Download pdf - 1. Jurisdiction and Applicable Law

8/10/2019 1. Jurisdiction and Applicable Law

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Fdlptbr 1

ERÂVJAFZA@C LCJ L__MAFLNMB MLX

ACZ^@JRFZA@C

Zdb garst dlmg `g tdas fdlptbr f`csajbrs eurasjafta`c.

Xdbc l jasputb lrasbs, tdb fùrt wdafd as fìpbtbct t` ljeujafltb tdb jasputb as slaj t` dlvb eurasjafta`c. ^bacsurlcfb f`ctrlftstbcj t` nb actbrclta`clm ny tdbar clturb, lcj `gtbc tdbrb as i`rb tdlc `cb fùrt wdafd iahdt nb wammach t` lffbpt eurasjafta`c `vbr tdbjasputb. Zdbrb as l fìpmbx (lcj rltdbr jry) n`jy `g rumbs wdafd tdb Bchmasd fùrt lppmabs t` jbtbriacb wdbtdbr `r c`t at dls

eurasjafta`c. Xb havb lc `vbrvabw `g tdbsb rumbs.

Zdb sbf`cj dlmg `g tdas fdlptbr f`csajbrs lppmaflnmb mlw.

@cfb tdb jasputb fìbs nbg`rb l fùrt, tdb fùrt dls t` f`csajbr wdafd mlw lppmabs t` tdb f`ctrlft. Ac `tdbr w`rjs, wdlt sbt `g mbhlmrumbs sdùmj at lppmy wdbc actbrprbtach lcj havach bggbft t` tdb f`ctrlfts tbris0 At ily dlvb l sahcagaflct bggbft `c tdb plrtabs rahdtslcj `nmahlta`cs ag l f`ctrlft as h`vbrcbj ny, sly, Grbcfd mlw rltdbr tdlc Bchmasd mlw.

At as aip`rtlct c`t t` f`cgusb tdb eurasjafta`c ac wdafd jasputbs rbmltach t` l f`ctrlft lrb t` nb dblrj watd tdb mlw lppmaflnmb t` tdbf`ctrlft (lmtdùhd at as surprasach d`w `gtbc bvbc dahdmy bxpbrabcfbj mlwybrs ilkb tdas smap). At as pbrgbftmy p`ssanmb g`r lc Bchmasdfùrt t` dlvb eurasjafta`c `vbr l jasputb bvbc ag tdb f`ctrlft as h`vbrcbj ny, g`r bxlipmb, Zbxlc mlw5 ac tdas satulta`c, tdb fùrt ily

dblr bvajbcfb ls t` tdb rbmbvlct pracfapmbs `g Zbxlc mlw (`r, ag tdb plrtabs j` c`t rlasb tdb pàct, tdb fùrt wamm pr`fbbj `c tdbprlhiltaf lssuipta`c tdlt Zbxlc mlw as iltbralmmy tdb slib ls Bchmasd mlw).

ERÂVJAFZA@CZdb g`mm`wach sbfta`cs f`csajbr wdy eurasjafta`c as lc aip`rtlct assub, ùtmacb tdb gùr sùrfbs `g rumbs wdafd tdb Bchmasd fùrtslppmy wdbc jbfajach wdbtdbr tdby dlvb eurasjafta`c, lcj tdbc f`csajbr tdb rumbs tdbisbmvbs.

Vahcagaflcfb `g eurasjafta`cZdb pmlfb wdbrb tdb jasputb as dblrj (sìbtaibs flmmbj tdb g`rui) flc nb aip`rtlct g`r sbvbrlm rbls`cs. Ac tdb f`ctbxt `grbacsurlcfb, tdb i`st sahcagaflct jaggbrbcfbs acfmujb tdb g`mm`wach5

(a)Bcg`rfbibct `g eujhibcts. Zdbrb as c` pàct ac l plrty hàch t` fùrt lcj `ntlacach l eujhibct lhlacst l jbgbcjlct ucmbsstdlt eujhibct flc nb bcg`rfbj. V` blfd plrty sdùmj f`csajbr, lt tdb ùtsbt, wdbrb as at makbmy t` wasd t` bcg`rfb lcy

eujhibct0 Zdas wamm usulmmy nb l pmlfb wdbrb tdb `tdbr sajb (tdb p`tbctalm jbgbcjlct) dls sunstlctalm lssbts, pbrdlps atsfùctry `g acf`rp`rlta`c. Zdb p`tbctalm fmlailct wamm wlct lcy jasputbs t` nb dblrj ac l fùrt wd`sb eujhibcts wamm nb

rbf`hcasbj lcj lppmabj ac tdlt fùctry `g bcg`rfbibct. Zdbrb as l mlrhb cuinbr `g namltbrlm lcj iumtamltbrlm trbltabsnbtwbbc fùctrabs wdafd jbtbriacb wdafd fùctrabs rbf`hcasb wdafd `tdbr fùctrabs eujhibcts. Zdb jbtlam `g tdbsb asùtsajb tdas fdlptbr, bxfbpt t` c`tb tdlt BR lcj Bur`pblc Grbb Zrljb Lrbl (BGZL) Ibinbr Vtltbs rbf`hcasb lcjbcg`rfb blfd `tdbrs eujhibcts.

(aa)Zdb eujafalry. Ag l rbacsurlcfb jasputb as ljeujafltbj ny eujhbs wd` lrb gliamalr watd tdb fìpmbxatabs `g tdb rbacsurlcfbacjustry lcj tdb rbmbvlct mbhlm pracfapmbs, tdbc mbss taib cbbjs t` nb spbct nrachach tdb eujhb up t` spbbj `c tdas lrbl, lcjtdb eujhbs jbfasa`c as makbmy t` nb i`rb prbjaftlnmb tdlc tdlt `g sìb`cb watdùt rbmbvlct bxpbrabcfb. Zdb FìibrfalmFùrt ac M`cj`c as vbry bxpbrabcfbj ac jblmach watd rbacsurlcfb ilttbrs. Ny f`ctrlst, ac ilcy eurasjafta`cs rbacsurlcfbflsbs lrb lssahcbj t` c`c-spbfalmast eujhbs wd` lrb makbmy t` dlvb mattmb `r c` bxpbrabcfb ac tdas lrbl. Ac vartulmmy lmm RVstltbs, fmlais g`r jlilhbs (bvbc ac tdb f`ctbxt `g rbacsurlcfb) ily nb jbfajbj ny eurabs, wdafd fùmj acfrblsb tdbucfbrtlacty `g tdb ùtfìb.

(aaa)Zdb spbbj lcj f`st `g nrachach pr`fbbjachs.(av)Zdb m`flta`c `g glftulm watcbssbs, bxpbrts lcj j`fuibcts. Ag l trlcslfta`c as f`cfmujbj ac `cb pmlfb, lcj i`st `g tdb

plrtabs lcj tdb j`fuibcts lrb ac tdlt pmlfb, tdbc g`r rbls`cs `g f`cvbcabcfb lcj bf`cìafs at ily ilkb sbcsb g`r lcyjasputbs t` nb dblrj tdbrb.

(v)_r`fbjurlm rumbs. _r`fbjurlm rumbs jaggbr grì fùctry t` fùctry. Bxlipmbs lrb5 wd` nblrs tdb nurjbc `g pr`vachplrtafumlr ilttbrs, wdlt jasfm`surb `g j`fuibcts as rbquarbj, lcj rumbs `g bvajbcfb. Lmtdùhd ac prlftafb tdbsb glft`rs lrbmakbmy t` dlvb l f`csajbrlnmb bggbft `c d`w tdb lfta`c pr`fbbjs, tdby tbcj t` flrry mbss wbahdt ac tdb plrtabs iacjs tdlc tdbglft`rs prbvaùsmy ibcta`cbj wdbc tdby lrb f`csajbrach wdafd fùrt tdby wùmj makb t` dlvb eurasjafta`c ac tdb bvbct `g ljasputb.

(va)Zdb lvlamlnamaty `g lppr`praltb fùcsbm. Zdbrb lrb l maiatbj cuinbr `g pmlfbs w`rmjwajb wdafd dlvb spbfalmastrbacsurlcfb fùcsbm.

V` at as frufalm t` kc`w wdafd fùrt dls eurasjafta`c t` dblr lcy jasputb, lcj at as (`r sdùmj nb) tdb garst pàct wdafd mlwybrs wammfdbfk ag l jasputb lrasbs (t`hbtdbr watd tdb mlw lppmaflnmb t` tdb f`ctrlft).

Vùrfbs `g rumbs `c eurasjafta`c

L HRAJB Z@ BACVR^LCFB MLX - ??8

FDL_ZB^ 1 ERÂVJAFZA@C LCJ L__MAFLNMB MLX

^`nbrt Ibrkac


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Ac w`rkach ùt wdbtdbr t` lffbpt eurasjafta`c, tdb Bchmasd fùrt wamm g`mm`w rumbs mlaj j`wc ac gùr sùrfbs5

(l) Zdb `rahaclm rumbs `c eurasjafta`c jbvbm`pbj ls plrt `g tdb Bchmasd fìi`c mlw. Zdbsb rumbs rbilac rbmbvlct t`jlywdbcbvbr tdb mbhasmlta`c jbsfranbj nbm`w j`bs c`t lppmy.

(n) Ac Jbfbinbr>???, wdafd mlrhbmy rbpmlfbs tdb Nrussbms lcj Muhlc` F`cvbcta`cs. Zdb ^bhumlta`c lppmabs ac lmm `g tdb BR ibinbr stltbslplrt grì Jbcilrk (wdafd `ptbj ùt `g at). At as vbry saiamlr t` tdb Nrussbms lcj Muhlc` F`cvbcta`cs.

Gahurb


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actbrprbtlta c. G`r bxlipmb, wdbrb tdas as f`csastbct watd tdb `nebftavbs `g tdb F`cvbcta c tdby ily actbrprbt tdb bxprbssa`cf ctrlft ls bcf iplssach lhrbbibcts wdafd j` c`t gumgam tdb straft Bchmasd mlw rbquarbibcts ls t` `ggbr, lffbptlcfb lcjf`csajbrlta`c.

Z` bcsurb f`csastbcfy `g actbrprbtlta`c lfr`ss tdb BR, l _r`t`f`m t` tdb Nrussbms F`cvbcta`c pr`vajbj g`r clta`clm fùrts t` nb lnmbt` rbgbr qubsta`cs `g actbrprbtlta`c t` tdb Bur`pblc Fùrt `g Eustafb (BFE). Zdb BFEs eujhibcts `c tdbsb qubsta`cs nacj lmmclta`clm fùrts. Zdb BFEs eujhibcts lrb lms` makbmy t` nb rbmbvlct wdbc actbrprbtach tdb Nrussbms ^bhumlta`c, tdb tbris `g wdafd lrbvbry saiamlr t` tdb Nrussbms F`cvbcta`c.

Zdb Muhlc` F`cvbcta`c wls c`t maiatbj t` BR Ibinbr Vtltbs, lcj tdbrb as c` ibfdlcasi g`r qubsta`cs t` nb rbgbrrbj t` tdb BFE.D`wbvbr, tdb clta`clm fùrts lrb rbquarbj t` havb sufd wbahdt ls as lppr`praltb t` tdb eujhibcts `g `tdbr Ibinbr Vtltbs fùrts, lcjtdb `ggafalm rbp`rt `c tdb Muhlc` F`cvbcta`c (wdafd, ls ibcta`cbj ln`vb, as t` nb usbj ls lc laj t` actbrprbtlta`c) stltbs tdlt tdbMuhlc` F`cvbcta`c sdùmj nb f`cstrubj ac lff`rjlcfb watd tdb jbfasa`cs `g tdb BFE.

Vf`pb `g tdb F`cvbcta`cs lcj tdb ^bhumlta`cZdbrb lrb l cuinbr `g maiatlta`cs `c tdb sf`pb `g tdb F`cvbcta`cs lcj tdb ^bhumlta`c. G`r tdb i`st plrt tdbsb maiatlta`cs lrb ucmakbmyt` nb rbmbvlct t` rbacsurlcfb jasputbs, lcj lrb tdbrbg`rb f`vbrbj vbry nrabgmy5

^bmbvlcfb `g spbfalm acsurlcfb rumbs ac tdb F`cvbcta`cs lcj tdb ^bhumlta`cZdb F`cvbcta`cs lcj tdb ^bhumlta`c f`ctlac sbfta`cs wdafd mly j`wc spbfalm rumbs f`vbrach eurasjafta`c ac ilttbrs rbmltach tàcsurlcfb. Zdb bggbft `g tdbsb rumbs as t` pr`tbft acsurbjs ny, ac bssbcfb, prbvbctach tdbar acsurbr grì nbach lnmb t` sub tdbilcywdbrb nut ac tdbar dìb fùrts; lhrbbibcts (eurasjafta`c fmlusbs) ac acsurlcfb f`ctrlfts wdafd havb tdb acsurbr tdb rahdt t` subtdb acsurbj ac lcy `tdbr eurasjafta`c lrb usulmmy acbggbftavb (ucmbss tdb acsurbj rask as l ilracb, lvalta`c `r trlcsp`rt rask).

Zdb fìi`c-sbcsb vabw wls tdlt tdbsb spbfalm rumbs lppmabj `cmy t` jarbft acsurlcfb, lcj dlj c` lppmaflta`c t` rbacsurlcfb. Zdblrhuibct wls tdlt ac tdas f`ctbxt tdb w`rj acsurlcfb sdùmj nb f`cstrubj clrr`wmy, nbflusb tdb pr`vasa`cs ac qubsta`c wbrb `g lf`csuibr-pr`tbfta`c clturb lcj wbrb c`t rbmbvlct t` tdb w`rmj `g rbacsurlcfb.

Rctam rbfbctmy, tdb lnsbcfb `g lc BFE jbfasa`c `c tdb pàct iblct tdlt at wls c`t bctarbmy slgb t` lssuib tdlt tdas vabw wls f`rrbft.Mm`yj M.E. bxprbssmy iljb tdas pàct ac Cbw Dlipsdarb Acsurlcfb F`. v. Vtrlnlh Nlu LH [Y < Mm`yjs ^bp. 671. Acjbbj, acsuniassa`cs nbg`rb tdb BFE tdb Bur`pblc Fìiassa`c lrhubj tdb f`ctrlry actbrprbtlta`c5 lcy bxfmusa`c `g sufd l sunstlctalmclturb wùmj cbbj t` nb bxprbssmy stltbj ac tdb tbxt `g tdb F`cvbcta`c, lcj c`t ibrbmy acgbrrbj ( @vbrsbls Rca`c Acsurlcfb Mtjv.

Cbw Dlipsdarb Acsurlcfb Fìplcy [???Y Mm`yjs



^`nbrt Ibrkac


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^bp. 6:6, tdb Fùrt `g Lppblm dbmj tdlt tdbsb w`rjs wbrb actbcjbj t` acf`rp`rltb tdb sunstlctavb ucjbrmyach tbris `g tdb `rahaclmp`mafy, nut rbgusbj t` lssuib tdlt tdb eurasjafta`c fmlusb wls actbcjbj t` nb flrrabj `vbr ac tdb lnsbcfb `g lc lns`mutbmy fmblractbcta`c t` tdlt bggbft. Ls l rbsumt, at as jbsarlnmb g`r rbacsurlcfb f`ctrlfts t` f`ctlac tdbar `wc eurasjafta`c fmlusb lcj c`t ibrbmy rbmy`c Ls `rahaclm w`rjach.

Bxfmusavb lcj c`c-bxfmusavb eurasjafta`c fmlusbs

Lc bxfmusavb eurasjafta`c fmlusb as `cb wdbrbny tdb plrtabs lhrbb tdlt tdby sdlmm suniat lmm jasputbs t` l plrtafumlr fùctrys fùrts.

L c`c-bxfmusavb eurasjafta`c fmlusb as `cb wdbrb tdb plrtabs havb tdbisbmvbs tdb rahdt, nut j` c`t nacj tdbisbmvbs, t` nrach fmlais ac l plrtafumlr

fùrt5 ac `tdbr w`rjs, l fmlailct dls tdb `pta`c `g stlrtach pr`fbbjachs ac tdlt fùrt, nut ily sub bmsbwdbrb ag at prbgbrs.

Fìi`c mlw rumbs `c eurasjafta`cHbcbrlm eurasjafta`cZdb Bchmasd fùrts ily lffbpt eurasjafta`c `vbr l jasputb wdbrb tdb jbgbcjlct as prbsbct ac Bchmlcj. Fìplcabs lrb prbsbct g`r tdaspurp`sb ag tdby lrb acf`rp`rltbj ac Bchmlcj, `r dlvb l rbhastbrbj `ggafb, `r l pmlfb `g nusacbss, `r ag tdby lppàct lhbcts ac Bchmlcj t`lffbpt sbrvafb `g suat `r t` flrry ùt trlcslfta`cs `c tdbar nbdlmg.

Vpbfalm eurasjafta`cXdbrb tdb jbgbcjlct as c`t prbsbct ac tdb RK, tdb Bchmasd fùrts ily stamm lffbpt eurasjafta`c. Zdb fmlailct iust `ntlac tdb mblvb `gtdb fùrt, lcj wamm dlvb t` sltasgy tdb fùrt `g tdrbb ilttbrs5

Garst, tdlt tdbrb as l h``j lrhulnmb flsb tdlt tdb satulta`c glmms watdac `cb `r i`rb `g l cuinbr `g jbgacbj fltbh`rabs. Zdb i`st

rbmbvlct `g tdbsb t` rbacsurlcfb lrb ls g`mm`ws5(l) L fmlai dls nbbc iljb lhlacst sìb`cb ac Bchmlcj lcj tdb p`tbctalm ljjata`clm jbgbcjlct ùtsajb Bchmlcj as l cbfbsslry

`r pr`pbr plrty t` tdlt fmlai.(n) Zdb f`ctrlft ac qubsta`c wls iljb ac Bchmlcj.(f) Zdb f`ctrlft wls iljb ny `r tdrùhd lc lhbct trljach `r rbsajach ac Bchmlcj. Zdas wùmj lmm`w l fmlailct t` sub l

g`rbahc rbacsurbr wdbrb tdb rbacsurbr dlj usbj l M`cj`c nr`kbr t` cbh`taltb tdb f`ctrlft, bvbc tdùhd tdb f`ctrlft wlslftulmmy bxbfutbj bmsbwdbrb5Lmgal X`rmjwajb Acsurlcfb F` v.Jbutsfdb ^fkvbrsafdbruchs LH(


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F`urt `g Lppblm ([>??


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rbhlrjmbss `g tdb jbgbcjlcts clta`clmaty. V` ag l Grbcfd-jìafambj fbjlct dls l jasputb watd ats Bchmasd-jìafambj rbacsurbr, tdbfbjlct ily nrach pr`fbbjachs ac Bchmlcj lhlacst tdb rbacsurbr, lcj tdb rbacsurbr ily nrach pr`fbbjachs lhlacst tdb fbjlct ac Grlcfb(lmtdùhd, ls wb wamm sbb mltbr, tdb F`cvbcta`cs lcj tdb ^bhumlta`c dlvb rumbs wdafd prbvbct tdbrb nbach tw` sbts `g plrlmmbmpr`fbbjachs ac jaggbrbct fùrts rbhlrjach tdb slib sunebft ilttbr).

Jìafamb

Zdb F`cvbcta`cs lcj tdb ^bhumlta`c n`td usb tdb f`cfbpt `g jìafamb, nut at dls jaggbrbct iblcachs ac blfd.

Rcjbr tdb ^bhumlta`c, l fìplcy as jìafambj wdbrb at dls ats rbhastbrbj `ggafb; `r ag tdbrb as c` rbhastbrbj `ggafb, ac tdb pmlfb wdbrb at as acf`rp`rltbj;

`r ag tdbrb as c` sufd pmlfb, ac tdb pmlfb ucjbr wd`sb mlws tdb fìplcy wls g`ribj.

Rcjbr tdb F`cvbcta`cs, jìafamb as jbtbriacbj ny clta`clm mlw. Rcjbr Bchmasd mlw, l fìplcy as jìafambj wdbrb (a) at wls acf`rp`rltbj `r g`ribj

ucjbr tdlt stltbs mlw lcj at dls ats rbhastbrbj `ggafb `r sìb `tdbr `ggafalm ljjrbss, `r (aa) ats fbctrlm ilclhbibct lcj f`ctr`m as bxbrfasbj.

V` ucjbr tdb F`cvbcta`cs, l fìplcy ily dlvb i`rb tdlc `cb jìafamb lt tdb slib taib, lcj tdas fùmj havb fmlailcts lhlacst tdb fìplcy l wajbr

fdàfb `g g`rui tdlc ucjbr tdb ^bhumlta`c.

Vpbfalm eurasjafta`cZdb F`cvbcta`cs lcj tdb ^bhumlta`c pr`vajb fbrtlac hrùcjs `g spbfalm eurasjafta`c, wdafd ily havb fmlailcts l gurtdbr fdàfb `gg`rui ac wdafd t` nrach pr`fbbjachs lhlacst tdb jbgbcjlct. Zdb rbmbvlct gùr hrùcjs `g spbfalm eurasjafta`c lrb f`csajbrbj nbm`w.

(a) Ilttbrs rbmltach t` l f`ctrlft

Ac ilttbrs rbmltach t` l f`ctrlft, tdb fmlailct ily sub tdb jbgbcjlct ac tdb fùrts g`r tdb pmlfb `g pbrg`rilcfb `g tdb `nmahlta`c acqubsta`c. Zdb BFE dls dbmj tdlt tdb pmlfb `g pbrg`rilcfb `g tdb `nmahlta`c ac qubsta`c iblcs (bxfbpt ac bipm`yibct flsbs) tdb`nmahlta`c wdafd g`ris tdb nlsas `g tdb fmlai. V` wdbrb l fbjlct subs ats rbacsurbr g`r c`c-plyibct `g l rbacsurlcfb fmlai, tdb`nmahlta`c ac qubsta`c as tdb `nmahlta`c t` ilkb plyibct.

Bxlipmb5 Lc Bchmasd fbjlct ilkbs l fmlai ucjbr l rbacsurlcfb f`ctrlft. Zdb Hbrilc rbacsurbr rbgusbs t` ply tdb fmlai. Rcjbr tdbtbris `g tdb f`ctrlft, fmlais iust nb plaj ac Bchmlcj. Rcjbr tdas hrùcj `g spbfalm eurasjafta`c, tdb fbjlct fùmj sub tdb rbacsurbr acBchmlcj. (@g fùrsb, ag at prbgbrrbj, tdb fbjlct fùmj acstblj sub ac Hbrilcy, ucjbr tdb hbcbrlm hrùcj `g eurasjafta`c.)

Rcjbr Bchmasd mlw tdbrb as l rbnuttlnmb prbsuipta`c tdlt plyibcts lrb jub lt tdb ljjrbss `g tdb plybb. Ac prlftafb, tdbrbg`rb, wdbrbtdb f`ctrlft as h`vbrcbj ny Bchmasd mlw lcj tdb fmlai as g`r c`c-plyibct, tdb fmlailct wamm dlvb tdb `pta`c `g suach ac das `wcfùctry `r tdlt `g tdb jbgbcjlct.

Gasdbr lcj @tdbrs v. Rca`cb Atlmalcl ja âlssafurlza cb VpL [


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Zdbar M`rjsdaps lhrbbj tdlt tdb fmlai t` lvàj tdb rbacsurlcfb wls l ilttbr rbmltach t` l f`ctrlft. Lmtdùhd tdbar M`rjsdaps dljjaggbrach vabws ls t` tdb prbfasb clturb `g tdb `nmahlta`c wdafd gùcjbj spbfalm eurasjafta`c, at as fmblr grì tdb spbbfdbs tdlt tdbBchmasd fùrts j` dlvb spbfalm eurasjafta`c `vbr rbacsurlcfb jasputbs wdbrb at as lmmbhbj tdlt c`cjasfm`surb `r iasrbprbsbctlta`c`ffurrbj ac Bchmlcj.

(aa) Ilttbrs rbmltach t` t`rt

Ac ilttbrs rbmltach t` t`rt, tdb fmlailct ily sub ac tdb fùrts g`r tdb pmlfb wdbrb tdb dlrigum bvbct `ffurrbj. Zdas bxprbssa`c wls

f`csajbrbj ny tdb BFE acDlcjbmskwbkbrae H.E. Nabr NWv. Iacbs jb _`tlssb jLmslfb VL, Flsb >


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DAN Maiatbjv. Hulrjalc Acsurlcfb Fìplcy[???Y < Mm`yjs ^bp. 281(F.L.),[>??>Y < Mm`yjs ^bp. :>2(D.M.)

Lc lcta-suat aceucfta`c wls lppmabj g`r, lrasach grì pr`fbbjachs fìibcfbj ac Cbw Q`rk rbmltach t` ilclhbibct nuy-ùt f`ctrlfts, wdafd f`ctlacbj

Bchmasd bxfmusavb eurasjafta`c fmlusbs. Lt garst acstlcfb lc lcta-suat aceucfta`c wls rbgusbj `c tdb nlsas tdlt c`t lmm `g tdb assubs prbsbct ac tdb Cbw

Q`rk pr`fbbjachs gbmm watdac tdb linat `g tdb bxfmusavb eurasjafta`c fmlusbs ac tdb rbmbvlct f`ctrlfts. Gurtdbr, c`t lmm `g tdb plrtabs t` tdb Cbw Q`rk

pr`fbbjachs wbrb sahclt`rabs t` tdb f`ctrlfts, lcj acjbbj `cmy sìb `g tdb fmlais gbmm watdac tdb linat `g td`sb f`ctrlfts. Ac tdbsb farfuistlcfbs at wls

dbmj tdlt Bchmlcj wls c`t tdb lppr`praltb g`rui lcj tdlt tdb Cbw Q`rk pr`fbbjachs wbrb c`t vbxltaùs lcj `pprbssavb.

Zdb Fùrt `g Lppblm `vbrrumbj tdb garst acstlcfb jbfasa`c lcj hrlctbj lc lcta-suat aceucfta`c, pmlfach i`rb bipdlsas `c tdb bxastbcfb `g tdb bxfmusavb

eurasjafta`c fmlusb. Ac tdb Fùrt `g Lppblms vabw at wls vbxltaùs lcj `pprbssavb t` pursub pr`fbbjachs `tdbr tdlc ac tdb lhrbbj g`rui. Zdb Fùrt `g

Lppblm lms` lppblrs t` dlvb f`csajbrbj at rbmbvlct tdlt tdb acstahltach `g tdb assubs ac Cbw Q`rk bxp`sbj fbrtlac `g tdb plrtabs t` trbnmb jlilhbs lcj

dahdbr matahlta`c f`sts.

Zdb Dùsb `g M`rjs `vbrturcbj tdb Fùrt `g Lppblms jbfasa`c lcj jasfdlrhbj tdb lcta-suat aceucfta`c. Zdb Dùsb `g M`rjs dbmj tdlt tdb Bchmasd fùrt

sdùmj jbfmacb t` hrlct lc lcta-suat aceucfta`c bvbc wdbrb lc bxfmusavb Bchmasd mlw eurasjafta`c fmlusb bxastbj, wdbrb plrlmmbm pr`fbbjachs wùmj tlkb

pmlfb ac lcy bvbct5 dbrb, ls tdbrb wbrb plrtabs wd` wbrb c`t sunebft t` tdb rbmbvlct f`ctrlftulm pr`vasa`cs nut wbrb cbvbrtdbmbss plrty t` tdb Cbw Q`rk

pr`fbbjachs, tdb Cbw Q`rk pr`fbbjachs wùmj pr`fbbj rbhlrjmbss `g lcy lcta-suat aceucfta`c, mbljach t` tdb rask `g acf`csastbct jbfasa`cs.

Zdb p`sata`c ucjbr tdb F`cvbcta`cs/^bhumlta`cZdb fìi`c mlw j`ftracb `gg`rui f`cvbcabcsacv`mvbs l dahd jbhrbb `g eujafalm jasfrbta`c. Zdbrb as c` sufd eujafalm jasfrbta`cucjbr tdb F`cvbcta`cs/^bhumlta`c. Acstblj gaxbj rumbs lppmy. Xb c`w havb lc `vbrvabw `g tdb kby rumbs `g tdbF`cvbcta`cs/^bhumlta`c lcj nrabgmy jasfuss tdb actbrprbtlta`c `g sìb `g tdb i`rb aip`rtlct tbris.

Zdb fùrt garst sbasbj `g tdb jasputbRcjbr tdb F`cvbcta`cs/^bhumlta`c, wdbrb pr`fbbjachs acv`mvach tdb slib flusb `g lfta`c nbtwbbc tdb slib plrtabs lrb nrùhdt ac tdbfùrts `g jaggbrbct Ibinbr Vtltbs, tdb fùrt wdafd as garst sbasbj `g tdb jasputb as jbbibj t` dlvb eurasjafta`c, lcj lcy sunsbqubctfùrts wdbrb pr`fbbjachs lrb nrùhdt iust jbfmacb `g eurasjafta`c. Zdas bcfùrlhbs l rlfb t` tdb fùrt dùsb ls plrtabs t` jasputbslai t` nrach pr`fbbjachs ac tdbar prbgbrrbj g`rui nbg`rb tdbar `pp`cbcts, tdus hlacach tdb uppbr dlcj ac tbris `g eurasjafta`c. Zdas ac



^`nbrt Ibrkac


10/16

turc pmlfbs f`csajbrlnmb aip`rtlcfb `c bxlftmy wdbc l fùrt nbfìbs sbasbj `g l jasputb.

Zdb F`cvbcta`csLrtafmb >6

Xdbrb lfta`cs fìb watdac tdb bxfmusavb eurasjafta`c `g sbvbrlm fùrts, lcy fùrt `tdbr tdlc tdb fùrt garst sbasbj sdlmm jbfmacbeurasjafta`c ac glvùr `g tdlt fùrt.

Zdb ^bhumlta`cLrtafmb >8

. Xdbrb tdb eurasjafta`c `g tdb fùrt garst sbasbj as bstlnmasdbj, lcy fùrt `tdbr tdlc tdb fùrt garst sbasbj sdlmm jbfmacbeurasjafta`c ac glvùr `g tdlt fùrt.

Lrtafmb >1

Xdbrb lfta`cs fìb watdac tdb bxfmusavb eurasjafta`c `g sbvbrlm fùrts, lcy fùrt `tdbr tdlc tdb fùrt garst sbasbj sdlmm jbfmacbeurasjafta`c ac glvùr `g tdlt fùrt.

Xb f`csajbr nbm`w sìb `g tdb bxprbssa`cs usbj ac tdbsb pr`vasa`cs.

VbasbjZdb F`cvbcta`cs jaj c`t f`ctlac lcy jbgacata`c `g tdb tbri sbasbj, lcj at wls mbgt t` tdb fùrts `g acjavajulm Ibinbr Vtltbs t`jbtbriacb, ac lff`rjlcfb watd tdbar clta`clm mlws, bxlftmy wdbc tdby wbrb garst sbasbj. Ac Ubmhbrv. Vlmacatra[(F.L.). L prlftaflm f`csbqubcfb `g tdas as tdltl plrty wdafd gblrs nbach subj g`r c`c-plyibct ac lc ucglvùrlnmb eurasjafta`c wamm `gtbc nb lnmb t` stlrt l prb-biptavb lfta`c ac li`rb glvùrlnmb g`rui, sbbkach l jbfmlrlta`c `g c`c-malnamaty. Zdlt fùrt dlvach nbbc sbasbj, pr`fbbjachs sunsbqubctmy stlrtbjbmsbwdbrb wùmj nb stlybj.

Zdb slib plrtabsZdb actbrprbtlta`c `g tdb bxprbssa`c tdb slib plrtabs as aip`rtlct t` rbacsurlcfb jasputbs, wdafd flc `gtbc acv`mvb iumtapmb plrtabswd`, wdamb nbach sahclt`rabs t` tdb slib p`mafy `r trblty, ily c`t dlvb tdb slib acv`mvbibct ac pr`fbbjachs assubj ac sbplrltb

eurasjafta`cs. G`r tlftaflm `r sunstlctavb rbls`cs, `cb plrtafumlr plrty ily c`t nb clibj ac pr`fbbjachs sbbkach jbfmlrlt`ry rbmabg



^`nbrt Ibrkac


11/16

rbmltach t` l p`mafy actbrprbtlta`c pàct, nut ily nb plrty t` pr`fbbjachs fmlaiach jlilhbs ucjbr tdlt p`mafy.

Zdb BFE dls f`cfmujbj tdlt tdb plrtabs t` tdb fìpbtach lfta`cs iust nb ajbctaflm g`r tdb garst sbasbj rumb t` lppmy5 Zdb Ilfabe^ltle[ (F`cvbcta`cs)

Xdbrb rbmltbj lfta`cs lrb nrùhdt ac tdb fùrts `g jaggbrbct F`ctrlftach Vtltbs, lcy fùrt `tdbr tdlc tdb fùrt garst sbasbj ily, wdambtdb lfta`cs lrb pbcjach lt garst acstlcfb, stly ats pr`fbbjachs.

L fùrt `tdbr tdlc tdb fùrt garst sbasbj ily lms`, `c tdb lppmaflta`c `g `cb `g tdb plrtabs, jbfmacb eurasjafta`c ag tdb mlw `g tdltfùrt pbriats tdb f`cs`majlta`c `g rbmltbj lfta`cs lcj tdb fùrt garst sbasbj dls eurasjafta`c `vbr n`td lfta`cs.

G`r tdb purp`sbs `g tdas Lrtafmb, lfta`cs lrb jbbibj t` nb rbmltbj wdbrb tdby lrb s` fm`sbmy f`ccbftbj tdlt at as bxpbjabct t` dblrlcj jbtbriacb tdbi t`hbtdbr t` lvàj tdb rask `g arrbf`cfamlnmb eujhibcts rbsumtach grì sbplrltb pr`fbbjachs.

Lrtafmb >4 (^bhumlta`c)

. Xdbrb tdbsb lfta`cs lrb pbcjach lt garst acstlcfb, lcy fùrt `tdbr tdlc tdb fùrt garst sbasbj ily lms`, `c tdb lppmaflta`c `g `cb `g

tdb plrtabs, jbfmacb eurasjafta`c ag tdb fùrt garst sbasbj dls eurasjafta`c `vbr tdb lfta`cs ac qubsta`c lcj ats mlw pbriats tdbf`cs`majlta c tdbrb`g.

6. G`r tdb purp`sbs `g tdas Lrtafmb, lfta`cs lrb jbbibj t` nb rbmltbj wdbrb tdby lrb s` fm`sbmy f`ccbftbj tdlt at as bxpbjabct t` dblrlcj jbtbriacb tdbi t`hbtdbr t` lvàj tdb rask `g arrbf`cfamlnmb eujhibcts rbsumtach grì sbplrltb pr`fbbjachs.

L__MAFLNMB MLX^bacsurlcfb as l plrtafumlrmy actbrclta`clm acjustry. Zdb f`ctrlfts lrb `gtbc bctbrbj act` ny plrtabs ac jaggbrbct fùctrabs watd jaggbrbctmbhlm systbis, f`vbrach rasks lrùcj tdb w`rmj (`r, acjbbj, ac splfb). Zdb qubsta`c lrasbs, wdafd mlw lppmabs t` tdb f`ctrlft0 Zdas ilyilkb l duhb jaggbrbcfb t` tdb wly ac wdafd tdb f`ctrlft w`rks, lcj t` tdb plrtabs rahdts lcj `nmahlta`cs5 g`r bxlipmb, ag tdbrb as lnrblfd `g wlrrlcty tdas ily bctatmb tdb rbacsurbr t` lvàj tdb f`ctrlft (ag tdb lppmaflnmb mlw as Bchmasd mlw) `r ibrbmy t` sìb mbssbrrbibjy sufd ls jlilhbs (ag lc`tdbr mlw lppmabs).

D`w j` tdb Bchmasd fùrts jbtbriacb tdb lppmaflnmb mlw0 @rahaclmmy, rumbs wbrb jbvbm`pbj ls plrt `g tdb fìi`c mlw. Zdbsb rumbsdlvb nbbc mlrhbmy supbrsbjbj ny tdb F`cvbcta`c `c tdb Mlw Lppmaflnmb t` F`ctrlftulm @nmahlta`cs `g


12/16

Gahurb >. D`w t` jbtbriacb tdb lppmaflnmb mlw `g f`ctrlftFdàfb `g mlw fmlusbsZdb Bchmasd fùrts dlvb m`ch rbf`hcasbj tdlt plrtabs ily sbmbft tdb mlw wdafd tdby wasd t` lppmy t` tdbar f`ctrlfts. Xdbrb l f`ctrlftacfmujbs l stltbibct `g tdb mlw wdafd as t` lppmy t` tdb f`ctrlft (l fdàfb `g mlw fmlusb), n`td tdb fìi`c mlw lcj tdb F`cvbcta`cwamm upd`mj sufd l fdàfb.

L typaflm fdàfb `g mlw fmlusb as ls g`mm`ws5

Zdas f`ctrlft as h`vbrcbj ny lcj sdlmm nb f`cstrubj ac lff`rjlcfb watd Bchmasd mlw.

Zdb fmlusb sdùmj cìacltb l fmblrmy jbgacbj systbi `g mlw. G`r bxlipmb, rbgbrbcfb sdùmj nb iljb t` Bchmasd mlw (`r, i`rblffurltbmy, tdb mlws `g Bchmlcj lcj Xlmbs) rltdbr tdlc tdb mlws `g Hrblt Nratlac `r tdb mlws `g tdb Rcatbj Kachjì ls tdbmlttbr bxprbssa`cs lrb linahuùs (Bchmlcj lcj Xlmbs dlvb `cb mlw lcj Vf`tmlcj lcj C`rtdbrc Arbmlcj dlvb tdbar `wc). Vaiamlrmy,rbgbrbcfb sdùmj nb iljb t` (g`r bxlipmb) tdb mlws `g Cbw Q`rk rltdbr tdlc tdb mlws `g tdb Rcatbj Vtltbs.

Ls watd eurasjafta`c, tdb rumbs lrb i`rb fìpmafltbj wdbrb tdb f`ctrlft j`bs c`t bxpmafatmy ilkb lcy fdàfb. Ac tdas satulta`c tdbrbas hrbltbr ucfbrtlacty, wdafd `gtbc bcjs ac matahlta`c. Havbc tdas glft, at as surprasach d`w `gtbc f`ctrlfts ìat t` fd``sb tdb lppmaflnmbmlw5 pbrdlps tdb plrtabs, ac tdbar bctdusalsi t` f`cfmujb tdb jblm, saipmy `vbrm``k tdb pàct. H``j prlftafb as t` ilkb surb tdlt bvbryf`ctrlft acfmujbs l fdàfb `g mlw fmlusb.

Xdbrb l rbacsurlcfb f`ctrlft pr`vajbs f`vbrlhb `c tbris Ls `rahaclm, tdas ily c`t nb suggafabct t` acf`rp`rltb lcy fdàfb `g mlwfmlusb grì tdb ucjbrmyach f`ctrlft. Ls l rbsumt, tdb acsurlcfb lcj rbacsurlcfb f`ctrlfts fùmj turc ùt t` nb h`vbrcbj ny jaggbrbctlppmaflnmb mlws, lcj tdas fùmj frbltb l iasiltfd ac f`vbrlhb. Zdbrbg`rb, l fdàfb `g mlw sdùmj nb acsbrtbj bvbc ac Ls `rahaclmw`rjachs.

Zdb ^ìb F`cvbcta`cZdb Bchmasd fùrts wamm usulmmy jbtbriacb tdb lppmaflnmb mlw ny g`mm`wach tdb rumbs mlaj j`wc ac tdb ^ìb F`cvbcta`c. Zdas wlslj`ptbj act` Bchmasd mlw ny tdb F`ctrlfts (Lppmaflnmb Mlw) Lft


13/16

ucjbrmyach f`ctrlfts nb h`vbrcbj ny Bchmasd mlw.

Liac ^lsdbbj Vdappach F`rp`rlta`cv. Kuwlat Acsurlcfb F`.[ Mm`yjs ^bp. 672

Zdb Dùsb `g M`rjs gùcj tdlt tdb usb `g l Mm`yjs ilracb g`ri wls l glft`r wdafd suhhbstbj tdlt Bchmasd mlw wls tdb h`vbrcach mlw, bvbc wdbrb tdb

`tdbr rbmbvlct farfuistlcfbs surrùcjach tdb f`ctrlft pàctbj t` tdb mlw `g Kuwlat.

Zabrclcv. Ilhbc Acsurlcfb F`. Mtj[>???Y A.M. _r. 2 Mm`yjs ^bp. 2:6(F.L.).Flcljalc fbjlcts wbrb rbacsurbj ny l Hrbbk rbacsurbr ucjbr l glfamaty `pbrltbj ny M`cj`c nr`kbrs. Zdb Fùrt `g Lppblm dbmj tdlt tdbfbctrb `g hrlvaty wls M`cj`c.

Zdb F`cvbcta`cXdbrb tdbrb as c` bxprbss fdàfb `g mlw, tdb F`cvbcta`c lms` pr`vajbs g`r tw` lmtbrcltavbs, wdafd ily nb jbsfranbj ls aipmabjfdàfb `g mlw lcj c` fdàfb `g mlw.

Aipmabj fdàfb `g mlwRcjbr tdb F`cvbcta`c (Lrtafmb >) lc aipmabj fdàfb `g mlw bxasts wdbrb tdb plrtabs t` l f`ctrlft iljb l fdàfb `g mlw wdafd as c`tbxprbssbj nut as5

jbi`cstrltbj watd rbls`clnmb fbrtlacty ny tdb tbris `g tdb f`ctrlft `r tdb farfuistlcfbs `g tdb flsb.

Zdb `ggafalm rbp`rt `c tdb F`cvbcta`c (tdb Haumalc` lcj Mlhlrjb ^bp`rt) stltbs tdlt lc aipmabj fdàfb sdùmj nb gùcj `cmy ag tdbplrtabs dlvb iljb l rblm fdàfb `g mlw5 at j`bs c`t pbriat tdb fùrt t` acgbr l fdàfb `g mlw tdlt tdb plrtabs iahdt dlvb iljb wdbrb

tdby dlj c` fmblr actbcta`c `g ilkach l fdàfb5 ac `tdbr w`rjs, tdb plrtabs iust dlvb ljjrbssbj tdbar iacjs t` tdb qubsta`c.

Ny wly `g ammustrlta`c `g tbris lcj farfuistlcfbs wdafd ily mblj tdb fùrt t` f`cfmujb tdlt tdb plrtabs dlj iljb l rblm fdàfb `gmlw tdb^bp`rtfatbs tdb g`mm`wach5 (a) tdlt tdb f`ctrlft as ac l stlcjlrj g`ri wdafd as kc`wc t` nb h`vbrcbj ny l plrtafumlr systbi `gmlw bvbc tdùhd tdbrb as c` bxprbss stltbibct t` tdas bggbft, sufd ls l Mm`yjs p`mafy `g ilracb acsurlcfb; (aa) tdlt tdbrb dls nbbc lprbvaùs fùrsb `g jblmach nbtwbbc tdb slib plrtabs ucjbr f`ctrlfts f`ctlacach lc bxprbss fdàfb `g mlw lcj tdb fdàfb `g mlw fmlusbdls nbbc ìattbj ac farfuistlcfbs wdafd j` c`t acjafltb l jbmanbrltb fdlchb `g p`mafy; (aaa) tdlt tdb plrtabs dlvb fd`sbc l plrtafumlrg`rui (nut lcy prbsuipta`c tdlt tdby actbcjbj tdb mlw `g tdb g`rui t` lppmy iust lmwlys nb sunebft t` tdb `tdbr tbris `g tdb f`ctrlftlcj lmm tdb farfuistlcfbs `g tdb flsb); (av) tdlt tdb f`ctrlft rbgbrs t` tdb pr`vasa`cs `g l plrtafumlr mlw sufd ls spbfagaf Lrtafmbs `g tdbGrbcfd Favam F`jb; (v) tdlt tdbrb as lc bxprbss fdàfb `g mlw ac rbmltbj trlcslfta`cs nbtwbbc tdb slib plrtabs; lcj (va) tdlt tdbrb as lfdàfb `g tdb pmlfb `g lrnatrlta`c ac farfuistlcfbs wdafd acjafltb tdlt tdb lrnatrlt`r sdùmj lppmy tdb mlw `g tdlt pmlfb.



^`nbrt Ibrkac


14/16

Vìb `g tdbsb bxlipmbs sbbi t` f`cgusb satulta`cs wdbrb tdb plrtabs dlvb iljb l rblm fdàfb watd satulta`cs wdbrb tdby dlvb c`t.G`r bxlipmb, tdb glft tdlt tdb plrtabs dlvb usbj l Mm`yjs ilracb p`mafy j`bs c`t ac rblmaty sd`w tdlt tdby dlvb havbc lcy tdùhdt t`tdb qubsta`c `g tdb lppmaflnmb mlw. I`rb`vbr, tdb suhhbsta`c tdlt tdb mlw lppmaflnmb t` Mm`yjs ilracb p`mafabs `r lcy `tdbr f`ctrlftsdùmj nb jbtbriacbj, ac bggbft, ny fustì lppblrs t` f`cgmaft watd tdb F`cvbcta`cs lai `g pr`vajach l f`csastbct grlibw`rk `g rumbsny wdafd t` jbtbriacb tdb lppmaflnmb mlw.

Zdb Bchmasd fùrts dlvb c`t sd`wc rbmuftlcfb t` gacj lc aipmabj fdàfb `g mlw. @cb bxlipmb as5

Hlc Acsurlcfb F`. Mtj & Lc`tdbr v. Zla _ach Acsurlcfb F`. Mtj[>1

Zlawlcbsb rasks wbrb acsurbj ny l Zlawlcbsb acsurbr lcj rbacsurbj ac l M`cj`c pmlfbibct wdafd wls plrt `g lc actbrclta`clm pr`hrliib. Zdb smap

p`mafabs f`ctlacbj stlcjlrj M`cj`c ilrkbt tbris. Zdb rbacsurbrs fmlaibj tdlt tdb rbacsurlcfbs wbrb h`vbrcbj ny Bchmasd mlw nbflusb tdb f`ctrlfts

wbrb ac stlcjlrj M`cj`c ilrkbt g`ri usach Bchmasd mbhlm tbriac`m`hy, tdb pmlfbibct wls tdrùhd M`cj`c nr`kbrs t` M`cj`c ilrkbt rbacsurbrs, lcj

tdb smap p`mafabs f`ctlacbj ls `rahaclm mlchulhb wdafd wls actbcjbj t` bcsurb tdlt tdb sf`pb `g tdb f`vbr ucjbrwrattbc ny rbacsurbrs wls ajbctaflm t`

tdlt `g tdb `rahaclm p`mafy. Zdb fbjlct lrhubj tdlt tdb rbacsurlcfb sdùmj nb h`vbrcbj ny Zlawlcbsb mlw, s` tdlt ats actbrclta`clm pr`hrliib wùmj

dlvb l f`csastbct lppmaflnmb mlw. Frbsswbmm E. lffbptbj tdb rbacsurbrs lrhuibcts lcj dbmj tdlt tdbrb wls lc aipmabj fdàfb `g Bchmasd mlw.

Lppmaflnmb mlw ac tdb lnsbcfb `g lcy bxprbss `r aipmabj fdàfb

Xdbrb tdb plrtabs dlvb c`t iljb l fdàfb `g mlw wdafd as bxprbssbj `r jbi`cstrltbj watd rbls`clnmb fbrtlacty ny tdb tbris `g tdbf`ctrlft `r tdb farfuistlcfbs `g tdb flsb, tdb F`cvbcta`c pr`vajbs tdlt tdb f`ctrlft as h`vbrcbj ny tdb mlw `g tdb fùctry watd wdafdtdb f`ctrlft as i`st fm`sbmy f`ccbftbj. Zdas jaggbrs grì tdb fìi`c mlw lppr`lfd, wdafd m``kbj t` tdb mbhlm systbi watd wdafd tdbf`ctrlft as i`st fm`sbmy f`ccbftbj.

Zdb F`cvbcta`c pr`vajbs l rbnuttlnmb prbsuipta`c ls t` tdb fùctry watd wdafd tdb f`ctrlft as i`st fm`sbmy f`ccbftbj. Zdbprbsuipta c acv mvbs tw` stlhbs. Garst, tdb fùrt iust jbtbriacb wdafd `g tdb plrtabs t` tdb f`ctrlft as rbquarbj t` havb tdbpbrg`rilcfb wdafd as fdlrlftbrastaf `g tdb f`ctrlft (sbb nbm`w). Vbf`cjmy, tdb fùrt iust tdbc ajbctagy tdb fùctry ac wdafd (lt tdbtaib `g f`cfmusa`c `g tdb f`ctrlft) tdlt plrtys pracfaplm pmlfb `g nusacbss wls satultbj (`r ag ucjbr tdb tbris `g tdb f`ctrlft tdbpbrg`rilcfb as t` nb bggbftbj tdrùhd l pmlfb `g nusacbss `tdbr tdlc tdb pracfaplm pmlfb `g nusacbss, tdb fùctry ac wdafd tdlt `tdbrpmlfb `g nusacbss as satultbj). Zdb prbsuipta`c as tdlt tdb f`ctrlft as i`st fm`sbmy f`ccbftbj watd tdb mlw `g tdas fùctry.

Zdb f`cfbpt `g fdlrlftbrastaf pbrg`rilcfb as c`t jbgacbj ac tdb F`cvbcta`c. Zdb ^bp`rt bxpmlacs tdlt f`ctrlftulm `nmahlta`cstypaflmmy glmm act` tw` typbs, tdb garst nbach lc `nmahlta`c t` ply i`cby, tdb sbf`cj (tdb fdlrlftbrastaf pbrg`rilcfb) nbach tdbpbrg`rilcfb g`r wdafd tdb plyibct as jub. Lmtdùhd at iahdt nb tdùhdt tdlt l f`ctrlft `g rbacsurlcfb acv`mvbs c` fdlrlftbrastafpbrg`rilcfb, ls n`td plrtabs `nmahlta`cs acv`mvb tdb plyibct (`r p`tbctalm plyibct) `g i`cby, tdb ^bp`rtfatbs tdb pr`vasa`c `gacsurlcfb ls lc bxlipmb `g fdlrlftbrastaf pbrg`rilcfb. Zdb usulm prbsuipta`c wamm tdbrbg`rb nb tdlt l f`ctrlft `g rbacsurlcfb as i`stfm`sbmy f`ccbftbj watd tdb mlw `g tdb fùctry ac wdafd tdb rbacsurbr dls ats pracfaplm pmlfb `g nusacbss.

Bxlipmb5 Lc Bchmasd fbjlct purfdlsbs rbacsurlcfb f`vbr grì l rbacsurbr wdafd dls ats pracfaplm pmlfb `g nusacbss ac Nbriujl. Zdbf`ctrlft wùmj, ac tdb lnsbcfb `g lc bxprbss `r aipmabj fdàfb `g mlw, nb rbnuttlnmy prbsuibj t` nb h`vbrcbj ny Nbriujalc mlw.

Xdbrb tdb slib rask as f`vbrbj ny rbacsurbrs watd tdbar dblj `ggafbs ac sbvbrlm fùctrabs, tdas lppr`lfd wùmj dlvb tdbf`csbqubcfb tdlt jaggbrbct mlws ily lppmy ac rbspbft `g tdb slib rask. Zdas wùmj nb jasljvlctlhbùs t` tdb fbjlct, nbflusb atsrbacsurlcfb pr`hrliib fùmj bcj up nbach h`vbrcbj ny l vlrabty `g jaggbrbct mlws. Zdas fùmj nb f`ctrlry t` tdb F`cvbcta`cs lai `gbcfùrlhach mbhlm fbrtlacty. At lms` glams t` havb bggbft t` tdb purp`sb g`r wdafd tdb f`cfbpt `g fdlrlftbrastaf pbrg`rilcfb wlsjbvasbj, wdafd (lff`rjach t` tdb `ggafalm rbp`rt) wls t` mack tdb f`ctrlft t` tdb s`falm lcj bf`cìaf bcvar`cibct `g wdafd at wammg`ri plrt.

Ac Macf`mc Clta`clm Magb Acsurlcfb F`. v. Bipm`ybrs ^bacsurlcfb F`rp`rlta`c [>??>Y Mm`yjs ^bp. A^ 426, I``rb-Nafk E. dbmjtdlt at wls cbfbsslry t` gacj l sachmb fùctry watd wdafd vlraùs f`ctrlfts wbrb i`st fm`sbmy f`ccbftbj. Db gùcj tdlt, f`ctrlry t` tdb

prbsuipta`c, tdb f`ctrlfts wbrb i`st fm`sbmy f`ccbftbj watd Bchmlcj `c tdb nlsas tdlt tdby wbrb cbh`taltbj tdbrb ny M`cj`c ilrkbtnr`kbrs usach M`cj`c ilrkbt j`fuibctlta`c. Vaiamlrmy, ac FHR Actbrclta`clm Acsurlcfb pmf v. Vzln` [>??>Y Mm`yjs ^bp. A^


15/16

Bchmasd mlw rbf`hcasbs tdb grbbjì `g plrtabs t` fd``sb l mlw wdafd as c`t f`ccbftbj t` tdbar trlcslfta`c. Zdb fùrts ily, d`wbvbr,rbgusb t` upd`mj l fdàfb ac bxfbpta`clm farfuistlcfbs. Ac Watl G``j _r`jufts Acfv. Rcus Vdappach F`. Mtj[88, M`rjXrahdt updbmj l fdàfb `g Bchmasd mlw ny tw` `vbrsbls fìplcabs, stltach tdlt f`ccbfta`c watd Bchmasd mlw as c`t ls l ilttbr `gpracfapmb bssbctalm. D`wbvbr, db mbgt `pbc tdb p`ssanamaty `g tdb fùrts `vbrrajach l fdàfb `g mlw fmlusb ny stltach tdlt tdb fdàfbiust nb n`cl gajb lcj mbhlm lcj tdlt tdbrb iust nb c` rbls`c g`r lvàjach tdb fdàfb `c tdb hrùcj `g punmaf p`mafy. Zdbrb as c`rbp`rtbj flsb `g tdas pracfapmb dlvach nbbc lppmabj t` strakb j`wc l fdàfb `g mlw fmlusb, lcj at wùmj sbbi t` nb rbmbvlct `cmy ac tdbucusulm satulta`c wdbrb tdb lppmaflnmb mlw as fd`sbc ibrbmy t` bvljb sìb pr`danata`c ac tdb mlw `g tdb pmlfb wdbrb tdb f`ctrlft wls

iljb `r wls t` nb pbrg`ribj.Zdb F`cvbcta`c iarr`rs tdb fìi`c mlw t` sìb bxtbct `c tdb qubsta`c `g punmaf p`mafy.

Lrtafmb


16/16

(n) Zdb fmlailct as satultbj ac tdb BR.(f) Zdb fmlai bxfbbjs