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Plant Uses - Part 2
Alcoholic Beverages
Corn
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Alcoholic Beverages - as old ascivilization & found in every country
of the world
Bet you cant name an alcoholic
beverage that doesnt come froma plant.
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Alcoholic beverages produced from Plantsare of 2 types - Distilled & Fermented
Distilled Beverages (also called Spirits)
Agave: Tequila
MezcalAlmond: Amaretto
Anise: AbsintheArakOuzoPastisSambuca
Apple: ApplejackCalvados
Barley: Scotch whiskyIrish whiskey
Coconut:Arrack
Corn: Bourbon whiskeyCorn whiskey
Tennessee whiskey
Grape Brandy, Cognac; distilled wines
Honey: DrambuieKrupnik
Juniper Berry; Gin
Potato: Vodka (also made from wheat) Aquavit
Rice: Rice baijiuShchSoju
Rye: Rye whiskeySugarcane/Molasses: RumAguardienteFalernum
Fermented Beverages
Barley: Beer
Rice: Sake
Grapes & other types of fruit: Wine
BlueAgave - Tequila
Juniper berries - Gin
Sake is made from rice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C4%B1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C4%B17/29/2019 27.Plant Uses_3 Copy
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Fermented Alcoholic
Beverages
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1st Alcoholic beverage - Beer
1. Worlds most widely drank alcoholicbeverage, > 35 billion gallons/yr
2. Probably the 1st alcoholic beverage; ca7,000 - 8,000 yrs old; 1st nonpolluted drink
3. Lower in alcoholic content than wine &spirits, generally 3-6%, but up to ca 20%
in newer extreme beers
4. Best drank fresh (ie not stored) and cold
5. 2 Main styles of beer: Ales and Lagers
Beers come in widerange of colors
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Main Ingredients in Beer
Main Ingredients used
to make beer:
1. Barley (Hordeum) -which is malted
2. Hops - added forflavor
3. Other flavor additions;eg blueberry, herbs
4. Water & yeast
Hops grown on trellis system in Germany
The flower of hops;
used as bittering agent
Barley spikes & grains
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Difference between ales & lagers
Ales - their yeast ferment at higher temp. & more quickly thanlagers (7-8 days); typically produce more by-products, morefruity flavors & aromas; can be pale to dark & includes thedarkest - Stout
Lagers - yeast ferment at lower temp. and longer than ales (upto 30 days); typically produce fewer aromas, are cleaner &
crisper but can have prominent hop flavor too; Pilsner style
pale lager (from Pilsen in Czech Republic) is most popularstyle in US (90%); can be pale or dark
Lager Ale
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How Beer is BrewedKey Steps
1. Malting - of grain, typically barley;causes germination, release ofkey enzymes; then can be roastedto add flavor & color
2. Mashing-converts starch to sugars3. Sparging- extracts thefermentable liquid (wort) from themash
4. Boiling- sterilizes the wort &
increases the sugar conc.5. Fermentation- converts the sugars
in wort to alcohol
6. Filtering and packaging
Grains malting inGermination room
Small boiler at Sam Adams
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How Beer is Brewed
Fermentation -Where yeast
(Saccharomyces) isadded; metabolizessugars to produce alcohol
Hops are added to some beersto add flavor
Malting barley
MashingBoiling
Adjuncts add extra starch if used
Sparging
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Fermentation of beer (and wine) byyeast produces Ethanol
Alcohol Fermentation - occurs in yeasts (and bacteria).The product of fermentation, ethanol, is toxic to the yeast &thus limits the alcoholic concentration of beer & wine;different yeast strains have different toxicity levels
General diagram of alcohol fermentation
Starch inMaltedGrains
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Which country consumes mostbeer per capita?
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Which country consumes mostbeer per capita?
Note: Beer production in countriesis correlated with beer consumption& pop. size
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Beer - is it healthful or harmful?
Moderate beer consumption (1-2 glasses/day) has not been shownto be harmful:
1. Does not cause brain cell death when drank in moderation(as was once claimed)
2. Because it contains some antioxidant flavonoids, may help
prevent clogged arteries and reduce the risk of heart disease.
Does a beer a day keep the doctor away?
According to Tufts health experts, moderate beerconsumption may offer health benefits worth
drinking to. (Hartford Courant)
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Beer may be low in alcohol buthas a lot of calories!
For longer list - check out - Beer100.com
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2nd Alcoholic Beverage - Wine
1. 2nd most widely consumed
beverage after beer
2. Probably originated in FertileCrescent region; in Egypt, ca 8,000-
9,000 yrs ago, then spreadto Europe
3. Produced from variety of fruit, but
mostly from grapes, especially Vitisvinifera; includesno. ofvarieties -
eg. Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Merlot,Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinvandel
Red wine grapes
White wine grapes
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Wine
4. Vitis grows in a wide range of temperate & sub tropicalclimates; soil conditions & climate determine fruitcharacter; some of the best & most expensive wine comesfrom very harsh growing conditions (eg Bordeaux)
5. Biggest producers of wine: #1-France, #2-Italy, #3-Spain,#4-USA, #5 Argentina
Vineyard in France
Where wine is produced & percent
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Wine production in US
6. Biggest states for wine production 1st -California,Wash., Oregon , NY
7. However, you can find good wine in lots of states,including Massachusetts! Go to a local winery!
California Vineyard Locations of wineries in Mass
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Major Types of Wine
8. 3 Major types of wines:
a) Table wine
b) Sparkling wine
c) Desert wine
9. 3 Types of Table Wines
Red - eg. Merlot, Pinot Noir, Zinfandel,Cabernet Sauvignon
White - eg. Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Blanc,
ChardonnayRose - mainly made in France; differentfrom White Zinvandel although both are
pink
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Types of Table Wine
Table Wines Generalities -
a) Produced by fermentation; ca. 8 - 13%
alcohol content (higher than most beer)
b) Best wines - are aged (reds longer than
whites), often in oak barrels, then in the
bottle; aging softens a wine, reducestannins, bitterness
c) Labels tell a lot about a wine
d) Best way to learn about wines - attend
free wine tastings
Guess which winesbelow are most andleast expensive,best and worst?
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Wine5. Major types of wines:
b. Sparkling wine (8-12% alcohol)
Best is - Champagne - comes only from
one region of France (not far from Paris)
Fermented twice; 1st like other wine & 2nd inthe bottle, where it produces CO2; yeast isremoved & CO2kept in by MethodChampenoise (right)
Champagne,France
Guess
how much?
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Wine5. Major types of wines:
b. Sparkling wineBest is - Champagne - comes only from
one region of France (not far from Paris)
Fermented twice; 1st like other wine & 2nd inthe bottle, where it produces CO2; yeast isremoved & CO2kept in by MethodChampenoise (right)
Champagne,France
$35 >$79
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Wine5. Major types of wines:
b. Sparkling wineThere are other types of sparkling wines besides Champagne.They are generally ca. $15-20 cheaper than Champagne.
Eg
From Italy - Prosecco
From Calif. Called either
Sparkling Wine, Brut,
Chandon
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Wine5. Major types of wines:
c. Desert wines (13- 20% alcohol)eg. Port (red wine fortified with a brandy-like spirit,comes from Portugal), Sherry, Ice Wine
Used as after dinner aperitifs; drank in small amt.
Usually medium to very sweet wines
Port
Ice wine is made from grapes left on vine & concentrate sweetness
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Wine Making
1. Grapes are crushed and fermented in an open tank; withtheir skins for red wine; without their skins for white wine
2. After fermentation, the grape must is pressed, purified in asettling vat, filtered, and often aged in oak barrels
3. Unlike beer, good wine continues to age & get better in
the bottleFermentation step
Old fashioned way to press grapesbefore fermentation
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Is wine healthful or harmful?
The French Paradox suggests it is healthful.
The term French Paradox, 1st used in 1991,
referred to the observation that -
For a long time, it was recognized there is a lowincidence of cardiovascular disease in theFrench population, despite their consumption of
fat-rich foods (like cheese, Froi Gras). Why? Wasthought to be due to their high consumption ofred wine.
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Wine health benefits
What's in Red Wine that is good for theheart? Red wine is a particularly rich source
of antioxidant flavonoid polyphenolics,particularly one called resveratrol. Resveratrol,found in grape skins and seeds, increases HDL(the so-called good cholesterol) and preventsblood clotting and plaque formation in arteries.
OR
Now being sold as an anti-aging drug
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2nd Type of AlcoholicBeverages
Distilled Beverages(= Spirits)
Di till d B 2 t t
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Distilled Beverages: 2 most common types-whiskey and gin & vodka
Main Difference is source & clarity
1. Whiskey - produced by distilling grains(barley for Scotch, corn for Americanwhiskey); is aged in wooden casks;high in alcoholic content (eg 40-50%);
golden hue color
2.Gin and vodka - produced by distilling
grains or other plants; 35-50%); clear
in color with a cleaner flavor
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Whiskey
1. Whiskey - vary greatly in price, usually
alcoholic content is in Proof(Proof = 2x alcohol concentration)
a. Single Malt Scotch whiskey - mostexpensive, double distilled, made in
single distilleries in Scotland, aged incasks 3-15 yrs typically; longer agingincreases cost (eg. $30 and lots more)
b. Tennessee whiskey, eg. JackDaniels - a partial blend, aged 3 yrs
or more (ca. $20-30 and more)
c. Bourbon whiskey, eg. Makers Mark,Jim Beam, also made from corn but aKentucky whiskey
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Whiskey
d. Blended whiskey blended, usually
aged
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Process of making Scotch whiskey
Steps:1. Barley is malted
2. Mashing andfermentation of wort
3. Double distillationmakes it moreexpensive
4. Aging in oak casksfor 3 or more years
Final alcoholiccontent: 80-100proof (alcohol =
40-50%!)
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Gin & Vodka
Gin is distilled from a mash made from malted
barley to a high alcoholic level (40%) thenflavored with Juniper berries; eg English or
London Dry Gin; Gin & tonic cocktail
contains quinine - introduced by the army ofthe British East India Company; why was it
so popular?
Vodka is the dominant spirit of Eastern Europe;probably originated in Russia; made by
repeated distillation of grains (eg corn, rye,sorghum, wheat) or potatoes; has no flavorof its own
Vodka martini with vermouth
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Alcoholic equivalency betweenbeer, wine & spirits
Note: Standard drink of all 3 types contains same amt. of alcohol
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Alcohol content in beer
For longer list - check out - Beer100.com
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Alcohol content in wine and spirits
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Why is too much alcohol harmful?
What kind of substance is alcohol?
Alcohol is classified as a depressant because it slows downthe central nervous system, causing a decrease in motorcoordination, reaction time and intellectual performance. At
high doses, the respiratory system slows down so much itcan cause a coma or death.
Note: It is particularly dangerous to mix alcohol with otherdepressants, such as GHB, Rohypnol, Ketamine,
tranquilizers or sleeping pills, cocaine. Combiningdepressants multiplies the effects of both drugs and can leadto memory loss, coma and death.
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How much is too much?What does it depend on?
How much is too much?
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How much is too much?It depends on a number of things.Most important - your sex & weight
Drinking: Men and Women are Unequal
by David J. Hanson, Ph. D.
When it comes to alcohol, men and women are inherentlyunequal. Women are affected by alcohol more rapidly becausethey tend to have a higher proportion of body fat than men.
And since fat cannot absorb alcohol, it is concentrated at higherlevels in the blood. Women also have less of a gastric orstomach enzyme (alcohol dehydrogenase) that metabolizes orbreaks down alcohol before it enters the bloodstream. Because
of this, women absorb up to nearly 30% more alcohol into theirbloodstream than men of the same height and weight who drinkthe same amount of alcohol.
H h i t h? D d
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How much is too much? Depends onif man or woman, weight, if eaten, etc
For longer list
BAC Chart Blood alcohol content chart
H h i t h? D d
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How much is too much? Depends onif man or woman, weight, etc
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So - Watch What you Drink &
How Quickly you Drink
Be Smart!
Dont Drink Too Much TooFast
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