27.Plant Uses_3 Copy

7/29/2019 27.Plant Uses_3 Copy

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Plant Uses - Part 2

Alcoholic Beverages

Corn


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Alcoholic Beverages - as old ascivilization & found in every country

of the world

Bet you cant name an alcoholic

beverage that doesnt come froma plant.


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Alcoholic beverages produced from Plantsare of 2 types - Distilled & Fermented

Distilled Beverages (also called Spirits)

Agave: Tequila

MezcalAlmond: Amaretto

Anise: AbsintheArakOuzoPastisSambuca

Apple: ApplejackCalvados

Barley: Scotch whiskyIrish whiskey

Coconut:Arrack

Corn: Bourbon whiskeyCorn whiskey

Tennessee whiskey

Grape Brandy, Cognac; distilled wines

Honey: DrambuieKrupnik

Juniper Berry; Gin

Potato: Vodka (also made from wheat) Aquavit

Rice: Rice baijiuShchSoju

Rye: Rye whiskeySugarcane/Molasses: RumAguardienteFalernum

Fermented Beverages

Barley: Beer

Rice: Sake

Grapes & other types of fruit: Wine

BlueAgave - Tequila

Juniper berries - Gin

Sake is made from rice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C4%B1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C4%B1


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Fermented Alcoholic

Beverages


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1st Alcoholic beverage - Beer

1. Worlds most widely drank alcoholicbeverage, > 35 billion gallons/yr

2. Probably the 1st alcoholic beverage; ca7,000 - 8,000 yrs old; 1st nonpolluted drink

3. Lower in alcoholic content than wine &spirits, generally 3-6%, but up to ca 20%

in newer extreme beers

4. Best drank fresh (ie not stored) and cold

5. 2 Main styles of beer: Ales and Lagers

Beers come in widerange of colors


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Main Ingredients in Beer

Main Ingredients used

to make beer:

1. Barley (Hordeum) -which is malted

2. Hops - added forflavor

3. Other flavor additions;eg blueberry, herbs

4. Water & yeast

Hops grown on trellis system in Germany

The flower of hops;

used as bittering agent

Barley spikes & grains


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Difference between ales & lagers

Ales - their yeast ferment at higher temp. & more quickly thanlagers (7-8 days); typically produce more by-products, morefruity flavors & aromas; can be pale to dark & includes thedarkest - Stout

Lagers - yeast ferment at lower temp. and longer than ales (upto 30 days); typically produce fewer aromas, are cleaner &

crisper but can have prominent hop flavor too; Pilsner style

pale lager (from Pilsen in Czech Republic) is most popularstyle in US (90%); can be pale or dark

Lager Ale


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How Beer is BrewedKey Steps

1. Malting - of grain, typically barley;causes germination, release ofkey enzymes; then can be roastedto add flavor & color

2. Mashing-converts starch to sugars3. Sparging- extracts thefermentable liquid (wort) from themash

4. Boiling- sterilizes the wort &

increases the sugar conc.5. Fermentation- converts the sugars

in wort to alcohol

6. Filtering and packaging

Grains malting inGermination room

Small boiler at Sam Adams


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How Beer is Brewed

Fermentation -Where yeast

(Saccharomyces) isadded; metabolizessugars to produce alcohol

Hops are added to some beersto add flavor

Malting barley

MashingBoiling

Adjuncts add extra starch if used

Sparging


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Fermentation of beer (and wine) byyeast produces Ethanol

Alcohol Fermentation - occurs in yeasts (and bacteria).The product of fermentation, ethanol, is toxic to the yeast &thus limits the alcoholic concentration of beer & wine;different yeast strains have different toxicity levels

General diagram of alcohol fermentation

Starch inMaltedGrains


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Which country consumes mostbeer per capita?


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Which country consumes mostbeer per capita?

Note: Beer production in countriesis correlated with beer consumption& pop. size


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Beer - is it healthful or harmful?

Moderate beer consumption (1-2 glasses/day) has not been shownto be harmful:

1. Does not cause brain cell death when drank in moderation(as was once claimed)

2. Because it contains some antioxidant flavonoids, may help

prevent clogged arteries and reduce the risk of heart disease.

Does a beer a day keep the doctor away?

According to Tufts health experts, moderate beerconsumption may offer health benefits worth

drinking to. (Hartford Courant)


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Beer may be low in alcohol buthas a lot of calories!

For longer list - check out - Beer100.com


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2nd Alcoholic Beverage - Wine

1. 2nd most widely consumed

beverage after beer

2. Probably originated in FertileCrescent region; in Egypt, ca 8,000-

9,000 yrs ago, then spreadto Europe

3. Produced from variety of fruit, but

mostly from grapes, especially Vitisvinifera; includesno. ofvarieties -

eg. Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Merlot,Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinvandel

Red wine grapes

White wine grapes


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Wine

4. Vitis grows in a wide range of temperate & sub tropicalclimates; soil conditions & climate determine fruitcharacter; some of the best & most expensive wine comesfrom very harsh growing conditions (eg Bordeaux)

5. Biggest producers of wine: #1-France, #2-Italy, #3-Spain,#4-USA, #5 Argentina

Vineyard in France

Where wine is produced & percent


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Wine production in US

6. Biggest states for wine production 1st -California,Wash., Oregon , NY

7. However, you can find good wine in lots of states,including Massachusetts! Go to a local winery!

California Vineyard Locations of wineries in Mass


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Major Types of Wine

8. 3 Major types of wines:

a) Table wine

b) Sparkling wine

c) Desert wine

9. 3 Types of Table Wines

Red - eg. Merlot, Pinot Noir, Zinfandel,Cabernet Sauvignon

White - eg. Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Blanc,

ChardonnayRose - mainly made in France; differentfrom White Zinvandel although both are

pink


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Types of Table Wine

Table Wines Generalities -

a) Produced by fermentation; ca. 8 - 13%

alcohol content (higher than most beer)

b) Best wines - are aged (reds longer than

whites), often in oak barrels, then in the

bottle; aging softens a wine, reducestannins, bitterness

c) Labels tell a lot about a wine

d) Best way to learn about wines - attend

free wine tastings

Guess which winesbelow are most andleast expensive,best and worst?


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Wine5. Major types of wines:

b. Sparkling wine (8-12% alcohol)

Best is - Champagne - comes only from

one region of France (not far from Paris)

Fermented twice; 1st like other wine & 2nd inthe bottle, where it produces CO2; yeast isremoved & CO2kept in by MethodChampenoise (right)

Champagne,France

Guess

how much?


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b. Sparkling wineBest is - Champagne - comes only from

one region of France (not far from Paris)

Fermented twice; 1st like other wine & 2nd inthe bottle, where it produces CO2; yeast isremoved & CO2kept in by MethodChampenoise (right)

Champagne,France

$35 >$79


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b. Sparkling wineThere are other types of sparkling wines besides Champagne.They are generally ca. $15-20 cheaper than Champagne.

Eg

From Italy - Prosecco

From Calif. Called either

Sparkling Wine, Brut,

Chandon


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c. Desert wines (13- 20% alcohol)eg. Port (red wine fortified with a brandy-like spirit,comes from Portugal), Sherry, Ice Wine

Used as after dinner aperitifs; drank in small amt.

Usually medium to very sweet wines

Port

Ice wine is made from grapes left on vine & concentrate sweetness


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Wine Making

1. Grapes are crushed and fermented in an open tank; withtheir skins for red wine; without their skins for white wine

2. After fermentation, the grape must is pressed, purified in asettling vat, filtered, and often aged in oak barrels

3. Unlike beer, good wine continues to age & get better in

the bottleFermentation step

Old fashioned way to press grapesbefore fermentation


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Is wine healthful or harmful?

The French Paradox suggests it is healthful.

The term French Paradox, 1st used in 1991,

referred to the observation that -

For a long time, it was recognized there is a lowincidence of cardiovascular disease in theFrench population, despite their consumption of

fat-rich foods (like cheese, Froi Gras). Why? Wasthought to be due to their high consumption ofred wine.


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Wine health benefits

What's in Red Wine that is good for theheart? Red wine is a particularly rich source

of antioxidant flavonoid polyphenolics,particularly one called resveratrol. Resveratrol,found in grape skins and seeds, increases HDL(the so-called good cholesterol) and preventsblood clotting and plaque formation in arteries.

OR

Now being sold as an anti-aging drug


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2nd Type of AlcoholicBeverages

Distilled Beverages(= Spirits)

Di till d B 2 t t


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Distilled Beverages: 2 most common types-whiskey and gin & vodka

Main Difference is source & clarity

1. Whiskey - produced by distilling grains(barley for Scotch, corn for Americanwhiskey); is aged in wooden casks;high in alcoholic content (eg 40-50%);

golden hue color

2.Gin and vodka - produced by distilling

grains or other plants; 35-50%); clear

in color with a cleaner flavor


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Whiskey

1. Whiskey - vary greatly in price, usually

alcoholic content is in Proof(Proof = 2x alcohol concentration)

a. Single Malt Scotch whiskey - mostexpensive, double distilled, made in

single distilleries in Scotland, aged incasks 3-15 yrs typically; longer agingincreases cost (eg. $30 and lots more)

b. Tennessee whiskey, eg. JackDaniels - a partial blend, aged 3 yrs

or more (ca. $20-30 and more)

c. Bourbon whiskey, eg. Makers Mark,Jim Beam, also made from corn but aKentucky whiskey


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Whiskey

d. Blended whiskey blended, usually

aged


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Process of making Scotch whiskey

Steps:1. Barley is malted

2. Mashing andfermentation of wort

3. Double distillationmakes it moreexpensive

4. Aging in oak casksfor 3 or more years

Final alcoholiccontent: 80-100proof (alcohol =

40-50%!)


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Gin & Vodka

Gin is distilled from a mash made from malted

barley to a high alcoholic level (40%) thenflavored with Juniper berries; eg English or

London Dry Gin; Gin & tonic cocktail

contains quinine - introduced by the army ofthe British East India Company; why was it

so popular?

Vodka is the dominant spirit of Eastern Europe;probably originated in Russia; made by

repeated distillation of grains (eg corn, rye,sorghum, wheat) or potatoes; has no flavorof its own

Vodka martini with vermouth


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Alcoholic equivalency betweenbeer, wine & spirits

Note: Standard drink of all 3 types contains same amt. of alcohol


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Alcohol content in beer

For longer list - check out - Beer100.com


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Alcohol content in wine and spirits


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Why is too much alcohol harmful?

What kind of substance is alcohol?

Alcohol is classified as a depressant because it slows downthe central nervous system, causing a decrease in motorcoordination, reaction time and intellectual performance. At

high doses, the respiratory system slows down so much itcan cause a coma or death.

Note: It is particularly dangerous to mix alcohol with otherdepressants, such as GHB, Rohypnol, Ketamine,

tranquilizers or sleeping pills, cocaine. Combiningdepressants multiplies the effects of both drugs and can leadto memory loss, coma and death.


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How much is too much?What does it depend on?

How much is too much?


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How much is too much?It depends on a number of things.Most important - your sex & weight

Drinking: Men and Women are Unequal

by David J. Hanson, Ph. D.

When it comes to alcohol, men and women are inherentlyunequal. Women are affected by alcohol more rapidly becausethey tend to have a higher proportion of body fat than men.

And since fat cannot absorb alcohol, it is concentrated at higherlevels in the blood. Women also have less of a gastric orstomach enzyme (alcohol dehydrogenase) that metabolizes orbreaks down alcohol before it enters the bloodstream. Because

of this, women absorb up to nearly 30% more alcohol into theirbloodstream than men of the same height and weight who drinkthe same amount of alcohol.

H h i t h? D d


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How much is too much? Depends onif man or woman, weight, if eaten, etc

For longer list

BAC Chart Blood alcohol content chart

H h i t h? D d


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How much is too much? Depends onif man or woman, weight, etc


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So - Watch What you Drink &

How Quickly you Drink

Be Smart!

Dont Drink Too Much TooFast


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