. The tenacity of HSTL, HSWL, MSTL and

MSWL along both warp way and weft way did not show any significant difference. Extension percentage of

pashmina shawls made from HSTL is significantly lower than that of HSWL, MSWL, and MSTL along the warp wise

direction. The variation could be due to lower twist of yarn and also possibly due to variation in the type of yarn

configuration. Further, extension percentage (%) along the weft direction for HSTL (10.49±0.35) and HSWL

(10.09±0.25) showed significantly lower value than MSTL (11.93±0.25) and MSWL (11.85±0.50). This is possibly

due to difference in yarn quality of two types of fabrics. However, with in the types of yarn used, no significant effect

was found due to different type of loom. The results obtained along both warps way and weft way are in agreement

with the earlier findings by Ahmad and Gupta,1989b and Wani et al., 2004 The results reveal that the bending length

along the warp way and weft way showed non-significant difference. The warp wise bending rigidity (g.cm2) of

MSTL, MSWL and HSWL is significantly higher than that of HSTL and differed non-significantly among each other.

The weft wise bending rigidity of HSTL and HSWL is significantly lower than that of MSWL. This variation could

be due to difference in type of yarn used and effect of looms. It further shows that shawls made from hand-spun yarn

showed superior properties in terms of bending length and rigidity than machine-spun yarn. The value of bending

length and bending rigidity for pashmina are lower than reported for other fabrics. The frictional forces on both warp

way and weft way did not show any statistical significance indicating that the type of loom and yarn does not affect

frictional force of the pashmina shawls. Although the results for coefficient of friction did not show any significant

Page | 65

difference but the value for hand-spun yarn is slightly higher on warp side direction. Along the weft way, coefficient

of friction for hand-spun yarn for both traditional and woolen loom, were significantly higher than shawl from

machine-spun yarn for traditional and woolen loom.

The shrinkage loss percentage for shawls made from hand-spun yarn and machine-spun yarn on traditional

and woolen loom shows non-significant variation between both types of yarn as well as loom used. The range for the

shrinkage percentage was same for all the four types of fabric, ranging from 0-11 (%). This indicates that, within the

fabric, the method of spinning and weaving adapted did not alter the shrinkage percentage of the shawls. However the

shrinkage in the present study is slightly higher than earlier reports of Wani et al., 2004. Although no significant

difference in the abrasion loss percentages was found statistically between different types of fabrics, however the

losses were slightly higher on shawl made from machine-spun yarn on both traditional and woolen loom. This may be

due to chemical treatment adapted for removal of nylon. This indicates that hand-spun fabric has slightly better life

span than machine-spun fabric.

Total hand value of the shawls indicating the softness and feel of the person wearing the fabric shows that

women‟s invariably use these products feel higher in terms of softness for hand-spun fabric on traditional loom,

where as shawl made on woolen loom using hand-spun yarn showed similar values as that of shawls made on

traditional loom using hand-spun yarn. Further, the shawls made from machine-spun yarn on woolen loom ranked

lowest. Similarly, men also show statistically higher preference in terms of hand value for shawls made from hand-

spun yarn on traditional loom. The overall average is also statistically higher for shawls made from hand-spun yarn on

traditional loom. This indicates the better liking for the shawls made from hand-spun yarn on traditional loom. This

might be due to less abrasion loss, shrinkage loss and damage of the fibre during processing using hand-spun yarn on

traditional loom. The study revealed that the overall quality especially in terms of their mechanical quality and Total

Hand Value of the shawls made from Hand Spun Yarn was better than other types of Shawls.

Table: Physical Properties of Pashmina Fabric made from Hand spun yarn and Machine Spun yarn on

Traditional and woolen loom.

Fabric Type HSTL HSWL MSTL MSWL

Parameter

Weight/m2 138.4±1.97

b 137.6±1.64

b 93.19±1.45

a 92.54±1.08

a

Thickness (mm) 0.288±0.007a 0.307±0.009

a 0.373±0.02

b 0.403±0.005

b

Ends/inch 55.8 ±1.85 56.4±1.69 54.40±0.92 54.80±1.85

Picks/inch 66.0±0.70a 60.8±3.15

b 50.80±1.24

c 50.20±0.86

c

Row wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)

Table: Mechanical properties of Pashmina fabric made from Hand spun yarn and Machine Spun yarn on

Traditional and woollen loom.

Parameter Breaking load (kg) Tenacity (g/tex) Extension (%)

Fabric Type Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft

HSTL 4.86±0.63 5.07±0.36 2.73±0.35 2.92±0.16 8.19±0.35a 10.49±0.23

a

HSWL 4.42±0.22 4.86±0.24 2.28±0.13 2.72±0.14 11.95±0.53b 10.09±0.25

a

MSTL 4.06±0.08 4.52±0.20 2.20±0.03 2.60±0.35 12.72±0.20bc

11.93±0.25b

MSWL 4.05±0.26 4.19±0.54 2.10±0.15 2.60±0.27 13.57±0.09c 11.85±0.50

b

Column wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)

Page | 66

Table: Bending properties of Pashmina Fabric made from Hand spun yarn and Machine Spun yarn on

Traditional and Woolen loom.

Properties

Fabric Type

Bending length (cm) Bending rigidity (g.cm2)

Warp Weft Warp Weft

HSTL 2.66 ±0.09 2.54 ±0.06 7.95 ± 0.85b 7.82 ± 0.66

b

HSWL 2.76±0.09 2.72±0.08 10.22 ±1.06ab

9.63 ± 0.73b

MSTL 2.84 ±0.05 2.74±0.09 13.03 ± 1.07a 10.54 ± 0.97

ab

MSWL 2.78±0.08 2.74±0.11 13.10 ± 1.37a 12.87 ± 1.62

a

Column wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)

Table: Frictional properties of Pashmina Fabric made from Hand spun yarn and Machine Spun yarn on

Traditional and woolen loom.

Properties Frictional Force (gm) Co-efficient of Friction

Warp Weft Warp Weft

Fabric Type

HSTL 162.4±1.28 162.8±3.23a 0.81±0.005 0.81±0.007

a

HSWL 161.8±4.16 162.6±1.16a 0.80±0.002 0.80±0.001

a

MSTL 159.0±3.88 159.8±1.11b 0.79±0.002 0.79±0.005

b

MSWL 158.2±5.35 159.6±1.53b 0.78±0.001 0.78±0.005

b

Column wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)

Table: Abrasion and shrinkage loss of Pashmina Fabric made from Hand spun yarn and Machine Spun yarn

on Traditional and woolen loom.

Parameter Abrasion loss (%) Shrinkage (%)

Fabric Type

HSTL 3.4± 0.24 4.3±1.35

HSWL 4.0 ±0.77 4.2±1.27

MSTL 4.2 ± 0.74 4.0±0.94

MSWL 4.1± 0.96 4.1±1.40

Column wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)

Table: Total Hand Value of Pashmina Fabric made from Hand spun and Machine Spun yarn on Traditional

and woolen loom.

Parameter Total Hand Value (score out of 5)

Fabric Type Female Male Overall Average

HSTL 4.7±0.30c

3.8±0.58a

4.25±0.34b

HSWL 3.6±0.25a

3.6±0.60a

3.60±0.30b

MSTL 3.2±0.20a

1.4±0.40b

2.30±0.36a

MSWL 2.1±0.01b

3.0±0.36ab

2.55±0.34a

Column wise group means with different Superscript differ significantly (p< 0.05)

Page | 67

In H.P, pashmina products were prepared by different combination of yarn following different techniques

which include:

Pashmina + Nylon blended shawl from which Nylon was dissolved.

Pashmina + PVA blended stoles from which PVA was dissolved.

Pashmina + PVA blended stoles

Pashmina + wool blended shawls with warp wool and weft Pashmina

The fabrics developed were evaluated for SIROFAST. The results revealed that among the dimensional

stability of Pashmina+PVA shawl, relaxation shrinkage in warp direction was found as 1.2% as compared to 2%,

1.2% and -0.4% in PVA dissolved, Pashmina + wool, Pashmina+ Nylon (dissolved) fabric respectively. Relaxation

shrinkage in weft direction of Pashmina + PVA fabric and Pashmina + Nylon (dissolved) fabric as -0.4% as compared

to 0.0 % in both PVA dissolved and Pashmina-wool fabric. Tensile extension of Pashmina+ PVA at 5 gf/cm was

found to be 0.5% warp way and 0.8% weft way. Tensile extension at 5 gf/cm of Pashmina+PVA (dissolved),

Pashmina+wool and Pashmina+Nylone (dissolved) fabrics was found to be 0.7%, 0.9% and 0.3% warp way and

0.6%, 0.7% and 0.5% weft way respectively. At 100 gf/cm tensile extension of Pashmina + PVA; Pashmina + PVA

(dissolved); Pashmina + wool and Pashmina + Nylone (dissolved) fabrics was found to be 6.5%; 5.6%; 7.8% and

1.7% in warp direction and 6.4%; 6.6%; 4.8% and 2.5% in weft direction. Bending rigidity of Pashmina + PVA

fabric; Pashmina + PVA (dissolved), Pashmina + wool and Pashmina + Nylone (dissolved) was found as 24.7, 33.5,

24.0 and 6.9 in warp way and 26.8, 35.7, 27.3 and 8.9 in weft way respectively. Thickness of Pashmina + PVA fabrics

was found to be 0.682 mm at 100 gf/cm2 which is lower than that of Pashmina + PVA (dissolved) fabric (0.691 mm)

or Pashmina +Wool fabric (0.716 mm). However, Pashmina + Nylon dissolved fabric showed a thickness of 0.243

mm only.

Table: Dimensional stability of pashmina fabrics

Fabric Type Dimensional

stability (%)

Hygral

Expansion (%)

Formability

RS-1 RS-2 HE-1 HE-2 F-1 F-2

Pashmina + PVA 1.2 -0.4 5.7 6.1 3.59 4.25

Pashmina + PVA

(dissolved)

2.0 0.0 5.8 4.5 4.48 6.31

Pashmina +Wool 1.2 0.0 6.7 3.7 4.36 2.85

Pashmina + Nylon

(dissolved)

-0.4 -0.4 1.6 1.2 0.28 0.41

RS-1= Relaxation shrinkage in warp direction RS-2= Relaxation shrinkage in weft direction

Page | 68

Table: Tensile and biaxial extension of pashmina fabrics

Fabric Type Extension -Warp Extension- weft Extension

Biaxial

E5-1 E20-1 E100-1 E5-2 E20-2 E100-2 EB-5

Pashmina + PVA 0.5 2.7 6.5 0.8 3.1 6.4 2.7

Pashmina + PVA (dissolved)

0.7 2.7 5.6 0.6 3.2 6.6 1.1

Pashmina + Wool 0.9 3.5 7.8 0.7 2.3 4.8 2.7

Pashmina + Nylon

(dissolved) 0.3 0.9 1.7 0.5 1.2 2.5 1.4

E5: Extension at 5gf/cm in %; E20: Extension at 20gf/cm in %

E100: Extension at 100gf/cm in %; EB-5: Extension at 5gf/cm, bi direction in %.

1: Warp way; 2: weft way

Table: Bending and shear properties of pashmina fabrics

Fabric Type Bending length

(mm)

Bending rigidity

(mN. Mm)

Shear rigidity,

(n/m)

Weight

g/m2

C-1 C-2 B-1 B-2 G W

Pashmina + PVA 22.0 22.6 24.7 26.8 46.1 237

Pashmina + PVA (dissolved)

23.4 23.9 33.5 35.7 110.0 266

Pashmina + Wool 22.8 23.8 24.0 27.3 45.0 206

Pashmina + Nylon

(dissolved)

21.9 23.8 6.9 8.9 85.8 67

C-1= Bending length in warp direction; C-2= Bending length in weft direction

Table: Thickness and thickness recovery of pashmina fabrics

S Thickness

(mm)

Surface

thickness

Thickness recovery after steam

press

T-1 T100 ST T2-R T%100-R STR

Pashmina + PVA 1.025 0.682 0.343 0.927 0.675 0.252

Pashmina + PVA

(dissolved) 1.1167 0.691 .0476 0.919 0.641 0.278

Pashmina + Wool 1.212 0.716 0.496 0.895 0.633 0.262

Pashmina + Nylon

(dissolved) 0.445 0.243 0.202 0.367 0.230 0.137

T-2: Average thickness at 2gf/CM2 ; T-100(in mm)= average thickness at 100gf/ CM2

ST- surface Thickness in mm; STR- Release surface Thickness in mm

Page | 69

5.9. Spinning of pashmina using PVA as carrier fibre

Pashmina cannot be spun on machine alone because of being highly fragile. Hence to make machine spun

pashmina yarn, nylon is being used as a carrier fibre. The disadvantage associated with this technique is that the nylon

is removed from the yarn finally by dissolving in HCl, resulting in deterioration of surface qualities of fibre besides

not being environment friendly. Hence in the subproject, a technique of replacing nylon with PVA as a carrier fibre

was developed. In this method, the dehaired and carded sliver of pashmina fiber was passed through gill box 3-4

times for parallelization and removal of short fibers. At this stage, the PVA fiber in sliver form was blended with the

pashmina in the proportion of 40:60 and allowed to undergo five to six passages in gill box for proper blending. The

resultant sliver was then converted into roving on bobbiner. The roving was taken to ring frame for spinning. The

yarn produced was doubled to get the required strength and subsequently used for weaving on handloom. The ends

and picks per inch of shawls were generally kept between 50-60 and 46-56 respectively. The area density of the fabric

was 0.120–0.13 kg m−2. The advantages of this technology is that PVA can be dissolved in boiling water instead of

HCl as was the case with nylon based method resulting in less damage to the fabric as has been proved through SEM

studies. This method of spinning is considered as eco-friendly as well as cost effective as against nylon-based process.

The method of removal of PVA from the fabric was further optimized to enhance whiteness and handle of the

fabric by using dilute sulfuric acid (2% of fabric weight) in place of hot water. The fabric produced from newly

developed process shows improvement in whiteness index by 28% and handle by 20% than fabric of hot water-based

process. It exhibits similar handle like that of pashmina fabric produced from nylon-based process. Since the new

technique uses only mild concentration of acid, hence can be considered as eco-friendly as hot water-based process.

Further, the dilute sulphuric acid facilitates easy dissolution of PVA from the fabric and prevents the re-deposition of

the same.

5.10. Introduction of Organic Agents for Dyeing and Finishing

5.10.1. Application of Natural Dyes on Pashmina

India is among one of the twelve mega diversified countries of world. It is also among one of the eight major

centers of origin and diversification of domesticated taxa. Natural dyes are environment friendly and find use in

various industries including textile, drug, cosmetics and many more. It is reported that in India, there are more than

450 plants that can yield dyes. In addition to their dye-yielding characteristics, some of these plants also possess

medicinal value. Although there is a large plant resource base available, but till date, it has not been exploited fully.

Due to the lack of availability of precise technical knowledge on the extraction and dyeing technique, it has not

succeeded at commercial level like that of synthetic dyes. Although indigenous knowledge system has been practised

over the years in the past, but the use of natural dyes has diminished over generations due to lack of documentation.

Also there is not much information available on databases of either dye-yielding plants or their products.

Pashmina shawls are marketed either in plane form or after value addition by embroidering and/or dyeing.

Dyeing, synthetic or natural is carried either in yarn or fabric/shawl stage. Synthetic dyes may include acidic, basic or

metallic dyes. The disadvantages with synthetic dyes is that it may damage the pashmina fabric/shawls (being delicate

fibre), besides not being eco-friendly. The cashmere fabrics/yarns are also dyed using natural dyes obtained from

different sources. The dyers use indigo for blue colour, annota seed for red colour, walnut husk, henna, myrobolan etc

for yellow and brown shades. They are also using mordants like aluminum sulphate for bright yellow shades and

ferrous sulphate for grey shades. The dyeing of pashmina fabric using natural dyes is a form of value addition to the

product. However, there are some problems associated with the use of natural dyes on pashmina fabric which include

Page | 70

non-availability of suitable dye material in bulk and poor fastness properties. In order to solve these problems, a

comprehensive natural dyeing process with the abundantly available natural materials was standardized under NAIP

Pashmina. Waste materials from organic substances viz: walnut husk, onion peal, saffron flower petals, pomegranate

rind, silver oak, myrobalan, meddar, henna, tulip, sesame, Crofton weed, Common Lantana, Lumb, Litchi were used

for natural dyeing of pashmina fabric. The detail information about these sources is given below:

Table: Natural sources used for Natural Dyeing of Pashmina fabrics

Sources Common

name

Botanical name Part

used

Chemical

constituent

Yield

(%)

Responsible

Partner

Walnut Akharot Juglons nigra Husk Juglone 20 CSWRI Avikanagar Pomegranate Anaar Punica granatum Rind Tannin 15

Onion Pyaz Allum Cepa Skin Flavonoid 8

Saffron Zaffran Crocus Sativus Linn Flower Flavonoid 8

Silver Oak oak Grevillea Robusta Leaves Tannin 7

Myrobalan Haritaki Terminalia chebula Dried

fruit

Tannin 20

Madder Munjeet Rubia tinctorum Root Anthraquinone 15

Henna Hina Lawsonia Inermis Leaves Anthraquinone 10

Tulip Tulip Spathodea

campanulata

Leaves Flavonoids 9

Sesame Sesame Dalbergia shisso Leaves Flavonoids 7

Dhol Kanali Dhol

Kanali

Gerardiana

diversifolia

Root Root 12

Rohida Rohida Tecomella undulata Leaves Flavonoids 7

Crofton weed Kali

Basunti

Eupatorium

adenophorum

Leaves --- --- CSK HP

KVV Palampur Common

Lantana

Phulnu Lantana camera Leaves --- ---

Lumb Lumb Biden pilosa Whole plant

--- --

Litchi Litchi Litchi chinensis Leaves --- ---

Scoured Pashmina fabric was dyed with extracted natural colourant as per optimum procedure viz. using

optimum pH, temperature, time, colourant concentration and mordant. Pre, post and meta-mordanting methods were

adopted for dyeing of Pashmina fabric using natural dyes. Study revealed that pashmina could be dyed with these

organic sources with good fastness in line with BIS standards. Some of the dyes have proved to possess

antimicrobial/anti-moth properties. The same has been disseminated to artisans through trainings and distribution of

folders.

Since the natural dyes are eco-friendly hence the impact of the technology will help the society in the long

run by reducing the environmental degradation. Furthermore, lots of varieties that give rise to good colours are

available in the forests and other waste lands. Hence collection of these materials will not only provide livelihood to

rural and tribal people but also make the dye ready for promoting value chain in natural dyes.

Page | 71

Eupatorium Litchi chinensis Biden pilosa Lantana camera

adenophorum

Obtained colour shades from different

dye sources

Page | 72

Table: Fastness Properties of Pashmina Fabrics Dyed with natural dyes

S.

No

Source of dye Mordanting with Colour fastness to Dry

cleaning

Colour fastness to

washing

Colour

fastness

to light Staining on

solvent

Change

in colour

Staining

on cotton

/wool

Change in

colour

1 Walnut Husk Without Mordant 4 4 4 4-5 4

Aluminium sulphate 4-5 4 5 4 4-5

stannous chloride 4 4 5 4 4

Ferrous sulphate 4 4 4/4-5 3-4 3.5

2 Onion peel Without Mordant 3 3 3-4 3-4 3

Aluminium sulphate 3-4 4 4 3 4

stannous chloride 3-4 4 4/4-5 3-4 3

Ferrous sulphate 3-4 4 4/4-5 3 4

3 Saffron flower Without Mordant 3-4 3 4 3 3-4

Aluminium sulphate 4 3-4 4-5 3 3-4

stannous chloride 4 4 4-5 3 3-4

Ferrous sulphate 3-4 4 4 3-4 3-4

4 Pomegranate

Rind

Without Mordant 4 4-5 4 3-4 3-4

Aluminium sulphate 4 4 4-5 3-4 3-4

stannous chloride 4 4 4-5 3 3

Ferrous sulphate 3-4 4 4 3-4 4

5 Silver oak Without Mordant 4 3-4 4 4 4

Aluminium sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 3-4 3-4

stannous chloride 4 4 4 3-4 3-4

Ferrous sulphate 4 4 4 3-4 3

6 Myrobalan Without Mordant 3-4 4 3-4 3 3

Aluminium sulphate 4 4 4 3-4 3-4

stannous chloride 4 4 4 3-4 3-4

Ferrous sulphate 4 3-4 3-4 3 3

7 Madder Without Mordant 3-4 4 3 3 3-4

Aluminium sulphate 3-4 4 3-4 3 3-4

stannous chloride 4 4 3-4 3 3-4

Ferrous sulphate 3-4 3-4 3-4 3 3-4

8 Henna Without Mordant 3-4 3 4 4 4

Aluminium sulphate 4 3-4 4 4 4

stannous chloride 4 3-4 3-4 3 4

Ferrous sulphate 4 3-4 3-4 3 3-4

9 Tulip Without Mordant 4 3-4 4-5 4 4

Aluminium sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 4 4

stannous chloride 4-5 4 4-5 4 4

Ferrous sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 4 4

10 Seasame Without Mordant 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5

Aluminium sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5

Page | 73

stannous chloride 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5

Ferrous sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5

11 Indian

barberry

Without Mordant 3-4 3 3 3 3-4

Aluminium sulphate 3-4 3 3-4 3 3

stannous chloride 3-4 3 3-4 3 3

Ferrous sulphate 3 2-3 3-4 3 3-4

12 Dhol Kanali Without Mordant 5 4 5 4 3-4

Aluminium sulphate 5 4-5 5 4-5 4

stannous chloride 5 4-5 5 4-5 4

Ferrous sulphate 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4

BIS Standards for dyed worsted shawl 3-4 or better 3-4 or

better

3-4 or

better

3-4 or

better

4 or

better

Wool marks (TWC) 3 3-4 4 3-4 3 or

better

5.10.2. Application of Anti moth finishing Agents on Pashmina

Pashmina shawls are prone to attack by moths due to their protein content. The larva of a moth is the

voracious eater of the Pashmina fibre. The damage to pashmina fabric caused by moth is an age old problem hence to

control the problem lot of measures has been taken. For preventing the attack of moths on pashmina fabrics, besides

good housekeeping (most common method), anti-moth chemicals i.e. DDT, Permethrin, Permethrin/Hexahydro

pyrimidine derivative, Cyhalothrin etc are widely being used during dyeing. However the disadvantages associated

with these moth repellent chemicals include resistance due to mutations in insects, less effectiveness on beetle larvae

and eco-toxic properties of permethrin and other synthetic pyrethroids. The need of a time is to develop an ideal anti-

moth finishing chemical which should comply both environmental regulation and be effective for maximum time

period. Hence, an activity was undertaken in the subproject where in natural dyes based anti-moth finishing technique

was developed for pashmina shawls.

Natural dyes were mainly obtained from plants, producing different colours like red, yellow, blue, black,

brown and a combination of these. It is interesting to note that over 2000 pigments are being synthesized by various

parts of plants, of which only about 150 have been commercially exploited. Nearly 450 taxa are known to yield dyes

in India alone, of which 50 are considered to be the most important ones. Out of these, ten are obtained from roots,

four from barks, five from leaves, seven from flowers, seven from fruits, three from seeds, eight from wood and three

each from gums and resins. Under the project, among these natural dyes, seven sources were screened for anti-moth

efficacy on pashmina shawl.

In this, 100g of dried powder was soaked in distilled water for 12 hrs followed by boiling at 100°C for 1 hr.

The dye was then extracted with different solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, diethyl ether, diethyl acetate,

acetone, methanol etc through separating funnel. The extract obtained from each solvent was subjected to different

photochemical tests to know their chemical constituents like glycoside, tannin, phenol, coumarin, flavones and

quinine.

Results revealed that the silver oak leaves, pomegranate rind, walnut husk extract contained more than 40%

tannin and showed better anti-moth efficacy on pashmina shawl. Henna leaves and Madder root yielded tannin

Page | 74

content between 20-30% and showed moderate anti-moth efficacy. Pashmina fabric dyed with saffron and onion skin

having 12.93 and 11.53 % tannin content respectively resulted in poor anti-moth efficacy. The amount of tannin

present in the studied natural dyes was found in following descending order: silver oak leaves> pomegranate rind >

walnut husk > madder > henna > saffron > onion. The process is not only eco-friendly but also cost effective due to

elimination of anti-moth treatment on Pashmina shawl.

Table: Results of Phytochemical Tests

Chemical/

Group

Silver

oak

leaves

Madder

root

Onion

skin

Saffron

flower

Heena

leaves

Walnut

Husk

Pomegranate

Rind

Glycoside 5.5 - 15.3 16.7 8.5 5.5 10.0

Coumarin 1.3 - 2.3 9.2 6.5 2.1 4.3

Flavones 5.2 14.3 15.2 16.7 12.9 2.6 4.5

Tannin 47.8 33.3 11.5 12.9 30.3 44.3 45.2

Quinone 9.6 10.5 20.2 9.3 8.0 13.6 5.0

Carbohydrate 20.1 25.0 22.6 15.7 21.7 18.5 20.0

Steroid 5.6 12.5 - 11.1 8.8 9.6 9.5

Table: Efficacy of Natural dyes as an anti moth finishing agent.

Code Dye source Weight

loss (%)

Alive

moths

Visual

observation

SL Silver oak Leaves 0.5 Nil No damage

MR Madder Root 2.0 50% Least Attack

OS Onion Skin 3.77 75% Attack

SF Saffron Flower 7.7 75% Attack

HL Henna Leaves 2.5 25% Least Attack

WH Walnut Husk 1.0 Nil No Damage

PR Pomegranate Rind 0.25 Nil No Damage

CAC Eulon 0.2 Nil No Damage

CS Control sample 4.1 NIL Attack

Page | 75

5.11. Development of Quality Standards

5.11.1 Standardization of PCR based technique for Pashmina Identification

Pashmina fibre is globally known for its fineness, warmth, softness, desirable aesthetic value and elegance.

Since pashmina is a specility hair fibre, hence is very costly fibre due to rare availability. Furthermore, the

identification of falsification/imitation of pashmina shawls/products with other animal fibres viz; wool, rabbit wool

etc was not possible because of their similar chemical nature. This falsification has badly damaged the shawl industry

as imitated shawls are being sold in the market in the name of pashmina shawls. Because of its limited availability

and inability to distinguish fine quality sheep wool and pashmina fibre, adulteration and false declaration has became

a common practice by unscrupulous manufacturer. Keeping in view the importance of the pashmina industry, an

activity of identification of animal fibres by more precise technique was undertaken in the subproject. In this, a

suitable qualitative PCR-based method was developed, which could detect sheep origin fibre in pashmina blended

fabrics. The technique is related to the extraction of high quality DNA from textile and thereafter identification of

species specific goat and sheep origin fibers by qualitative PCR based method. The advantage of this technique is that

it will be useful to identify the pashmina fiber from the processed wool/textile as well as will help to analyze the

extent of the sheep wool adulteration in the pashmina products.

In this technique, quality DNA was extracted from the products by modified partial digestion with proteinase

K and followed by phenol chloroform extraction method. DNA was further purified with silica-based column. The

quality and quantity of DNA was ascertained by agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometer respectively.

PCR amplification was optimized with species-specific primers. Primers were designed from mitochondrial genome

sequences available in NCBI. The 12S rRNA gene sequence of mitochondrial genome was selected as these

sequences are more conserved within species and have less chances of mutation as compared to the nuclear DNA.

Further, its presence in multiple copy number in a cell ensures greater chances of getting intact nucleotide sequences

for PCR amplification. Results have shown that the falsification/imitation of pure pashmina with wool up to 10% can

be detected. Further validation to improve its efficiency up to 1% is under process. The provisional applications for

grant of patent has been filed vide 3400/DEL/12 dated: 5/11/12. The impact of the technique developed under NAIP

will have a long term effect as all the pashmina stakeholders right from processors up to consumers will be benefited

as it will serve as a precise quality control measure which would be helpful in trade and commerce of pashmina fibre

industry.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

SL MR OS SF HL WH PR

Tan

nin

con

ten

t (%

)

Page | 76

Lane 1 Sheep Blood; Lane 2 Sheep wool;

Lane 3 Raw Pashmina; Lane 4 HCl treated

Pashmina; Lane 5 Angora Rabbit

Lane 1 Sheep wool; Lane 2 Pashmina from shawl;

Lane 3 HCl treated Pashmina shawl; Lane 4 Angora

Rabbit Hair M: DNA ladder

5.11.2. Quality Standards for Pashmina Shawls

Cultural industries are creation of nature and known as tradition. The production and commercialization

activities of these traditions have economic importance to society. Cultural industries have a potential to capture

niches in international markets. In India there are a wide variety of cultural products like Kancheepuram silks,

Chanderi silk sarees, Kohlapuri sandals, Pashmina shawls etc. Pashmina is well known name of the fibre taken from

the pashmina goats. Traditionally in Kashmir, pashmina shawls are being manufactured by hand weaving on

handloom using hand spun yarn. They have gained a global recognition among people of all ages and sex. But now-a-

days in other parts of India, Nepal, and other parts of south East Asia, large percentage of pashmina shawls are woven

on machine. These machine woven shawls are competing with the hand woven Kashmiri pashmina shawls and

driving them out of business. They are all being sold under the generic brand of pashmina. It is adversely affecting the

pashmina industry in following ways:

The traditional skills of the craftsmen are in danger of being lost.

Lower profit margin because of the higher production cost of genuine handmade work has to compete with

the low quality machine made pashmina products.

Weaving pashmina is not remained very lucrative.

Generally, shawls are prepared by three methods viz; handmade, machine made and blended shawls.

Handmade pashmina shawls are prepared on handloom using handmade yarn spun on traditional charkha. In machine

spinning, pashmina yarn is spun on worsted spinning system using nylon/PVA as carrier fibre. While pashmina

blended shawls/products are prepared by blending costly pashmina with low cost wool/angora fibre reducing cost of

manufacturing. Such low cost product and absence of quality standards for pure pashmina fabrics/shawls is being

exploited by unscrupulous traders causing big loss to the pashmina industry. Hence the need of a time is to develop

Page | 77

quality standards that will differentiate pure pashmina and blended shawls. Hence an activity of developing quality

standards was undertaken in the subproject. To develop quality standards, hand spun, machine spun and blended

pashmina shawls were evaluated for low stress mechanical properties on SIROFAST system. Eight shawls of each

group are evaluated and statistically analyzed. Based on the results obtained, inner (warning) and outer (action)

control limits were worked out.

Table: Yarn parameters of pashmina shawls

Characteristics Hand spun Machine spun Blended yarn

Count (Nm) 70/2 90/2 55/2

Yarn strength (g) 70±10 30±10 >140

Elongation % 4%±1 2%±1 >5%

U% 22±2 30±2 18±2

Table: Fabric Quality norms for different pashmina Shawls

Characteristic Requirement

Length As declared±2 cm

Width As declared±2 cm

Pashmina Hand Spun mass, g/m2 70 ±5

Pashmina Machine Spun mass, g/m2 60 ±5

Pashmina Blended shawl mass g/m2 110 ±5

Pilling resistance 4 or better

Colour fastness to light 4 or better

Colour fastness to washing 3-4 or better

Staining on adjacent fabric 3-4 or better

Relaxation, shrinkage (%) Hand spun Machine

spun

Blended

Warp way 0.03 -0.30 0.80

Weft way 0.5 -1.15 -0.10

Hygral Expansion 3.43 5.15 5.58

pH value of the aqueous extract 5.7 to 7.5

Page | 78

Table: SIROFAST Results

PHS PMS PBS

Mean

Warning

limit

Action

limit Mean

Warning

limit

Action

limit Mean

Warning

limit

Action

limit

T-2 0.76 ± 0.05 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.05 ± 0.08 0.91 ± 0.10 ± 0.16

T-100 0.37 ± 0.02 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 ± 0.04 0.51 ± 0.08 ± 0.13

STR 0.31 ± 0.02 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.05 ± 0.08 0.38 ± 0.06 ± 0.09

E20-1 2.67 ± 0.88 ± 1.39 3.4 ± 1.00 ± 1.58 2.07 ± 0.52 ± 0.82

E100-1 4.53 ± 1.26 ± 1.99 5 ± 1.24 ± 1.96 4.35 ± 1.02 ± 1.61

E100-2 4.52 ± 1.21 ± 1.91 5.28 ± 1.74 ± 2.74 5.09 ± 1.41 ± 2.22

EB-5 10.05 ± 2.78 ± 4.38 9.99 ± 3.24 ± 5.10 5.20 ± 2.78 ± 4.38

B-1 8.66 ± 1.43 ± 2.25 6.33 ± 0.94 ± 1.49 23.16 ± 3.51 ± 5.53

B-2 11.04 ± 0.90 ± 1.41 7.07 ± 1.06 ± 1.67 18.35 ± 6.16 ± 9.72

G 14.09 ± 3.71 ± 5.86 12.41 ± 2.65 ± 4.18 16.90 ± 8.66 ± 3.66

RS-1 0.05 ± 0.62 ± 0.98 -0.30 ± 0.60 ± 0.94 0.80 ± 0.49 ± 0.77

RS-2 0.3 ± 0.59 ± 0.93 -1.15 ± 0.99 ± 1.56 -0.10 ± 0.62 ± 0.98

HE-1 3.43 ± 0.54 ± 0.85 5.15 ± 1.18 ± 1.87 5.58 ± 0.30 ± 0.47

HE-2 3.5 ± 1.08 ± 1.71 5.18 ± 1.33 ± 2.10 5.78 ± 0.83 ± 1.31 PHS: Pashmina hand spun, PMS: Pashmina machine spun, PBS: Pashmina blend with other fibre, T2 Thickness at load of 2

gm/cm2; T100 Thickness at load of 100 gm/cm

2 ; STR surface thickness recovery; E100 Extension at load of 100 g/cm width, EB5

bias extension at 5 g/cm width load, B1 & B 2 – Warp and weft Bending rigidity respectively, G- Shear rigidity , RS Residual

shrinkage (1-warp; 2-weft), HE Hygral expansion (1-warp; 2-weft)

Page | 79

Study revealed that the:

Thickness, warp and weft bending rigidity, warp way hygral expansion and weight are significantly

influenced by pashmina fabric manufacturing method.

Dimensional stability and quality of the handspun shawl was found better as compared to machine spun and

blended shawl.

Quality control limits may help to identify pure pashmina shawl. Such quality certification of Indian

pashmina shawl may be utilized for better marketing in International market.

It will also help to create an awareness of the cultural resources in a more purely economic sense.

The goal from both material and economic point of view is the transformation of culture into a resource, the

creation of jobs, creation of more wealth and development of a sustainable tourism.

5.12. Capacity Building and Skill Development

Capacity development and skill development plays an important role in the overall development of the

society. Under the project, capacity building of farmers/artisans was carried out. In total 89 trainings were imparted to

2468 farmers in the production belt of Ladakh and HP. The farmers were made aware about the scientific

management of pashmina goats regarding breeding, feeding, weeding and heeding as well as its impact on the overall

production and returns. Similarly in the processing belt of J&K and HP, 465 artisans were covered by providing 35

trainings/hands on training to the artisans. They were given extensive hands on trainings on the improvised processing

tools (charkha, loom and warp).

Similarly refreshing the knowledge by the scientists is also a part of a capacity building and human resource

development. In this context, 54 and 04 number of scientists from whole consortia attended the national and

international trainings respectively at different institutions. In additions to that, 68 scientists participated in different

seminars/conference/workshops etc and presented their research contribution before the scientific forum.

Page | 80

6. INNOVATIONS

6.1. Fabrication of Innovative Charkha

The handicraft industry is a well known and established industry in the state of Jammu and Kashmir

especially in Kashmir valley. Among the handicrafts, pashmina shawls have gained global recognition and are

liked by all, irrespective of sex, age, and nation. They are internationally known for their quality in terms of total

hand value and long life with no pile formation. Keeping the popularity, better quality and prevention against

imitation of Kashmiri Pashmina Shawls in to consideration, the Geographical Indication Registry, Government of

India, awarded patent to Kashmiri Hand spun Handmade Pashmina Shawls on 23th September 2008 under the

name “Kashmiri Pashmina”. For the preparation of a final product, the pashmina undergoes number of

processing steps including dehairing, spinning, weaving, finishing.

Spinning is a processing step usually done by women folk on a traditional spinning wheel locally known

as Yander. The Traditional Charkha used for spinning of hand spun pashmina is being used in the state of J&K

since long time resulting in fine yarn with good quality characteristics. The biggest disadvantages with this

traditional charkha is that it leads to a lot of physical stress to the artisans (spinners) in the form of backache, neck

pain, numbness in legs as this charkha is being operated only in sitting position, besides being less remunerative.

Under National Agricultural Innovation project subproject entitled “A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and

Profitability of Pashmina Fibre”, an Innovative Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha was fabricated.

Ergonomics of innovative charkha is similar as that of traditional one. The innovative charkha consists of Table

Top, small spinning wheel, spindle and foot paddle. The spinner sits on the stool and operates the paddle of the

charkha by foot resulting in reduction in physical stress. The Improvised charkha (Table Top Paddle Operated

NAIP Charkha) fabricated under NAIP were distributed to 105 beneficiary spinners (90 in Kashmir valley, 10 in

Leh and 5 in Himachal Pradesh). The innovative charkha performed excellently with spinning loss of only 3% as

against 12% in case of traditional one. The field results of beneficiaries from Kashmir Valley has revealed that the

innovative charkha is proving efficient in terms of time consumed for spinning on an average by 73.50% over

traditional one besides decreasing physical drudgery. In terms of income, there is an increase of remuneration by

146.64 % (from Rs 1638 to Rs 4040 per month) over traditional one for same period of time without deteriorating

the quality of yarn. The increase in efficiency in relation to spinning rate and net return in terms of monthly

remuneration has direct impact on the improving livelihood of the beneficiary families. The technology has been

disseminated in the field and has been well adapted by artisans including various government and non-

governmental organizations.

6.2. Fabrication of Improvised loom

Among the Kashmiri handicraft items, the shawls have maintained the state of popularity among

customers, both domestic and foreigners from centuries. Although, Shawl prepared from any material, anywhere

in the world have got their own identity but those prepared in Kashmir are different from all because of the way

they are being prepared right from sorting of raw material up to finishing of final product. Traditional method of

processing has given them hand spun hand woven status. The traditional methods of processing, involving

dusting, dehairing, combing, spinning, weaving, finishing, etc. have given these Kashmiri Shawls a special

Page | 81

importance all over the world. Weaving means interlacement of threads to make a fabric. Since pashmina is

highly fragile fibre, hence weaving is done on a traditional handloom with four paddle system where only plain

type of shawls can be woven with different weaves. Further, it is full of physical drudgery as well as less

remunerative. Keeping in view the importance of hand woven pashmina shawls, drudgery and less efficiency,

Innovative handloom with eight paddle and shuttle type were designed to increase efficiency and at the same time

achieve multi design. Twenty seven such innovative looms were distributed among the beneficiary weavers in

Kashmir valley. Field results have shown that there is an increase in net return of weavers by 28.02% over

traditional one besides reducing weaving loss (from 23.61±0.70 to 14.72±0.45), finishing loss (from 9.8±0.71 to

8.07±0.81) and physical drudgery.

6.3. Fabrication of Innovative Warping System

Warping is one the processing step for preparation of world known hand woven pashmina shawls. In this

process, six to eight rods are being erected into the ground. Two persons work together and transfer yarn from

prech (spool) onto the iron rods by using sticks. This process is called yarun. About 1200 threads are stretched in

this manner to form warp locally called yaen which is enough for 4 to 6 shawls. This is a very laborious task as 2-

3 persons are required to work in proper sequence for warp making for almost a day with the result more labour

charges are required for warp preparation. Hence, to reduce this laborious work, an intervention was made by

fabricating an innovative warping system where a warp can be prepared by a single person only at a single place.

Accordingly, 4 improvised warping systems were fabricated and installed on community basis at four places in

Srinagar city viz; Zoonimar, Eidgah, Danamazar and Nowshera. Besides that one warping system was installed at

Lead Centre for capacity building. The advantages of this warping system includes reduction of physical

drudgery, saving of warping time by 150 % and reduction in warping cost from Rs 100 to only Rs 50 per shawl.

The technology of innovative warping system has an impact on the livelihood security of the artisans as well as

the cost of production decreases.

6.4. Application of Natural dyes as Anti-moth treatment

Pashmina shawls are prone to attack by moths due to their protein content. The larva of a moth is the

voracious eater of the Pashmina fibre. The damage to pashmina fabric caused by moth is an age old problem

hence to control the problem lot of measures has been taken. For preventing the attack of moths on pashmina

fabrics, besides good housekeeping (most common method), anti-moth chemicals i.e. DDT, Permethrin,

Permethrin/Hexahydro pyrimidine derivative, Cyhalothrin etc are widely being used during dyeing. However the

disadvantages associated with these moth repellent chemicals include resistance due to mutations in insects, less

effectiveness on beetle larvae and eco-toxic properties of permethrin and other synthetic pyrethroids. Moreover,

hand spun and hand woven Pashmina shawl lost their eco-friendly nature due to application of chemical. The

ideal anti-moth finishing chemical should comply both environmental regulation and should be effective through

the lifetime of the wool textile or carpet. Based on the above facts, an innovative technique was developed to use

natural dyes as antimoth finishing process to Pashmina shawl. The use of natural dyes is considered as eco-

friendly and can impart antimoth efficacy. The aqueous extracts of saffron flower waste, onion skin, henna,

myrobolan, silver oak leaf, madder, wall nut, dhol kanali and yellow root were used as natural dye sources. The

scoured fabrics were then dyed with 5% colorant (owm) at 90°C with 1:40 material to liquor ratio at pH 5-6 in

Page | 82

presence of 0.5 gpL acetic acid solution for one hour in a water bath. Silver oak leaves, pomegranate rind, wall

nut husk extract contain more than 40% tannin show better antimoth efficacy on Pashmina shawl. Henna leaves

and Madder root show moderate antimoth efficacy having tannin content between 20-30%. Pashmina fabrics

dyed with saffron and onion having 12.93 and 11.53% tannin content results poor antimoth efficacy. The amount

of tannin present in the selected natural dyes is as following descending order: silver oak leaves > pomegranate

rind > walnut husk > madder > henna > saffron > onion. The process is not only eco-friendly but also cost

effective due to elimination of anti-moth treatment on Pashmina shawl.

7. Process/ Product/Technology/Value Chain/ Rural Industry Developed

S.

No.

(Process/Product/Technology/ Value

Chain/ Rural Industry Developed

Adoption/ Validation/

Commercialization, etc.

Responsible Partner

1 Expansion of pashmina goat rearing

areas to Non-Traditional Belt.

Validated SKUAST-K and CSK

K HP KVV Palampur

2 Breed up gradation Validated SKUAST-K and CSK

K HP KVV Palampur

3 Introduction of Feed Blocks and Urea

Molasses Mineral Blocks

Adapted SKUAST-K and CSK

K HP KVV Palampur

4 Introduction of shelter for pashmina

goats

Validated SKUAST-K and CSK

K HP KVV Palampur

5 Health Management. Adapted SKUAST-K and CSK

K HP KVV Palampur

6 Fabrication of Innovative Charkha. Validated SKUAST-K and

CSWRI-Avikanagar

7 Improvisation of Traditional loom. Validated SKUAST-K and

CSWRI-Avikanagar

8 Improvisation/ modification in

dehairing machine.

Validated SKUAST-K and

CSWRI-Avikanagar

9 Replacement of nylon by PVA as

carrier fibre

Validated CSWRI-Avikanagar

and SKUAST-K

10 Dyeing of Pashmina with vegetable

sources

Validated CSWRI-Avikanagar

and SKUAST-K

11 Identification of Cashmere (Pashmina)

Fibre from Processed Textile Products

by PCR-Based Technique

Validated CSWRI-Avikanagar

and SKUAST-K

12 Application of Natural dyes as Anti-

moth treatment

Validated CSWRI-Avikanagar

and SKUAST-K

Page | 83

8. Patents (Filed/Granted)

S.

No.

Title of Patent Inventor(s) (Name

& Address)

Filed/Published/

Granted (No./Date)

Responsible

Partner

1 Development of

Table Top Paddle

Operated NAIP

Charkha for

cashmere

(pashmina)

Spinning.

Sarfaraz A Wani,

Yaqoob Ishrat,

Farooq A Mattoo,

Asif H Sofi

(SKUAST-K,

Kashmir)

and DB Shakyawar

(CSWRI Avikanagar)

Provisional Patent

filed Vide No:

3616/DEL/2011.

Dated: 13/12/2011

Final Patent filed on

10/12/2012 through

K&S Partners (Ref file

No: IP19027/ VH/sk).

SKUAST-K &

CSWRI-

Avikanagar

2 Identification of

Cashmere

(Pashmina) Fibre

from Processed

Textile Products by

PCR-Based

Technique.

Rajiv Kumar, D B

Shakyawar, P K

Pareek, LLL Prince,

Amar S Meena,

Satish Kumar, A S M

Raja, S A Karim

(CSWRI Avikanagar)

and Sarfaraz A Wani

(SKUAST-K,

Kashmir)

Provisional Patent

filed Vide No:

3400/DEL/2012

Dated: 05/11/2012.

CSWRI -

Avikanagar &

SKUAST-K

9. Linkages and Collaborations

S.

No.

Linkages developed

(Name & Address of Organization)

Date/Period

From-To

Responsible Partner

1 All Changthangi Pashmina Growers

Association, Leh, Ladakh, (J&K).

Feb 2009 to

March 2014

SKUAST-K

2 TAHFUZ, All J&K Handicraft Society

Srinagar (C/o Craft Development Institute,

Baghi Ali Mardan Khan Srinagar, India).

Feb 2009 to

March 2014

SKUAST-K

3 Kashmir Handmade Pashmina Promotion

Trust (KHPPT), Srinagar, J&K.

Feb 2009 to

March 2014

SKUAST-K

4 Handloom Development Department

Ganderbal Kashmir.

Aug 2012 to

March 2014

SKUAST-K

5 Kashmir Handloom Development

Department, Magermal Bagh.

Jan 2012 to

March 2014

SKUAST-K

6 Chesti Self Help Group, Kashmir May 2012 to

March 2014

SKUAST-K

Page | 84

7 M/s Woodcraft

Vachar Nag Nowshera Srinagar.

Aug 2009 to

March 2014

SKUAST-K

8 Kashmir Silk Producers Co-operative

Society, Soura Srinagar, J&K.

May 2011 to

March 2014

SKUAST-K

9 Bhuttico Weavers Association (BWA),

Kullu, HP.

Feb 2009 to

March 2014

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

10 Shivaco shawls, kullu, HP. Feb 2009 to

March 2014

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

11 Thangkarma Harit Sangathana, Pooh,

Kinnaur (HP).

July 2011 to

Dec 2013

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

12 Shikhar Handloom & Handicraft Weavers

welfare, cooperative Industrial Society,

Brow, Kullu (HP)

April 2010 to

Dec 2013

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

13 Mahadev Woolen Mills, Mahadev

(Sundernagar), Mandi (HP)

April 2010 to

Dec 2013

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

14 Numani Welfare Trust, Srinagar July 2012 to

March 2014

SKUAST-K

15 NGO‟s Coordination Federation of J&K Jan 2012 to

March 2014

SKUAST-K

10. Status on Environmental and Social Safeguard Aspects

By the interventions made in the project, the environmental issues have been taken care of. All the

technologies developed have positive impact on the environment. The additional increase in livestock strength in

the non-traditional belts has resulted in increase in soil fertility due to production of organic manure. The

utilization of natural sources for dyeing of pashmina has reduced the environmental contamination caused due to

synthetic dyes and anti moth agents.

Further regarding the social issues, the subproject has contributed in this area by many ways. Firstly, the

technologies developed in the sub-project have improved the livelihood security of farmers/artisans. E.g

establishment of pashmina goat units improved the livelihood of farmers as they earn additional 50000 to 60000

per year from the enterprises by the sale of pashmina and surplus animals. Secondly, subproject has also

contributed towards women empowerment e.g. by the introduction of innovative charkha, the women folk got

benefitted by increase in their monthly net returns of 146.64% (from Rs 1638 to Rs 4040) over traditional one for

same period of time with good efficiency and decreased drudgery. Capacity building of unemployed and educated

women folk in the fields of health care, processing and quality evaluation carried out which in turn will

empowered them of running small enterprises and earn their livelihood.

Page | 85

11. Constraints, if any and Remedial Measures Taken

S.No Constraints Remedial Measures taken

1 Importation of Pashmina bucks from

China, Mongolia etc.

Although the acitivity of pashmina buck

importation was envisaged in the project but

even after putting lot of efforts in this, success

could not be achived. However, the elite bucks

were latter on selected from available local

livestock for breed upgradation.

2 Cloud Brust in majority of the areas in Leh

during 2010, hence activities could not be

completed in that year.

The work/activities were completed in year

2011.

3 Inaccessible areas as most of the area

remains cut off from rest of the country for

six months.

Nothing could have been done in this regard.

4 Strengthening of Pashmina Breeding farm

Upshi Leh could not be completed due to

the objections raised by the SHD officials.

Activity not completed.

12. Publications A. Research papers in peer reviewed journals.

S.

No.

Authors, Title of the paper,

Name of Journal, Year, Vol. & Page No.

NAAS

Ratings

Responsible

Partner

1 Ammayappan L, Shakyawar, D B, Krofa D, Pareek P K, and

Basu G. 2011. Value addition of Pashmina Products Present

status and future perspective. Agricultural Review 32 (2): 91.

3.31 CSWRI

Avikanagar

2 Lal Chagan, Sharama M C, Shakyawar D B, Raja A S M,

Kuldeep Sharma and Pareek P K. 2011. Natural dyes

constituent from rind of punica granatum (pomegranate) and its

application on Pashmina fibre. Archieves of Applied Science

Research 3 (3): 350-357.

.. CSWRI

Avikanagar

3 Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB,

Yaqoob Ishrat and Sheikh FD. 2011. Physico-mechanical

Quality of Changthangi Pashmina Fibre. Vetscan- On line

Journal 6 (2)

.. SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

4 Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Pareek P K and Wani Sarfaraz A.

2011. Production and performance of cashmere (Pashmina)

shawls by Nylon dissolution method. The Indian Journal of

Small Ruminants 17 (2): 203-206.

4.89 CSWRI

Avikanagar

and

SKUAST-K

Page | 86

5 Temani P, Shakyawar D B, Ammayappan L, Goyal V and

Wani Sarfaraz A. 2011. Standardization of dyeing condition of

cochineal extract on Pashmina yarn. Journal of Textile

Association, 72 (2): 96-98.

1.89 CSWRI

Avikanagar

and

SKUAST-K

6 Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Pareek P K , Kumar Ajay, Pareek

P. K. 2011. Effect of canary colouration on the dying of wool.

Man Made Textile in India, 39 (11): 391-393.

3.32 CSWRI

Avikanagar

7 Sharma D, Agnihotri R.K, Moudgil A.D, Mandial R.K and

Katoch A. 2011. Comparative efficacy of sulphadimidine and

amprolium against natural coccidiosis in Chegu goats. Journal

of Veterinary Parasitology 25(2): 175-176

3.50 CSK HP

KVV

Palampur

8 Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A,

Nehvi FA and Sofi H Asif. 2012. Extraction of Natural Dye

from Saffron Flower waste and its Application on Pashmina

Fabric. Advances in Applied Science Research 3 (1): 156-161.

… CSWRI

Avikanagar

and

SKUAST-K

9 Yaqoob Ishrat, Sofi Asif H, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh F D and

Bumla Nazir. 2012. Pashmina shawl-A traditional way of

making in Kashmir. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge

11(2): 329-333.

6.80 SKUAST-K

10 Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif,

Yaqoob Ishrat and Sheikh FD. 2012. Effect of Machine

Dehairing on the Quality of Pashmina Fibre. The Indian

Journal of Small Ruminants 18 (1): 118-120.

4.89 SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

11 Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif,

Yaqoob Ishrat. 2012. Comparative Study on the Physico-

mechancial quality of Pashmina Shawls made from Hand Spun

and Machine spun Yarn. Indian Journal of Fibres and Textile

Research 37: 224-30.

6.49 SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

12 Sharma D, Agnihotri R.K, Dogra P.K, Sen D and Katoch A.

2012. Incidence of gastrointestinal parasites among Chegu

goats in Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh.

Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research 37(1): 61-63

2.41 CSK HP

KVV

Palampur

13 Pathak V, Rajput R, Bhardwaj R L and Mandial R K. 2012.

Histological studies on hair follicles and skin of chegu goat.

Indian Journal of small Ruminants. 18 (2): 275-277.

4.89 CSK HP

KVV

Palampur

14 Katoch A, Sharma A, Negi M and Mandial R. K. Clinico –

haematological and biochemical profile of Chegu pashmina

goats. Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 33(1):33-34

4.50 CSK HP

KVV

Palampur

Page | 87

15 Lal Chagan, Raja A S M, Pareek P K, Shakyawar D B,

Kuldeep Sharma and Mahesh C Sharma. 2011. Natural dye

constituent from husk of juglans nigra and its applications on

Pashmina (Cashmere) fabrics. Journal Natural Product Plant

Resources 1 (4): 13-19.

… CSWRI

Avikanagar

16 Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Temani P and Sofi H Asif. 2013. Novel

Chemical Finishing Process for Cashmere-PVA Blended Yarn

Made Cashmere Fabric. Journal of Natural Fibres. 10:381–

389.

6.56 CSWRI

Avikanagar

and

SKUAST-K

17 Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB, Yaqoob Ishrat,

Mattoo FA and Malik AH. 2013. Fabrication of Innovative

Charkha for pashmina spinning and its Impact Assessment. The

Journal of Textile Institute DOI:10.1080/ 00405000 .2013.

779056

6.73 SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

18 Shakyawar DB, Raja ASM, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and Wani

Sarfaraz A. 2013. Pashmina fibre-Production, characteristics

and utilization. The Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile

Research 38 (2): 207-214.

6.49 CSWRI

Avikanagar

and

SKUAST-K

19 Sharma Kuldeep, Pareek PK, Raja ASM, Temani P, Kumar

Ajay, Shakyawar DB and Sharma Mahesh. 2013. Dye

constituents from Kigelia pinnata and its application on

Pashmina (Cashmere) Fabric. Research Journal of Textile

Apparel 17(2), 28-32

-- CSWRI

Avikanagar

20 Kumar R, Sharma K.B, Naqvi S.M.K and Mandial R.K 2013.

Comparative studies on hormonal profile of pure and crossbred

Chegu goats. Himachal Veterinary Journal 6 (1): 177-179.

-- CSK HP

KVV

Palampur

B. Books/ Book chapters/ Abstracts/ Popular articles, Brochures, etc.

S. No. Authors, Title of the papers, Name of Book/ Seminar/

Proceedings/Journal, Publisher, Year, Page No.

Responsible

Partner

Book Chapter

1

Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif and Shakyawar DB. 2010. Advances in

Pashmina wool Processing and Value Addition. (in) Climate Change &

Stress Management, p 815-825, Karim et al. (Eds), Satish Serial

Publishing House, Delhi., India.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

2

Wani Sarfaraz A, Shakyawar DB and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Developments in

Processing and Product Development of Speciality hair fibres (pashmina).

Trends in Small Ruminant Production- Perspectives and prospects, p 515-

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

Page | 88

532, Sahoo et al. (Eds.). Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India.

3

Wani SA, Wani Sarfaraz A, Wani MH and Shaheen FA. 2012. Pashmina

Goats of cold arid western Himalayas: Status, issues and strategies. Small

Ruminant Production and Health., p 111-128, Goel et al. (Eds). Satish

Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

SKUAST-K

Thesis

1 Priyanka Temani. 2010. „Study on Dyeing Properties of a Natural Dye on

Pashmina‟. M Sc Thesis, International College of Girls, Jaipur, P 100.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

2

Bumla Nazir A. 2010. „Comparative Quality of Shawls Made From Hand

and Machine Spun Pashmina‟. MVSc, Sher-e-Kashmir University of

Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K), p 94.

SKUAST-K

3

Mathurya Sukhram. 2011. „Studies on Pashmina and Blended Shawls

Using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as carrier Fibre‟. M Tech, IIT, Kanpur,

p67.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

4

Ruksana Majid. 2011. Molecular Characterization of Keratin Associated

Protein (KAP) 1.3 and 1.4 genes in Pashmina and Non-pashmina goats.

MVSc, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and

Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K).

SKUAST-K

5

Chagan Lal. 2014. Chemical Investigationof natural dyes and their

application on Pashmina wool and its blends, PhD, University of

Rajasthan, p191.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

6

Mushtaq Bhat. 2014. Genetic Diversity among Cashmere (pashmina) goat

population of India through Microsatellite Marker Approach. MVSc, Sher-

e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of

Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K).

SKUAST-K

7

Abha Mariam. 2014. Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Changra Goats in

Ladakh. MVSc, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and

Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K).

SKUAST-K

Popular Articals

1 Bumla Nazir and Sofi H Asif. 2010. Pashmina- the King of Fibres.

Livestock Line. 4 (6): 23.

SKUAST-K

Seminar/ symposium/ Conference/ workshop Proceedings

1 Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif, Mir Salahuddin, Malik AH, and Pal MA.

2009. Pashmina-Fibre to Fabric. (in) Proceedings of International

Conference on Emerging Trends in Production, Processing and Utilization

of Natural Fibers, held during 16- 18th April 2009 at Worli Mumbai, India,

pp. 391-398

SKUAST-K

Page | 89

2 Wani Sarfaraz A, Kirmani MA, Sofi H Asif and Mattoo FA. 2009.

Pashmina Production in India-Present Status and Future Prospective. (in)

Proceedings of an interactive meet on Challenges in Specialty Fibres

(Pashmina and Angora) Production and Prospects of their Utilization,

held on 13th July 2009 at Kullu HP, India, pp. 42-50.

SKUAST-K

3 Shakyawar DB, Gupta NP and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2009. Value added

quality pashmina products development, its marketing and future

prospective. (in) Proceedings of an interactive meet on Challenges in

Specialty Fibres (Pashmina and Angora) Production and Prospects of

their Utilization, held on 13th July 2009 at Kullu HP, India, pp. 70-78.

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

SKUAST-K

4 Bumla Nazir, Shakwayar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A and Sofi H Asif. 2010.

Comparative study on Total Hand Value of Pashmina Shawls Developed

by using hand and Machine Spun Yarn. (in) Proceedings of 39th Textile

Research Symposium held during 16th

-18th Dec 2010 at

IIT New Delhi,

India, pp. 526-28.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

5 Shakwayar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Gupta NP and Raja ASM. 2010. Studies

on low stress mechanical properties of shawls produced from wool and

specialty hair fibres. (in) Proceedings of 39th Textile Research Symposium

held during 16th-18

th Dec 2010 at

IIT New Delhi, India, pp. 180-186.

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

SKUAST-K

6 Raja ASM, Shakwayar DB, Pareek PK and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2010.

Dyeing of Pashmina shawls using extracts of Saffron flower and onion

peel off waste. (in) Proceedings of 39th Textile Research Symposium held

during 16th-18

th Dec 2010 at

IIT New Delhi, India, pp. 298-301.

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

SKUAST-K

7 Ammayappan L, , Temani P, Goyal V and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2010.

Standardization of Dyeing condition and characterization of dyeing

mechanism of cochineal extract of Pashmina wool. (in) Proceedings of

39th Textile Research Symposium held during 16

th-18

th Dec 2010 at

IIT

New Delhi, India, pp. 618-622.

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

SKUAST-K

8. Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif and Shakwayar DB. 2014. Status and

Prospectus of Pashmina Production and Utilization. (in) Proceedings of

National seminar on sheep and goat biodiversity and breeding policies-

issues and prospective held during 21-22 Feb 2014 at Shirwal

Maharashtra, India, pp. 71-77.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

Research Abstracts

1. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA,

Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Asmat S, Malik Tanveer and Shah khan FA.

2010. Status of Pashmina goats and Changthangi Sheep over a decade. (in)

National Seminar on Stress management in small ruminants- Production

and Product processing held during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of

Research on Goats, Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

Page | 90

2. Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh FD, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA,

Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Malik Tanveer and Shah khan FA. 2010.

Effect of sex, age and area of rearing on body conformation of

changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on Stress management

in small ruminants- Production and Product processing held during 29-31

Jan 2010 at Central Institute of Research on Goats, Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

3. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA,

Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Kakatai BR, Malik Tanveer and Shah khan

FA. 2010. Caprine contagious pleura-pneumonia: A major health problem

in Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on Stress

management in small ruminants- Production and Product processing held

during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of Research on Goats,

Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

4. Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H and Shakyawar DB. 2010. Advances in

Pashmina wool Processing and Value Addition. (in) National Seminar on

Stress management in small ruminants- Production and Product processing

held during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of Research on Goats,

Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

5. Pareek P K, Ojha K G, Shakyawar D B and Raja A S M. 2010. Synthesis

of hexahydro-s-triazine derivatives with antimicrobial and anti-moth

properties for wool based textiles. (In) Proceedings of International

conference on Healthcare and hygienic textiles and clothing, held during

30-31 July at PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

6. Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sarfaraz A,

Nehvi FA and Sofi Asif H. 2010. Saffron Flower Waste - A Potential Eco-

friendly Dye for Pashmina. (in) National Seminar on Technological

Innovations in Saffron held during 25-26 Nov 2010 at SKUAST-K.

Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

SKUAST-K

7. Katoch A, Sharma A and Mandial R K. 2011. Clinico-haematological and

biochemical profile of chegu pashmina goats. (in) Proceeding of seminar

on rural development: Present scenario and future challenges held during

26-27 March 2011 at Shimla (HP).

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

8. Krofa D, Mandial RK and Thakur YP. 2011. Effects of methods of

spinning, weaving and processing of pashmina on fabric handle. (in)

Proceeding of seminar on rural development: Present scenario and future

challenges held during 26-27 March. 2011 at Shimla (HP).

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

9. Shakyawar D B, Wani S A, Raja A S M and Pareek P K. 2011. Research

and development work for increasing productivity and value addition of

pashmina shawls. (In) Proceedings of National conference on Advance

increments in Natural Fibre, held during 25 April at CIRCOT, Mumbai,

CSWRI

Avikanagar

Page | 91

India.

10. Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB, Yaqoob Ishrat

and Sheikh FD. 2011. Physico-mechanical Quality of Changthangi

Pashmina Fibre. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on

Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held

during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

11. Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat

and Sheikh FD. 2011. Effect of Machine Dehairing on the quality of

Pashmina Fibre. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on

Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held

during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

12. Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat

and Sheikh FD. 2011. Comparative Study on Quality of Shawls made from

Hand and Machine Spun Pashmina Yarn. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural

Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges

and way-forward held during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar,

Kashmir, India.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

13. Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat

and Sheikh FD. 2011. Comparative Study on the Physico-mechancial

Quality of Hand Spun and Machine Spun Pashmina Yarn. (in) Ist J&K

Agricultural Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-

Challenges and way-forward held during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K,

Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

14. Wani Sarfaraz, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat and Shakyawar DB. 2011.

Comparative Study on Quality of Pashmina Yarn Spun on Traditional and

Innovative Charkha. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on

Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held

during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

15. Wani Sarfaraz, Mir MS, Sheikh FD, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011.

Histopathology and Gross Pathology of Lungs in Caprine Contagious

Pleuropneumonia in Pashmina goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural

Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges

and way-forward held during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar,

Kashmir, India.

SKUAST-K

16. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Ahmad Zahoor, Khan HM and Sofi H Asif.

2011. Pediculosis in Changra (Pashmina) goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K

Agricultural Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-

Challenges and way-forward held during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K,

Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

SKUAST-K

Page | 92

17. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011.

Seroprevelance of Caprine Contagious Pleuropneumonia in Pashmina

goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on

Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held

during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

SKUAST-K

18. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Obstructive

Urolithiasis in Pashmina Bucks of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural

Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges

and way-forward held during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar,

Kashmir, India.

SKUAST-K

19. Sharma A, Mandial RK, Negi M and Katoch A. 2011. Studies on

survivability of chegu pashmina goats in Himachal Pradesh. (in)

international conference on emerging trends on food and health security,

held during 23-25 Sep 2011 at DIHAR-DRDO, Leh (J&K).

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

20. Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB and Sofi H Asif (2011). Developments in

Processing and Product Development of Speciality Hair Fibres

(pashmina). (in) National Seminar on Prospects and Retrospect of Small

Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security

held during 7th to 9

th Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India

.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

21. Sofi H Asif, Wani Sarfaraz, Sheikh FD, Mattoo FA, Yaqoob Ishrat,

Kirmani MA and Khan AA. 2011. Comparative Study on Quality of

Pashmina from Different Areas of Changthang region of ladakh. (in)

National Seminar on Prospects and Retrospect of Small Ruminant and

Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security held during

7th to 9

th Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.

SKUAST-K

22. Shakyawar DB, Pareek PK, and Sofi H Asif, Kumar Pramood, Mathuria

Sukhram and Prashant. 2011. Subjective Assessment of Pashmina Blended

Shawls. (in) National Seminar on Prospects and Retrospect of Small

Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security

held during 7th to 9

th Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

SKUAST-K

23. Raja ASM, Shakyawar DB, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and Wani Sarfaraz A.

2011. Development of Eco-friendly dyeing and Anti-moth Finishing

Process for Pashmina Fabrics. (in) National Seminar on Prospects and

Retrospect of Small Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to

Socioeconomic Security held during 7th to 9th Dec 2011 at CSWRI

Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

SKUAST-K

Page | 93

24. Shakyawar DB, Raja ASM, Temani TM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Kumar

Pramood, Mutharia Sukhram and Prashant. 2011. Low stress Mechanical

properties of pashmina Blended shawls Using SIROFAST. (in) National

Seminar on Prospects and Retrospect of Small Ruminant and Rabbit

Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security held during 7th to 9

th

Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

SKUAST-K

25. Krofa D, Mandial R K, Thakur Y P, Shakyawar D B, Pareek P K. 2011.

Effect of spinning techniques on handles of Pashmina fabric. (In)

Proceedings of National conference on Prospects and Retrospect of Small

Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socio-economic

Security, held during 7-9 December at Jaipur, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

26. Kumar R, Pareek P K, Prince L L L, Raja A S M and Shakyawar D B.

2011. Development of a simple duplex PCR for identification of sheep

wool in pure Pashmina shawl. (In) Proceedings of National conference on

Prospects and Retrospect of Small Ruminant and Rabbit Production:

Contribution held during 7-9 December at Jaipur, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

27. Mandial R K, Sharma, A Katoch A, Puri G, Chahota R, Negi M and Patil

R D. 2011. Surveillance of diseases in Chegu (Pashmina) goats of

Himachal Pradesh. (in) proceeding of National seminar on prospects and

retrospects of small ruminant and rabbit production, held at Jaipur (Raj)

during 7-9 December, 2011. P-151.

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

28. Lal C, Shakyawar D B, Raja A S M, Pareek P K, Sharma K K and Sharma

M C. 2011. Natural dye constituents from husk of Juglans Nigra and its

application on Pashmina (Cashmere) fabrics. (In) Proceedings of

International conference on Heterocyclic Chemistry, held during 10-13

December at Rajasthan University, Jaipur, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

29. Kirmani NA, Bhat Nisar A, Khan HM, Mir Masood Saleem, Medhi D and

Wani Sarfaraz A. 2011. Soil nutrient status of some pasture areas of cold

arid Himalayan desert. (in) International Congress of Environmental

Research held during 15-17th

Dec 2011 at. Sardar Vallabhbhai National

Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, Gujrat, India.

SKUAST-K

30. Wani Sarfaraz, Sheikh FD, Mattoo FA, Sofi H Asif, Kakatia BK, Ganai

TAS, Kirmani MA, and Khan HM. 2012. Introduction of Pashmina Goat

Rearing In Kargil District of J&K and its Impact on Improving Livelihood

Security. (in) National Conference on Demonstration Options for

improved livelihood security in disadvantaged areas of Indi held during

20-21 Jan 2012 at Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidliya, Raipur, India.

SKUAST-K

31. Wani Sarfaraz, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat, Shakyawar DB and Malik AH.

2012. Enhancement of Livelihood Security through Development and

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

Page | 94

Introduction of Innovative Charkha. (in) National Conference on

Demonstration Options for improved livelihood security in disadvantaged

areas of Indi held during 20-21 Jan 2012 at Indira Gandhi Krishi

Viswavidliya, Raipur, India.

32. Sharma A, Katoch A, Mandial RK and Negi M. 2012. Occurrence of

anaemia in chegu pashmina goats of Himachal Pradesh and effect of

copper supplementation. (in) Proceeding of national symposium on animal

health vis-a-vis animal welfare with application of biotechnology with

special reference to north eastern region held during 1-3 Feb 2012 at CAU,

Selesih, Aizawl (Mizorum).

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

33. Katoch A, Sharma A, Mandial R K and Negi M. 2012. Clinico-

haematological, biochemical and therapeutic study in parasitized chegu

pashmina goats of Himachal Pradesh. (in) Proceeding of national

symposium on animal health vis-a-vis animal welfare with application of

biotechnology with special reference to north eastern region, held during

1-3 Feb. 2012 at CAU, Selesih, Aizawl (Mizorum). P-75

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

34. Wani Sarfaraz A, Mattoo FA, Sheikh FD, Sofi Asif H, Khan FA; Kirmani

MA, Ganai TAS, Khan HM, Baba Irfan A, Bhat Nisar A, Malik Tanveer,

Yaqoob Ishrat, Mir Masood S and Kashoo Zahid. 2012. Pashmina Goat

Rearing In Non-Traditional Area of Leh. (in) Annual conference and

National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve

Health and Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at

CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

35. 1 Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Khan FA and Bhat Nisar A.

2012. Effect of Harvesting methods on Pashmina yield. (in) Annual

conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities

to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23

Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

36. Sofi Asif H, Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh FD, Baba

Omer K, Maryiam Abha, Kirmani MA, Bumla NA, Kashoo Zahid,

Kirmani Nayar and Gul Gowhar. 2012. Effect of Age and Body Region

on the Hair Follicle Characteristics in Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in)

Annual conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and

Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held

during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

37. Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H and Khan FA. 2012. Wild

Attack-A major threat to Pashmina Goat Breeders of Ladakh. (in) Annual

conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities

to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23

Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

Page | 95

38. Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Maryiam

Abha, Sofi Asif H, Amin Omer, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD,

Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Serum Biochemistry of Changthangi

Goats Reared under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in Ladakh. (in)

Annual conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and

Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held

during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

39. Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H,

Maryiam Abha, Chiber Pawanjit S, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD,

Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in

Unvaccinated Changthangi Goat Flocks in Cold Arid Desert of Ladakh.

(in) Annual conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and

Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held

during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India..

SKUAST-K

40. Khan HM, Mir Masood S, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H,

Maryiam Abha, Wani Basharat A, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD,

Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Haematological Attributes of

Changthangi Goats reared Under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in

Ladakh. (in) Annual conference and National Seminar on Future

Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small

Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

41. Kirmani Nayar, Bhat MA, Bhat Nisar A, Khan HM, Mir Masood S and

Wani Sarfaraz A. 2012. Soil quality attributes in some pastures of cold arid

himalyan deserts. (in) Annual conference and National Seminar on Future

Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small

Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

SKUAST-K

42. Khan HM, Mir Masood S, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Kirmani Nayar

and Darzi MM. 2012. Prevalence of Coccidial (Eimeria Spp.) infection in

Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on New Paradigms in

Livestock Production: From Traditional to Commercial Farming and

Beyond and XXth Annual Convention of Indian Society of Animal

Production and Management. held during 28-30 Jan 2013 at NDRI Karnal,

India.

SKUAST-K

43. Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Kirmani Nayar

and Darzi MM. 2012. Ectoparasitic Infestation in Changthangi Pashmina

Goats. (in) National Seminar on New Paradigms in Livestock Production:

From Traditional to Commercial Farming and Beyond and XXth Annual

Convention of Indian Society of Animal Production and Management.

held during 28-30 Jan 2013 at NDRI Karnal, India.

SKUAST-K

44. Sharma Anukur, Dhar Prasenjit and patil, R.D 2013.Clinical management

of an outbreak of sheep pox in mid-hill pastures of Distt Kangra (HP).

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

Page | 96

Poster presentation in National symposium on Emerging Challenges &

opportunities in Veterinary Immunology & Biotechnology for Improved

Animal Health & Productivity, CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP) during 11-13

Nov, 2013

45. Katoch Ajay, Gupta Shruti1, Dhar Prasenjit, Sharma Snkur and Mandial R

K 2013. Incidence and management of parvovirus enteritis in dogs in

palam valley of Himachal Pradesh (HP). Poster presentation in National

symposium on Emerging Challenges & opportunities in Veterinary

Immunology & Biotechnology for Improved Animal Health &

Productivity, CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP) during 11-13 Nov, 2013

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

46. Shakyawar D B, Kumar A, Pareek P K, Raja A S M and Temani P. 2012.

Phytochemical analysis of natural dye from Berberis lycium and

application on Pashmina shawl. (In) Proceedings of National conference

on Chemistry of Primates: Green Chemistry, held during 29-30 November

at Ajmer, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

47. Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Kumar A, Kadam V V and Pareek P K.

2012. Eco-friendly Dyeing of Animal Fibres Using Natural Dyes. (In)

Proceedings of National conference on Chemistry of Primates: Green

Chemistry, held during 29-30 November at Ajmer, India

CSWRI

Avikanagar

48. Kumar A, Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B and Pareek P K. 2012. Efficacy of

Natural colour from Babool Bark. (In) Proceedings of National conference

on Future Challenges and opportunities to improve health and production

of small ruminants, held during 22-23December at Makhdoom, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

49. Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Kumar A, Temani P, Pareek P K. 2012.

Improvement in functional property of angora wool blended shawls. (In)

Proceedings of National conference on Future Challenges and

opportunities to improve health and production of small ruminants, held

during 22-23 December at Makhdoom, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

50. Kumar A, Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Pareek P K. 2013. Utilization of

agro forestry waste for coloration and anti moth properties for woolens.

(In) Proceedings of National conference on chemistry for Economic

Growth and Human Comforts, held during 31 August at Jaipur, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

51. Lal C, Shakyawar D B, Pareek P K, Sharma K K and Sharma M C. 2013.

Natural dye and its bonding with Pashmina fabric. (In) Proceedings of

National conference on chemistry for Economic Growth and Human

Comforts, held during 31 August at Jaipur, India

CSWRI

Avikanagar

52. Shakyawar D B, Raja A S M, Wani S A, Kadam V V and Pareek P K.

2013. Low stress mechanical properties of Pashmina shawls with reference

to Comparison of hand spun and machine spun fabric. (In) Proceedings of

international conference on Advances in fibres, finishes, technical textiles

and nonwovens, held during 1-2 October at Mumbai, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

Page | 97

53. Wani Sarfaraz and Wani Shabir. 2014. Studies on economic traits of

Changthangi pashmina goats in cold arid region of western Himalaya:

issues and policy implication. (in) Proceedings of National seminar on

sheep and goat biodiversity and breeding policies-issues and prospective

held during 21-22 Feb 2014 at Shirwal Maharashtra, India.

SKUAST-K

54. Sofi H Asif, Wani Sarfaraz Shakyawar DB, Yaqoob Ishrat, Pareek pawan

and Jalal Heena. 2014. Quality of hand spun hand woven kashmiri

pashmina shawls. (in) Proceedings of National seminar on sheep and goat

biodiversity and breeding policies-issues and prospective held during 21-

22 Feb 2014 at Shirwal Maharashtra, India.

SKUAST-K

55. A S M Raja, D B Shakyawar, Ajay Kumar, P K Pareek, 2013. Antimoth

finishing for woolens using natural dyes. (in) Proceedings of National

seminar on Prospects in improving production, marketing and value

addition of carpet wool held during Dec. 31 2013 at Bikaner, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

56. D B Shakyawar, L Ammayappan, P K Pareek and Chhagan Lal. 2014.

Extraction of natural colorants from agricultural residues and their

application on woolen fabric. (in) Proceedings of National seminar on

sheep and goat biodiversity and breeding policies-issues and prospective

held during 21-22 Feb 2014 at Shirwal Maharashtra, India.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

Manual

1 Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H. Asif and Shakyawar DB. 2010. Quality

Evaluation of Animal Fibres with Special Emphasis on Pashmina Fibre.

SKUAST-K and CSWRI Avikanagar, p. 71.

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

2 Shakyawar DB, Kumar Ajay and Raja ASM. 2011. Application of Natural

Dyes on Pashmina Shawls. CSWRI Avikanagar and SKUAST-K, p. 22

(English) 27 (Hindi).

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

SKUAST-K

3 Krofa D 2011. Training manual on Production, processing and utilization

of pashmina fibre. College of Veterinary and Animal Science, CSK

HPKVV, Palampur (HP), p. 133.

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

4 Krofa D 2011. Pashmina ki katai avam bunai (hindi) Pushtika.

Departement of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Sciences,, CSK HPKVV,

Palampur (HP), p. 29.

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

5 Mandial RK, Katoch A and Sharma A. 2011. Pashmina bakri palan ki

samanaya jankari. College of Veterinary and Animal Science, CSK

HPKVV, Palampur (HP), p. 41.

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

6 Mandial RK, Katoch A and Sharma A. 2011. Pashmina ki adhik utpadikta

avam labhpradta (Hindi)-Training pushtika. Departement of Veterinary

Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, CSK HPKVV,

Palampur (HP), p. 26.

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

Page | 98

7 Shakyawar D B, Kumar A Raja A S M, Kadam V V, Pareek P K and

Temani P. 2012. Quality Evaluation and Technologies for Pashmina

Processing & Product Development. Central Sheep and Wool Research

Institute, Avikanagar & SKUAST-K, Srinagar, p 25.

CSWRI

Avikanagar

13. Media Products Developed/Disseminated

S.

No.

CD, Bulletins, Brochures, etc. (Year wise) No. of

Copies

Distribution Responsible

Partner

VEDIOS/CDs

1. Mandial R K, Sharma A, Katoch A and Negi

M. 2010. Production of Chegu Pashmina

Goats. College of Veterinary & Animal

Science, CSKHPKVV, Palampur

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

2. Mandial R K, Sharma A, Katoch A, and Negi

M. 2010. Processing of Pashmina fibre.

College of Veterinary & Animal Science,

CSKHPKVV, Palampur.

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

3. Mandial R K, Sharma A, Katoch A and Negi

M. 2011. Production of Chegu Pashmina Goats

in Himachal Pradesh. College of Veterinary &

Animal Science, CSKHPKVV, Palampur.

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

4. Wani Sarfaraz A, Mandial RK, Sharma A,

Katoch A, Negi, M. 2011 video on

“Production, processing & utilization of

pashmina fibre in Himachal Pradesh” College

of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK

HPKV, Palampur (HP)

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

5 Wani Surfraz A, Mattoo FA, Sheikh, FD and

Sofi Asif H. 2012. Pashmina Production and

utilization before and after intervention. Sher-

e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences

and Technology of Kashmir.

SKUAST-K

6 Shakyawar D B. 2011. Dyeing of pashmina

shawl using Natural dyes. CSWRI,

Avikanagar.

300 250 CSWRI-

Avikanagar

7 Shakyawar D B. 2013. Identification of

Cashmere (Pashmina) Fibre from Processed

Textile Products by PCR-Based Technique.

CSWRI, Avikanagar

200 150 CSWRI-

Avikanagar

Page | 99

Technical Bulletin/Monograph

1 Shakyawar, DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Raja ASM,

Sofi H Asif, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and

Karim SA. 2012. Technologies for Pashmina

Fibre-Processing and Product Development.

Tech. Bull. No. 01, 46 p, CSWRI, Avikanagar

and SKUAST-K.

200 150 CSWRI,

Avikanagar

and SKUAST-

K

Brouchers/Folder/pamphlet

1. Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Raja ASM,

Kumar Ajay, Sofi H Asif, Pareek PK and

Karim SA. 2012. Application of Natural

Colours on Pashmina Shawls. CSWRI,

Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.

200 150 CSWRI,

Avikanagar

and SKUAST-

K

2. Shakyawar DB, Raja ASM, Kumar Ajay,

Pareek PK, Wani Sarfaraz A and Karim SA.

2012. Developments of Machine Spinning

Process for Pashmina Fibre Using PVA and

Nylon as Carrier Fibre. CSWRI, Avikanagar

and SKUAST-K.

200 150 CSWRI,

Avikanagar

and SKUAST-

K

3. Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB,

Mattoo FA, Yaqoob Ishrat and Malik AH.

2013. Fabrication of Table Top Paddle

Operated Charkha. SKUAST-K and CSWRI,

Avikanagar.

500 300 SKUAST-K

and CSWRI,

Avikanagar

4 Kumar Rajiv, Shakyawar DB, Pareek PK,

Prince LLL, Meena S Amar, Kumar Satish,

Raja ASM, Wani Sarfaraz A and Karim SA.

2013. PCR Based Identifictaion of Pashmina

Fibre in Sheep Wool Blends. CSWRI,

Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.

200 150 CSWRI,

Avikanagar

and SKUAST-

K

5 A training manual for scientists on

“Production, processing & utilization of

Pashmina fibre” in English

50

50

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

6 A training manual for farmers on “Pashmina ki

adhik utpadakata avam labhpradta” in Hindi

100 100 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

7 A Kisan Pushtika for farmers namely

“Pashmina Bakri-Palan Ki Samanaya Jankari”

in Hindi

25 25 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

Page | 100

8 A Pushtika for artisans namely “Pashmina Ki

Katai avam bunai” in Hindi

50 50 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

9 Mandial R K. 2011. Anaemia avam Chechak-

Pashmina Bakrion ke janleva rog (Hindi).

Extension leaflet No.1, Department of

Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary &

Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).

200 200 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

10 Mandial R K. 2011. Pashmina Bakrion ka

bimarion se bachaw (Hindi). Extension leaflet

No.2, Department of Veterinary Medicine

College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences,

CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).

200 200 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

11 Sharma Arun. 2011. Pashmina Bakrion mein

poshak tatvon ka mahtav (Hindi). College of

Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV,

Palampur (HP).

200 200 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

12 Katoch A. 2011. Bakrion mein parjave bale

parmukh rog, upchar avam roktham (Hindi).

College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences,

CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).

200 200 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

13 Sharma Ankur. 2011. Bakrion mein pai jane

bale parmukh rog, upchar avam roktham

(Hindi). College of Veterinary & Animal

Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).

200 200 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

14 Gautam S, Mane BG and Krofa D. 2011.

Pashmina utpadan, katai avam gunbatta ka

anklan (Hindi). College of Veterinary &

Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP).

200 200 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

15 Gautam S, Mandial R K, 2013. Praktik

rangon dwara Pashmina rangai (Hindi).

Extension folder No. 2, Department of Textile

& Apparel Designing, College of Home

Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur (HP). P-1-4.

200 200 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

16 Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Kumar

Ajay, Kadam VV, Pareek PK and Naqvi SMK.

2014. Development of standard norms for

different qualities of pashmina shawls.

CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.

200 150 CSWRI,

Avikanagar

and SKUAST-

K

17 Shakyawar DB, Raja ASM, Kumar Ajay, 200 150 CSWRI,

Page | 101

Kadam VV, Pareek PK, Wani Sarfaraz A, and

Sofi H Asif. 2014. Innovative technique for

anti-moth finishing of pashmina shawls.

CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.

Avikanagar

and SKUAST-

K

14. Meetings/Seminars/Trainings/Kisan Mela, etc. organized

S.

No.

Details of Meetings/Seminars/

Trainings, etc.

Duration

(From-To)

No. of

Personnel

Trained

Organizer

(Name &

Address)

1 Grazing/Feeding management and

disease control in Pashmina goats at

Kharnak leh.

(one day)

09-08-09

50 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

2 Grazing/Feeding management and

disease control in Pashmina goats at

Gaya Leh.

(one day)

09-08-09

50 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

3 Grazing/Feeding management and

disease control in Pashmina goats at

Chiktan Kargil..

(one day)

09-08-09

50 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

4 Scientific Management of Pashmina

Goat Rearing at Khawoos, Kargil.

(one day)

28-09-09

30 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

5 Scientific Management of Pashmina

Goat Rearing at Prentee Kargil.

(one day)

28-09-09

11 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

6 Scientific Management of Pashmina

Goat Rearing at Tangyar Leh.

(one day)

01-10-09

29 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

7 Scientific Management of Pashmina

Goat Rearing at Lakjung Leh

(one day)

02-10-09

31 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

8 Scientific Management of Pashmina

Goat Rearing at Turtuk Leh.

(one day)

02-10-09

31 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

9 Pashmina Goats Rearing at Kaza (2 days)

11 to

12-10-09

85 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

10 General management of livestocks at

Boodhkharbu Kargil.

(one day)

22-11-09

52 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

11 General management of livestocks at

Bhimbat Kargil.

(one day)

21-11-09

52 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

12 Prevention and control of ectoparasites

at Kharnak Leh.

(one day)

23-11-09

20 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

Page | 102

13 Grazing management at Kharnak Leh (one day)

24-11-09

20 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

14 General management of livestocks at

Shakar Kargil.

(one day)

08-12-09

56 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

15 General management of livestocks at

Chiktan Kargil.

(one day)

08-12-09

51 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

16 Quality Evaluation of Animal Fibres

with special emphasis on Pashmina

Fibre at Srinagar and Avikanagar.

(2 weeks)

4- 17 March

2010

15 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

and

Dr DB Shakyawar

CSWRI

Avikanagar

17 Pasture development & cultivation of

fesque grass for chegu goats at

Langcha

(one day)

24-04-10

10 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

18 Rearing of Chegu goats at Namgia (one day)

26-04-10

15 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

19 Importance of Soil management for

pasture development vis a vis organic

interventions at Kharnak Leh.

(one day)

25-06-2010

20 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

20 Availability and importance of

nonconventional feed resources

available in Changthangi area at

Kharnak Leh.

(one day)

25-06-2010

20 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

21 Nutritional problems in Pashmina goat

and their ameliorative measures at

Kharnak Leh.

(one day)

25-06-2010

20 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

22 Disease and disease conditions in

Pashmina goats and care for improved

health at Kharnak Leh.

(one day)

25-06-2010

20 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

23 Managemental interventions for

improving Pashmina production at

Chushule Leh.

(one day)

27-06-2010

19 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

24 Soil associated problems in

Changthang area and their

management at Chushule Leh.

(one day)

27-06-2010

19 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

Page | 103

25 Potential silvipasture development in

changthang area at Chushule Leh.

(one day)

27-06-2010

19 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

26 Importance of nutrients for fibre

development at Chushule Leh.

(one day)

27-06-2010

19 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

27 Important health problems encountered

in Pashmina goats and their prevention

at Chushule Leh.

(one day)

27-06-2010

19 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

28 Pasture management at Turtuk Leh. (one day)

04-07-2010

33 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

29 Grazing Management for Pashmina

goats at Panikhar Kargil.

(one day)

10-07-2010

23 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

30 Nutrition of Chegu goats at Salkhar (one day)

19-08-2010

42 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

31 Health care and awareness at

Hango&Hurlling

(one day)

20-08-2010

25 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

32 Health care and awareness at Kibber (one day)

23-08-2010

10 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

33 Spinning demonstration on Innovative

Charkha at Khalmulla Takiya

(One day)

04-09-2010

24 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

34 Spinning demonstration on Innovative

Charkha at Pir mohalla Khalmulla

(One day)

04-09-2010

32 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

35 Breeding management of Pashmina

Goats at Bhimhat Kargil.

(one day)

25-09-2010

10 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

36 Breeding management of Pashmina

Goats at Youljuk Kargil.

(one day)

26-09-2010

08 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

37 Breeding management of Pashmina

Goats at Panikhar kargil.

(one day)

26-09-2010

09 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

38 Breeding management of Pashmina

Goats at Khowas Kargil.

(one day)

26-09-2010

06 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

39 Preparation of Feed Block and Mineral

Blocks for Pashmina Goats at ARS

Kargil.

(one day)

27-09-2010

05 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

40 Breeding management of Pashmina

Goats at Sumdoo leh.

(one day)

27-09-2010

38 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

Page | 104

41 Preparation of Feed Block and Mineral

Blocks for Pashmina Goats at RARS,

Leh

(one day)

29-09-2010

10 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

42 Breeding management of Pashmina

Goats at Bodhkharboo Kargil.

(one day)

30-09-2010

11 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

43 Breeding management of Pashmina

Goats at Chiktan Kargil.

(one day)

30.09.2010

15 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

44 Spinning demonstration on Innovative

Charkha at Harwan theed

(One day)

30-09-2010

10 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

45 Spinning demonstration on Innovative

Charkha at Chanpora Nowshahra

(One day)

02-11-2010

10 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

46 Spinning demonstration on Innovative

Charkha at Harwan theed

(One day)

03-11-2010

05 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

47 Health Management of Pashmina

Goats at Drass Kargil.

(one day)

04-12-2010

49 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

48 Health Management of Pashmina

Goats at Chiktan Kargil.

(one day)

05-12-2010

49 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

49 Health Management of Pashmina

Goats at Boodhkharbu Kargil.

(one day)

06-12-2010

48 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

50 Spinning demonstration on Innovative

Charkha at Zoonimar

(One day)

13-12-2010

10 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

51 Health Management of Pashmina

Goats at Turtuk Leh.

(one day)

15-12-2010

34 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

52 Health Management of Pashmina

Goats at Tangyar Leh.

(one day)

16-12-2010

16 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

53 Health Management of Pashmina

Goats at Digger Leh.

(one day)

17-12-2010

20 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

54 Spinning demonstration on Innovative

Charkha at Narwara

(Four days)

24 to 27-12-

2010

10 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

55 Spinning demonstration on Innovative

Charkha at Arhoma

(One day)

03-01-2010

05 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

56 Processing of Pashmina at Sarvari

Bazar Kullu

(One day)

22-01-2011

11 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

57 Processing of Pashmina at Ghod–drod,

Kullu

(One day)

23-01-2011

10 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

Page | 105

58 Technologies for processing of

Pashmina (Weavers) at Avikanagar

(Six days)

13 to 18 Feb

2011

13 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

and

Dr DB Shakyawar

CSWRI

Avikanagar

59 Technologies for processing of

Pashmina (VAS of Kargil) at

Avikanagar

(Six days)

13 to 18 Feb

2011

05 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

and

Dr DB Shakyawar

CSWRI

Avikanagar

60 Application of Natural dyes on

Pashmina at Shuhama, Srinagar

(Three days)

10th to 12

th

March 2011

10 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

and

Dr DB Shakyawar

CSWRI

Avikanagar

61 Processing of Pashmina at Nagar Kullu (Three days)

10-03-11 to

12-03-2011

11 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

62 Processing of Pashmina at Bhunter

Hurla, Kullu

(Three days)

14-03-11 to

16-03-2011

11 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

63 Application of Natural dyes on

Pashmina at Shuhama Srinagar

(Three days)

14th to 16

th

March 2011

13 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

and

Dr DB Shakyawar

CSWRI

Avikanagar

64 Application and utility of management

information system in livestock

production at Shuhama Srinagar

(One week)

16th to 22th

March 2011

9 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

65 Weaving for Design Development

Srinagar

(Five days)

25th March to

29th March

2011

23 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

Page | 106

66 Feeding of Chegu goats at Hango (One day)

07-04-2011

17 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

67 Rearing of Chegu goats at Sumraa (One day)

08-04-2011

36 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

68 Feeding of Chegu goats at Hurlling (One day)

09-04-2011

30 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

69 Economics of Rearing of Goats at

Digger, Leh

(One day)

09-04-2011

33 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST-K

70 Shelter management of goats at

Langcha.

(One day)

10-04-2011

9 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

71 Care of newly born kids at Salkhar (One day)

11-04-2011

13 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

72 Economics of Rearing of Goats at

Turtuk Leh

(One day)

14-04-2011

31 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

73 Spinning Demonstration on Improved

charkha for spinner at Kullu

(One day)

30-05-2011

4 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

74 Hands on Training on Spinning of

Pashmina on NAIP Charkha at

Palampur.

(Seven days)

29 May to 4

June 2011

5 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

and

Dr RK Mandial

CSKHPKVV

palampur

75 Pashmina Production and Management

at Panikhar Kargil.

(One day)

29.07.2011

46 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

76 Pashmina Production and Management

at Shakar and Chiktan

(One day)

31-07-2011

50 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

77 Human Resource development for

routine farm operations for improving

Pashmina Productivity at Srinagar

(2 weeks)

01to13-08-

2011

20 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

78 Processing of Pashmina at Dhakopur

Kullu

(One day)

20-08-2011

12 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

Page | 107

79 Hands on Training on Spinning of

Pashmina on NAIP Charkha at Leh.

(Six days)

14 to 19 Sep

2011

12 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

80 Breeding Management of Pashmina

Goats at Kharnak Leh

(One day)

23-09-2011

26 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

81 Breeding Management of Pashmina

Goats at Tangyar Leh.

(One day)

28-09-2011

26 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

82 Breeding Management of Pashmina

Goats at Nubra Leh

(One day)

29-09-2011

52 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

83 Breeding Management of Pashmina

Goats at Durbok Leh

(One day)

01-10-2011

33 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

84 Breeding Management of Pashmina

Goats at Drass Kargil

(One day)

13-10-2011

31 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

85 Disease and Health Management in

Pashmina goats

(One day)

29-11-2011

27 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

86 Pashmina Goat Management at Karzok (One day)

30-11-2011

51 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

87 Management of Pashmina Goats

during Winter

(One day)

01-12-2011

25 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

88 Disease and Health Management in

Pashmina goats in kargiyam leh

(One day)

06-01-2012

43 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

89 Pashmina Production & Processing at

Palampur

(Two days)

12-03-12 to

13-03-12

6 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

90 Pashmina Production & Processing at

Palampur

(Two days)

14-03-12 to

15-03-12

7 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

91 Spinning of Pashmina on Innovative

Charkha at Srinagar

(Two days)

27 to 28 -03-

2012

20 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

92 Spinning of Pashmina on Innovative

Charkha at Srinagar

(2 days)

29 to 30 -03-

2012

27 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

93 Chegu Production in Himachal

Pradesh

(One day)

06-04-2012

15 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

94 Chegu Production in Himachal

Pradesh

(One day)

07-04-2012

18 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

Page | 108

95 Routine check up and health status of

Chegu goats atTingrit

(One day)

30-05-12

10 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

96 Health care and awareness at Nako (One day)

17-06-2012

27 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

97 Health care and awareness at Langcha (One day)

19-06-2012

10 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

98 Pashmina Hearvesting & Selection of

Bucks for Breeding at Hango

(One day)

07-07-2012

25 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

99 Pashmina Hearvesting & Selection of

Bucks for Breeding at Langcha

(One day)

08-07-2012

27 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

100 Demonstration of harvesting of

Pashmina by Combing at Hangoo, HP

(One day)

08-07-2012

15 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

101 Demonstration of harvesting of

Pashmina by Combing at Tingret HP

(One day)

08-07-2012

13 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

102 Demonstration of harvesting of

Pashmina by Combing at Darchay HP

(One day)

09-07-2012

12 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

103 Demonstration of harvesting of

Pashmina by Combing at Langchay.

(One day)

09-07-2012

20 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

104 Pasture Development for better

pashmina production at langchay

(One day)

09-07-2012

10 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

105 Pashmina Hearvesting & Selection of

Bucks for Breeding at Tingrit

(One day)

09-07-2012

14 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

106 Production of Chegu goats, Prevention

of parasitic infestation in chegu goats

and Harvesting of Pashmina at

Laughja

(One day)

10-07-2012

18 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

Page | 109

107 Two tier system of pasture

development at Hurling

(One day)

10-07-2012

22 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

108 Importance of Pashmina goats at Zara,

Karnak

(One day)

10-07-2012

50 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

109 Importance of Pashmina goats at

Samdoo

(One day)

11-07-2012

40 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

110 Hands on training on Spinning of

pashmina on Innovative Charkha.

(Four days)

8 to 11-08

2012

05 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

111 Chegu goat production in Udaipur (One day)

22-09-2012

17 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

112 Pashmina Hearvesting & Selection of

Bucks for Breeding at Tingrit,Chimrit

& Darcha

(One day)

10-10-2012

16 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

113 Pashmina Hearvesting & Selection of

Bucks for Breeding at Kibber &

Langcha

(One day)

12-10-2012

20 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

114 Health care and awareness at Sumra &

Hurling

(One day)

26-10-2012

14 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

115 Disease and Health Management of

pashmina goats at Kagiyam

(One day)

01-11-2012

47 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

116 Disease and Health Management of

pashmina goats at Digger

(One day)

03-11-2012

49 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

117 Disease and Health Management of

pashmina goats at Turtuk

(One day)

04-11-2012

31 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

118 Disease and Health Management of

pashmina goats at Miru

(One day)

06-11-2012

48 Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

119 Rearing and Production Pashmina

Chegu goats at (Hango& Nako

(One day)

15-04-2013

14 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

120 Technological Intervention in

Dehairing, Identification and

Processing of Pashmina Fibre at Leh

(One day)

19-9-2013

40 Dr DB Shakyawar

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

Page | 110

121 Technological Intervention in

Dehairing, Identification and

Processing of Pashmina Fibre at

Srinagar

(One day)

24-9-2013

40 Dr DB Shakyawar

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani, SKUAST

120 Traning on optimum use of high

altitude resources and implementing

better management practices for higher

profatibility in Pashmina farming at

Pooh

(One day)

06-11-2013

18

Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

123 Traning on optimum use of high

altitude resources and implementing

better management practices for higher

profatibility in Pashmina farming at

(Hurlling)

(One day)

08-11-2013

18

Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

124 Value edddition of Pashmina fibre at

Palampur

(Two days)

12 to

13-11-2013

14 Dr RK Mandial

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

125 PCR based technique for identification

of pashmina fibre.

(Five days)

24 to 28-03-

2014

03 Dr DB Shakyawar

CSWRI

Avikanagar and

Dr Sarfaraz A

Wani SKUAST

15. Participation in Conference/ Meetings/Trainings/ Radio talks, etc.

S.

No.

Details of

Meetings/Seminars/

Trainings/Radio talk, etc.

(Name &Address)

Duration

(From-To)

Budget

(`Rs)

Participant

(Name & Address)

A TRAININGS

1 Wool Technology with

particular emphasis on

Pashmina fibre at Wool

Research Association, Thane

25 days

(03-08-2009

to 27-08-

2009)

20,000 fee

per

participant

Dr. A.H Malik

SKUAST-K, Srinagar

2 Dr. Asif H Sofi

SKUAST-K, Srinagar

3 Miss Ishrat Yaqoob

SKUAST-K, Srinagar

4 Miss Sabia Asmat

Page | 111

SKUAST-K, Srinagar

5 Dr. Dinesh Krofa

CSK HP KVV Palampur

6 Dr. L Ammayapan

CSWRI, Avikanagar

7 Mr. Chaganlal

CSWRI, Avikanagar

8 Dr. T. Morup

SHD Leh

9 Dr. T Namgyal

SHD Leh

10 Remote sensing and GIS

Technology and its application

at NRS Hydrabad

12 weeks

(12 Jul to 25

Sep 2009)

Dr. Nayar Afaq Kirmani

SKUAST-K, Srinagar

11 Production of Animal Fibres

with emphasis on Pashmina

fibre organized by CSWRI at

Avikanagar

21 days

(15 Jan to 5

Feb 2010)

12500/

participant

Dr. Irfan Akram Baba

SKUAST-K, Srinagar

12 Dr. F. D Sheikh

SKUAST-K, Srinagar

13 Dr. H. M Khan

SKUAST-K, Srinagar

14 Dr. Mohd. Yousuf

SHD,Kashmir

15 Dr. Mohd. Sharif

SHD Leh

16 Dr. Zakir Hussain

SHD Leh

17 Dr. P.K Dogra

CSK HP KVV Palampur

18 Dr. Arun Sharma

CSK HP KVV Palampur

19 Dr. Dinesh Krofa

CSK HP KVV Palampur

20 Chhagan Lal,

CSWRI, Avikanagr

21 Remote Sensing especially

Map Making, Gross Land,

Habbit Mapping and vegetation Characterization of

Flora and Fauna at National

Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO,

Dept. of Space, Balangar Hydrabad

12 Days

(31 Jan to 11

Feb2011)

72000/- Dr. F D Sheikh

SKUAST-K, Srinagar

22 Mr. F A Shah Khan SKUAST-K, Srinagar

23 Dr. Gowher Gul

SKUAST-K, Srinagar

24 Dr. Mir Shabir SKUAST-K, Srinagar

25 Dr. Arun Sharma, ,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

Page | 112

26 Dr. Ankur Sharma,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

27 Dr. D. Krofa CSKHPKV, Palampur

28 Dr. Ajay Katoch,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

29 Dr. Mohd. Sharief SHD Leh

30 Dr. Asif Hussain

SHD Leh

31 Dr. Iftikhar Hussain SHD Kargil

32 Dr. Niyaz Ahmed Lone

SHD Kargil

33 Dr. S M Raja CSWRI, Avikanagar

34 Dr. Pawan Kumar Parek

CSWRI, Avikanaagr

35 Technology Forecasting

Methodologies organized by

Indian Agricultural Statistical

Research Institute (IASRI),

New Delhi

5 days

(13th

to 17th

July 2010)

…. Dr Asif H Sofi SKUAST-K

36 Production and utilization of

Pashmina fibre organized by

CSK HP KVV Palampur

7 Days

(1-7th Dec

2010)

7000/- per

participant

Dr. Hilal Musadiq Khan

SKUAST-K

37 Dr. Yasir Afzal

SKUAST-K

38 Dr. Gowher Gul SKUAST-K

39 Ms. Ishrat Yaqub

SKUAST-K

40 Dr. Arun Sharma, CSKHPKV, Palampur

41 Dr. B. G. Mane,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

42 Dr. Ajay Katoch, CSKHPKV, Palampur

43 Dr. Ankur Sharma,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

44 Dr. Manoj Negi, CSKHPKV, Palampur

45 Dr. L. Ammayappan, ,

CSWRI Avikanagar

46 Dr. P. K. Pareekh, CSWRI Avikanagar

Page | 113

47 Nanotechnology:

Opportunities and

Applications in Veterinary

Sciences at Electron

Microscopy and Nanoscience

Laboratory, Punjab

Agricultural University,

Ludhiana.

(6 Days)

7th to 12

th

March, 2011

Dr. Ankur Sharma,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

48 Dr. Ajay Katoch,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

49 Mr. Manoj Negi,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

50 Basic Training on Small

Animal Laparoscopy at Thane

(Mumbai)

(4 Days)

17th to 20

Aug. 2011

Out of a

total of

58,906-/-

Expenditur

e

Dr. Ankur Sharma

CSKHPKV, Palampur

51 Dr. Ajay Katoch,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

52 PCR Based Technique for

identification of Pashmina

fibre at CSWRI Avikanagar

(5 Days)

24 to 28

March 2014

Dr Masood Saleem Mir

SKUAST-K

53 Dr Asif H Sofi

SKUAST-K

54 Dr Zahid Amina Kashoo

SKUAST-K

B Seminars/Conferences

1 International Conference on

“Emerging Trends in

Production, Processing and

Utilization of Natural Fibers

(3 days)

16th -18

th April

2009

---- Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani

SKUAST-K

2 9th Agricultural Science

Congress on Technological

and Institutional innovation for

Enhancing Agricultural

income organized by

SKUAST-K at Srinagar

(3 days)

22th -24th

June 2009

….. Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani

SKUAST-K

3 Dr. Asif H. Sofi

SKUAST-K

4 Dr. M.A Kirmani

SKUAST-K

5 Dr. H. U Malik

SKUAST-K

6 Dr. A.H Malik

SKUAST-K

7 Dr. Nayar Afaq Kirmani

SKUAST-K

8 Miss Masarat Shafi

SKUAST-K

9 Miss Ishrat Yaqub

SKUAST-K

Page | 114

10 Dr. Tanveer Hussain

SKUAST-K

11 An Interactive meet on

Challenges specialty hair

Fibres (Pashmina & angora)

production and prospects of

their utilization organized by

ISSGPU at CSWRI Manili

(1 day)

13th July 2009

----- Dr. M. A. Kirmani

12 National Seminar on

Technological Innovations in

Saffron organized by

SKUAST-K

(2 days)

25-26 Nov

2009

---- Dr. P. K. Pareekh,

CSWRI Avikanagar

13 National Seminar on Stress

Management in small

Ruminants Production and

Product Processing at CSWRI

Avikanagar

(3 days)

29-31 Jan

2010

Rs 2500

per

participant

Dr. H. M Khan

SKUAST-K

14 Dr. Irfan Akram Baba

SKUAST-K

15 Dr. M A Kirmani

SKUAST-K

16 Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani

SKUAST-K

17 Dr. F.A Mattoo

SKUAST-K

18 Mr. F.A Shah Khan

SKUAST-K

19 Dr. F. D Sheikh

SKUAST-K

20 Dr. Mohd. Yousuf

SHD Kargil

21 Dr. Mohd. Sharif

SHD Leh

22 Dr. Zakir Hussain

SHD Leh

23 Dr. P.K Dogra

CSKHPKV, Palampur

24 Dr. Arun Sharma

CSKHPKV, Palampur

25 Dr. Dinesh Krofa

CSKHPKV, Palampur

26 Dr D B Shakyawar,

CSWRI Avikanagr

Page | 115

27 Dr A S M Raja,

CSWRI Avikanagr

28 Dr L Ammayappen,

CSWRI Avikanagr

29 Brain Storming Session at

CHK PH KVV Palampur

(1 day)

20th Oct 2010

---- Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani

SKUAST-K

30 Dr. F.A Mattoo

SKUAST-K

31 39th Textile Research

Symposium organized by

IIT New Delhi and Textile

Science Research Group of

Textile Machinery Society

of Japan

(3 Days)

16th – 18

th Dec

2010

Rs 3832.00 Dr. Asif H Sofi

SKUAST-K

32 National Conference on New

horizons in Animal Breeding

Technologies for accelerating

livestock Production and

Health organized by IVRI,

Bareilly

(2 days)

20 to 21 Jan

2011

Rs 3000.00 Dr. M A Kirmani

SKUAST-K

33 National Seminar on “Rural

Development: Present

Scenario and Future

Challenges” organized by

Youth for Sustainable

Development, an NGO, at

Shimla.

(2 days)

26-27 March

2011

… Dr. Ankur Sharma

34

Seminar on “Advanced

Instrumentation for

Spectroscopy and Elemental

Analysis” organized by

Metrohm India Limited in

collaboration with Analytik

Jena, Germany at Chandigarh.

(1 days)

14 July 2011

… Dr. Ankur Sharma, Asstt.

Professor, CSKHPKV,

Palampur (HP)

35 Dr. Ajay Katoch, Asstt.

Professor, CSKHPKV,

Palampur (HP)

36 Ist J&K Agricultural Science

Congress On Mountain

Agriculture in transition

challenges and ways toward

organized by SKUAST-K at

(3 days)

8th to 10

th Sep

2011

Rs 1000.00

per

participant

Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani

SKUAST-K

37 Dr. H. U Malik

SKUAST-K

38 Dr. A.H Malik

SKUAST-K

Page | 116

39 Srinagar Dr. H. M Khan

SKUAST-K

40 Dr. F. D Sheikh

SKUAST-K

41 Miss Ishrat Yaqub

SKUAST-K

42 International conference on

“Emerging Trends On Food

and Health Security In Cold

Deserts” organized by

Defence Institute of High

Altitude Research, DRDO at

Leh

(3 days)

23rd

to 25th

Sept. 2011

---- Dr. Ankur Sharma,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

43 Dr. Ajay Katoch,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

44 Mr. Manoj Negi,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

45 National Seminar on Prospect

and Retrospect of Small

Ruminants and Rabbit

Production – contribution to

Scio-economic status

organized by ISSGPU at

CSWRI Avikanagar

(3 days)

7thto9

th Dec

2011

Rs 3500.00 Dr. R.K. Mandial

CSKHPKV, Palampur

46 Mr. Manoj Negi,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

47 Dr. Asif H Sofi

SKUAST-K

48 National Conference on

Demonstration options for

improved Livelihood

security in disadvantaged

areas of India organized by

NAIP at Indra Gandhi Krishi

Vishwa Vidilaya Raipur

(2 days)

20th to 21th

Jan 2012

----- Dr. Sarfaraz A wani

SKUAST-K

49 30th annual convention of

Indian Society for Veterinary

Medicine and National

Symposium on “Animal

Health vis-à-vis Animal

Welfare with application of

Biotechnology with special

reference to North-Eastern

Region” held at College of

Veterinary Sciences & Animal

Husbandry, Central

Agricultural University,

Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram.

(3 days)

1st to 3

rd Feb.

2012

---- Dr. R.K. Mandial

CSKHPKV, Palampur

50 Dr. Ankur Sharma,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

51 Dr. Ajay Katoch,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

Page | 117

52 National Seminar on Indian

Agriculture : Present situation,

challenges, remedies and road

map” organized by Youth for

Sustainable Development

Shimla, an NGO, held at CSK

HPKV Palampur.

(2 Days)

4-5Aug, 2012

---- Dr. Ajay Katoch,

CSK HP KVV Palampur

53 Dr. Ankur Sharma

CSK HP KVV Palampur

54 Annual conference and

National Seminar on Future

Challenges and Opportunities

to Improve Health and

Production of Small

Ruminants Organized by

ISSGPU at CIRG Mukhdoom

(2 days)

22to23 Dec,

2012.

Rs 3500.00

per

participant

Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani,

SKUAST-K

55 Dr. Shabir A Wani,

SKUAST-K

56 Dr. Hilal Musadiq Khan,

SKUAST-K

57 Dr. Masood Saleem Mir,

SKUAST-K

58 Dr. FD Sheikh,

SKUAST-K

59 Dr. Asif H Sofi,

SKUAST-K

60 Dr. DB Shakyawar

CSWRI Avikanagar

61 Dr. ASM Raja

CSWRI Avikanagar

62 Dr. Vinod

CSWRI Avikanagar

63 National Symposium on

Advances in Veterinary

Medicine and its Specialities

for Augemented productivity

and Health: Issues and

strategies in farm and

campanion animals Organised

by College of Veterinary

Sciences & Animal

Husbandry, NDPCVV at

Mhow (MP)

(3 days)

9-11 Jan 2013

--- Dr. H U Malik

SKUAST-K

64 National Seminar on New

Paradigms in Livestock

Production: From Traditional

to Commercial Farming and

(3 days)

Jan 28-30,

2013.

--- Dr. Hilal Musadiq Khan,

SKUAST-K

65 Dr. Masood Saleem Mir,

SKUAST-K

Page | 118

Beyond and XXth Annual

Convention of Indian Society

of Animal Production and

Management organized by

Indian Society of Animal

Production and Management

and Livestock Production and

Management, at NDRI Karnal

66 National symposium on

emerging challenges and

opportunities in veterinary

immunology and

biotechnology for improved

animal health and production.

Held at CSKHPKV, Palampur

(HP)

(3 days)

11th to 13

th

Nov 2013

80,650 Dr. Ankur Sharma,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

67 Dr. Ajay Katoch,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

68 Mr. Manoj Negi,

CSKHPKV, Palampur

Page | 119

16. Foreign Trainings/ Visits Undertaken

S.

No

Name,

Designation and Address of

the Person

Place of

Training

Area of

Training

Time and

Duration

Total Cost

(lakhs`)

1 Dr. Sarfaraz a Wani,

Dean FVSc & AH

SKUAST-K Shuhama,

Srinagar-190006 (J&K) India

Deakin

University,

Geelong

Australia

Processing

of Pashmina

Fibre

(15 days)

24th Jan to

8th Dec

2010

2,26,185.00

2 Dr. D B Shakyawar

Head

Division of TMTC

CSWRI Avikanagar,

Jaipur India

2,15,000.00

3 Dr. R.K Mandial

Professor & Head

Division of Veterinary

Medicine, CSK HP KVV

Palampur

Texas

A & M,

University,

College

Station,

Texas

(USA)

Allele

Mining and

Identifying

Genes

responsible

for

economic

traits in

goats

(35 days)

11th Nov to

15 Dec

2013.

5,36,000.00

4 Dr. F.D Sheikh

Assistant Professor

HIMARI, Stakna Leh

5,59,252.42

Page | 120

17. Performance Indicators (from inception to completion)

S. No. Indicator Total No.

1. No. of production technologies released and/or adopted 5

2. No. of processing technologies released and/or adopted 7

3. Number of technologies/products commercialized based on NAIP research -

4. No. of new rural industries/enterprises established/ upgraded 96

5. No. of product groups for which quality grades developed and agreed -

6. Total no. of private sector organizations (including NGOs) participating in

consortium 15

7. No. of farmers involved in consortia activities 374

8. Total number of farmers‟ group developed for marketing and processing -

9. Number of patent/intellectual property protection applications filed based

on NAIP research 02

10. Number of patents/intellectual property protections granted/published

based on NAIP research -

11. Number of scientists trained overseas in the frontier areas of science 2

12. Number of scientists trained overseas in consortium-based subject areas 2

13. No. of scientists participated in conference/seminar etc. abroad

14. No. of training organized/ farmers trained Training

Farmers

124 2933

15. Success stories 25

16. Number of novel tools/protocols/methodologies developed 05

17. Publications

Articles in NAAS rated journals 14

Articles in other journals 06

Book(s) -

Book chapter(s) 03

Thesis 07

Popular article(s) (English) 01

Newspaper article(s) -

Seminar/Symposium/Conference/Workshop Proceedings 64

Technical bulletin(s) 01

Manual(s) 07

CDs/Videos 07

Popular article(s) in other language -

Folder/Leaflet/Handout 17

Report(s) -

Page | 121

18. Assets Generated

(Details to be given on equipments and works undertaken in the sub-project, costing more than ` 10,000/- in each case)

(i) Equipment/ Vehicles/ Research Facilities

S.

No.

Name of the Equipment with

Manufacturers Name, Model

and Sr. No.

Year of

Purchase

Quantity

(Nos.)

Total cost

(Lakhs)

Responsible

Partner

SKUAST-K

1 Portable Shearing Machine

Make: Heiginer, Swiss Model:

Saphir/S-12

2010 04 3,23,460.00 SKUAST-K

2 Fiber Scan (Phenom FP 3950)

(Incomplete Installation, legal

Notice issued)

2010 01 4998628.00 SKUAST-K

3 Universal Tensile Tester

(Make: Lloyd/LR-SKN)

2010 &

2011

01 16,57,305.00 SKUAST-K

4 Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometer

(Make: GBC/Model: SENSAA

Dual; S.No: 12111GBC)

2010

01 25,19,715.00

SKUAST-K

5 Fabric Fastness Tester

(Make: Q-sun;Model: XE-1-S;

S.No:10-0391-33-X1S)

2010 01 14,70,363.00 SKUAST-K

6 Mobile Feed Block Machine

(Make: IARI)

2010 02 11,40,911.00 SKUAST-K

7 Automatic Vaccinator

(Make: NASCO)

2010 15 1,86,000.00 SKUAST-K

8 Mobile training cum exhibition

unit along with accessories

(Make: Tata Motors

Chandigarh/Tata LP 1613 /42697

BSII)

2010 01 20,38,285.00 SKUAST-K

9 Water booster Kit

(Make: Premier; Model: JP-6

2010 01 39,750.00 SKUAST-K

10 Computer with accessories

(Make: HCL)

2009 05 4,93,093.00 SKUAST-K

11 Ermoscope

(Make: Radical; Model: XLR-

2011 01 506235.00 SKUAST-K

Page | 122

41T,S.No: 32640)

12 Handy cam

Make: Sony; HDR – XR100E;

S.No: 62550)

2009 01 49,150.00 SKUAST-K

13 Digital camera

(Make: Sony/ DSC – W270

S.No: 8686878 )

2009 02 1,08869.00 SKUAST-K

14 SLR Camera

(Make: Sony; Model: 823-SLR;

S.No: 5842048)

2009 02 75,600.00 SKUAST-K

15 Digital electronic hook

(Make: Citizen

Model: HA-hook)

2009 01 11,812.00 SKUAST-K

16 Electric Generator (5 KVA)

(Make:Trinity

Model: Lambordine)

2010 01 2,18,272.00 SKUAST-K

17 Soil Testing Kit

(Make: Labtronics/

Model: 59)

2009 01 29,025.00 SKUAST-K

18 Global positioning system

(Make: Garmin, USA

Model: 76 CSX)

2010 04 1,79,100.00 SKUAST-K

19 Hybridization oven standard type

(Make: labnet)

Model: Problot/L12S-2

S. No: 11005507

2010 03 4,80,263.00 SKUAST-K

20 Laminar Air flow

(Make: Narang/

Model: NSW -201)

2010 01 1,62,787.00 SKUAST-K

21 Sox Tech (Make: Velp scientific;

Model: SER 148/6

S. No: 166354)

2010 01 6,47,331.00 SKUAST-K

22 De-hairing unit

(Make: Newtex; Model: 85-C)

2010 01 13,18,964.00 SKUAST-K

23 Gel Documentation system

(Make: Syngen/

Model: 6-Box

S.No: SYDR4/2691

2010 01 8,78,116.00 SKUAST-K

Page | 123

24 Shaker cum incubator

(Make: 1 KA/KS4000 I)

2010 01 4,68,982.00 SKUAST-K

25 Alchrome electrophoresis system

& accessories

(Make: Elchrome Scientifics

Model: 2100;S.No: 1791109)

2010 01 4,98,138.00 SKUAST-K

26 Bio-freezer (–80 0C)

(Make: Ilshin/

Model: Skadi-DF8517 GL

S.No: N1J0646)

2010 01 4,39,463.00 SKUAST-K

27 Microscope (Zoom skin)

(Make: Olympus;

Model: CX21FSI

S.No: 8F11089)

2010 01 70,875.00 SKUAST-K

28 Air conditioner

(Make: LG/Model: LS-

K2662QH.ANP15DL -II)

2009 04 1,74,000.00 SKUAST-K

29 Humidifier

(Make: Bell India; Model:218)

2010 01 25,875.00 SKUAST-K

30 Cryocan

(Make: IOC ISO 9001)

2010 03 1,45,970.00 SKUAST-K

31 Drapability digital tester

(Make: Innolab)

2010 01 4,92,279.00 SKUAST-K

32 Yarn count Tester digital

(Make: Paramount

Model: FX-300GD

S.No: 15705688)

2011 01 1,40,625.00 SKUAST-K

33

Stiffness tester

(Make: Paramount

S.No: 703/10/2011)

2011 01 3,71,250.00 SKUAST-K

34 Hot air oven

(Make: Temp star/ Model: KL-

103; S.No: 845, 846 & 847))

2010 03 1,18,125.00 SKUAST-K

35 Muffle furnace

(Make: Bell India

Model: B1-250)

2010 02 55,125.00 SKUAST-K

36

Electronic Analytical balance

(Make: Sartorius

Model: BSA423S

2010 01 1,50188.00 SKUAST-K

Page | 124

S.No: 24791828)

37 Electronic Analytical balance

(Make: Schmadzu

Model: AX200

S.No: D432612879)

2010 01 65,000.00 SKUAST-K

38 Fiber Tech (set of 4)

(Make: Velp scientific

Model: F30520200

S.No: 166781)

2010 01 3,69,133.00 SKUAST-K

39 RT PCR

(Make: Qiagen

Model: Rotar Gene Q

S.No: R0513119

2014 01 16,17,514.00 SKUAST-K

40 Software based Gel Image

Analyser

(Make: Aplegen

Model: Omega Lum GCW

S.No: C1113B.2 3.1)

2014 01 12,20,897.00 SKUAST-K

41 Digital Autoclave

(Make: Neoclave

Model: JSAX-60

S.No: 131118-13

2014 01 5,22,423.00 SKUAST-K

42 Gel electrophoresis system

Make: Atto Corporation Japan

Model: AE-8135

S.No: 5110507

2014 01 2,02,500.00 SKUAST-K

43 Refrigerated Centrifuge

Make: Eppendrof

Model: 5804R

S.No: 5805CN964799

2014 01 10,70,000.00 SKUAST-K

44 Bioanalyser

Make: Eppendrof

Model: D30

S.No: 6133CJ800258

2014 01 5,50,000.00 SKUAST-K

45 Gradient Thermal Cycler

Make: Eppendrof

Model: Nexus GSX1

S.No: 6331CN505157

2014 01 2,90,000.00 SKUAST-K

Page | 125

CSWRI AVIKANAGAR

1 Fast (Fabric Assurance for simple

testing) (1 set)

Make: ITEC Innovation Ltd.

Model 205b

2011 01 2167306.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

2 Carding Machine

New Tex Mechanical Works

Ludhiyana

2010 01 535000.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

3 Combing and Gilling Machine

New Tex Mechanical Works

Ludhiyana

2011 01 545000.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

4 Computer with accessories

Make: Dell Modal desktop 78h

84b5

2010 01 51536.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

5 Laptop with accessories

Make: Dell, Model inspiron i5,

4GB, 320 GB

2010 01 37499.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

6 Air Conditioner (2 No.)

2.0 Ton carrier dracool plus solit

AC (Hitachi)

2010 02 65530.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

7 Humidifier (Mac) 2010 02 41456.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

8 Improved hand/power looms (Stol

Handloom-1, Ladies shawl

handloom-2, Gents shawl

handloom-1)

2009 04 59600.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

9 Universal testing Strength

machine; Make Instron

Model 5965

2014 01 2748900.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

10 Single yarn strength tester

Make Ametek

Model LS1-E

2014 01 1611000.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

11 Infra red colour dyeing machine

Make Texcare Industries

Ghaziabad Model 12SS-316

2014 01 175200.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

12 UV visible Spectro photometer

Systronics (India) Ltd.

Ahmedabad ; Model AU2701

2014 01 346500.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

Page | 126

13 FT-IR Spectro photometer

Make BRUKER OPTIK

Model Alpha-T

2014 01 1160775.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

14 Pill box tester

Make Prolific Engineers, Noida

2014 01 176700.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

15 Abrasion tester, dynamic loading

tester, tuft withdrawal tester

Make Prolific Engineers, Noida

2014 01 743850.00 CSWRI

Avikanagar

CSK HP KVV PALAMPUR

1 Feed Block Machine

(Prototype manufacturing scheme

division of agriculture

engineering-IARI, Pusa, New

Delhi-110012 INDIA)

(Model- Diesel engine )

2010 01 4,87400.00 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

2 Drenching gun

(National meditek B-2, DSIDC,

Industrial complex near Metro

Station, Delhi, INDIA)

(Model -Automatic )

2010 01 24,980.00 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

3 Automatic vaccinator

(National meditek B-2, DSIDC,

Industrial complex near Metro

Station, Delhi, INDIA)

(Model -Automatic )

2010 01 27,549.00 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

5 Microscopic zoom

(Olympus India Pvt. Ltd. A-3,

Sector 81, Phase II Noida, UP,

INDIA)

(Model- Olympus MSZ-TR

Trinocular )

2010 01 93,926.00 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

6 Computer with accessories

(M/S Computeck System 8-B,

HRTC, Complex, New Bus Stand,

Palampur –HP- 176061 INDIA)

(Model-HP Compact DC -7900)

2010 01 43,169.00 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

7 Digital camera

(M/S Melody House Agencies,

SC, 095, Opposite Neelam

2010 01 26,012.00 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

Page | 127

Cinema, Sector-17, Chandigarh,

INDIA)

(Model-Sony DSC –H 50)

8 Handicam

(M/S Melody House Agencies,

SC, 095, Opposite Neelam

Cinema, Sector-17, Chandigarh,

INDIA)

(Model-Sony HDR –X E 100)

2010 01 37,900.00 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

9 Electric generator

(Kiloskar Electric Co. Ltd.

P.B. No 5555, Malleswaram west

Bangalore-560055 INDIA

(Model-Kirloskar )

2010 01 1,01,250.00 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

10 Camping equipement with

accessories

(Feamat Camping Equipments, 41,

Industrial Area, P.O. Shamshi,

Kullu –HP- INDIA)

(Model-Indigenous)

2010 01 1,69,000.00 CSK HP KVV

Palampur

(ii) Works

S.

No.

Particulars of the Work,

Name and Address of Agency

Awarded the Work

Year of

Work Done

Quantity

(Nos.)

Total Cost

(Lakhs)

Responsible

Partner

1 Renovation / construction of

Pashmina Testing laboratory

2011 01 16,00000.00

SKUAST-K

Srinagar

2 Renovation of laboratory 2010 03 2,57,500.00 CSK HP KKV

Palampur 3 Electric work in NAIP

laboratory

2010 01 25,000.00

4 Renovation of research

laboratories (Testing and

chemistry lab.)

2009 02 1,99,986.00 CSWRI-

Avikanagar

5 Renovation of pashmina Goat

enclosures by replacing fencing

and angle iron at Pashmina

Goat Breeding Farm Upshi

2011 02 3,00000.00 SHD Leh

Page | 128

6 Construction of Pashmina goat

Paddocks at Pashmina Goat

Farm Khangriyal, Kargil.

2010 02 3,00000.00 SHD Kargil

(iii) Livestock

*Distributed among beneficiary farmers

S.

No.

Details of Livestock*

(Breed, etc.)

Year of

Procurement/

Production

Nos. Total Cost

(lacs)

Responsible

Partner

1 Changthangi Pashmina

goats

2009 777 21,43,424 SKUAST-K

2 Changthangi Pashmina

goats

2010 441 13,57,780

3 Chegu Pashmina Goats 2009 53 1,22,800 CSK HP KKV

Palampur 4 Chegu Pashmina Goats 2010 318 7,79,853

Page | 129

iv) Revenue Generated

S.

No.

Source of Revenue Year Total amount

(Rs)

Responsible

Partner

1 Tender document fee 2009-10 23500.00 SKUAST-K

2013-14 10000.00

Sub-Total 33500.00

2 Intrest earned 2009-10 104259.00

2010-11 7335.00

2011-12 404975.00

2012-13 24837.00

2013-14 41962.00

2014-15 39813.00

Sub-Total 623181.00

3 Sale of product (Pashmina Shawls/stols) 2010-11 14700.00

2011-12 63800.00

2012-13 65350.00

2013-14 90938.00

2014-15 10000.00

Sub-Total 244788.00

4 10% cost of livestock and Auction of Animals

2009-10 197192.00

2010-11 33242.00

2011-12 28049.00

2012-13 39737.00

Sub-Total 298220.00

5 10% cost of Charkha 2010-11 20750.00

2011-12 4250.00

Sub-Total 25000.00

6 10 % cost of loom 2010-11 6750.00

2011-12 54000.00

Sub-Total 60750.00

7 10% cost of warp 2011-12 12000.00

Sub-Total 12000.00

Page | 130

8 Sale of Pashmina fibre 2011-12 150365.00

2012-13 266250.00

2013-14 126000.00

2014-15 31600.00

Sub-Total 574215.00

9 Sale of Pashmina yarn 2011-12 12200.00

Sub-Total 12200.00

10 Dehairing charges 2011-12 200.00

Sub-Total 200.00

11 Earnings on sale of charkha 2014-15 105947.00

Sub-Total 105947.00

TOTAL (A) 1990001.00

1 Sale of Pashmina Products 2011-12 12400.00 CSWRI- Avikanagar

2012-13 52850.00

2013-14 31650.00

TOTAL (B) 96900.00

1 10% cost of livestock 2010-11 65125.00 CSK HP KVV

Palampur 2011-12 7785.00

2012-13 6580.00

Sub-Total 79490.00

2 Sale of Mannure 2011-12 1100.00

2012-13 1100.00

Sub-Total 2200.00

TOTAL (C) 81690.00

GRAND TOTAL 2168591.00

Page | 131

19. Awards and Recognitions

S.

No.

Name,

Designation,

Address of

the Person

Award/ Recognition (with Date) Institution/

Society

Facilitating

(Name &

Address)

Responsible

Partner

1. Dr. Sarfaraz A

Wani

Dean,

FVSc & AH

SKUAST-K

Srinagar

Best Paper Presentation Award for

Paper entitled “Pashmina Production

in India-Present Status and Future

Prospective during an Interactive

meet on “Challenges in Specialty

Fibres (Pashmina and Angoora)

Production and Prospects of their

Utilization” on 13th July 2009.

Central Sheep

and Wool

Research

Institute Kullu

HP /ISSGPU.

SKUAST-K

2 Dr. Sarfaraz A

Wani

Dean,

FVSc & AH

SKUAST-K

Srinagar

Best Poster Presentation Award (Ist

Prize) for Research Paper entitled

“Comparative Study on Quality of

Pashmina Yarn Spun on Traditional

and Innovative Charkha during Ist

J&K Agricultural Science and

Congress on “Mountain Agriculture

in Transition-Challenges and way-

forward between 8th -10

th Sep 2011.

SKUAST-K,

Srinagar

SKUAST-K

and CSWRI

Avikanagar

3 Dr. Ankur

Sharma

Scientist

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

Consolation prize in Poster

presentation during an International

Conference on “Emerging Trends on

Food and Health Security In Cold

Deserts” held at Leh between 23-

25Sep 2011

Defense

Institute of High

Altitude

Research,

DRDO--Leh

CSK HP KVV

Palampur

4 Dr ASM Raja

Senior Scientist

CSWRI

Avikanagar

Best published Paper Award entitled “Production and Performance of

Pure cashmere Shawl fabric using

machine Spun yarn by Nylon

Dissolution Process” The Indian Journal of Small Ruminants during

2011.

ISSGPU CSWRI

Avikanagar

5 Dr Hilal M

Khan

Associate

Professor

SKUAST-K

Best Poster Presentation Award (II

Prize) for Research Paper entitled

“Hematological Attributes of

Changthangi Goats reared Under

Pastoral System and Farm

CIRG

Mukhdoom/

ISSGPU

SKUAST-K

Page | 132

Conditions in Ladakh” during

Annual conference and National

Seminar on Future Challenges and

Opportunities to Improve Health and

Production of Small Ruminants

between Dec 22 to 23 2012.

6 Dr Hilal M

Khan

Associate

Professor

SKUAST-K

Best Poster Presentation Award (III

Prize) for Research Paper entitled

“Prevalance of Coccidial (Eimeria

Spp.) infection in Changthangi

Pashmina Goats” during Three days

National Seminar on “New

Paradigms in Livestock Production:

From Traditional to Commercial

Farming and Beyond” and XXth

Annual Convention of Indian

Society of Animal Production and

Management between Jan 28-30,

2013.

NDRI Karnal/

Indian Society

of Animal

Production and

Management

and Livestock

Production and

Management,

SKUAST-K

20. Steps Undertaken for Post NAIP Sustainability

1. As far as the expansion of Pashmina Goat Rearing area to Non-Traditional Areas is concerned, the post

project sustainability steps have already been taken which include:

Sheep Husbandry Department Kashmir has taken up the the project areas in NT areas of Leh and Kargil.

Further after getting inputs from the Development Department about the NAIP success in Kargil, Central

Wool Development Board has sanctioned another project for further expansion of pashmina goat rearing

area to NT areas of Kargil worth Rs 200.00 lacs. Hundred more units are envisaged to be established

under the CWDB project.

CWDB has also sanctioned different scheme for pashmina Development to Sheep Husbandry

Development Department Kargil worth 500.00 lacs

All India Coordinated Research project (AICRP) on pashmina has been sanctioned by the ICAR to

SKUAST-K for pashmina development in the area.

2. The steps have already been taken up for the popularization of the Innovative Charkha developed under NAIP.

These include:

Different organizations have already taken NAIP Innovative Charkha for propagation in the field viz;

Kashmir Silk Producers Cooperative Ltd Soura (50), Handloom Development Department Magermal

bagh, Srinagar (7), Numani Welfare Trust, Srinagar (8) Handloom Development Department, Ganderbal

(1), Mountain Agriculture Research and Extension Station, Gurez Gurez (80) and High Mountain and

Agricultural Research Institute Leh (50).

Page | 133

Department of Science and Technology, GOI has sanctioned another project entitled “Enhancement of

livelihood security of Pashmina spinners through popularization of innovative charkha” worth 29.84 lacs.

200 more beneficiary spinners will be covered under the project.

Two Self Help Groups of spinners (one each at Shuhama and Khalmulla) have been formed through

NGO‟s Coordination Federation of J&K. Financial assistance of Rs 10,000 each to 31 beneficiary

spinners of shuhama and Khulmula area under the DRI scheme of J&K Bank has been provided for

purchase of innovative charkha, raw material and solar light.

The mission of replacement of traditional charkha with innovative charkha stands formulated by the

NGO‟s Coordination Federation of J&K. Under the scheme, 5000 women spinners are expected to be

covered during 2014/15.

3. A component on pashmina fibre is included in consortia approach/platform on Natural fibre which is under

active consideration during XII Action plan.

4. All the technologies developed in the Project have been already taken up by the farmers and Development

Departments.

21. Possible Future Line of Work

Conservation/Development of germplasm centres.

Omics based approach for charcterisation of pashmina goats and pashmina fibre.

Development of elite pashmina buck farms.

Studying the adaptability of pashmina goats further in other non-traditional areas of Leh, Kargil, Kashmir

and HP.

Research on diagnosis and development of vaccines against CCPP and control measures.

Study on emerging disease profile of pashmina goats.

Pasture development.

Further improvisation of Handloom.

Diversified utilization of Pashmina for apparel application such as suiting/ kids/ladies knitwear in blended

form with polyester or nylon.

Page | 134

22. Personnel

Name of the Offical From – To

Research Management (CL)

Dr. M. A. Kirmani

Professor Animal Genetics & Breeding, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

28/02/2011

Dr Shafiq A Wani

Director Research, SKUAST-K

28/02/2011to

31/03/2014

Scientific (CPI, CCPI, others)

Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmad Wani

Dean, FVSc & AH, SKUAST-K,

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. M. A. Kirmani

Professor Division of Animal Genetics & Breeding, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009

to 28/02/2011

Dr. Farooq Ahmad Mattoo

Professor & Head Division of Animal Nutrition, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

06/09/2012

Dr. H.U. Malik

Professor & Head Division of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. M M Darzi

Professor & Head, Division of Veterinary Pathology, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Nazir A Ganai

Professor & Head, Division of Animal Biotechnology, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. A.H. Malik

Professor, Division of Livestock Products Technology, SKUAST-K.

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Hilal Musadiq Khan

Associate Professor & Incharge MRCSG,SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr Masood Saleem Mir

Associate Professor, Division of Veterinary Pathology, SKUAST-K,

05/11/2011 to

31/03/2014

Dr. F D Sheikh

Junior Scientist (Animal Sciences),HIMARI, SKUAST-K,

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Nayar Afaq Kirmani

Junior Scientist ,Division of Soil Science, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Mr. F. A. Shah Khan

Junior Scientist, HIMARI, SKUAST-K,

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr B K Kakati

Subject Matter Specialist, KVK Kargil, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

Dr. G Mandal

Subject Matter Specialist, KVK Kargil, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

Mrs. Sabia Asmat

Subject Matter Specialist, KVK Kargil, SKUAST-K

01/06/2009 to

Page | 135

Dr. Asif. H. Sofi

Junior Scientist , Division of Livestock Products Technology, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Nasir Hussain

Assistant Professor, SKUAST-K

28/01/2009 to

Dr Zahid Amin Kashoo

Junior Scientist, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology,

SKUAST-K

10/05/2012 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Gowher Gul

Junior Scientist, MLRI, SKUAST-K

01/07/2010 to

01/07/2011

Dr. Nazir A Bumla

Subject Matter Specialist, KVK Kargil, SKUAST-K

10/06/2013 to

31/03/2014

Dr. R. K. Mandial

Professor & Head, Division of Veterinary Medicine, CSKHPKV Palampur

27/07/2010 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Ankur Sharma, Asstt. Professor

Vet. Medicine, CSKHPKV Palampur

27/07/2010 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Ajay Katoch,

Asstt. Professor, Veterinary Medicine, CSKHPKV Palampur

27/07/2010 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Sanjeet Katoch, Dean,

COVAS, CSK HP KVV Palampur

28/01/ 2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Y. P. Thakur, Professor

Deptt. of LPM, CSKHPKV Palampur

28/01/ 2009 to

26 July 2010

Dr. P.K. Dogra, Head

Deptt. of LPM, CSKHPKV Palampur

28/01/ 2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Sapna Gautam,

Head Deptt. of Textile and Aparel Designing, COHS, CSKHPKV Palampur

28/01/ 2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. M.S Pathania,

Scientist, Deptt. of Agri. Economics. COA, CSKHPKV Palampur

28/01/ 2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Arun Sharma, Asstt. Professor

CSKHPKV Palampur (HP)

28/01/ 2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr. Ankur Sharma, Asstt. Professor

Veterinary Medicine, CSKHPKV Palampur (HP)

27/07/2010 to

31/03/2014

Dr D B Shakyawar

Principal Scientist and Head, Division of TMTC CSWRI- Avikanagar

28/01/2009 to

31/03/2014

Dr A S M Raja

Scientist, Division of TMTC CSWRI- Avikanagar

28/01/2009 to

14/06/2013

Dr L Ammappayan

Scientist, Division of TMTC CSWRI- Avikanagar

28/01/2009 to

04/01/2011

Er Ajay Kumar

Scientist, Division of TMTC CSWRI- Avikanagar

04/01/2011 to

31/03/2014

Page | 136

Er Vinod Kadam,

Scientist, Division of TMTC CSWRI- Avikanagar

15/06/2013 to

31.03.2014

Contractual

(CPI, CCPI, others)

Miss Ishrat Yaqoob

Research Associate, SKUAST-K, Srinagar

Mar 2009 to

Mar 2014

Dr Tanvir Hussain Malik

Research Associate, SKUAST-K, Srinagar

Mar 2009 to

Dec 2009

Dr. Nissar Hussain Bhat

Research Associate, SKUAST-K, Srinagar

May 2010 to

Nov 2012

Dr. Imtiyaz Mantoo

Research Associate, SKUAST-K, Srinagar

Mar 2013 to

Jun 2013

Dr. Altaf Hussain Sofi

Research Associate, SKUAST-K, Srinagar

Jul 2013 to

Mar 2014

Dr. Irfan Akram Baba

Senior Research Fellow, SKUAST-K, Srinagar

Sep 2009 to

Apr 2010

Dr. Shazia Majeed

Senior Research Fellow, SKUAST-K, Srinagar

Mar 2011 to

Jun 2011

Dr. Qusina Beigh

Senior Research Fellow, SKUAST-K, Srinagar

Sep 2011 to

Apl 2012

Dr. Sonam Dolkar

Senior Research Fellow, SKUAST-K, Srinagar

May 2012 to

Aug 2012

Dr. Pervaiz Ahmad Dar

Senior Research Fellow, SKUAST-K, Srinagar

Dec 2012 to

Mar 2014

Dr. Manoj Kumar Negi

Senior Research Fellow, CSK HP KVV Palampur

July 2009 to

Mar 2014

Dr. Chhagan Lal, Research Associate

CSWRI- Avikanagar

Mar 2009 to

Oct 2009

Dr. P K Pareek, Research Associate

CSWRI- Avikanagar

Feb 2010 to

Mar 2014

Page | 137

23. Governance, Management, Implementation and Coordination

A. Composition of the various committees (CIC, CAC, CMU, etc.)

S.No Committee

Name

Chairman

(From-To)

Members

(From-To)

1. CIC Dr. M. A. Kirmani

Professor Animal Genetics &

Breeding, SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 28 Feb 2011)

Dr Shafiq A Wani

Director Research, SKUAST-K

(28 Feb 2011 to 31st March 2014)

Dr M.A.Gora

Registrar, SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 2nd April 2011)

Dr F A Zaki

Registrar, SKUAST-K

(2nd April 2011 to 19 Feb 2014)

Mr. Mohammad Akram Dar

Comptroller SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 01 Sep 2011)

Mr. Parviz Sajad Sofi

Comptroller SKUAST-K

(01 Sep 2011 to 31st March 2014)

Dr. Farooq A Mattoo

Associate Director Research and

Head Division of Animal Nutrition

(Co-PI), SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 06 Sep 2012)

Dr. Y.P Thakur

Professor Animal Genetics &

Breeding (Co-PI-2)

CSK HP KVV, Palampur

(28 Jan 2009 to 26 July 2010)

Dr RK Mandial

Professor & Head

Division of Veterinay Medicine

(Co-PI-2) CSK HP KVV, Palampur

(26 July 2010 to 31st March 2014)

Dr. D. B. Shakyawar

Senior Scientist and Head,

Division of TMTC CSWRI-

Avikanagar (Co-PI-3)

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014).

Page | 138

Dr. Tsering Phuntsog

District Sheep Husbandry Officer,

Leh (Co-PI-4)

(28 Jan 2009 to 31 Oct 2011)

Dr P Angchuk

District Sheep Husbandry Officer,

Leh (Co-PI-4)

(01 Nov 2011 to 29 Sep 2012)

Dr. Mohammad Sharief

District Sheep Husbandry Officer,

Leh (Co-PI-4)

(30 Sep 2012 to 31st March 2014)

Dr. Sarfaraz A. Wani

CPI, SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)

2. CAC Dr. G.M. Khan

Ex. Director,

Sheep Husbandry Dept. Kashmir

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)

Mr. Abdul Aziz Mir

Retired Associate Director,

Regional Agricultural Research

Station, SKUAST-K Leh, Ladakh

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)

Mr. Abdul Hamid Punjabi

Pashmina Shawl Manufacturer and

Exporters, Srinagar

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)

Ms. Khatoon Bibi

R/o Choglamsar leh Ladakh

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)

National Co-coordinator

PCS-2, PIU, NAIP

KAB-II, Pusa New Delhi

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)

Dr. M. A. Kirmani

Professor Animal Genetics&

Breeding, SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 28th Feb 2011)

Professor Sarfaraz A. Wani

CPI, SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)

Page | 139

3. CMU Dr. M. A. Kirmani

Professor Animal Genetics &

Breeding, SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 28 Feb 2011)

Professor Sarfaraz A. Wani

CPI, SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)

Dr. M H Wani

Professor Economics, SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)

Dr. Farooq A Mattoo

Associate Director Research and

Head Division of Animal Nutrition

(Co-PI),SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 06 Sep 2012)

Dr. Y.P Thakur

Professor Animal Breeding

Genetics ( Co-PI-2) CSK HP KVV,

Palampur

(28 Jan 2009 to 26 July 2010)

Dr RK Mandial

Professor & Head

Division of Veterinay Medicine

(Co-PI-2) CSK HP KVV, Palampur

(26 July 2010 to 31st March 2014)

Dr. D. B. Shakyawar

Senior Scientist and Head,

Division of TMTC CSWRI-

Avikanagar (Co-PI-3)

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014).

Dr. Tsering Phuntsog

District Sheep Husbandry Officer,

Leh (Co-PI-4)

(28 Jan 2009 to 31 Oct 2011)

Dr P Angchuk

District Sheep Husbandry Officer,

Leh (Co-PI-4)

(01 Nov 2011 to 29 Sep 2012)

Dr. Mohammad Sharief

District Sheep Husbandry Officer,

Leh (Co-PI-4)

(30 Sep 2012 to 31st March 2014)

Page | 140

Dr M A Baba

Associate Professor, Division of

Veterinary Anatomy, SKUAST-K

(28 Jan 2009 to 31st March 2014)

Dr. Asif Hassan Sofi

Assistant Professor, Division of

Livestock Products Technology,

SKUAST-K

B. Details of Meetings organized (CIC, CAC, CMU, etc.)

S.

No.

Details of the meeting Date Place & Address

(Where meeting was organized)

1. CIC 14/03/09 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

08/01/10 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

12/02/11 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

11/09/12 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

2. CAC 13/03/09 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

20/03/10 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

16/05/11 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

13/09/12 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

3. CMU 14/03/09 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

08/01/10 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

12/02/11 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

11/09/12 SKUAST-K, Srinagar Kashmir

Page | 141

Part-III: Budget and its Utilization Overall

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE (28/01/2009 to 30/06/2014)

Sanction Letter No. F.NO 1(5)/2007-NAIP Dated January, 2009

Total Sub-project Cost: 943.034 (Original Cost)

Sanctioned/Revised Sub-project cost (if applicable) 1243.08

Date of Commencement of Sub-project 28 January 2009

Duration: From 28/01/2009 to 30/06/2014 )

Funds Received in each year

I Year: 4.3565

II Year : 550.46920

III Year : 237.06177

IV Year : 97.58952

V Year : 60.64321

VI Year : 307.87123

Total amount received : 1257.99143

Bank Interest received on fund (if any): 10.9877

Total amount refunded: 200.31989+11.72409 *=212.04398

Total expenditure : 1078.6540305

Expenditure Head-wise:

Particulars

Fund

Allocat

ed*

Expenditure Incurred

Total Exp Year 08-

09 Year 09-10 Year 10-11 Year 11-12

Year 12-

13 Year 13-14

A. Recurring Contingencies

(1) TA 46.13 0.53087 10.11947 9.45629 7.58275 5.40296 6.01528 39.10762

(2) Workshop 12.81 0.49996 1.99634 0.35079 0.9633 0.90062 1.51119 6.2222

(3) Contractual Staff 65.36 0.55867 8.83599 11.03918 13.69308 10.98813 14.26937 59.38442

(4) Operational Cost 445.47 1.5252 89.30845 106.1741188 71.11695 55.73642 67.5124325 391.3735760

Sub- Total of A (1-4) 569.77 3.1147 110.26025 127.020788 93.35608 73.02813 89.3082725 496.0878165

B. HRD Component

(5) Training 35.52 0.00 6.72538 10.10111 4.99064 1.86629 12.09903 35.78245

(6) Consultancy 0.00 0.00 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0

Sub- Total of B (5-6) 35.52 0.00 6.72538 10.10111 4.99064 1.86629 12.09903 35.78245

C. Non - Recurring

(7) Equipment 512.38 0.00 254.800794 33.74478 15.24353 0.00 124.19849 427.987594**

(8) Furniture 4.98 0.00 4.97823 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0 4.97823

(9) Work / New /

Renovation 20.82 0.00 4.45748 16.361 0.00591 0.00000 0.00047 20.82486

(10) Others / Animals

books 51.09 0.00 26.83860 23.67896 0.57272 0.00 0 51.09028

Sub- Total of C

(7-10) 589.27 0.00 291.075104 73.78474 15.82216 0.00 124.19896

504.880964

Page | 142

SUB TOTAL

(A+B+C) 1194.56 3.1147 408.060734 210.9062288 114.1688852 74.89442 225.6062625 1036.7512305

D. Institutional

Charges 48.52 0.3015 10.64978 10.74771 7.75312 4.6284 6.79783 40.87834

Sub Total

(A+B+C+D) 1243.08 3.4162 418.710514 221.6539388 121.9220052 79.52282 232.4040925 1077.6295705

E. Exp. Out of

revenue 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.02446 0.0 1.02446***

F. Grand Total

(A+B+C+D+E) 1243.08 3.4162 418.710514 221.6539388 121.9220052 80.54728 232.4040925 1078.6540305

*Refunded vide Cheque No: 05014280 dated: 02-09-2014

**This includes amount of Rs 10.92140 and 0.40436 lakhs (=11. 32576) released on account of LIC refund during the year 2010-11 and 2011-12 respectively and stands already refunded to PIU NAIP.

***An amount of Rs 1.02446 lakhs was received for supply of charkhas from different agencies and utilized for the said purpose.

Consortium Principal Investigator

Page | 143

PART-IV: DECLARATION

This is to certify that the final report of the Sub-project has been submitted in full consultation with the

consortium partners in accordance with the approved objectives and technical programme and the relevant records,

note books; materials are available for the same.

Place: Srinagar

Date:25- 08-14 Signature of Consortium Principal Investigator

Signature

Consortium Co-Principal Investigator

Signature

Consortium Co-Principal Investigator

Signature

Consortium Co-Principal Investigator

Signature of Vice Chancellor

Page | 144

Pro-forma 1

Details of Technologies Developed/ Validated/ Adopted

(Page limit: 3 pages/ technology)

Technology 1

1. Title of the Sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.

2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/Dr. F.A Mattoo/ Dr F D Sheikh (SKUAST-K) and Dr. Y P

Thakur/Dr. R K. Mandial (CSK HP KVV, Palampur)

3. Title of the Technology: Expansion of pashmina goat rearing areas to Non-Traditional Belt.

4. Information on Existing farming Systems, Practices, Productivity Levels and Income in the Target Area:

The areas of Kargil (Panikhar, Drass, Shaker, Chiktan, Khangriyal and Boodhkharbu), Leh (Digger, Tangyar,

lakjung and Turtuk) and HP (Hango, Namgia, Tingret and chimret) are not known traditionally for pashmina

goat rearing. These areas are having almost same ecological niche as that of traditional pashmina belt. As far as

the livelihood security of the people of these areas are concerned, they mostly relay on agricultural sector

besides rearing of other animals.

5. Key Intervention(s) Introduced: Introduction of pashmina goats in the non-traditional belt.

6. Results: Under the intervention, in total 720 does and 72 bucks were distributed to 76 families (in J&K by

SKUAST-K) and 119 animals to 20 families (in HP by CSK HP KVV Palampur). Each unit comprises of 9

does and 1 buck in J&K and 5 does and 1 buck in HP. The goats performed exceedingly well in their new tract

except lakjung, shakar and boodkharboo.

In Kargil, the overall survivability (%), mortality (%), kidding (%) and kid mortality (%) over last

four years (2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013) of establishment was reported as 89.73±0.40, 10.27±0.40, 85.16±0.66

and 30.52±0.54 respectively. The average body weight (kg) of new born kids, hoggets and adults under the new

environment was reported as 2.63±0.04, 20.7±0.19 and 28.87±0.12 respectively. The average pashmina yield

(gm) in Kargil ranged from 145.17±0.85 (Shaker) to 208.09±1.24 (Khangriyal)) with an overall mean of

182.33±0.30 gm.

In Leh district, the overall survivability (%), mortality (%), kidding percentage (%) and kid mortality

(%) over the period of study was reported as 85.09±0.53, 14.91±0.53, 50.58±0.80, and 26.07±0.78 respectively.

The mean kidding percentage in digger, tangyar, lakjung and turtuk improved from first year of adaption to

forth year from 4.88±1.25 to 63.16±1.32; 68.89±1.36 to 77.78±1.72; 35.71±1.95 to 46.88±1.72 and 21.95±1.30

to 45.45±1.62 respectively.

In non-traditional areas of Himachal Pradesh, among the performance studies the survivability

/Mortality study showed that out of 119 Chegu Pashmina Goats distributed in non-traditional belt, 89 (74.79%)

survived during the period with an overall survivability percentage of 74.79 (%) and mortality percentage of

25.21 (%). The Kid mortality in the non-traditional belt was reported as 24.19 (%) as compared to 29.60 (%) in

traditional area.

7. Brief Description of Technology for Release: Based on the findings, the Pashmina goats can be successfully

reared in the Non-traditional areas of Kargil, Leh and Himachal Pradesh, provided the animals are reared in

open shelter, provide feed during scarcity, health cover and proper breeding. Technology is highly feasible and

there is tremendous demand for more units from the people of the area. The success report has been conveyed

Page | 145

to Sheep Husabnadry Department who has developed plans for production of pashmina goats in these non-

traditional areas for overall improvement in pashmina production.

8. Outcome/Impact of the Technology: By introduction of pashmina goats in the new tract of production, the

beneficiary families were benefited many-fold which in turn improved their livelihood security. The benefits

are as follows:

a) Part time job for rearing of livestock to 1 person per family.

b) The income of families increased by the sale of pashmina year after year and sale of additional animals.

c) The strength of livestock units has increased from 10 to even 40 in some breeders. Hence the value of these

units has increased from 3000 to 300000 Rs.

Thus there is an increase in the income of the household by the sale of pashmina and additional animals which

in turn increased the livelihood security of the beneficiary families and also improve overall available pashmina

for the processing industry.

9. Whether findings have been published? If so give the citation and enclose copy of the publication.

Sharma A, Mandial RK, Negi M and Katoch A. 2011. Studies on survivability of chegu pashmina goats in

Himachal Pradesh. (in) international conference on emerging trends on food and health security, held

during 23-25 Sep 2011 at DIHAR-DRDO, Leh (J&K).

Wani Sarfaraz, Sheikh FD, Mattoo FA, Sofi H Asif, Kakatia BK, Ganai TAS, Kirmani MA, and Khan HM.

2012. Introduction of Pashmina Goat Rearing In Kargil District of J&K and its Impact on Improving

Livelihood Security. (in) National Conference on Demonstration Options for improved livelihood security

in disadvantaged areas of Indi held during 20-21 Jan 2012 at Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidliya, Raipur,

India.

Wani Sarfaraz A, Mattoo FA, Sheikh FD, Sofi Asif H, Khan FA; Kirmani MA, Ganai TAS, Khan HM,

Baba Irfan A, Bhat Nisar A, Malik Tanveer, Yaqoob Ishrat, Mir Masood S and Kashoo Zahid. 2012.

Pashmina Goat Rearing In Non-Traditional Area of Leh. (in) Annual conference and National Seminar on

Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and Production of Small Ruminants held during

22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

10. Any other information.

Based on the success achieved in the NAIP, another project entitled “Expansion of pashmina Goat

rearing areas to non-traditional areas of Kargil” worth Rs. 200.00 lacs has been sanctioned by Central Wool

Development Board to SKUAST-K and SHD Kargil.100 more units are envisaged to be established in the said

project.

Technology 2

1. Title of the Sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina Fiber.

2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/Dr. F.A Mattoo/ Dr F D Sheikh (SKUAST-K) and Dr. Y P

Thakur/Dr. R K. Mandial (CSK HP KVV, Palampur)

3. Title of the Technology: Breed up gradation

4. Information on Existing farming Systems, Practices, Productivity Levels and Income in the Target

Area: Traditionally, pashmina goats are being reared by nomads adapting traditional practices of breeding.

Page | 146

The selection and exchange of elite bucks was given less importance resulting in inbreeding and which in

turn leads to less fibre production.

5. Key Intervention(s) Introduced: Selection of bucks with elite Germplasm having potential of producing

up to 500 gms of pashmina and subsequent distribution and breeding. 360 elite pashmina goats (108 by

SKUAST-K and 252 by CSK HP KVV Palampur) were introduced/distributed among 121 farm families (78

and 43 families in traditional areas of Leh and HP respectively), to cover does through natural breeding.

The villages included Samad, Kharnak, Gya, Meeru, Kargyam, laga, Mugleb, Sasoma and Erath in Leh; and

Kibber, Langcha, Sumra, Hurling, Shalkar, Chango, Nako and Darcha in HP.

6. Results: By introducing the elite bucks and subsequent exchange of these among beneficiary families in the

traditional areas under NAIP, there has been a considerable reduction in the degree of inbreeding and hence

inbreeding depression among the livestock of beneficiary families, which lead to the better performance of

livestock with the beneficiaries. The overall survivability percentage of pashmina bucks in the beneficiary

villages was recorded as 88.07 in 2011; 92.71 in 2012 and 97.75 in 2013. The performance of pashmina

goats improved which can be judged by the improvement in fibre production and birth weight of kids. With

the introduction of elite bucks coupled with others interventions like feeding and health management, there

was an improvement in the pashmina production in the beneficiary villages by 40.07 (%) (165.89 in 2009 to

235.17 in 2013) within four years. The kidding percentage also showed an improvement from 2011 to 2103

with percentages of 46.63 (2011), 48.58 (2012) and 56.28 (2013). Average birth weight of kids improved

from 2.37±0.12 (2011) to 2.48±0.22 (2012) to 2.61±0.18 (2013) in traditional areas of Leh.

7. Brief Description of Technology for Release: For breeding upgradation and improvement of Pashmina

yield, the elite bucks from other traditional area need to be exchanged with local livestock to improve

productivity.

8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the Technology: The impact of technology is that the overall production

and productivity of pashmina will improve by 30-40%. This will inturn improve the livelihood of the the

farmers.

9. Whether findings have been published? If so give the citation and enclose copy of the publication.

Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA, Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Asmat

S, Malik Tanveer and Shah khan FA. 2010. Status of Pashmina goats and Changthangi Sheep over a

decade. (in) National Seminar on Stress management in small ruminants- Production and Product

processing held during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of Research on Goats, Mukhdoom, UP, India.

Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh FD, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA, Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Malik

Tanveer and Shah khan FA. 2010. Effect of sex, age and area of rearing on body conformation of

changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on Stress management in small ruminants-

Production and Product processing held during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of Research on

Goats, Mukhdoom, UP, India.

Katoch A, Sharma A and Mandial R K. 2011. Clinico-haematological and biochemical profile of chegu

pashmina goats. (in) Proceeding of seminar on rural development: Present scenario and future

challenges held during 26-27 March 2011 at Shimla (HP).

Page | 147

Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Maryiam Abha, Sofi Asif H, Amin Omer,

Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Serum Biochemistry of

Changthangi Goats Reared under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in Ladakh. (in) Annual

conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and

Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H, Maryiam Abha, Chiber

Pawanjit S, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Seroprevalence

of Brucellosis in Unvaccinated Changthangi Goat Flocks in Cold Arid Desert of Ladakh. (in) Annual

conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and

Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India..

Khan HM, Mir Masood S, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H, Maryiam Abha, Wani Basharat

A, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Haematological

Attributes of Changthangi Goats reared Under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in Ladakh. (in)

Annual conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health

and Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

10. Any other information

The sheep Husbandry department has already developed 300.00 lacs project on breed upgradation

in Leh.

Technology 3

1. Title of the Sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.

2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/Dr. F.A Mattoo/ Dr F D Sheikh (SKUAST-K) and Dr. Y P

Thakur/Dr. R K. Mandial (CSK HP KVV, Palampur)

3. Title of the Technology: Introduction of Feed Blocks and Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks

4. Information on Existing farming Systems, Practices, Productivity Levels and Income in the Target

Area: Traditionally, pashmina goats are reared by allowing them to graze on natural pastures, which is

sufficient for them during spring and summer seasons. But during harsh winter season when there is a heavy

snowfall and temperature even reaches to -40oC, there is a scarcity of fodder. Animals are being fed less

fodder and supplements, resulting in mortality both in adults and young ones, besides less fibre production as

the available energy are being used for maintaining their basic metabolic rate.

5. Key Intervention(s) Introduced: Introduction of Feed Blocks and Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks.

Technology was also demonstrated to the stake holders and two feed block machines introduced in the

operational area of Leh and Kargil by SKUAST-K.

6. Results: Complete feed blocks/urea molasses mineral blocks were introduced for feeding of the goats (both

by SKUAST-K and CSK HP KVV Palampur) in their respective operational areas during the harsh winter

months when there is less availability of fodder.

This has proved a boon for feeding pashmina goats at the time of fodder scarcity during severe winter season

resulting in reduction of mortality besides improving their performance and health status.

Page | 148

7. Brief Description of Technology for Release: Based on the findings, it has been found that to avoid

nutritional stress and to ward off its ill effects on the performance of pashmina goats during scarcity

especially during harsh winters, complete feed blocks/urea molasses mineral blocks can be very effective and

cost beneficial, especially when developed from locally available raw materials

8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the Technology: Economic viability of the technology will result in reduction

in the morbidity, leading to sustained production in terms of fibre, meat etc besides good health of the

animals.

9. Whether findings have been published? If so give the citation and enclose copy of the publication.

Technology 4

1. Title of the Sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.

2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/Dr. F.A Mattoo/ Dr F D Sheikh (SKUAST-K) and Dr. Y P

Thakur/Dr. R K. Mandial (CSK HP KVV, Palampur)

3. Title of the Technology: Introduction of shelter for pashmina goats.

4. Information on Existing farming Systems, Practices, Productivity Levels and Income in the Target

Area:

In Traditional areas, no shelter is being used by the nomads for pashmina goats except open

enclosures made of rocks during night. Keeping livestocks outdoor without proper shelter helps them to

stimulate the growth of pashmina as low temperature especially sub-zero temperature acts as a precursor for

growth of fine pashmina. Moreover, to protect the new born kids from severe cold, they are being kept in a

pit. Harsh winter conditions, when the temperature even reaches to -40oC, are taking huge tool of livestock,

both adults and kids.

In Non-traditional areas, people were keeping their livestock indoor, mostly in the ground floor of

their houses so as to protect them against extreme cold and predator attacks (common in those areas).

5. Key Intervention(s) Introduced:

In traditional areas, to prevent losses of new born kids due to harsh environment, technology for use

of thermo-chambers comprising of underground pits covered with tarpaulin has been disseminated in the area.

One hundred and fifteen families have been covered under the intervention by SKUAST-K.

Since low temperature especially sub-zero temperature acts as a precursor for growth of fine

pashmina. Hence in non-traditional areas, to have similar conditions for growth of pashmina and at the same

time protect them from predator attacks, shelter material in the form of wire rolls, angle irons, tin sheets and

UV stabilized poly-films for establishing enclosures were provided to them.

6. Results: Because of this intervention, there has been production of pashmina even up to 350 gm in non-

traditional areas of Kargil. In traditional areas, there was a gradual reduction in the kid mortality from 67.54

% in year 2009 (before the intervention) to 31.33 (%) in year 2013. The impact of the technology was

assessed by the reduction in the kid mortality percentage by 36 percent at the end of the intervention.

Reduction in percentage of kid mortality has a huge impact in a number of ways. These include increase in

number of pashmina goat population, increased pashmina production and improvement in the livelihood

security of the nomads of Changthang through better returns from the produce.

Page | 149

7. Brief Description of Technology for Release:.

In Non-Traditional areas where Pashmina goat rearing was introduced for the first time, farmers were

given wire rolls, angle irons and UV stabilized films for fabrication of sheds for keeping Pashmina goats. The

technology of the opens shelter has proven very beneficial because on one hand it provides a cold stimulus to

pashmina goats for pashmina production and on the other hand it protects them against predators. In

traditional area, to prevent losses of new born kids due to harsh environment, technology for use of thermo-

chambers comprising of underground pits covered with tarpaulin has been found successful and can be

disseminated to other farmers

8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the Technology:

Better adaption of Pashmina goat units in Non-traditional Belt and reduction of kid mortality in

Traditional Areas. By using kid shelter, reduction in percentage of kid mortality has a huge impact in a

number of ways. These include increase in number of pashmina goat population, increased pashmina

production and improvement in the livelihood security of the nomads of Changthang through better returns

from the produce.

9. Whether findings have been published? If so give the citation and enclose copy of the publication.

10. Any other information.

Based on the success achieved in the NAIP, another 100 such shelters will be established in the NT

areas of Kargil under CWDB project.

Technology 5

1. Title of the Sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.

2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/Dr. F.A Mattoo/ Dr F D Sheikh (SKUAST-K) and Dr. Y P

Thakur/Dr. R K. Mandial (CSK HP KVV, Palampur)

3. Title of the Technology: Health Management.

4. Information on Existing farming Systems, Practices, Productivity Levels and Income in the Target

Area: Pashmina goats are reared in the far flung areas of changthang region where almost no health cover is

being provided to the livestock. Moreover, the areas of pashmina goat rearing remain cutoff from rest of the

state due to non-accessibility to the area in harsh winters taking lot of tool because of number of diseases.

5. Key Intervention(s) Introduced: Intervention was done in the form of providing both preventive and

curative drugs against the diseases. Portable Dipping Tanks were also introduced in each operational

villages.

6. Results: The priority was given on the preventive treatment of all the livestock of all the adapted

beneficiary farmers in the form of vaccines against FMD, PPR and dosing against both endo and ecto

parasites. Besides that, need based medicines against respiratory, gastro-intestinal diseases etc has been

provided to the beneficiary breeders for pashmina goats through project monitoring teams visiting the areas

frequently. This has resulted in a drastic reduction in morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the intervention of

portable dipping tanks has resulted in decreases of tick and lice infestation which in turn has improved the

productivity and production of pashmina.

Page | 150

7. Brief Description of Technology for Release: Technology for control of economically important diseases

viz: FMD, foot rot, CCPP and ecto-parasites through use of safer drugs in a way feasible at farmers level

was transferred both in traditional and non-traditional belts by SKUAST-K and CSK HP KVV Palampur.

This needs to be further advocated.

8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the Technology: Reduction in the mortality rate of livestock which is

mostly because of CCPP like diseases. Furthermore, due to reduction in both endo and ecto parasites, there

is reduction in stress of animals which in turn leads to more fibre production.

9. Whether findings have been published? If so give the citation and enclose copy of the publication.

Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Ganai TAS, Mattoo FA, Kirmani MA, Baba Irfan A, Kakatai

BR, Malik Tanveer and Shah khan FA. 2010. Caprine contagious pleura-pneumonia: A major health

problem in Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on Stress management in small

ruminants- Production and Product processing held during 29-31 Jan 2010 at Central Institute of

Research on Goats, Mukhdoom, UP, India.

Katoch A, Sharma A and Mandial R K. 2011. Clinico-haematological and biochemical profile of chegu

pashmina goats. (in) Proceeding of seminar on rural development: Present scenario and future

challenges held during 26-27 March 2011 at Shimla (HP).

Wani Sarfaraz, Mir MS, Sheikh FD, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Histopathology and Gross

Pathology of Lungs in Caprine Contagious Pleuropneumonia in Pashmina goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K

Agricultural Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward

held during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Ahmad Zahoor, Khan HM and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Pediculosis in Changra

(Pashmina) goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture

in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar,

Kashmir, India.

Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Seroprevelance of Caprine Contagious

Pleuropneumonia in Pashmina goats of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on

Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at

SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

Sheikh FD, Wani Sarfaraz, Mattoo FA and Sofi H Asif. 2011. Obstructive Urolithiasis in Pashmina

Bucks of Ladakh. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on Mountain Agriculture in

Transition-Challenges and way-forward held during 8th-10

th Sep 2011 at SKUAST-K, Srinagar,

Kashmir, India.

Sharma A, Katoch A, Mandial RK and Negi M. 2012. Occurrence of anaemia in chegu pashmina goats

of Himachal Pradesh and effect of copper supplementation. (in) Proceeding of national symposium on

animal health vis-a-vis animal welfare with application of biotechnology with special reference to north

eastern region held during 1-3 Feb 2012 at CAU, Selesih, Aizawl (Mizorum).

Katoch A, Sharma A, Mandial R K and Negi M. 2012. Clinico-haematological, biochemical and

therapeutic study in parasitized chegu pashmina goats of Himachal Pradesh. (in) Proceeding of national

Page | 151

symposium on animal health vis-a-vis animal welfare with application of biotechnology with special

reference to north eastern region, held during 1-3 Feb. 2012 at CAU, Selesih, Aizawl (Mizorum).

Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Maryiam Abha, Sofi Asif H, Amin Omer,

Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Serum Biochemistry of

Changthangi Goats Reared under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in Ladakh. (in) Annual

conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and

Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H, Maryiam Abha, Chiber

Pawanjit S, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Seroprevalence

of Brucellosis in Unvaccinated Changthangi Goat Flocks in Cold Arid Desert of Ladakh. (in) Annual

conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health and

Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

Khan HM, Mir Masood S, Wani Sarfaraz A, Baba Omer K, Sofi Asif H, Maryiam Abha, Wani Basharat

A, Kirmani Nayar, Medhi D, Sheikh FD, Bhat Nisar A and Darzi MM. 2012. Haematological

Attributes of Changthangi Goats reared Under Pastoral System and Farm Conditions in Ladakh. (in)

Annual conference and National Seminar on Future Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Health

and Production of Small Ruminants held during 22-23 Dec 2012 at CIRG Mukhdoom, UP, India.

Khan HM, Mir Masood S, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Kirmani Nayar and Darzi MM. 2012.

Prevalence of Coccidial (Eimeria Spp.) infection in Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar

on New Paradigms in Livestock Production: From Traditional to Commercial Farming and Beyond and

XXth Annual Convention of Indian Society of Animal Production and Management. held during 28-30

Jan 2013 at NDRI Karnal, India.

Mir Masood S, Khan HM, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi Asif H, Kirmani Nayar and Darzi MM. 2012.

Ectoparasitic Infestation in Changthangi Pashmina Goats. (in) National Seminar on New Paradigms in

Livestock Production: From Traditional to Commercial Farming and Beyond and XXth Annual

Convention of Indian Society of Animal Production and Management. held during 28-30 Jan 2013 at

NDRI Karnal, India.

10. Any other information. Nil

Technology 6

1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.

2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani (SKUAST-K) and Dr DBShakyawar (CSWRI-Avikanagar).

3. Title of the technology: Fabrication of Innovative Charkha.

4. Information: The traditional Charkha used for spinning of hand spun pashmina is being used in the state of

J&K from long time resulting in fine yarn with good quality characteristics. The biggest disadvantages with

this traditional charkha is that it is less renumertive and leads to a lot of physical stress to the artisans

(spinners) in the form of backache, neck pain, numbness in legs as this charkha is being operated only in

sitting position.

Page | 152

5. Key Intervention: Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha were fabricated. Improvised charkha

comprises of table top, small spinning wheel spindle and foot paddle. The spinner sits on the stool and

operates the charkha with her foot. 105 improvised/innovative charkha were distributed among beneficiary

spinners in Kashmir, Ladakh and Palampur.

6. Result: The innovative charkha performed excellently with spinning loss of only 3% as against 12% in case

of traditional one. The field results have shown that innovative charkha is proving efficient in terms of time

consumed for spinning by 73.50% over traditional one besides decreasing physical drudgery. In terms of

income, there is an increase of 146.64% (Rs 1638 to Rs 4040) remuneration over traditional one for same

period of time without deteriorating the quality of yarn.

7. Brief description of technology for release: Ergonomics of innovative charkha is similar as that of

Traditional Charkha. The Traditional Charkha that normally results into lot of physical stress to the spinners

besides providing low returns were improvised through development of different types of charkhas. Out of

the four types of improvised charkha (ball bearing type, small size, paddle operated and sewing machine

model), sewing machine model proved efficient as far as reduction in physical stress and income in net

income to the artisans is concerned. The innovative charkha comprises of table top, small spinning, wheel,

spindle and foot paddle. The spinner sits on the stool and operates the charkha with her foot resulting in

reduction in physical stress to shoulders. The charkha proved efficient in reduction of physical stress which

the spinners encountered in the form of backache, numbness with the use of traditional charkha. The increase

in efficiency in relation to spinning rate and net return in terms of monthly remuneration has direct impact on

the improving livelihood of the beneficiary families. The technology has been disseminated in the field and

has been well adapted by artisans including various government and non-governmental organizations.

8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology:

8.1 Expected increase in area, production and net income:

In terms of income, on an average, there has been an increase of 146.64% (Rs 1638 to Rs 4040)

remuneration over traditional one for same period of time without deteriorating the quality of yarn.

8.2 Others: Reduction in physical stress.

9. Whether findings have been published:

Yaqoob Ishrat, Sofi Asif H, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh F D and Bumla Nazir. 2012. Pashmina shawl-A

traditional way of making in Kashmir. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 11(2: 329-333.

Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat. 2012. Comparative Study on

the Physico-mechancial quality of Pashmina Shawls made from Hand Spun and Machine spun Yarn.

Indian Journal of Fibres and Textile Research 37: 224-30.

Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB, Yaqoob Ishrat, Mattoo FA and Malik AH. 2013.

Fabrication of Innovative Charkha for pashmina spinning and its Impact Assessment. The Journal of

Textile Institute DOI:10.1080/00405000.2013.779056

Sarfaraz A Wani, Asif H Sofi, Ishrat Yaqoob and D B Shakyawar. 2011. Comparative Study on Quality

of Pashmina Yarn Spun on Traditional and Innovative Charkha (In) Abstract and Souvenir of Ist J&K

Agricultural Science and Congress on “Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-

forward” held at SKUAST-K, Srinagar on 8th -10

th Sep, pp 327.

Wani Sarfaraz, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat, Shakyawar DB and Malik AH. 2012. Enhancement of

Livelihood Security through Development and Introduction of Innovative Charkha. (in) National

Page | 153

Conference on Demonstration Options for improved livelihood security in disadvantaged areas of Indi

held during 20-21 Jan 2012 at Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidliya, Raipur, India.

Wani Sarfaraz A, Sofi H Asif, Shakyawar DB, Mattoo FA, Yaqoob Ishrat and Malik AH. 2013.

Fabrication of Table Top Paddle Operated Charkha. SKUAST-K and CSWRI, Avikanagar.

10. Any other information.

Success of the Table Top Paddle Operated charkha, can also be judged by the fact that different

organizations have taken these charkhas for propagation in the field viz; Kashmir Silk Producers

Cooperative Ltd Soura (50), Handloom Development Department Magermal bagh, Srinagar (7), Numani

Welfare Trust, Srinagar (8) Handloom Development Department, Ganderbal (1), Mountain Agriculture

Research and Extension Station, Gurez Gurez (80) and High Mountain and Agricultural Research

Institute Leh (50).

Department of Science and Technology, GOI has sanction another project entitled “Enhancement of

livelihood security of Pashmina spinners through popularization of innovative charkha” worth 29.84 lacs.

200 beneficiary spinners will be covered under the project.

Two Self Help Groups of spinners (one each at Shuhama and Khalmulla) have been formed through

NGO‟s Coordination Federation of J&K. Financial assistance of Rs Rs 10,000 each to 16 beneficiary

spinners of shuhama area under the DRI scheme of J&K Bank has been sanctioned for purchase of

innovative charkha, raw material and solar light. The MISSION REPLACEMENT OF TRADITIONAL

CHARKHAS WITH INNOVATIVE CHARKHS” stands formulated by the NGO‟s Coordination

Federation of J&K. Under the scheme, 5000 women spinners are expected to be covered during 2013/14.

Technology 7

1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.

2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani (SKUAST-K) and Dr DBShakyawar (CSWRI-Avikanagar). 3. Title of the technology: Improvisation of Traditional loom.

4. Information: Hand spun Pashmina shawls are being developed by weaving on traditional handlooms since

long time in a state of J&K. Although shawls produced are having a huge demand in both international and

national markets but the efficiency is very low.

5. Key Intervention: Fabricated improved handloom with multiple shuttle for multiple design development.

Twenty seven such improvised looms have been distributed among the beneficiary weavers in Kashmir

valley.

6. Result: Distributed to twenty weavers in the districts of Srinagar, Budgam and Ganderbal. They have been

adapted by all the beneficiary weavers as there is an increased efficiency in term of net returns which is about

28% more as compared to traditional loom besides reduction in physical stress.

7. Brief description of technology for release: Improved loom was designed with eight paddles and shuttle

type to increase efficiency and at the same time achieve multi design where as on Traditional loom only plain

type of shawls can be woven with different weaves. The technology has been well adapted by the

stakeholders.

Page | 154

8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology:

8.1 Expected increase in area, production and net income: Increased returns by about 28.02%.

8.2 Others: Reduction in physical stress.

9. Whether findings have been published:

Yaqoob Ishrat, Sofi Asif H, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh F D and Bumla Nazir. 2012. Pashmina shawl-A

traditional way of making in Kashmir. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 11(2: 329-333.

Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat. 2012. Comparative Study on

the Physico-mechancial quality of Pashmina Shawls made from Hand Spun and Machine spun Yarn.

Indian Journal of Fibres and Textile Research 37: 224-30.

10. Any other information. Nil

Technology 8

1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.

2. Name of CPI/CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani/ Dr. D.B. Shakyawar (CSWRI, Avikanagar)

3. Title of the technology: Improvisation/ modification in dehairing machine.

4. Information: Raw pashmina fibre is associated with guard hairs, dust and sand. Before putting the pashmina

for various processing stages, the removal of guard hairs is must. Traditionally, this practice of dehairing is

being done manually by women folk of state of J&K. With the advent of dehairing machine, dehairing is

done on the machine by passing the fibres through the rollers of a machine 5-7 times leading to the fibre

damage.

5. Key Intervention: Change in gear and roller speed.

6. Result: Improvisation of dehairing machine has resulted in reduction in the number of passages of pashmina

through rollers of dehairing machine from 5-7 to 3. This in turn has resulted in less damage to surface of

pashmina fibres. The improvisation has also resulted improvement in recovery of fine fibres. The recovery of

undercoat in case of NAIP fabricated dehairing machine was recorded as 40.46 (%) as against only 30 .00

(%) in case of other dehairing machines.

7. Brief description of technology for release: In the process of machine dehairing, pashmina is being passed

through the machine 5-7 times resulting in the damage to the surface of fiber leading to reduction in life of

fabric. The dehairing machine was improved by changing the gear and rolling speed which has reduced the

number of passages from 5-7 to only 3 leading to the reduction in fiber damage etc.

8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology:

Reduction in number of passages from 5 to 3 ultimately will lead to the reduction in fibre damage.

More recovery of fine fibre.

9. Whether findings have been published:

Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat and Sheikh FD. 2012. Effect of

Machine Dehairing on the Quality of Pashmina Fibre. The Indian Journal of Small Ruminants 18 (1):

118-120.

Bumla Nazir, Wani Sarfaraz, Shakyawar DB, Sofi H Asif, Yaqoob Ishrat and Sheikh FD. 2011. Effect of

Machine Dehairing on the quality of Pashmina Fibre. (in) Ist J&K Agricultural Science and Congress on

Page | 155

Mountain Agriculture in Transition-Challenges and way-forward held during 8th

-10th Sep 2011 at

SKUAST-K, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

10. Any other information. Nil

Technology 9

1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.

2. Name of CCPI: Dr. D.B. Shakyawar, CSWRI Avikanagar

3. Title of the technology: Use of PVA as carrier fibre

4. Information: Pashmina fiber cannot be spun on machine as it is highly fragile and cannot resist the

vibrations of a machine while spinning. To overcome this, the pashmina is being blended with the nylon

which gives it an extra strength. Hence it is being spun on machine by using nylon as a carrier fibre.

Disadvantage with technique is that the nylon is being removed from the yarn by dissolving in HCl resulting

in deterioration of surface qualities of fibre and in turn reduction in the life of a fabric.

5. Key Intervention: Replacement of Nylon by PVA as a carrier fibre.

6. Result: Developed the technology for Replacement of Nylon with PVA as a carrier fibre for spinning of

Pashmina on machine for development of machine spun yarn. The advantages of the technology is that PVA

can be dissolved in boiling water instead of HCl as was the case with nylon resulting in less damage to the

fabric as has been proved through SEM studies. This method of spinning is eco-friendly as well as cost

effective.

7. Brief description of technology for release: The technology of blending of Pashmina for improving

spinning efficiency was standardized by CSWRI-Avikanagar in which Nylon was replaced by Poly vinyl

Alcohol (PVA) for machine spinning of Pashmina. The biggest disadvantage with the nylon was that it can be

removed from pashmina yarn by dipping in a HCl solution which was damaging the fibre. Life of the

machine made product will improve as the carrier material (PVA) is water soluble and can be removed very

easily without chemical treatment. Technology has been well adapted by private partners.

8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology: Reduction in degree of damage to the surface of delicate

fibres which in turn will increase the life of the product.

Eco-friendly as well as cost effective

9. Whether findings have been published: Published.

Raja A S M, Shakyawar D B, Parikh P K and Sarfaraz a Wani. 2011. Production and performance of

cashmere (Pashmina) shawls by Nylon dissolution method. The Indian Small Ruminants. 17(2): 203-206.

Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Temani P and Sofi H Asif. 2013. Novel Chemical Finishing Process for

Cashmere-PVA Blended Yarn Made Cashmere Fabric. Journal of Natural Fibres. 10:381–389.

Shakyawar DB, Pareek PK, and Sofi H Asif, Kumar Pramood, Mathuria Sukhram and Prashant. 2011.

Subjective Assessment of Pashmina Blended Shawls. (in) National Seminar on Prospects and Retrospect

of Small Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security held during 7th to 9

th

Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.

Shakyawar, DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Raja ASM, Sofi H Asif, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and Karim SA. 2012.

Technologies for Pashmina Fibre-Processing and Product Development. Tech. Bull. No. 01, 46 p,

CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.

Page | 156

Shakyawar DB, Raja ASM, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK, Wani Sarfaraz A and Karim SA. 2012.

Developments of Machine Spinning Process for Pashmina Fibre Using PVA and Nylon as Carrier Fibre.

CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.

Mathurya Sukhram. 2011. „Studies on Pashmina and Blended Shawls Using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as

carrier Fibre‟. M Tech, IIT, Kanpur, p 67.

10. Any other information. Nil

Technology 10

1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.

2. Name of CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani / Dr. D.B. Shakyawar, CSWRI Avikanagar

3. Title of the Technology: Dyeing of Pashmina with vegetable sources

4. Information: The pashmina fabrics are being dyed with synthetic colouring agents besides some natural

materials.

5. Key Intervention: Dyeing of pashmina fabric with easily available organic substances viz: walnut husk,

onion peal, saffron flower petals, pomegranate rind, silver oak, myrobalan, meddar, henna, tulip and Lumb”

(Biden pilosa) .

6. Result: Study revealed that pashmina could be dyed with these organic sources with good fastness to washing

and light which are in line with BIS standards. Some of the dyes have proved to have preservative/anti-moth

activity. The technology has been disseminated to artisans through trainings and distribution of folders.

7. Brief description of technology for release: The Pashmina fibers are being dyed with the synthetic dye

materials. The synthetic dye materials are very harmful as far as environmental safeguard is concerned.

Furthermore, naturally available plant material which otherwise goes waste can be used as a form of dye.

Hence the waste material like pomegranate rind, walnut husk, saffron flower waste, onion peel etc were used

for dyeing of Pashmina which have given promising results and are in line with the BIS standards.

8. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology: Eco-friendly and cost effective dyeing.

9. Whether findings have been published: Published.

Lal Chagan, Sharama M C, Shakyawar D B, Raja A S M, Kuldeep Sharma and Pareek P K. 2011. Natural

dyes constituent from rind of punica granatum (pomegranate) and its application on Pashmina fibre.

Archieves of Applied Science Research 3 (3): 350-357.

Temani P, Shakyawar D B, Ammayappan L, Goyal V and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2011. Standardization of

dyeing condition of cochineal extract on Pashmina yarn. Journal of Textile Association, 72 (2): 96-98.

Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Nehvi FA and Sofi H Asif. 2012. Extraction of

Natural Dye from Saffron Flower waste and its Application on Pashmina Fabric. Advances in Applied

Science Research 3 (1): 156-161.

Lal Chagan, Raja A S M, Pareek P K, Shakyawar D B, Kuldeep Sharma and Mahesh C Sharma. 2011.

Natural dye constituent from husk of juglans nigra and its applications on Pashmina (Cashmere) fabrics.

Journal Natural Product Plant Resources 1 (4): 13-19.

Raja ASM, Shakwayar DB, Pareek PK and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2010. Dyeing of Pashmina shawls using

Page | 157

extracts of Saffron flower and onion peel off waste. (in) Proceedings of 39th

Textile Research Symposium

held during 16th-18

th Dec 2010 at

IIT New Delhi, India, pp. 298-301.

Ammayappan L, Shakwayar DB, Temani P, Goyal V and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2010. Standardization of

Dyeing condition and characterization of dyeing mechanism of cochineal extract of Pashmina wool. (in)

Proceedings of 39th

Textile Research Symposium held during 16th

-18th Dec 2010 at

IIT New Delhi, India,

pp. 618-622.

Raja ASM, Pareek PK, Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sarfaraz A, Nehvi FA and Sofi Asif H. 2010.

Saffron Flower Waste - A Potential Eco-friendly Dye for Pashmina. (in) National Seminar on

Technological Innovations in Saffron held during 25-26 Nov 2010 at SKUAST-K. Srinagar, Kashmir,

India.

Raja ASM, Shakyawar DB, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and Wani Sarfaraz A. 2011. Development of Eco-

friendly dyeing and Anti-moth Finishing Process for Pashmina Fabrics. (in) National Seminar on

Prospects and Retrospect of Small Ruminant and Rabbit Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic

Security held during 7th to 9

th Dec 2011 at CSWRI Avikanagar, Jaipur, India.

Shakyawar DB, Kumar Ajay and Raja ASM. 2011. Application of Natural Dyes on Pashmina Shawls.

CSWRI Avikanagar and SKUAST-K, p. 22 (English) 27 (Hindi).

Shakyawar, DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Raja ASM, Sofi H Asif, Kumar Ajay, Pareek PK and Karim SA. 2012.

Technologies for Pashmina Fibre-Processing and Product Development. Tech. Bull. No. 01, 46 p,

CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.

Shakyawar DB, Wani Sarfaraz A, Raja ASM, Kumar Ajay, Sofi H Asif, Pareek PK and Karim SA. 2012.

Application of Natural Colours on Pashmina Shawls. CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.

10. Priyanka Temani. 2010. „Study on Dyeing Properties of a Natural Dye on Pashmina‟. M Sc Thesis,

International College of Girls, Jaipur, P 100.

11. Any other information.

Extarction of Dye material form Natural sources and their application on the natural fibres ahs been

disseminated in the form of folders and CD at SKUAST-K and CSWRI- Avikanagar.

Technology 11

1. Title of the sub-project: A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of Pashmina fiber.

2. Name of CCPI: Dr. Sarfaraz A Wani / Dr. D.B. Shakyawar, CSWRI Avikanagar

3. Title of the Technology: Identification of Cashmere (Pashmina) Fibre from Processed Textile Products by

PCR-Based Technique

Information: Identification of falsification/imitation of pashmina shawls with other animal fibres viz; wool,

rabbit wool etc was not possible because of their similar chemical nature. This falsification has badly

damaged the shawl industry as imitated shawls are being sold in the market in the name of pashmina shawls.

4. Key Intervention: Standardizing a PCR based technique for identification of animal fibres.

5. Result: The falsification of pashmina shawls with wool can be detected even up to 10%. This can be used

both for export and internal market.

Page | 158

6. Brief description of technology for release: A technique to extract intact DNA from the processed

cashmere fibre by using PCR based DNA sequencing method has been standardized. By this method,

falsification/imitation of pure pashmina with wool up to 10% can be detected. Further validation to improve

its efficiency up to 1% is under process.

7. Expected Outcome/Impact of the technology: Prevention of adulteration of pashmina with wool etc

8. Whether findings have been published:

Kumar Rajiv, Shakyawar DB, Pareek PK, Prince LLL, Meena S Amar, Kumar Satish, Raja ASM, Wani

Sarfaraz A and Karim SA. 2013. PCR Based Identifictaion of Pashmina Fibre in Sheep Wool Blends.

CSWRI, Avikanagar and SKUAST-K.

9. Any other information.

The provisional applications for grant of patent has been filed vide 3400/DEL/12 dated: 5/11/12.

Page | 159

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goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 66 (4): 402-404.

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Himalayas. Indian Forester. 116 (10): 785-779.

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scenario of the country. Souvenir of national seminar on Angora rabbit wool and Cashmere production and

utilization. Sep 25-26:18-24.

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Production: Contribution to Socioeconomic Security. ISSGPU in association with Central Wool Development

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259-260.

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variable altitudes of breeding tracts in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants. 12 (1):95-98.

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36. Wani SA, Ishrat Y, Salahuddin M and Malik AH (2004). Processing and product development from

Cashmere fibres. Souvenir of national seminar on Angora rabbit wool and Cashmere production and

utilization. Sep 25-26: 174-179.

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management in cold arid region of Jammu and Kashmir. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 3 (6): 788-

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38. Yaqoob Ishrat, Sofi Asif H, Wani Sarfaraz A, Sheikh FD and Bumla Nazir A (2012). Pashmina shawl - A

traditional way of making in Kashmir. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 11(2): 329-333.

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Page | 162

Annexure

SUCCESS STORIES

1. Innovative Charkha

Under National Agricultural Innovation project subproject entitled “A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity

and Profitability of Pashmina Fibre”, the traditional charkha was improvised through development of Table Top

Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha. Ergonomics of innovative charkha is similar as that of traditional one. The

innovative charkha consist of Table Top,

small spinning wheel, spindle and foot

paddle. The spinner sits on the stool and

operates the paddle of the charkha by foot

resulting in reduction in physical stress. The

Improvised charkha (Table Top Paddle

Operated NAIP Charkha) fabricated under

NAIP has been distributed to 105 beneficiary

spinners (90 in Kashmir valley, 10 in Leh

and 5 in Himachal Pradesh). The innovative

charkha performed excellently with spinning

loss of only 3% as against 12% in case of

traditional one. The field results of

beneficiaries from Kashmir Valley has

revealed that the innovative charkha is

proving efficient in terms of time consumed

for spinning on an average by 73.50% over traditional one besides decreasing physical drudgery. In terms of income,

there is an increase of remuneration by 146.64% (from Rs 1638 to Rs 4040 per month) over traditional one for same

period of time without deteriorating the quality of yarn. Out of successful beneficiaries, the list of few beneficiary

spinners is given as under:

Page | 163

S.

No. Name of beneficiary

Income on

Traditional

Charkha

(Rs)

Income on

innovation

Charkha

(Rs)

Percent

increase

in

income

(%)

1. Shakeela W/o Ali Mohammad Malik R/o Shuhama 715.00 4112.00 475.10

2. Parveena W/o: Bashir Ahmad R/o: Khalmulla 770.00 3120.00 305.00

3. Hamida W/o: Gh. Nabi Baba R/o: Narwara 1063.00 3062.00 288.00

4. Mymoona W/o: Farooq Ah Mir R/o: Shuhama 1350.00 5160.00 282.22

5. Fahmeeda W/o: Manzoor Ahmad Dar R/o: Soura 495.00 1850.00 273.73

6. Shameema W/o: Ab. Rashid Wani R/o: Shuhama 1200.00 4250.00 254.16

7. Mudasira W/o: Ab. Rashid Bhat R/o: Soura 560.00 1845.00 229.46

8. Nayeema Farooq W/o: Farooq Ahmad R/o: Khulmulla 1040.00 3400.00 226.92

9. Naseem W/o Ali Mohd. Chopan R/o: Harwan 1450.00 4725.00 225.86

10. Afrida W/o: Iqbal Hussain Baba R/o: Narwara 2400.00 7500.00 212.50

11. Mehbooba W/o: Shakeel Ahmad Chasti R/o: Khalmulla

2125.00 6600.00 210.58

12. Hamida W/o: Mohd. Sidiq Ahnager R/o: Gojwara 1050.00 3200.00 204.76

13. Fatima W/o: Ab. Ahad Akhoon R/o: Iddgah 1740.00 5280.00 203.44

14. Atiqa W/o: Mohammad Sidiq Ahanger R/o: Gojwara 2280.00 6720.00 194.73

15. Sheema W/o: Bashir Ahmad R/o: Gojwara 520.00 1520.00 192.30

16. Saleema W/o: Gh. Ahmad dar R/o: Soura 500.00 1450.00 190.00

17. Mumtaza W/o: Mohammad Aslam R/o: Narwara 2535.00 7125.00 181.06

18. Mehjabeen W/o Sajad Ahmad Khan R/o Harwan 1740.00 4700.00 170.11

19. Mehbooba W/o: Manzoor Ah. Bhat R/o: Soura 560.00 1500.00 167.85

20. Zahida W/o: Gh. Qadir Ahangir R/o: Gojwara 2535.00 6720.00 165.08

21. Khalida W/o: Abdul Rashid R/o: Zoonimar 2700.00 4200.00 155.55

22. Shahzada W/o: Gh. Rasool Gadu R/o: Soura Anchar 875.00 2175.00 148.57

23. Kounsar Jan W/o Reyaz Ah. Lone R/o Shuhama 1820.00 4515.00 148.07

24. Ms. Anseeb D/o Ashiq Hussan Baba R/o Tangbagh

Narwara

2210.00 5460.00 147.05

25. Neolofar W/o Manzoor Ahmad R/o Soura 1960.00 4407.00 124.84

26. Hajira W/o: Bashir Ah. Dar R/o: Soura 980.00 2175.00 121.93

27. Mehbooba W/o Ghulam Qadir Gujri R/o Narwara 2478.00 5330.00 115.09

Page | 164

Table: Comparison between Traditional and Innovative Charkha.

Features/Parameters Traditional Charkha Innovative Charkha

Way of operation In a Sitting Posture On a stool/ chair with erect

posture.

Physical stresses Backache, numbness in legs,

pain in shoulders etc

No such complaints

Spinning loss (%) 12.66±1.82 3.00±1.08

Average quantity of pashmina spun per

month (g)

117.39±1.30

202.74±1.38

Average increase in spinning efficiency over traditional one (%)

-- 73.50

Average monthly income (Rs) Rs 1638.00 Rs 4040.00

Average Increase in remuneration over traditional (%)

- 146.64

Yarn Quality

Count (Nm 61.18 ±1.5 68.80±0.76

Tex (gm/Km) 17.35±0.95 14.57±0.35

No. of fibres/ cross section 68.13± 0.89 58.42± 0.69

No. of Twists /inch 10.42± 0.24 8.76± 0.21

Breaking Load (gm. wt.) 42.107±0.36 42.25±0.37

Percent Elongation (%) 4.123±0.14 4.174±0.13

Tensile Strength (N/mm2) 3824±4.51 2350±2.77

Tenacity (gm wt./ Tex) 2.53 2.35

Page | 165

2. Expansion of Pashmina goat Rearing in NT areas

Under National Agricultural Innovation Project entitled “A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and

Profitability of Pashmina Fibre”, pashmina goats were provided to the beneficiaries in the Non-Traditional Areas of

Leh and Kargil with an aim to expand the pashmina goat rearing area to other areas having almost similar ecological

niche to those of traditional areas. The beneficiaries were provided with a pashmina goat unit comprising of 9 does

and 1 buck in year 2009 at the cost of 10% of original value. Interventions in the form of shelter, feeding and health

management was provided free of cost. The units performed exceedingly well especially in Drass and Panikhar areas

of Kargil. Among various success stories, few success stories from Panikhar and Drass areas of kargil district are

depicted in below given table.

On the basis of success achieved in the established of pashmina goat units in non-traditional areas of Drass

and Panikhar, the farmers namely Mohammad Mussa R/o Panikahar and Mr Syed Abdullah Shah R/o Drass were

felicitated by Honorable Vice Chancellor, SKUAST-K Dr. Tej Partap in presence of Director Extension Education,

SKUAST-K Dr. Afifa S. Kamili with a cash award of Rs 5000.00 and 3000.00 respectively besides a certificate of

appreciation.

Page | 166

Name of the farmer with

parentage

Mohammad Mussa

S/o Ghulam

Hussain

R/o Panikhar

Syed Abdullah

Shah s/o

Syed Hussain

R/o Drass

Mohammad Ali

S/o Mohammad

Hassim R/o

Panikhar

Khatiza banu

R/o Panikhar

Mohammad

Ismail R/o

Drass

Mohammad

Hassan s/o

Mohammad ali

R/o Panikhar

Ghulam

Mohammad

S/o Hyder

R/o Drass

Source of Livelihood Labourer Agriculture

Farming

Agriculture

Farming

Agriculture

Farming

Agriculture

Farming

Agriculture

Farming

Agriculture

Farming

Initial strength of unit

provided 10 10 10 9 9 10 10

Current livestock strength

after three years (as on Dec 2013)

47 25 37 30 26 30 24

Current unit value

(Property of Farmer)

(@ 6000/= per animal)

282000.00

150000.00

222000.00 180000.00 156000.00 180000.00 144000.00

Additional

Income from

sale of

pashmina (Rs)

Ist year 2914.00 4210.00 3315.00 1649.00 2847.00 816.00 3298.00

2nd year 6450.00 8250.00 2839.00 1266.00 2992.00 2380.00 1870.00

3rd year 7310.00 9350.00 4930.00 4811.00 4250.00 2278.00 3825.00

4th year 10200.00 8000.00 6400.00 2460.00 6000.00 3600.00 4600.00

Additional income from sale

of animals 25000 (4) 66000 (14) 40000.00 (4) 65000.00(14) 40000.00(5) 40000.00(5) 40000.00(5)

Expected unit value after 5

years (after selling additional

animal from time to time) say

35 animals

210000.00

210000.00

210000.00 210000.00 210000.00 210000.00 210000.00

Expected income from sale of

extra animals/year after 5

years

15000.00 15000.00 15000.00 15000.00 15000.00 15000.00 15000.00

Expected income (Rs) per year

from sale of pashmina after 5

years

40000 -50000 40000 -50000 40000 -50000 40000 -50000 40000 -50000 40000 -50000 40000 -50000

Total Expected income (Rs)

family/year from sale of

pashmina and extra animals

after 5 years

55000-65000 55000-65000 55000-65000 55000-65000 55000-65000 55000-65000 55000-65000

Page | 167

ANNEXURE

VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

1. A flow chart of the value chain at the start of the project as given in the approved project proposal

Labour intensive

Increased Wastage

Physical drudgery

4. Traditional

Harvesting Tools

5. Lack of

Grading

Reduced

Returns

1.Pashmina

Farmers in

Ladakh/

H.P

2.Wide Genetic

variability/

Fodder Scarcity

3. Traditional

lack of Health

cover/ Traditional

Management

Low

production

-Heavy

mortality

-Static

population

6. Middle

man

5. Environmental

focus

4. Synthetic

dyesFalcification

3. Lack of

quality control/

Standards

•Labour

intensive

• increased

Wastage

• Drudgery

• Low quality

• High

production

cost

2. Processing using

Traditional Tools

Production

Sector

Processing

Sector

6. Marketing

7. Low

Returns

2. Processing using

Traditional Tools

1.Artisans in

Kashmir/ H.P

2. Processing using

Traditional Tools

3. Lack of

Rotational Health

cover/ Traditional

Management

Page | 168

2. A flow chart of the value chain now indicating the interventions made at various stages

GAP 1

Low Production

GAP 2

Low Productivity

GAP 3

Feed and fodder Scarcity

GAP 4

Lack of health coverManagement Deficits

GAP 5

Traditional processing

GAP 6

Lack of Quality control/falsification

GAP 7

Environmental concere

Expansion to NT Areas

96 units establishedExpected income 55000-65000 per year

Up gradation of Flock

Strengthening of germ plasm Centres (02)

Area specific Feed blocks.Pasture Devlopment

Kid SheltersDisease control measures

Improvisation & innovative tools

Development of standardsPCR based identification

Natural Dyes

IMPROVED HEALTHREDUCED MORTALITY/ MORTALITY

Better QualityReduced DrudgeryTime saving

Capacity BuildingQuality Product

Consumer Acceptibility

Better MarketReduced Cost of Production

Better Returns

Farmers/Artisans Benefitted.Established grounds for furthering pashmina production

Increased overall Production

Average Productivity Increased (40%)

Page | 169

3. A two-way table highlighting the interventions with outcome quantified in terms of quantity produced

and its value in rupees (please follow the saffron model sent earlier).

Sustainability Break in inbreeding

Availability of elite

germplam

NT areas identified

Availability of

pasture

Use of non-

conventional feed resources.

Dosing and

vaccination

schedule

Transfer of

technology

Impact Horizontal and

vertical expansion

of pashmina

production

Better

management

during winters

Disease

control

Reduced

losses

Increased

returns

Reduced

cost of

production

Outcome Production in NT

area

Productivity

increased

Source of elite

germplasm

Better Health Reduced

overall

mortality

Reduced kid

mortality

Reduced

drudgery

Improved

spinning

efficiency

Reduced

time of

processing

Intervention Expansion in NT

Area

Flock Up gradation

Strengthening of

Germplasm centers

Soil analysis

Pasture

development

Area specific

feed blocks

Disease

surveillance

based rotational

health cover

Portable

dipping tanks

Kid shelter

Improved

and

innovative tools

Reasons Farming in Limited

belt

Wide genetic

variability

Nutritional Scarcity

Cold desert

Lack of pasture

development

Disease profile

not known

Health cover

not rotational

Labour

intensive

Lower

efficiency of

traditional

tools

issues Low Production

and productivity

Fodder

scarcity

Morbidity/m

ortality

High cost

of

production

Page | 170

ANNEXURE

BENEFICARY LIST

1. List of Beneficiary in Non-traditional Area of Ladakh

S.no Name/Parentage of identified farmer Village/

Location

No. of

bucks

No. of

does

01 Mohammed Issa S/o. Gh. Hussain Bhimbat 1 9

02 Mohammed Ismail S/o. Gh. Mohd Bhimbat - 9

03 Mohammed Yousuf S/o. Gh. Rasool Bhimbat 1 9

04 Ghulam Rasool S/o Rustam Bhimbat - 9

05 Mehraj Din S/o. Gh. Nabi Bhimbat - 9

06 Ghulam Mohammed S/o. Hyder Shah Bhimbat 1 9

07 Haji Issa Khan S/o. Gh. Hussain Bhimbat 1 9

08 Mohammed Ali S/o. Gh. Haider Bhimbat - 9

09 Syed Abdudullah Shah S/o. Syed Hussain Shah Bhimbat 1 9

10 Mohammed Ramzan S/o. Abdul Rahman Bhimbat - 9

11 Abdul Rahman S/o. Daulat Ali Mir Bhimbat 1 9

12 Mohammed Sadiq S/o. Ghulam Hussain Panikhar 1 9

13 Mohammad Moosa S/o.Gh. Hussain Panikhar - 10

14 Mohammed Farooq S/o. Fazul-ud-Din Prantee 1 9

15 Ghulam Hussain S/o Hussain Ali Prantee - 9

16 Haji Ghulam Ali S/o. Ghulam Abbas Prantee 1 9

17 Haji Jaffar S/o Ghulam Raza Prantee - 9

18 Khatajee Bhanu W/o Mohammad Hassan Prantee 9

19 Mohammed Ali S/o. Mohammad Hashim Khawos 1 9

20 Ahmad Hussain S/o. Mohammed Mussa Khawos 9

21 Mohammad Kazim S/o Sulaiman Khawos 1 9

22 Mohammed Yousuf S/o. Abdul Razzak Khawos - 9

23 Akhoon Gh. Mehdi s/o Gh. Hussain Youljuk - 9

24 Gh. HadeeS/o Mohd Ismail Youljuk 1 9

25 Mohd Ali S/o Gh. Hussain Youljuk - 9

26 Asgar Alis/o Mohammad Tahir Youljuk - 9

27 Mohammad Hassan S/o Mohammad Ali Youljuk 1 9

28 Tashi Stogas S/o Tashi Twsaing Sheingpa Bodhkharboo 1 9

29 Skarma Tsering S/o Tsewang Rigzin Bodhkharboo - 9

30 Tsering Tundup S/o. Tsewang Paljor Changzopa Bodhkharboo 1 9

31 Tsewang Tashi S/o. Tsering Stobdan Chonakpa Bodhkharboo - 9

32 Sonam Dorjay S/o. Tsewang Dorjay Balsapa Bodhkharboo - 9

33 Tundup Dorjay S/o. Tashi Skalzong Tubehupa Bodhkharboo - 9

34 Tundup Dorjay S/o. Sonam Nandal Banlokpa Bodhkharboo 1 9

35 Sonam Wangdus S/o. Nawang Pundole Zingzospa Bodhkharboo 1 9

36 Jigmith Dorjay S/o.Tsewang Tundup Shalto Bodhkharboo 1 9

37 Mohammad Hussain s/o Gh. Mohammad Khangriyal 1 9

38 Jamila Banu w/o Mohammad Akbar Khangriyal 1 9

39 Ghulam Mohammad S/o Ghulam Haider Khangriyal 1 9

Page | 171

40 Maryam bee W/o Mohd Issa Khangriyal 1 9

41 Abdul Aziz S/o Mohammad Ishaq Khangriyal 1 9

42 Ghulam Mehdi S/o Ghulam Mohammad Shaker 1 9

43 Mohammad Mussa S/o Mohammad Hassen Shaker 1 9

44 Qamar Ali S/o Azizullah Shaker 1 9

45 Mohammad Jaffar s/o Mohammad Yaqoob Shaker - 9

46 Nissar Hussain S/o Haji Mussa Shaker - 9

47 Kacho Hussain KhanS/o Ibrahim Khan Chicktan 1 9

48 Baqir Khan S/oAli Khan Chicktan - 9

49 Mohd Ishaq S/o Ghulam Nabi Chicktan - 9

50 Mohd Hussain S/o Mohd Mussa Chicktan 1 9

51 Mohammad Amin S/o Rozi Ali Chicktan 1 9

52 Abdul Kareem Khatibipa S/o Abdullah Khatibipa Turtuk Faroul 1 9

53 Mr. Zakir Hussian S/o Ghulam Ali Mohammadpa Turtuk Faroul - 9

54 Mr. Ali Bhutoo S/o Mohammad Ali Khanpa Turtuk Faroul 1 9

55 Ms.Sultan Bi W/o Mohammad Beighpa Turtuk Faroul - 9

56 Mr.Rahmatullah S/o Ghulam Sangfropa Turtuk Faroul - 9

57 Mr. Ab.Raheem Khan S/o Mohd Ali Khan Turtuk youl 1 9

58 Mr. Gulam Mohd S/o Abdullah Bawapa Turtul youl - 9

59 Mr. Mohmmad Ali S/o Qurban Ali Monchupa Turtuk youl - 9

60 Mr.Abdul Raheem S/o Hassain Bawachupa Turtuk youl 1 9

61 Mr.Gh.Mohd S/o Rozie Mohd Morolpa Turtuk youl 1 9

62 Mr.Tundup Spalgas S/o Sonam Targis Lakjung 1 9

63 Mr.Tsering AngchokS/o Tundop Tsering Lakjung - 9

64 Mr.Stanzin Galson S/o Tsering Nurboo Lakjung 1 9

65 Mr.Sonam Stobgas S/o Tashi Stobgas Lakjung 1 9

66 Mr.Ishey Lundup S/oTundup Dorjay Lakjung - 9

67 Mr.Tashi Angchuk S/o Urgen chhotak Digger 1 9

68 Mr.Tundup Sonam S/o Skalzang Tundup Digger 1 9

69 Mr. Sonam Angchuk S/o Tsewang Rizzin Digger - 9

70 Mr. Tashi Dorjay S/o Skalzang Tundup Digger 1 9

71 Mr. Ragzin Gyaso S/o Tundup Tashi Digger - 9

72 Mr.Tsering Wanydus S/o Tashi Wangyal Tangyar 1 9

73 Mr.Sonam Angchuk S/o Phunchok Tashi Tangyar - 9

74 Mr.Tsering Angchuk S/o Tashi Angchuk Tangyar 1 9

75 Mr. Sonam Angchuk S/o Tundup Paljar Tangyar - 9

76 Mr.Tsering Nurbo S/o Thinless Dorjay Tangyar 1 9

Page | 172

2. List of Beneficiary Spinners

S No. Name D/o/ W/o Address 1. Ms. Maymuna jan Ab Hamid Mir Sanoor Kannihama

2. Shakeela Sanullah Khan New Colony Kannihama

3. Fatima Gh. Mohudin Mir Soonor Badgam

4. Aazi Ab Ahad Najar Chani Mohalla Sonoor

5. Fata Ab Gani Najar Channa Mohalla

6. Muneera Farooq Ah. Mir Shuhama Alusteng

7. Jamsheeda Mohd. Ashraf Quarshi Pir Mohalla Khalmulla

8. Gulshan Pir Firdous Ah. Shah Shuhama

9. Shameema Mushtaq Ah. Quarshi Pir Mohalla Khalmula

10. Mehbooba Shakeel Ah. Chasti Takiya Khalmula

11. Zubida Mohd, Latif Shah Takiya Khalmula

12. Jawahira Ishtaq Ah. Quarshi Pir Mohalla Khalmula

13. Mymoona Gh. Hassan Chasti Takiya Khalmula

14. Parveena Bashir Ah. Chasti Takiya Khalmula

15. Nayeema Farooq Farooq Ah. Chasti Takiya Khalmula

16. Shaheena Ashiq Hussain Chasti Takiya Khalmula

17. Shagufta Irshad Ah. Quershi Pir Mohalla Khalmullla

18. Mehbooba Mohd. Sidiq Gujri Shuhama Alusteng

19. Yasmeen Faroq Ah. Sheikh Khalmulla Alusteng

20. Saleema Farooq Ah. Rather Path pora Arhama

21. Tahira Bashir Ah. Shah Pir Mohalla Khalmullah

22. Zaiba Gh. Rasool Rather Arhama

23. Saida Ab. Majid Rather Pathpora Arhama

24. Kounser Jan Reyaz Ah. Lone Shuhama Alusteng

25. Shameema Ab. Rashid Wani Shuhama Alusteng

26. Firdousa Ali Mohd. Wani Shuhama Alusteng

27. Shakeela Ali Mohd. Malik Shuhama Alusteng

28. Misra Ab. Rehman Hajam Takiya Khalmulla Alusteng

29. Yasmeen Farooq Ah. Sheikh Khalmulla Alusteng

30. Mehbooba Gh. Qadir Gujri Tangbagh Narwara

31. Hamida Late Gh. Nabi Baba Tangbagh Narwara

32. Mumtaza Mohd. Aslam zarkoof Tangbagh Narwara

33. Ms Afrida Jan Iqbal Hussain baba Tangbagh Narwara

34. Ms Anseeb Ashiq Hussain Baba Tang bagh Narwara

35. Meema Farooq Ah. Dar Zaripora Zoonimar

36. Mymoona Mushtaq Ah. Rather Rather Bagh Zoonimar

37. Ms Lateef Mohd. Amin Rather Rather Bagh Zoonimar

38. Nighat Gh. Nabi Rather Rather bagh Zoonimar

39. Shaista Firdous Ah. Sofi Zaripora Zoonimar

40. Jawahera Gulam Geelani Rather Rather Bagh Zoonimar

41. Nighat Imtiyaz Ah. Rather Bagh Zoonimar

42. Naseema Mohd. Yousuf Rather Rather Bagh Zoonimar

43. Raziya Bashir Ah. Mir Zari pora Zoonimar

44. Fancy Mohd. Ashraf Mir Zaripora Zoonimar

45. Ms. Fatima Abdul Ahad Rather Ali Jan Road Soura

46. Ms Haseena Mohd. Shafi Rather Ali Jan road Soura

47. Gulshana Bashir Ah. Naath Vichar Naag Nowshera

Page | 173

48. Naseema Gh. Qadir Dar Shall baf Mohalla Soura

49. Arifa Muzaffar bhat Khan Mohalla Vichar naag Nowshera

50. Nabaala Late Ab. Aziz Parimoo Khan Mohalla Nowshera

51. Ruhee Muzaffar Ahmad Zargar Vichar Naag Nowshera

52. Naaza Arshad Ahmad Khan Chanapora Nowshera

53. Hilala Mohd. Syed Rather Chanapora Nowshera

54. Masooda Mohd. Shafi Rahter Chanapora Nowshear

55. Yasmeena Mohd. Altaf Rather Chanapora Nowshera

56. Yasmeema Basher Ah. Ahanger Nowshera

57. Asmat Bashir Ah. Rather Chan Mohalla Nowshera

58. Sakia Mushtaq Ah. Zarqoof Nowshera

59. Ruhee Gh. Nabi Tali Auntoo Bavan Soura

60. Neolafar Jan Manzoor Ah. Dar Anchar Soura

61. Saleema Bano Gh. Ah. Dar Soura Anchar

62. Shahzada Gh. Rasool Gadu Anchar Soura

63. Shafeeqa Habibullah Ganai Idd Gah Ganderpora

64. Tasleema Ab. Rashid najar Qazi Mohalla Theed Harwan

65. Naseema Late Ali Mohd. Chupan Qazi Mohalla Theed Harwan

66. Gulshan Abdul Ahad Ganai Qazi Mohalla Theed Harwan

67. Shameena Ali Mohd. Mir Mukhdoom Mohalla

68. Hamida Mohd. Sidiq Ahnager Gojwara Rajoiri Kadal

69. Khalida Ab. Rashid Zoonimar

70. Mehjabeen Sajad Ah. Khan Shah Mohalla Harwan

71. Jawhera Hilal Ah. Baba Zoonimar

72. Shafiqa Akthar Farooq Ah. Shalbaf Shalbaf Mohalla

73. Mubeena Tariq Ah. Khan Fatha Kadal

74. Rehana Tariq Ah.Khan Chanapora Nowshera

75. Hafeeza Banu Bashir Ah. Bhat Theed Harwan

76. Sheema Bashir Ah. Ahanger Gojwara

77. Ateeqa Ab. Qadir Ahangir Gojwara Rajori Kadal

78. Amina Khursheed Ah. Bhat Rathpora Iddgah

79. Mehbooba Bashir Ah Khan Harwan Shalimar

80. Haseena Bashir Ah. Shah Shah Mohalla

81. Mymoona Hakim Noor Mohd. Shah Rathpora Iddgah

82. 1 Gulshan Gh. Nabi Sofi Rathpora Iddgah

83. Fatima Akhoon Ab. Ahad Ahkoon Siadpora Iddgah

84. Hajira Bashir ah. Dar Soura

85. Fahmeeda Manzoor Ah. Dar Anchar Soura

86. Afrooza Late Gh. Qadir Sofi Rathpora Iddgah

87. Shahida Abbas Late Mohd. Abbas Hawal

88. Mudasir Ab. Rasheed Bhat Soura

89. Jameela Late Ab. Ahad Bhat Soura

90. Shugufta Ajaz Ah. Basti Upper Soura

91. Sonam Chondon Paljor Tundup Kharnak Leh

92. Disket Angmo Tsering Sampal Karrnak Leh

93. Sonam Chonzon Tsering Dorjay Kharnak Leh

94. Tsering Chozon Sonam Phunsok Kharnak Leh

95. Tsering Puty Urgan Chdul Kharnak Leh

96. Stanzin Chondon Tsering Cholelan Kharnak Leh

97. Sonam Lehdon Phunsok Angchuk Kharnak Leh

Page | 174

98. Padma Yangdol Targay Tashi Kharnak Leh

99. Jigmeth Lehmo Tsering Stobdon Kharnak Leh

100. Sonam Yangdol Jigmeth Yanjor Kharnak Leh

3. List of Beneficiary Weavers

S No. Name Parentage Address

1. Mr. Parvaiz Ah Wani Ali Mohd. Wani Noor bagh

2. Mr. Hayat Ah. Rather Shakeel ah. Rather Wantapora

3. Mr. Iqbal Ah. Rather Ab. Rashid Rather Chanapora Nowshera

4. Mr. Zahid Ahmad Wani Ab. Rasheed Wani Iddgah Rathpora

5. Mr. Mohd. Rafiq Dar Gh. Ah. Dar Iddagh

6. Mr. Irshad Ah. Tantray Gh. Rasool Tantary Gadura Ganderbal

7. Mr. Farooq Ah. Ganai Habibullah Ganai Ganderpora Iddgah

8. Mr. Bashir Ah. Bhat Gh. Ah. Bhat Wantpora Hawal

9. Mr. Mohd Yousuf Hajam Gh. Ah.Hajam Kanihama Budgham

10. Mr. Mushtaq Ah. Dar Gh. Qadir Dar Kanihama Budgham

11. Mr. Mohd. Amin Rather Late Gh. Ah. Rather Nowshera

12. Mr. Sajad Ah. Wani Ab Aziz Wani Waniyar Noor bagh

13. Mr. Abdul Rashid Bhat Mohd. Rajab Bhat Zoonimar

14. Mr. Ab. Hamid Bhat Gh. Ahmad Bhat Zoonimar

15. Mr. Waseem Ah Sheikh Manzoor Ah Sheikh KhulmullaGanderbal

16. Mr. Jahangir Ah. Mir Manzoor Ah. Mir Shuhama Alusteng

17. Mr Rafiq Ah. Sofi Habibullah Sofi Iddgah Rathpora

18. Mr. Manzoor Ah. Zargar Gh. Mohd Zargar Iddgah Rathpora

19. Mr. Tariq Ah Sofi Noor Mohd. Sofi Iddgah Rathpora

20. Mr. Zahid Ah Bhat Gulzar Ah Bhat Chanapora Nowshera

21. Shabir Ahmad Wani Gh Ahmad Wani Saida pora Idd Gah

22. Mohd. Aslam Wani Ali Mohd. Wani Rathpora Idd Gah

23. Rafiq Ahmad Beigh Gh. Mohd. Beigh Kathi Darwaza

24. Aijaz ah. Shah Gh. Qadir Shah Warpoova Alusteng

25. Mushtaq Ahmad Wani Bashir ahmad Wani Saida pora Iddgah

26. Ab. Hamid Najar Mohd. Yousuf Najar Alijan Road Soura

27. Ab. Ahad Baba Gh. Qadir Baba Bilal Colony Soura

4. Beneficiary Weavers to whom wrap have been provided for use on community basis

S No Name S/O Address

1. Mr. Zahid Ah Bhat Gulzar Ahmad. Bhat Chanapora Nowshera

2. Mr. Ab. Aziz Lone Gh. Mohd. Lone Tangpora Zoonimar

3. Mr. Mohd. Salim Sofi Gh. Ahmad Sofi Rathpora Iddgah

4. Mr. Naseer Ah. Dar Majid Ah. Dar Danamazar

Page | 175

5. List of Beneficery in Himachal Pradesh Sr.No. Name & Address No of Chegu

Goats distributed

1. Andui Norbu S/o Late Sh. Angrup Chopel Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil

Spiti District Lahual & Spiti (HP)

6

2. Chhering Angdui S/o Late Sh. Dorje Chewang, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima

Tehsil Spiti District Lahual & Spiti (HP)

6

3. Chhering Angrup S/o Sh. Tanzin Angrup , Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil

Spiti District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

6

4. Chhering Angdui S/o Sh. Dorje Chhewang , Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil

Spiti District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

6

5. Chhetan Angrup S/o Sh. Sonam Ringzen, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil

Spiti District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

6

6. Chhering Putit W/o Late Sh. Dorje Chopel, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil

Spiti District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

6

7. Nawang Yishey S/o Padma Angtak, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil Spiti

District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

6

8. Sonam Takpa S/o Sh. Chhetan, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil Spiti District

Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

6

9. Tashi Chhering S/o Late Sh. Angrup Thuktan, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima

Tehsil Spiti District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

5

10. Yodon Kalzang D/o Sh. Sonam Dawa, Village Langza P.O. Hikkima Tehsil Spiti

District Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

6

11. Sh. Rinchen Chhopel S/o Late Sh. Lobzang Chhopel V.P.O Kibber Tehsil Spiti ,Distt. Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

5

12. Sh. Dorje Chhering S/o Sh. Chuindui , V.P.O Kibber Tehsil Spiti Distt. Lahaul

& Spiti (HP)

5

13. Sh. Tashi Chotup S/o Late Sh. Punchok Tandup, V.P.O Kibber Tehsil Spiti

Distt. Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

5

14. Sh. Champa Chhering S/o Late Sh. Cherring Paldan, V.P.O Kibber Tehsil Spiti

Distt. Lahaul & Spiti (HP)

5

15. Sh. Cherring Ruptan S/o Sh. Chhonzor, V.P.O Kibber Tehsil Spiti ,Distt. Lahaul

& Spiti (HP)

5

16. Sh. Karam Singh S/o Sh. Chepu Ram, V.P.O Tingrit Tehsil Udaipur Distt. Lahual

& Spiti. (HP)

6

17. Sh. Tandup S/o Namgal,V.P.O Tingrit,Tehsil Udaipur Distt. Lahual & Spiti. (HP) 6

18. Sh. Hira Lal S/o Sonam Ram,V.P.O Tingrit ,Tehsil Udaipur Distt. Lahual & Spiti.

(HP)

6

19. Sh. Pushpa Ram S/o Padma Ram, V.P.O Tingrit Tehsil Udaipur Distt. Lahual &

Spiti. (HP)

6

20. Sh. Chet Ram S/o Sh. Ramand, V.P.O Chimrit Sub- Tehsil Udaipur Distt. Lahual

& Spiti. (HP)

6

21. Sh. Veer Chand S/o Sh. Rama Nand , V.P.O Chimrit, Sub -Tehsil Udaipur Distt.

Lahual & Spiti. (HP)

5

22. Sonam S/o Sh, Tagin Dorje , village Darcha ,Tehsil Kelong Distt Lahual &

Spiti. (HP)

6

23. Smt. Angmo w/o Sh. Padama , village Darcha ,Tehsil Kelong Distt Lahual & Spiti. (HP)

6

24. Tamba Ram S/o Sh. Tishi , village Darcha ,Tehsil Kelong Distt Lahual & Spiti.

(HP)

6

25. Rinchin Dorje S/o Sh. Sonam Yangdol , village Darcha, Tehsil Kelong Distt 6

Page | 176

Lahual & Spiti. (HP)

26. Tandup Namgial S/o Tanzin Angdui , village Darcha ,Tehsil Kelong Distt

Lahual & Spiti. (HP)

6

27. Karam Dass S/o Sh. Sonam Phunchok , VPO Sumra , Sub Tehsil Yanghang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP) 1702111

6

28. Panma Dorjae S/0 Sh. Thuktan, VPO Sumra , Sub Tehsil Yanghang Distt.

Kinnaur (HP) 1702111

6

29. Subash Kumar S/o Sh. Angchuk, VPO Sumra , Sub Tehsil Yanghang Distt.

Kinnaur (HP) 1702111

6

30. Rangdol S/o Sh. Rinzin, VPO Sumra , Sub Tehsil Yanghang Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

1702111

6

31. Tandup Karbo S/o Late Sh. Jigmed, VPO Sumra , Sub Tehsil Yanghang Distt.

Kinnaur (HP) 1702111

6

32. Anil Kumar S/o Sh. Chhering Tandup V.P.O Hurling Tehsil Kaza Distt. Lahaul & Spiti (HP) 172111

6

33 Sh. Mohinder Singh S/o Sh. Samphal, V.P.O Hurling Tehsil Kaza Distt. Lahaul

& Spiti (HP) 172111

6

34. Mrs. Panma Chhomo S/o Sh. Tanpa Dorje, V.P.O Hurling Tehsil Kaza Distt.

Lahaul & Spiti (HP) 172111

6

35. Sh. Rajesh kumar S/o Sh. Chhering Gatuk, V.P.O Hurling Tehsil Kaza Distt.

Lahaul & Spiti (HP) 172111

6

36. Rangdol Sh. Sh. Kalzang Dorje, V.P.O Hurling Tehsil Kaza Distt. Lahaul &

Spiti (HP) 172111

6

37. Chhering Dorje S/o Sh. Chetup Thamo , V.P.O. Shalkher Sub Tehsil Yangthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

38. Dorje Tandup S/o Sh. Chhundu Dorje, V.P.O. Shalkher Sub Tehsil Yangthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

39. Smt. Mohni Devi W/o Dharma Nand, V.P.O. Shalkher Sub Tehsil Yangthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

40. Smt. Tashi Angmo W/o Sh. Angchuk, V.P.O. Shalkher Sub Tehsil Yangthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

41. Sh. Vimal Kumar S/o Sh. Neema Ram V.P.O. Shalkher Sub Tehsil Yangthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

42. Naresh Kumar S/o Sh. Chhering Tandup , V.P.O. Chango Sub Tehsil Yangthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

43. Sh. Chhewang Tashi S/o Sh. Sanam Dandup , V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

44. Sh. Sher Singh S/o Deva Sukh, V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh Distt. Kinnaur (HP) 6

45. Sh Jaswanth Singh S/o Partap Singh , V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh Distt. Kinnaur

(HP)

6

46. Sh. Pratap Singh S/o Sh. Shama Nand, V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh Distt. Kinnaur

(HP)

6

47. Sh. Sharad Chheodup Tashi, S/o Sh. Chhewang Tashi V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

48. Sh Norbu S/o .Sh. Gobind Singh, V.P.O Namgia Tehsil Pooh Distt. Kinnaur (HP) 6

49. Sh. Chhewang Murup S/o Tobgia V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang Distt.

Kinnaur (HP)

6

50. Sh. Guru Dev S/o Sh. Ram Sukh V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang Distt.

Kinnaur (HP)

6

51. Tenzin Chhoda S/o Sh. Rangzin Chhetan V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

Page | 177

52. Sh. Ram Lal S/o Sh. Sonam Dorgia V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang Distt.

Kinnaur (HP)

6

53. Karm Singh S/o Sh. Hira Singh V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang Distt. Kinnaur

(HP)

6

54. Sh. Narinder Kumar S/o Sh. Laxmi Singh V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

55. Sh. Ringzin Dandup S/o sh. Piare Lal, V.P.O. Nako Sub Tehsil Yanthang Distt.

Kinnaur (HP)

6

56. Dorje Gyalchan S/o Sh. Konchuk Ram V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang Distt.

Kinnaur (HP)

6

57. Sh. Prithvi Singh S/o Sh. Uma Singh, V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang Distt.

Kinnaur (HP)

6

58. Sh. Chhering Lal S/o sh. Kunchuk Ram V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

59. Sh. Kunzing Namgial S/o Sh. Prithvi Singh, V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

60. Sh. Chaman Lal S/o Sh. Bhadur Chand, V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

61. Sh. Mangal Singh S/o Sh. Bhadur Chand , V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

62. Sh. Devender Nath S/o Sh. Bhadur Chand, V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang

Distt. Kinnaur (HP)

6

63. Sh. Mangal Dev S/o sh. Ganga Ram, V.P.O Hango Sub Tehsil Yangthang , Distt.

Kinnaur (HP)

6

Page | 178

Annexure

Table: Water Quality of Changthang area S.No. Mg Ca Mn Fe Cu Zn Na Ni Pb Cd K pH Ec Bio-

carbon

ate

1 2.242 11.84 0.077 0 0.095 0.86 2.765 0.002 0.428 0.00 1 8.24 0.453 18

2 2.25 11.95 0.042 0 0.095 0.816 3.161 0.099 0.261 0.00 2 8.49 0.406 11

3 2.175 11.52 0.102 0 0.095 0.799 3.062 0.041 0.261 0.00 7 8.38 0.419 11

4 2.071 9.699 0.062 0 0.095 0.802 3.027 0 0.261 0.00 3 8.44 0.312 6

5 1.783 9.93 0.057 0 0.095 0.799 1.349 0.021 0.361 0.00 6.5 7.98 0.277 10

6 2.398 9.522 0.052 0 0.095 0.802 4.012 0.119 0.428 0.00 4 8.36 0.355 6

7 2.327 10.62 0.042 0 0.095 0.801 3.906 0.216 0.461 0.00 3.5 8.14 0.366 7

8 2.193 9.93 0.047 0 0.095 0.796 3.989 0.138 0.394 0.00 6 7.78 0.299 8

9 1.487 11.67 0.037 0 0.095 0.804 3.927 0.08 0.195 0.00 2.5 8.48 0.232 8

10 0.913 11.28 0.047 0 0.095 0.797 1.319 0.138 0.295 0.00 1.5 7.94 0.107 6

11 2.21 9.965 0.047 0 0.095 0.802 0.719 0.08 0.228 0.00 6 8.42 0.383 6

12 1.385 9.965 0.042 0 0.095 0.802 2.607 0.119 0.328 0.00 4 8.24 0.187 7

13 2.184 7.165 0.042 0 0.095 0.797 3.942 0.138 0.394 0.00 6.5 8.44 0.399 5

14 0.963 7.059 0.042 0 0.095 0.799 1.588 0.196 0.228 0.00 1.5 8.12 0.152 6

15 2.293 9.681 0.047 0 0.095 0.801 1.145 0.177 0.261 0.00 2 8.58 0.291 6

16 1.457 11.58 0.042 0 0.095 0.801 0.749 0.157 0.361 0.00 2 8.16 0.246 6

17 1.364 11.58 0.037 0 0.095 0.802 3.503 0.255 0.361 0.00 4 8.46 0.337 5

18 1.134 11.35 0.042 0 0.095 0.802 3.924 0.177 0.361 0.00 4.5 8.1 0.274 5

19 0.874 5.96 0.042 0 0.095 0.802 3.834 0.196 0.394 0.00 2 7.53 0.137 4

20 1.021 5.8 0.042 0 0.095 0.799 2.005 0.216 0.361 0.00 1.5 8.34 0.309 8

21 2.28 11.17 0.042 0 0.095 0.802 0.862 0.235 0.394 0.00 8 8.36 0.446 5

22 1.658 9.628 0.037 0 0.095 0.797 4.143 0.216 0.428 0.00 3 8.02 0.178 6

23 1.469 7.254 0.042 0 0.095 0.805 3.287 0.235 361 0 9 8.52 0.288 7

24 2.69 10.46 0.037 0 0.095 0.802 1.444 0.274 0.328 0 7.5 7.84 0.313 4

25 1.231 10.18 0.042 0 0.095 0.799 4.122 0.255 0.394 0 3 8 0.226 8

Page | 179

26 1.101 1021 0.042 0 0.095 0.805 4.1158 0.216 0.295 0 2 8.28 0.348 6

27 2.13 10.66 0.042 0 0.095 0.804 4.591 0.255 0.295 0 7 8.47 0.391 6

28 1.229 86.52 0 0 0 0.03 0.517 0.332 0.095 0 1 7.72 0.236 8

29 1.483 100.7 0 0 0 0.08 0.701 0.352 0.029 0 3 8.32 0.255 4

30 1.589 85.5 0 0 0 0.069 0.73 0.371 0.129 0 3.5 8.35 0.355 8

31 1.798 102.8 0 0 0 0.028 0.05 0.313 0.062 0 1.5 8.42 0.186 10

32 2.024 109.9 0 0 0 0.066 0.858 0.39 0.095 0 2.5 8.38 0.326 3

33 1.267 77.2 0 0 0 0.04 0.979 0.332 0.062 0 1.5 8.34 0.361 4

34 2.024 99.11 0 0 0 0.051 0.927 0.332 0.029 0 2.5 7.85 0.39 6

35 1.252 74.73 0 0 0 0.06 1.012 0.352 0.095 0 1.5 8.35 0.252 7

36 1.467 78.16 0 0 0 0.098 1.012 0.468 0.062 0 2.5 8.27 0.191 4

37 2.042 108.3 0 0 0 0.098 0 0.41 0.062 0 0.5 8.22 0.226 6

38 1.977 105.1 0 0 0 0.056 0.065 0.41 0.029 0 3 8.32 0.379 4

39 1.126 48.21 0 0 0 0.054 0 0.39 0.029 0 1 8.3 0.304 6

40 2.008 73.13 0 0 0 0.05 0.073 0.371 0.092 0 2 8.43 0.183 4

41 0.718 61.98 0 0 0 0.05 0 0.41 0.092 0 1 8.34 0.265 6

42 1.95 81.43 0 0 0 0.051 0 0.39 0.095 0 0.5 7.93 0.203 4

43 1.054 41.95 0 0 0 0.021 0.052 0.429 0.029 0 0.5 8.24 0.166 6

44 1.863 48.75 0 0 0 0.032 0 0.41 0.029 0 1 8.4 0.203 8

45 1.998 84.96 0 0 0 0.045 0 0.41 0.029 0 1 8.36 0.273 5

46 2.076 77.04 0 0 0 0.045 0 0.332 0.029 0 1 8.5 0.348 6

47 1.965 78.43 0 0 0 0.09 0 0.39 0.029 0 1 8.37 0.266 5

48 3.527 19.77 0.022 0.046 0.07 0.005 4.297 0.068 0 0 5 8.36 0.618 7

49 0.889 16.41 0 0.062 0.042 0 3.683 0 0 0.402 4.5 7.85 0.142 5

50 2.34 14.44 0 0.062 0.066 0 3.531 0 0 0.37 7 7.11 0.183 7

51 0.879 4.725 0 0.392 0.082 0 3.266 0 0 0.305 2.5 8.12 0.332 8

52 0.984 4.957 0 0.062 0.082 0 3.419 0.551 0 0.241 2 7.7 0.145 6

Page | 180

Table: Overall variation of soil parameters of Pashmina growing areas

Variable units Mean Min Max St. Dev Status

pH 8.196 7.2 9.43 0.4311 Neutral to Alkaline

EC us/cm 392.6 150 2233 281.3 Normal to critical

OC % 1.194 0.039 3.861 0.8463 Low to high

O.M kg/ha 2.069 0.067 6.656 1.454 Low to high

Total N % 0.10346 0.0034 0.3328 0.07268 Low to high

Available N kg/ha 355.2 125.4 1097.6 193.5 Low to high

Available P kg/ha 37.16 3.82 168.77 26.79 Low to high

Available K kg/ha 489.7 89.6 1120 318.8 Low to high

Available -Ca ppm 209.9 2.2 400.1 100.7 Deficit

Available-Mg ppm 17.634 0.96 30.53 8.685 Deficit

Available -S ppm 218.6 40 500 142.3 Sufficient

DTPA-Zn ppm 0.9896 0.236 5.066 0.8313 Deficit to sufficient

DTPA-Cu ppm 1.051 0.02 13.24 1.599 Deficit to sufficient

DTPA-Fe ppm 10.48 0.14 40.54 9.03 Deficit to sufficient

DTPA-Mn ppm 3.937 0.262 19.41 3.652 Deficit to sufficient

DTPA-Ni ppm 0.6833 0.226 2.432 0.3534 Below Toxic Level

DTPA-Pb ppm 0.9144 0.056 2.574 0.7049 Below Toxic Level

DTPA-Cd ppm 0.08928 0.08 0.246 0.02875 Below Toxic Level

Page | 181

Table : Block-wise variation of soil parameters of Pashmina growing areas

Variable Block N Mean Min Max StDev Status

pH

Karu 9 8.1 7.2 8.8 0.436 Neutral to Alkaline

Nyoma 31 8.1952 7.2 9.35 0.4645 Neutral to Alkaline

Chusule 7 8.347 7.4 9.43 0.673 Sl. Alkaline to Alkaline

Durbok 6 8.233 7.8 8.7 0.398 Sl. Alkaline to Alkaline

Nobra 17 8.2529 7.5 8.8 0.33 Sl. Alkaline to Alkaline

Kargil 5 8.22 8 8.6 0.268 Mod. Alkaline to

Alkaline

Suru 4 8.025 7.8 8.2 0.1708 Mod. Alkaline

Drass 1 7.4 7.4 7.4 * Sl. Alkaline to Alkaline

EC

(us/cm)

Karu 9 256.7 150 301.2 50.7 Normal

Nyoma 31 366.2 173.6 578.2 111.4 Normal

Chusule 7 380.8 262.9 686 166.2 Normal

Durbok 6 816 224 2233 721 Normal to critical

Nobra 17 347.9 192.4 725 148.1 Normal

Kargil 5 591 267 1541 534 Normal to critical

Suru 4 264.9 176.9 361.4 76.2 Normal

Drass 1 252.3 252.3 252.3 * Normal

% OC

Karu 9 0.771 0.039 1.521 0.547 Low to high

Nyoma 31 1.04 0.234 2.808 0.707 Low to high

Chusule 7 1.983 0.078 3.861 1.559 Low to high

Durbok 6 1.495 0.468 3.315 1.041 Low to high

Nobra 17 1.196 0.117 2.925 0.746 Low to high

Kargil 5 1.209 0.546 1.911 0.544 Med to high

Suru 4 1.443 0.702 2.301 0.723 Med to high

Drass 1 1.326 1.326 1.326 * High

Page | 182

O.M (kg/ha)

Karu 9 1.33 0.067 2.622 0.944 Low to high

Nyoma 31 1.794 0.403 4.841 1.22 Low to high

Chusule 7 3.42 0.13 6.66 2.69 Low to high

Durbok 6 2.734 1.614 5.715 1.643 Low to high

Nobra 17 2.057 0.202 5.043 1.291 Low to high

Kargil 5 2.084 0.941 3.295 0.938 Med to high

Suru 4 2.488 1.21 3.967 1.246 Med to high

Drass 1 2.286 2.286 2.286 * High

Total N %

Karu 9 0.0665 0.0034 0.1311 0.0472 Low to high

Nyoma 31 0.0897 0.0202 0.242 0.061 Low to high

Chusule 7 0.171 0.0067 0.3328 0.1344 Low to high

Durbok 6 0.1367 0.0807 0.2858 0.0822 Low to high

Nobra 17 0.1028 0.0101 0.2521 0.0646 Low to high

Kargil 5 0.1042 0.0471 0.1647 0.0469 Med to high

Suru 4 0.1244 0.0605 0.1983 0.0623 Med to high

Drass 1 0.1143 0.1143 0.1143 * High

Av. N (kg/ha

Karu 9 257.8 156.8 407.7 92.5 Low to high

Nyoma 31 297.4 125.4 627.2 120.1 Low to high

Chusule 7 430.1 188.2 721.3 231.7 Low to high

Durbok 6 460 188 941 282 Low to high

Nobra 17 396.6 125.4 846.7 204.4 Low to high

Kargil 5 269.7 156.8 376.3 95.6 Low to Med

Suru 4 588 314 1098 348 Med to high

Drass 1 658.56 658.56 658.56 * High

Av. P (kg/ha

Karu 9 28.48 13.84 55 12.8 Med to high

Nyoma 31 45.52 12.19 168.77 33.64 Med to high

Page | 183

Chusule 7 40.4 11.5 97.2 29.1 Low to high

Durbok 6 22.9 5.38 50.6 17.03 Low to high

Nobra 17 32.07 3.82 99.29 21.13 Low to high

Kargil 5 34.22 15.54 60.98 18.85 Med to high

Suru 4 32.9 15 66 23.4 Med to high

Drass 1 36.744 36.744 36.744 * High

Av. K (kg/ha

Karu 9 505 90 1098 349 Low to high

Nyoma 31 484.8 123.2 1108.8 334.1 Low to high

Chusule 7 661 364 1092 308 High

Durbok 6 737 319 1120 401 Med to high

Nobra 17 387.7 89.6 756 190.6 Low to high

Kargil 5 383 112 1092 410 Low to high

Suru 4 447 190 818 266 Med to high

Drass 1 263.2 263.2 263.2 * Medium

DTPA-Zn

(ppm)

Karu 9 0.871 0.382 1.83 0.512 Deficit to sufficient

Nyoma 31 0.916 0.274 4.338 0.843 Deficit to sufficient

Chusule 7 0.648 0.236 1.104 0.325 Deficit to sufficient

Durbok 6 0.572 0.306 0.766 0.1987 Deficit to Marginal

Nobra 17 1.296 0.332 5.066 1.169 Deficit to sufficient

Kargil 5 1.201 0.484 2.06 0.696 Deficit to sufficient

Suru 4 1.521 1.04 2.546 0.692 Marginal to Sufficient

Drass 1 0.854 0.854 0.854 * Marginal

DTPA-Cu

(ppm)

Karu 9 0.625 0.188 2.102 0.606 Deficit to sufficient

Nyoma 31 0.686 0.034 2.658 0.7 Deficit to sufficient

Chusule 7 1.286 0.02 2.918 1.045 Deficit to sufficient

Page | 184

Durbok 6 1.493 0.314 3.23 1.2 Marginal to Sufficient

Nobra 17 0.6689 0.06 1.674 0.4034 Deficit to sufficient

Kargil 5 1.469 0.352 2.336 0.801 Marginal to Sufficient

Suru 4 4.8 1.03 13.24 5.73 Sufficient

Drass 1 1.324 1.324 1.324 * Sufficient

DTPA-Fe

(ppm)

Karu 9 3.872 0.136 7.324 2.576 Deficit to sufficient

Nyoma 31 6.42 1.62 24.28 5.76 Deficit to sufficient

Chusule 7 14.46 1.99 31.82 14.14 Deficit to sufficient

Durbok 6 14.54 5.67 35.76 10.76 Marginal to Sufficient

Nobra 17 13.8 2.47 28.06 7.42 Deficit to sufficient

Kargil 5 12.63 4.55 16.33 4.7 Marginal to Sufficient

Suru 4 24.55 14.16 40.54 11.96 Sufficient

Drass 1 20.52 20.52 20.52 * Sufficient

DTPA-

Mn(ppm)

Karu 9 2.055 0.262 4.692 1.268 Deficit to Marginal

Nyoma 31 3.586 1.02 19.29 4.009 Deficit to sufficient

Chusule 7 3.173 1.504 6.728 1.91 Deficit to Marginal

Durbok 6 3.96 1.43 9.01 2.85 Deficit to sufficient

Nobra 17 4.569 1.022 8.266 2.44 Deficit to sufficient

Kargil 5 6.69 2.27 10.91 3.77 Deficit to sufficient

Suru 4 6.52 0.98 19.41 8.75 Deficit to sufficient

Drass 1 2.158 2.158 2.158 * Deficit

Available -Ca

Karu 9 300.8 122.2 400.1 107.1 Deficit

Nyoma 31 265.9 2.2 379.9 95.3 Deficit

Chusule 7 199 124.1 377 112.6 Deficit

Durbok 6 139.73 125.8 159 13.66 Deficit

Nobra 17 134.03 124.1 155.3 7.11 Deficit

Page | 185

Kargil 5 138.54 121.6 161.6 14.8 Deficit

Suru 4 128.85 121.3 141.2 8.58 Deficit

Drass 1 125.8 125.8 125.8 * Deficit

Available-Mg

Karu 9 20.76 10.43 29.66 8.48 Deficit

Nyoma 31 24.52 0.96 30.53 7.29 Deficit

Chusule 7 17.37 10.02 29.74 8.95 Deficit

Durbok 6 10.502 9.87 10.76 0.331 Deficit

Nobra 17 10.271 9.3 10.66 0.31 Deficit

Kargil 5 10.686 10.42 10.85 0.174 Deficit

Suru 4 10.165 9.87 10.56 0.292 Deficit

Drass 1 10.3 10.3 10.3 * Deficit

Available -S

Karu 9 225.3 40 490 155.8 Suffucient

Nyoma 31 216.4 55 495 149.1 Suffucient

Chusule 7 295 162.5 487.5 137.4 Suffucient

Durbok 6 329.2 142.5 500 179.1 Suffucient

Nobra 17 173.1 40 337.5 85.1 Suffucient

Kargil 5 171 50 487.5 183.2 Suffucient

Suru 4 199.4 85 365 118.6 Suffucient

Drass 1 117.5 117.5 117.5 * Suffucient

DTPA-Ni

Karu 9 0.7913 0.536 1.312 0.2183 Below Toxic Level

Nyoma 31 0.8921 0.38 2.432 0.3882 Below Toxic Level

Chusule 7 0.638 0.504 1.002 0.1748 Below Toxic Level

Durbok 6 0.4427 0.288 0.598 0.1301 Below Toxic Level

Nobra 17 0.5324 0.226 1.5 0.2993 Below Toxic Level

Kargil 5 0.3556 0.256 0.474 0.0806 Below Toxic Level

Suru 4 0.381 0.256 0.568 0.1323 Below Toxic Level

Page | 186

Drass 1 0.412 0.412 0.412 * Below Toxic Level

DTPA-Pb

Karu 9 1.144 0.056 2.574 0.775 Below Toxic Level

Nyoma 31 1.224 0.056 2.574 0.757 Below Toxic Level

Chusule 7 0.775 0.336 1.314 0.337 Below Toxic Level

Durbok 6 0.476 0.056 1.314 0.516 Below Toxic Level

Nobra 17 0.764 0.056 1.594 0.49 Below Toxic Level

Kargil 5 0.168 0.056 0.476 0.1825 Below Toxic Level

Suru 4 0.615 0.056 2.014 0.942 Below Toxic Level

Drass 1 0.336 0.336 0.336 * Below Toxic Level

DTPA-Cd

Karu 9 0.1353 0.08 0.246 0.0643 Below Toxic Level

Nyoma 31 0.08181 0.08 0.118 0.00745 Below Toxic Level

Chusule 7 0.08 0.08 0.08 0 Below Toxic Level

Durbok 6 0.08 0.08 0.08 0 Below Toxic Level

Nobra 17 0.08435 0.08 0.154 0.01795 Below Toxic Level

Kargil 5 0.0952 0.08 0.118 0.02081 Below Toxic Level

Suru 4 0.08 0.08 0.08 0 Below Toxic Level

Drass 1 0.118 0.118 0.118 * Below Toxic Level

Page | 187

Table: Belt wise variation of soil parameters of Pashmina growing areas

Variable Belt N Mean Min Max StDev Status

pH

Traditional 53 8.2034 7.2 9.43 0.4755 Neutral to Alkaline

Non-Traditional 27 8.1815 7.4 8.8 0.3352 Neutral to Alkaline

EC

(Us/cm)

Traditional 53 400.5 150 2233 291.6 Normal to critical

Non-Traditional 27 377.1 176.9 1541 264.5 Normal to critical

OC (%)

Traditional 53 1.171 0.039 3.861 0.926 Low to high

Non-Traditional 27 1.24 0.117 2.925 0.675 Low to high

O.M

(kg/ha)

Traditional 53 2.036 0.067 6.656 1.589 Low to high

Non-Traditional 27 2.134 0.202 5.043 1.168 Low to high

Total N

%

Traditional 53 0.1018 0.0034 0.3328 0.0794 Low to high

Non-Traditional 27 0.1067 0.0101 0.2521 0.0584 Low to high

Av. N

(kg/ha

Traditional 53 326.6 125.4 940.8 168.3 Low to high

Non-Traditional 27 411.2 125.4 1097.6 228.5 Low to high

Av. P

(kg/ha

Traditional 53 39.4 5.38 168.77 29.64 Low to high

Non-Traditional 27 32.77 3.82 99.29 19.85 Low to high

Av. K

(kg/ha

Traditional 53 540 89.6 1120 343.5 Low to high

Non-Traditional 27 390.9 89.6 1092 239.9 Low to high

DTPA-Zn

(ppm)

Traditional 53 0.8339 0.236 4.338 0.6949 Deficit to sufficient

Non-Traditional 27 1.295 0.332 5.066 0.994 Deficit to sufficient

DTPA-Cu

(ppm)

Traditional 53 0.846 0.02 3.23 0.838 Deficit to sufficient

Non-Traditional 27 1.453 0.06 13.24 2.473 Deficit to sufficient

DTPA-Fe

(ppm)

Traditional 53 7.97 0.14 35.76 8.33 Deficit to sufficient

Non-Traditional 27 15.43 2.47 40.54 8.42 Deficit to sufficient

DTPA-

Mn(ppm)

Traditional 53 3.314 0.262 19.29 3.33 Deficit to sufficient

Non-Traditional 27 5.161 0.976 19.41 4 Deficit to sufficient

Page | 188

Available

-Ca

Traditional 53 248.7 2.2 400.1 104.1 Deficit

Non-Traditional 27 133.79 121.3 161.6 9.16 Deficit

Available-

Mg

Traditional 53 21.35 0.96 30.53 8.53 Deficit

Non-Traditional 27 10.333 9.3 10.85 0.323 Deficit

Available

-S

Traditional 53 241.1 40 500 153.4 Suffucient

Non-Traditional 27 174.5 40 487.5 107.1 Suffucient

DTPA-Ni

Traditional 53 0.7905 0.288 2.432 0.3502 Below Toxic Level

Non-Traditional 27 0.4727 0.226 1.5 0.2541 Below Toxic Level

DTPA-Pb

Traditional 53 1.0667 0.056 2.574 0.7275 Below Toxic Level

Non-Traditional 27 0.615 0.056 2.014 0.558 Below Toxic Level

DTPA-Cd

Traditional 53 0.09045 0.08 0.246 0.03299 Below Toxic Level

Non-Traditional 27 0.08696 0.08 0.154 0.01808 Below Toxic Level

Page | 189

Table: Soil fertility status of different locations of Pasture.

S.No.→ P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10

V S V S V S V S V S V S V S V S V S V S

pH 7.56 Ne 8.53 A 8.42 MA 8.53 A 8.04 MA 8.04 MA 7.93 MA 9.04 A 8.42 A 8.25 MA

Electrical conductivity

(µs/cm)

100 N 4200 I 290 N 310 N 390 N 20 N 20 N 420 N 230 N 370 N

Organic carbon (%) 0.39 L 1.6 H 0.7 M 4.29 H 0.42 L 1.01 H 1.87 H 0.31 L 0.7 M 1.01 M

Available Nitrogen (Kg/ha) 336 M 1379 H 603 H 1973 H 362 M 362 M 870 H 603 H 267 M 870 H

Available Phosphorous

(kg/ha)

8.51 L 7.87 L 7.87 L 7.884 L 11.64 L 42.56 H 5.48 L 9.92 L 11.2 L 13.64 M

Available Potassium

(kg/ha)

296.8 M 5712 H 4704 H 196 M 257.6 M 212.8 M 459.2 H 106.4 L 184.8 M 156.8 M

Calcium ( ppm) 80.65 L 84.25 N 166.1 M 122.4 M 158.4 M 320.8 H 308.95 H 301.05 H 326.25 H 339.85 H

Magnesium (ppm) 9.86 L 12.74 L 12.77 L 12.18 L 13.08 L 13.17 L 13.18 L 11.01 L 12.52 L 13.11 L

Sodium 15.16 N 4.96 N 14.69 N 14.93 N 15.90 N 19.51 N 11.68 N 8.25 N 18.88 N 19.07 N

Zinc (DTPA) ppm 0.62 Ma 0.77 Ma 0.40 D 0.56 D 0.13 D 0.39 D 0.14 D 0.19 D 0.16 D 0.94 Ma

Copper ( DTPA) ppm 1.79 Su-

III

1.86 Su-

III

0.79 Su-

I

0.81 Su-

II

0.94 SU-

III

1.14 Su-

II

0.34 Ma 0.28 Ma 0.32 Ma 0.38 Ma

Iron (DTPA) ppm 5.05 Ma 7.87 Ma 1.61 D 2.68 D 4.11 Ma 4.78 Ma 0.78 D 1.4 D 0.65 D 1.88 D

Manganese (DTPA) ppm 0.77 D 0.47 D 0.73 D 1.72 D 0.96 D 2.4 D 2.22 D 1.04 D 1.72 D 0.12 D

Page | 190

Chromium (DTPA) ppm 0.02 Sa 0.07 Sa 0.02 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa 2.1 Sa 1.89 Sa 1.24 Sa 1.24 Sa 1.57 Sa

Nickel (DTPA) ppm 0.12 Sa 0.35 Sa 0.27 Sa 0.39 Sa 0.12 Sa 0.65 Sa 0 Sa 0.72 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa

Lead (DTPA) ppm 0.98 Sa 1.18 Sa 0.65 Sa 1.05 Sa 0.52 Sa 0.41 Sa 0.16 Sa 0.48 Sa 1.06 Sa 0.35 Sa

Cadmium (DTPA) ppm 0.11 Sa 0.04 Sa 0.04 Sa 0.05 Sa 0.42 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa 0 Sa

Bulk density 1.57 N 1.77 N 1.8 N 1.96 N 1.68 N 1.76 N 1.32 N 1.83 N 1.6 N 1.64 N

Particle density 2.85 N 2.5 N 2 N 2.5 N 2 N 3.3 N 2.85 N 2.85 N 2.85 N 4 N

V = Value, S = Status, Ne = Neutral, N = Normal, L = Low, M = Medium, Ma = Marginal, Su = Sufficent, D = Deficit, SA = Safe, A = Alkaline,

I = Injurious to all crops, MA = Moderate Alkaline

P1= Pasture Kargyam, P2= Pasture Mugleb, P3= Pasture Taktak, P4= Pasture Digger,P5= Pasture Miru, P6= Pasture Tourtung Tokpo,

P7= Pasture Kargil, P8= Pasture Meerak, P9= Pasture Maan and P10= Pasture Cheshule.

Page | 191

Table: Village wise Soil parameters in traditional and non-traditional areas of H.P:

Parameter Traditional Area Mean Value

Of traditional

belt

Non-Traditional

Area

Mean Value

of non-

traditional

belt

Overall Mean

value in

Pashmina

growing areas Kibber Langcha Lari Nako Salkhar Sumra Thang

karma Namgia Hango

pH (soil reaction) 8.5 8.5 7.8 8.6 8.9 7.5 8.6 8.34±0.18 8.3 8.4 8.35±0.05 8.34±0.14

EC(µS) 157 --- --- 138 --- 130 131 139.0± 6.26 145 139 142± 3.0 140.0 ± 4.08

Organic carbon(g\Kg

soil) 16.9 16.7 16.1 25.5 14.1 14.0 17

17.18± 1.46

24.6 19.2 21.9±2.70 18.23±1.39

Nitrogen(Kg\ha) 355.7 326.5 187.8

172.

8 141.1 117.6 129 204.36± 36.61 235.7 153.7 194.7± 41.0

202.21±

28.82

Phosphorus(Kg\ha) 41.7 28.5 36.5 98.8 25.8 28.1 54 44.77±9.74 142.2 80.0 111.1± 31.1 59.51±13.31

Potassium(Kg\ha) 429.7 293.5 287.4

420.

0 221.7 297.5 327

325.26±

28.38 306.4 978.8

642.59 ±

336.2

395.77 ±

76.06

Sulphur(Kg\ha) 107.8 84.0 665.2 --- --- 117.6 121.7

219.26±

111.68 89.6 85.3 87.45 ± 2.15 181.6 ± 80.81

Calcium(meq\100g) 2.47 2.35 7.2 --- --- 2.3 3.1 3.48±0.94 5.7 7.7 6.7±1.0 4.40±0.90

Magnesium(meq\100g) 0.21 0.21 0.5 0.58 --- 0.851 --- 0.47± 0.12 0.56 0.9 0.73±0.17 0.54±0.10

Iron(mg\Kg) 45.6 28.05 ---

17.0

7 16.08 29.02 19.12 25.82±4.55 19.04 18.2 18.62±0.42 24.02±3.54

Manganese(mg\Kg) 39.21 36.86 ---

22.9

2 17.68 15.06 18.29 25.0±4.26 36.12 24.92 30.52±5.6 26.38±3.41

Copper(mg\Kg) 2.88 1.07 0.19 0.12 0.87 2.38 0.15 1.09±0.42 2.05 1.28 1.67±0.38 1.22±0.34

Zinc(mg\Kg) 6.16 5.68 3.18 4.41 1.11 40.72 --- 10.21±6.14 13.03 11.08 12.05±0.97 10.67±4.51

Page | 192

Table: Village wise water parameters in traditional and non-traditional areas of H.P

Parameter Traditional Area Mean Value

in Traditional

belt

Non-Traditional

Area

Mean Value

in Non-

Traditional

belt

Overall Mean

Hurling Lari Nako Chango Salkhar Sumra Namgia Hango

Nitrogen

(ppm)

2.2 1.4 1.6 0.2 2.2 2.8 1.73±0.36 3.9 0.2 2.05±1.85 1.81±0.44

Phosphorus

(ppm)

Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces

Potassium

(ppm)

0.3 1.6 1.3 2.8 0.5 0.3 1.13±0.40 0.4 1.1 0.75±0.35 1.04±0.30

Calcium

(ppm)

24.8 56.5 14.2 27.1 26.7 24.3 28.93±5.84 26.1 10.0 18.05±8.05 26.21±4.87

Magnesium

(ppm)

10.0 11.8 4.3 8.3 9.3 9.4 8.85±1.02 9.3 7.4 8.35±0.95 8.72±0.77

Iron (ppm) Traces Traces Traces Traces 0.12 0.30 0.07±0.05 0.25 Traces 0.12±0.12 0.08±0.04

Manganese

(ppm)

Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces

Zinc (ppm) Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces 0.03 0.005±0.005 0.09 0.70 0.395±0.30 0.10±0.08

Copper

(ppm)

Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces 0.15 0.075±0.075 0.018±0.018

Sulphate

(ppm)

30.2 127.3 6.7 20.3 19.8 26.5 38.47±18.06 20.6 4.4 12.5±8.1 31.97±13.97

Note: Values shown as “traces” were considered as 0.0 for calculation of mean and S.E.

Page | 193

*Refunded vide Cheque No: 05014280 dated: 02-09-2014

**This includes amount of Rs 10.92140 and 0.40436 lakhs (=11.32576) released on account of LIC refund during the year 2010-11 and 2011-12 respectively and stands already refunded to PIU NAIP. ***An amount of Rs 1.02446 lakhs was received for supply of charkhas from different agencies and utilized for the said purpose.

Consortium Principal Investigator

Part-III: Budget and its Utilization SKUAST-K

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE (Final) (Period from 28/01/2009 to 30/06/2014)

Total Sub-project Cost: 648.538 (Original Cost)

Sanctioned/Revised Sub-project cost (if applicable): 794.01

Date of Commencement of Sub-project 28 January 2009

Duration: From 28/01/2009 to 30/06/2014 (DD/MM/YYYY)

Funds Received in each year I Year : 2.17250

II Year: 420.929

III Year : 165.81069

IV Year : 66.00887

V Year : 45.89141

VI Year : 128.40711

Total Amount received: 829.21958

Bank Interest received on fund (if any): 6.23181 Amount refunded: 96.94629 + 11.72409* = 108.67038

Total expenditure: 752.8788705 Expenditure Head-wise:

Particulars Fund Allocated*

Expenditure Incurred

Total Exp Year

08-09 Year 09-

10 Year 10-

11 Year 11-

12 Year 12-

13 Year 13-

14

A. Recurring Contingencies

(1) TA 22.84 0.24979 4.99581 5.39768 4.89762 3.82293 3.14457 22.5084

(2) Workshop 9.81 0.49996 1.99634 0.35079 0.9633 0.90062 1.09038 5.80139

(3) Contractual Staff 40.90 0.36354 5.56742 6.18715 8.74212 5.76813 9.22937 35.85773

(4) Operational Cost 303.66 0.85971 71.64662 73.1898688 42.0699752 36.51387 43.6711725 267.9512165

Sub- Total of A (1-4) 377.21 1.973 84.20619 85.1254888 56.6730152 47.00555 57.1354925 332.1187365

B. HRD Component

(5) Training 22.59 0.00 3.77232 4.85804 2.65670 0.10290 10.95440 22.34436

(6) Consultancy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00000 0

Sub- Total of B (5-6) 22.59 0.00 3.77232 4.85804 2.65670 0.10290 10.95440 22.34436

C. Non - Recurring

(7) Equipment 302.82 0.00 208.196134 33.59478 14.93569 0.00 54.57824 311.304844**

(8) Furniture 1.98 0.00 1.98241 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98241

(9) Work / New/ Renovation 10.00 0.00 0.00000 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10

(10) Others / Animals books 40.93 0.00 25.23837 15.11208 0.57272 0.00 0.00 40.92317

Sub- Total of C (7-10) 355.73 0.00 235.416914 58.70686 15.50841 0.00 54.57824 364.210424

SUB TOTAL (A+B+C) 755.53 1.973 323.395424 148.6903888 74.838125 47.10845 122.6681325 718.6735205

D. Institutional Charges 38.49 0.1975 9.01418 8.60750 5.94378 3.58976 5.82809 33.18089

E. Expenditure out of

Revenue

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 1.02446 0.00 1.02446***

Grand Total

(A+B+C+D)

794.02 2.17050 332.409604 157.2978888 80.7819052 51.72267 128.4962225 752.8788705

Page | 194

Part-III: Budget and its Utilization CSWRI

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE (Final)

(Period from 28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014)

Sanction Letter No. F.NO 1(5)/2007-NAIP Dated January, 2009

Total Sub-project Cost: 107.543 (Original Cost)

Sanctioned/Revised Sub-project cost (if applicable): 270.17

Date of Commencement of Sub-project 28 January 2009

Duration: From 28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014 (DD/MM/YYYY)

Funds Received in each year

I Year : 0.924

II Year : 59.78661

III Year: 26.53666

IV Year: 16.43686

V Year : 8.42562

VI Year: 158.36

Total amount received : 270.46975

Bank Interest received on fund (if any):4.03645

Amount Refunded: 97.25603

Total expenditure : 178.21917

Expenditure Head-wise: Particulars Fund

Allocated

Expenditure Incurred Total Exp

Year 08-09 Year 09-10 Year 10-11 Year 11-12 Year 12-13 Year 13-

14

A. Recurring Contingencies

(1) TA 11.720 0.18298 1.81949 2.36421 1.10484 0.74942 1.35382 7.57476

(2) Workshop 2.500 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000

(3) Contractual Staff 14.140 0.19513 2.21711 3.09203 2.88 2.88 2.88 14.14427

(4) Operational Cost 42.560 0.39 8.33647 7.90438 8.02843 3.74135 8.92727 37.32790

Sub- Total of A (1-4) 70.92000 0.76811 12.37307 13.36062 12.01327 7.37077 13.16109 59.04693

B. HRD Component

(5) Training 5.78 0 1.44482 3.36527 0.96768 1.67652 0.250 7.70429

(6) Consultancy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000

Sub- Total of B (5-6) 5.78 0.00 1.444820 3.365270 0.967680 1.676520 0.250 7.704290

C. Non - Recurring

(7) Equipment 186.52 0.00 36.06024 0.15 0.30784 0.00 69.62025 106.13833

(8) Furniture 1.00 0.00 0.99864 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99864

(9) Work / New /

Renovation

2.00 0.00 1.88248 0.11738 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.99986

(10) Others / Animals

books

0.50 0.00 0.22663 0.26916 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49579

Sub- Total of C (7-10) 190.02 0.00 39.16799 0.53654 0.30784 0.00 69.62025 109.63262

SUB TOTAL (A+B+C) 266.72 0.768 52.98588 17.26243 13.28879 9.04729 83.03134 176.38384

D. Institutional

Charges

3.46 0.0440 0.67850 0.524970 0.587860 0.0 0.0 1.83533

Grand Total

(A+B+C+D)

270.18 0.81211 53.66438 17.7874 13.87665 9.04729 83.03134 178.21917

Consortium Co-Principal Investigator

Page | 195

Consortium Principal Investigator

Part-III: Budget and its Utilization (CSK HP KVV Palampur)

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE (28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014)

Sanction Letter No. F.NO 1(5)/2007-NAIP Dated January, 2009

Total Sub-project Cost : 138.673 (Original Cost)

Sanctioned/Revised Sub-project cost (if applicable) : 129.80

Date of Commencement of Sub-project 28 January 2009

Duration: From 28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014 (DD/MM/YYYY)

Funds Received in each year

I Year : 1.26

II Year : 56.08359

III Year : 27.70824

IV Year : 15.14379

V Year : 1.99108

VI Year : 20.66

Total amount received ` 122. 84670

Bank Interest received on fund (if any) ` Nil

Amount Refunded: 6.11757

Total expenditure ` 112.124780

Expenditure Head-wise:

Particulars Fund

Allocated*

Expenditure Incurred Total Exp

Year 08-09 Year 09-

10

Year 10-

11

Year 11-

12

Year 12-

13

Year 13-14

A. Recurring Contingencies

(1) TA 6.56 0.09810 0.80417 1.1244 0.94804 0.40865 0.95110 4.33446

(2) Workshop 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42081 0.42081

(3) Contractual Staff 10.31 0.00 1.05146 1.7600 2.07096 2.340 2.16000 9.38242

(4) Operational Cost 67.36 0.27549 4.93628 19.1271 14.87132 15.0312 11.64399 65.88537

Sub- Total of A (1-4) 84.73 0.37359 6.79191 22.0115 17.89032 17.77985 15.17590 80.02306

B. HRD Component (5) Training 3.69 0.00 1.00824 0.6950 0.58906 0.05 0.89150 3.23380

(6) Consultancy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00

0.00000

Sub- Total of B (5-6) 3.69 0.00 1.008240 0.695000 0.589060 0.050000 0.892 3.233800

C. Non - Recurring

(7) Equipment 23.04 0.00 10.54442 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.54442

(8) Furniture 1.00 0.00 0.99718 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99718

(9) Work / New / Renovation 2.83 0.00 2.57500 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.82500

(10) Others / Animals books 9.03 0.00 1.373600 8.297720 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.67132

Sub- Total of C (7-10) 35.9 0.00 15.49020 8.548 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.03792

SUB TOTAL

(A+B+C) 124.32 0.374 23.29035 31.25421 18.47938 17.82985 16.06740 107.29478

D. Institutional

Charges 4.83 0.0600 0.74000 1.277000 0.924600 0.948400 0.880000 4.83000

Grand Total

(A+B+C+D) 129.79 0.43359 24.03035 32.53121 19.40398 18.77825 16.94740 112.124780

Page | 196

Part-III: Budget and its Utilization (SHD, Kashmir)

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE (Period from 28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014)

Sanction Letter No. F.NO 1(5)/2007-NAIP Dated January, 2009

Total Sub-project Cost : 48.28 (Original Cost)

Sanctioned/Revised Sub-project cost (if applicable): 49.09

Date of Commencement of Sub-project: 28 January 2009

Duration: From 28/01/2009 to 31/03/2014 (DD/MM/YYYY)

Funds Received in each year

I Year: 0.00

II Year: 13.67

III Year: 17.00618

IV Year: 0.00

V Year: 4.33510

VI Year: 0.44412

TOTAL Amount Received: 35.4554

Bank Interest received on fund (if any): 0.71944

Amount Refunded: Nil

Total expenditure: 35.43128

Expenditure Head-wise: Particulars Fund

Allocated*

Expenditure Incurred Total Exp

Year 08-09

Year 09-10

Year 10-11

Year 11-12

Year 12-13

Year 13-14

A. Recurring Contingencies

(1) TA 5.00 0.00 2.50 0.57 0.63225 0.42196 0.56579 4.69

(2) Workshop 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00 0.00

(3) Contractual Staff 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00

(4) Operational Cost 31.89 0.00 4.38908 5.95277 6.14723 0.45 3.27 20.20908

Sub- Total of A (1-4) 36.89 0.00 6.88908 6.52277 6.77948 0.87196 3.83579 24.89908

B. HRD Component

(5) Training 3.46 0.00 0.50 1.18280 0.77720 0.03687 0.00313 2.50 (6) Consultancy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sub- Total of B (5-6) 3.46 0.00 0.50 1.18280 0.77720 0.03687 0.00313 2.50 C. Non - Recurring

(7) Equipment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

(8) Furniture 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (9) Work / New / Renovation

6.00 0.00 0.00 5.993620 0.00591 0.00 0.00047 6.00

(10) Others / Animals books

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00

Sub- Total of C (7-10) 7.00 0.00 1.00 5.993620 0.00591 0.00000 0.00047 7.00

SUB TOTAL (A+B+C) 47.35 0.00 8.38908 13.69919 7.56259 0.90883 3.83939 34.39908

D. Institutional Charges 1.74 0.00 0.21710 0.33824 0.29688 0.09024 0.08974 1.03220

Grand Total (A+B+C+D) 49.09 0.00 8.60618 14.03743 7.85947 0.99907 3.92913 35.43128

Consortium Co-Principal Investigator