-
1.
- (Light Amplification by the Stimulated
Emission of R adiation)
-
-
-
.
-
-3
- :
- :
-
- :
( ) .
( ) .
-
-
-
-
- :
- .
- .
-
-
- (Einstein coefficient A) .
- .
-
-
- (Einstein coefficient B) .
- ( )
.
- .
-
-
-
- Planck
- Planck
-
-
-( )
-
- ( , )
.
- .
-
-
-
- (600 30,000)
.
- ( ) ,
.
-
- ( )
( )
.
- .
2.
- 3- 4-
-4
- 4
-
- 4
- : ( ) .
-
- , ,
- :
.
.
- (10-3 ) .
- (metastable state) .
- (10-8).
-
" " .
- :
.
.
- : .
-
.
- ( 4 ) .
- 5%
-
-
- .
- 100% ,
- .
-
3.
-
-
-
- (Dye)
- , ,
-poymethine ( ), xanthene (),
coumarine ( ), scintillator ( )
-
-
- .
-
-
(1)
-1960 Maiman
-Ruby Al2O3 ( ) Cr Al
-Al2O3 Cr
-Cr (Cr+3 ) , Cr+3
-Cr+3
-
- 3
- 2 ( )
100%, 95%
- flash
- Cr+3
-
-
- 694.3
-
(2) He-Ne
- 10:1 .
- , 0.1 1 10
.
-
-
,
-
-
-
- 3.39, 1.15, 634.8, 543.5
- (Brewster angle)
- He-Ne 634.8 .
-
- ( )
.
-
-He-Ne ( )
Argon Laser
-
N2 laser
CO2 Laser
-
(3)
- pn
-pn p n
.
- LED .
- LED .
-
- GaAs
- ( )
- pn
- LED
- ,
- LED
-
.
- LED ( ) .
- (direct band gap)
LED .
- (indirect band gap)
LED .
-
.
-
- .
- ( )
- .
- .
- (GaAs) .
- -
( ) .
-
-
- (threshold current) .
- ,
.
-
.
-
-1962 GaAs pn
- (homojunction laser)
- .
- .
-
.
- .
-
- , ,
.
- (heterojunction structure)
(confinement) .
-
-
- (active layer) .
- .
- ( ) .
- ,
n p .
- (light guide)
.
- (quantum wells) .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-VCSEL(vertical cavity surface emitting laser)
-VCSEL .
-
- (multi-layer mirrors)
. .
- .
-
, VCSEL
.
GaAs 870nm
GaAlAs 750 850nm
AlGaInP 650 680nm
InGaAsP 1.1 1.65 mInGaAsSb 1.7 4.3 mGaN 450 525nm
PbSnTe 6 25 mPbEuSeTe 2 4 m
-
Quantum Quantum laser
-Quantum well, quantum wire, quantum dot
-Quantum well 3 2
-Quantum wire 1
-Quantum dot 0
-AlGaAs GaAs quantum
-Quantum dot 150
-
-Quantum well MBE(molecular beam epitaxy)
-GaAs AlGaAs band gap 1.5eV 3.1eV .
-Quantum well band gap GaAs (0.2nm)
band gap AlGaAs .
-Quantum well quantum well laser
- GaAs .
-AlGaAs band gap ,
- GaAs
-Quantum well
- .
- .
-
-Quantum dot
- (artificial atom)
-Quantum dot band gap .
-Quantum dot
-Quantum dot quantum dot LED, quantum dot laser,
quantum computing, fluorescent tags for biological research
-
(4)
- .
-
. (fluorescence) .
-
-
- (singlet):
- 0
- (triplet): 1
- (sublevel):
-
- ( )
.
- .
- .
-
- ,
-
- .
- .
-
-
- .
- .
-
- .
-
.
-
.
- .
- .
- .
-
- .
-
4.
- .
- .
- .
-
-
.
-
-I II
.
- -
-
.
-
5.
-
-
.
-
- ( )
(1)
- , ,
- .
-
- , ,
-
- CO2 Nd:YAG
-
-
-
- , ,
- CO2 Nd:YAG
-CO2 10.6
-
- 488 .
-
-
- (port wine )
-
-
(2)
- .
- (band width) .
- ( )
.
Argon Fluoride
Kripton
Fluoride
193nm( )
248nm( )
10W
- ,
-
- Argonfp
-
Argon-Ion 488nm( )
10W
- ( ), ,
- ( )
-
- ,
-
- , ,(Dye)
(Argon-ion
)
631nm( )
3-4W
- ( )
-
Nd:YAG 1.06 ( )
60-100W
- , , ,
-
- ,
CO2 10.6 ( )
80W
- ,
-
-
Ruby 694.3nm( )
0.03-100J
- ,
-
-
- 200Hz 4,000 .
- ( ) 3,800 .
- 106
0.4%
- ( ; Hz)
10-9 %
- .
- Hz 1010 Hz
(beam) 250 .
- ( 144 ) 2
( , ) 672
50,000 .
- .
- , , .
-
- ,
-
-
.
