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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
qarTuli enis saswavlo-samecniero instituti
Zveli qarTuli enisa da teqstologiuri kvlevebis kaTedra
lela cixelaSvili
Zveli qarTuli ena
saleqcio kursi
bakalavriatis safexuris studentebisaTvis
I nawili
3
sarCevi
qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodizaciis sakiTxi . . . . . . . . . . . 7
xmarebidan gasuli grafemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
brunvaTa sistema Zvel qarTulSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
wrfelobiTi brunvis sakiTxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
mimarTulebiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
daniSnulebiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
wodebiTi brunvis sakiTxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
saxelobiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
moTxrobiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
micemiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
naTesaobiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
moqmedebiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
viTarebiTi brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
-a savrcobi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
ricxvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
sazogado saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
4
xmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
kvecad saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
ukvecel saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
kumSvad-kvecad saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
umarcvlo u-ze ( ) daboloebul saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
a-sa da e-ze daboloebul saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
sakuTar saxelTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
anTroponimTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
toponimTa bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Tandebuli da Tandebuliani brunvebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
zedsarTavi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi, warmoSobiT mimReoba . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
nasesxebi viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
fuZis reduplikaciiT miRebuli viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi . . . . 77
mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
zedsarTavi saxelis bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
zedsarTavi saxelis xarisxis formebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
ricxviTi saxelis bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
nacvalsaxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
piris nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
urTierTobiTi nacvalsaxelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
saxelis gansazRvrulobis kategoria da nawevari Zvel qarTulSi . . . 110
saxelis gansazRvrulobis kategoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
nawevari Zvel qarTulSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
atributuli msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
zedsarTavi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba
arsebiTTan erTad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
mimReobiT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba arsebiTTan
erTad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba arse-
biTTan erTad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
ganusazRvreli ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli . . . . . . . . 126
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
nacvalsaxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba arsebiT-
Tan erTad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . 138
substanciuri msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis bruneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
prepoziciuri substanciuri msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
postpoziciuri substanciuri msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
ramdenime msazRvreli erT sazRvrulTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
e.w. sammagi brunebis msazRvreli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7
qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodizaciis sakiTxi
qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi qarTuli saliteraturo
enis periodizaciis sakiTxi azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. pirvel
yovlisa, gasarkvevia, ra unda ewodos saliteraturo enis periodebs _
enebi Tu safexurebi? mag., berZnuli enis periodebad dayofisas miRebuli
erTeulebi imdenad mkveTrad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, rom, faqtobrivad,
sxvadasxva enasTan gvaqvs saqme, Zveli berZnulis gageba Tanamedrove ber-
Zens ar SeuZlia, is mkvdari enaa. amitom gamoyofen Zvel da axal ber-
Znul enebs. aseve gamoiyofa Zveli somxuri da axali somxuri, Zveli
arabuli da axali arabuli, Zveli saeklesio slavuri da rusuli... am
enebis SemTxvevaSi es sxvaoba gamoiwvia iman, rom garkveul dros gawyda
kavSiri cocxal enasa da saliteraturo enas Soris. qarTulis SemTxve-
vaSi ki es kavSiri ar gawyvetila, miuxedavad imisa, rom amis safrTxe
arsebobda (ioane petriwi, antonis sami stilis Teoria). qarTulma
saliteraturo enam saukuneebis manZilze unikaluri stabiluroba
gamoavlina. amis dasturia Tundac is, rom `SuSanikis wamebis~ wakiTxva
da ZiriTadi Sinaarsis gageba skolis maRali klasis moswavles
leqsikonis dauxmarebladac SeuZlia. amitom qarTuli saliteraturo
enis periodebad dayofisas miRebul erTeulebs, wesiT, unda ewodos
safexurebi (//periodebi) da ara enebi. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc vxma-
robT terminebs: Zveli qarTuli ena, axali qarTuli ena... eseni ufro
samuSao terminebia da ara realoba.
qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodizaciis Sesaxeb arsebobs
ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazreba. a. SaniZis azriT, qarTulma sali-
teraturo enam ganviTarebis sami safexuri ganvlo: 1. Zveli qarTuli ena
(V-XI ss.); 2. saSuali qarTuli ena (XII-XVIII ss.) da 3. axali qarTuli ena
(XIX-XX ss.). avtoris azriT, aRniSnuli dayofa miaxloebiTia, zedmi-
wevnilobiTi sazRvris dadeba Zvel, saSualsa da axal qarTuls Soris
SeuZlebelia.1 qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriaSi sami periodis
gamoyofas emxrobian: k. kekeliZe, p. ingoroyva, g. deetersi, v. Tofuria, i.
qavTaraZe, z. WumburiZe, z. sarjvelaZe ...
qarTuli saliteraturo enis samsafexuriani periodizacia ar ga-
iziara arn. Ciqobavam 1938 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `dialeqtizmebis
sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~. man saSuali qarTulis calke safexurad
1 a. SaniZe, al. baramiZe, il. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena da literatura, tf., 1934, gv. 01.
8
gamoyofa ar miiCnia gamarTlebulad: `Zvel qarTuls axali qarTuli
mosdevs~.2 mecnieris azriT, XII-XVIII saukuneTa qarTuls, rogorc garda-
maval safexurs, damoukidebeli saxe ara aqvs arc gramatikuli wyobisa
da arc ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis mxriv.3 misi azriT, `axali qarTuli
saliteraturo ena isaxeba meTormete saukunidan... mexotbeTa (SavTelis,
CaxruxaZis) ena, rusTvelis `vefxistyaosnis~ ena ukve aRaraa Zveli qarTu-
li. saxelTa brunebaSi, zmnis uRvlilebaSi axali qarTulis damaxa-
siaTebeli movlenebi gvaqvs. sityvaTa wyobac arsebiTad axali qarTu-
lisaa~.4 avtoris azriT, axal saliteraturo qarTuls saZirkveli eyreba
TbilisSi. mas politikuri niadagi moumzada daviT aRmaSeneblis mier
1122 w. Tbilisis TurqTagan gaTavisuflebam da politikuri da kultu-
ruli centris quTaisidan TbilisSi gadmonacvlebam.5
arn. Ciqobavas mosazrebiT, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriaSi
unda gamoiyos ori periodi: Zveli qarTuli (V-XI ss.) da axali qarTuli
(XII-XX ss.). es mosazreba gaiziares i. gigineiSvilma da a. kiziriam ...
ismeba kiTxva: romeli enobrivi niSnebiT gamoiyofa qarTuli sali-
teraturo enis istoriaSi sami an ori periodi?
a. SaniZis azriT, gramatikul niSnebs Soris aspeqti yvelaze
mniSvnelovania qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodizaciis dasadgenad,
amitom mkvlevarma swored aspeqtis gamoxatvaSi momxdari cvlileba
daudo safuZvlad qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodizacias. cnobi-
lia, rom Zvel qarTulSi aspeqti uRlebis kategoria iyo, axalSi warmoq-
mnisaa. ZvelSi I seriis yvela mwkrivi, zmniswinis darTva-daurTvelobis
miuxedavad, iyo usruli aspeqtisa, xolo II seriis yvela mwkrivi _ sru-
li aspeqtisa:
I seria, awmyo: wers, daswers (usruli aspeqti).
II seria, wyvet.: wera, dawera (sruli aspeqti).
moyvanil zmnaTagan axal qarTulSi mxolod zmniswiniani formebia
sruli aspeqtisa (dawers, dawera).
2 arn. Ciqobava, dialeqtizmebis sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~, enimkis moambe, III, Tb., 1937, gv. 227, Sen. 1. 3 arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952, gv. 364.
4 arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, I, Tb., 1950, gv. 018).
9
a. SaniZis azriT, `aspeqtis kategoriam aRniSna, ase vTqvaT, didi
moxveuli qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriaSi da amiT garkveuli
mijna dado Zvel qarTulsa da axals Soris. am mijnaze Zevs saSuali
qarTuli, romelic asaxavs am ori sistemis paralelur arsebobas da enis
cdas, ufro da ufro meti gasaqani moupovos axal sistemas da miviwyebas
misces Zveli~.6
arn. Ciqobava CamoTvlis 8 ZiriTad enobriv niSans, romelTa
safuZvelze Zveli qarTuli upirispirdeba axals. am TvalsazrisiT,
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa movlenebi, romlebic `vefxistyaosnis~ enas
axasiaTebs, magram ZvelisTvis ucxoa:
xmovanfuZian sazogado saxelebTan saxelobiTSi aRar ixmareba (mag.,
yrma > yrma).
`vefxistyaosanSi~ boloukveceli saxelebi naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi
iwveven fleqsiis i-s dakargvas, iseve, rogorc axal qarTulSi, oRond
SenarCunebuli aqvT emfatikuri -a~7 (mag., wyaro- s-a > wyaro-s-a... ).
-mdis Tandebulis win viTarebiTi brunvis -d niSani aRar dasturdeba
(mag., sikvdil-ad-mdis > sikvdil-a-mdis; aqamdis, munamdis... ).
pirveli obieqturi piris niSani mravlobiTSi aris g da arasdros m-
(mag., `siyvaruli aRg amaRlebs, viT eJvanni amas JReren~... ).
meSveli zmna ars warmodgenilia a-s saxiT (mag., asre ars > asrea, igi ars > igia: `igia Cemi sicocxle, uwyalo, viTa jiqia~).
`Sedegobriv I-Si III piri a-s dairTavs~ (mag., momZulvebies > momZulvebia; `mas vaqeb, vinca miqia~... ).
igi-s gverdiT isi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelic ixmareba (mag., `isi diaci aqa zis...~).
sityvaTa wyobac Secvlilia, xSiria msazRvrelis prepoziciuri wyoba
(mag., igi mze... ).
rogorc xedavT, arn. Ciqobava saerTod ar exeba aspeqtis kategorias.
z. sarjvelaZem Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebis safuZvelze
ganixila orive zemoxsenebuli Sexeduleba da miuTiTa maTs sacilobel
mxareebze. misi azriT, Tu a. SaniZis kriteriums daveyrdnobiT, maSin Zvel
qarTulad unda miviCnioT V-X saukuneTa qarTuli, radgan mxolod am
periodSi emyareba sruli da usruli aspeqtis dapirispireba I-II seriaTa
opozicias. IX-X saukuneTa werilobiT ZeglebSi dasturdeba aspeqtis
6 a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tb., 1953, gv. 279.
7 arn. Ciqobava, dialeqtizmebis sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~, gv. 226.
10
axleburi warmoebis SemTxvevebi. amdenad, Zveli qarTuli ena am niSniT
ver gaemijneba saSuals.8
rac Seexeba arn. Ciqobavas mier dasaxelebul axal enobriv
movlenebs, z. sarjvelaZis azriT, `vefxistyaosnis~ ena Zvel qarTuls am
movlenaTa siaxliT ver daupirispirdeba, radgan TiTqmis yvela faqti
jer kidev Zvel ZeglebSive iCens Tavs:
CamoTvlilTagan pirveli ori niSani damaval difTongTa moSlis
(monofTongizaciis) Sedegia. am procesis amsaxveli faqtebi jer
kidev VI-VIII saukuneTa werilobiT ZeglebSi iCens Tavs (mag.,
xufro s > xufros (i. javaxiSvilis mier amokiTx. uZv. xelnaw.),
guda sman > gudasman (616-619 ww. wyisis warwera), xSirdeba IX-X
saukuneebSi. avtoris azriT, `aramcTu XII saukuneSi, aramed X
saukunis enaSi [ ] aRar gvqonda~.9
z. sarjvelaZis azriT, -mdis//-mde Tandebulis win -d brunvis niSnis dakargva VII-X saukuneTa werilobiT ZeglebSic iCens Tavs (mag.,
aRsasrulamde (xanm. leqc., VII s.); gamoslvamde (adiSis oTxTavi,
897w.)). amdenad, arc es enobrivi movlena ga-modgeba Zveli da axali
qarTulis gamosayofad.10
Semdegi niSania `vefxistyaosanSi~ I obieqturi piris mravlobiT
ricxvSi oden g prefiqsis gamoyeneba, maSin roca Zvel qarTulSi
am funqciiT m-c ixmareboda (mag., Cuen yuars//miyuars). z. sar-
jvelaZis azriT, am funqciiT mxolod gamoyeneba Zveli qarTu-
lis zogierT teqstSic, mag., xanmet mravalTavSi (VIII s. I nax.),
`SuSanikis wamebaSi~, `evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebaSi~...11
Tavad arn. Ciqobava SeniSnavs, rom ars > a ukve XI saukunis Zvel
werilobiT ZeglebSi gvxvdeba, `vefxistyaosanSi~ ki normad qce-
ula.12 es movlena pirvelad xanmet teqstebSi gvxvdeba (mag., igia (xanm. leqc., VII s.)).13
z. sarjvelaZis azriT, I TurmeobiTis (SedegobiTis) -ia daboloeba
saliteraturo enaSi VIII saukunidan isaxeba (mag., miyofia (haem.
leqc., VIII s.), xSirdeba IX saukunidan. amitom am niSans ver miviC-
nevT mxolod axali qarTulisTvis niSandoblivad.14
8 z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali, Tb., 1984, gv. 254-255.
9 iqve, gv. 257-259.
10 iqve, gv. 258.
11 iqve, gv. 260.
12arn. Ciqobava, Zvelisa da axali qarTulis komponentebisaTvis `vefxistyaosnis~ morfo-logiursa da sintaqsur struqturaSi, ike, XV, Tb., 1966, gv. 32. 13
ix. z. sarjvelaZis dasax. naSromi, gv. 260. 14
iqve, gv. 261.
11
isi nacvalsaxelic ukve X saukunidan Cans (mag., gvxvdeba oSkis
bibliaSi (978w.), latalisa da kalis leqcionarebSi: `da vixilo
xilva isi didi (kal. leqc.)).
arn. Ciqobavas azriT, msazRvrel-sazRvrulis wyoba Zvel qarTulSi
upiratesad postpoziciuria, axalSi ki _ prepoziciuri.15 z. sarjve-
laZis mosazrebiT, roca msazRvrel-sazRvrulis ZvelqarTulisebr
wyobaze vmsjelobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Zegli naTargmnia Tu
originaluri, amasTanave, msazRvrelis tipi (atributulia Tu
substanciuri) da romeli metyvelebis nawiliTaa gadmocemuli.
avtoris azriT, `V-XI saukuneTa yvela originaluri ZeglisTvis
normaa atributuli msazRvrelis prepozicia, xolo naTargmn
ZeglTa umravlesobisTvis _ postpozicia (rac originalis enis
zegavlenis Sedegi unda iyos)~.16 ra Tqma unda, Zveli qarTuli enis
ZeglebSi msazRvrel-sazRvrulis postpoziciuri wyobis SemTxvevebi
sWarbobs, magram prepoziciac xSiria, `vefxistyaosanSi~ orive
gvxvdeba, postpoziciuri wyoba, ZiriTadad, poemis metrisa da riT-
mis saWiroebiTaa Sepirobebuli:17`sjobs sicocxlesa nazraxsa sikvdili saxelovani~. sazogadod, cnobilia, rom poeziis enas
ufro metad axasiaTebs msazRvrel-sazRvrulis postpoziciuri
wyoba. arc ese, ege, igi CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa prepoziciaa ucxo
Zveli qarTulisTvis. ase rom, mTlad zusti ar unda iyos arn. Ciqo-
bavas mosazreba, rom Zvel qarTulSi `nawevari yovelTvis mosdevs
saxels~.18
amrigad, z. sarjvelaZis mosazrebiT, `vefxistyaosnis~ enisTvis
niSandoblivad miCneuli TiTqmis yvela faqti ukve Zvel ZeglebSive iCens
Tavs. ubralod, `is, rac Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebidan
gadaxvevad iTvleba, `vefxistyaosanSi~ ukve normad iqceva~.19
maSasadame, ori sxvadasxvagvari periodizaciisagan arcerTi ar aris
unaklo, orives aqvs sacilobeli mxareebi.
z. sarjvelaZes miaCnia, rom TviT V-XI saukuneTa werilobiTi
Zeglebis enac ar aris erTgvarovani. aq SeiZleba ori qveperiodi
gamoiyos: 1. V-VIII saukuneebi, roca saliteraturo ena gamoirCeva normaTa
erTianobiT, simyariT, rasac ganapirobebs, ZiriTadad, saeklesio
mwerloba, da 2. IX-XI saukuneebi, roca Seryeulia Zveli qarTuli
saliteraturo enis normebi. V-XI saukuneTa saliteraturo enis mraval- 15
ix. arn. Ciqobavas dasax. naSromi, gv. 19. 16
ix. z. sarjvelaZis dasax. naSromi, gv. 262. 17
iqve, gv. 263. 18
ix. arn. Ciqobavas dasax. naSromi, gv. 23-24. 19
ix. z. sarjvelaZis dasax. naSromi, gv. 266.
12
ferovneba Cans xanmet, haemet da sannarev ZeglebSi. miuxedavad amisa,
Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo ena aris erTiani, mkveTrad normirebuli
Camoyalibebuli sistema.
saliteraturo enis ganviTarebaSi sam periods gamoyofs f. erTe-
liSvili, Tumca dayofa gansxvavebulia: Zveli saliteraturo ena (V-XI
ss.), axali saliteraturo ena (XII-XIX ss.), Tanamedrove saliteraturo
ena (XXs.).20
qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebaSi xuT periods (etaps)
gamoyofs b. jorbenaZe:21 1. Zveli qarTuli, klasikuri saliteraturo ena
(V - XI-XII ss.), misTvis damaxasiaTebelia kanonizirebuli formebis mkveT-
rad dacva. 2. saero literaturis damkvidreba da xalxur metyvelebasTan
daaxloeba (XI-XVI ss.). 3. samwignobro enis sami oficialuri stiliT
weris damkvidreba (XVII-XVIII ss.). 4. axali saliteraturo ena (XIX s. 60-
iani wlebidan XX s. 20-ian wlebamde). mxolod cocxali kiloebis Sinaga-
ni ganviTarebis tendenciaTa Sesisxlxorceba gadaarCenda qarTul enas
sruli gadagvarebisagan. es misia itvirTes Tergdaleulebma. 5. Tanamed-
rove qarTuli saliteraturo ena (XX saukunis 10-20-iani wlebidan).
qarTuli universitetis daarsebam, erovnuli TviTSegnebis aRorZinebam,
qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebam axali Tvalsawieri gada-
uSala qarTul saliteraturo enas.
g. gogolaSvilis azriT, unda gaimijnos, ris periodizacias
vaxdenT: qarTuli saliteraturo enisas Tu qarTuli enisas.
saliteraturo ena aris erovnuli enis umaRlesi da daxvewili, normire-
buli saxe, met-naklebad xelovnuri, qarTuli ena ki gulisxmobs ara
marto saliteraturo enas, aramed yvela saxis dialeqts, sxvadasxva sa-
xis koines.22 es ufro farTo cnebaa. g. gogolaSvilis azriT, unda gamo-iyos ori qarTuli saliteraturo ena: Zveli da axali. calke periodad
ver gamovyofT saSual qarTul saliteraturo enas, radgan `am periodis
saliteraturo enis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel niSnad unda miviCnioT for-
maTa siWrele da erTiani normebis uqonloba~.23 normebis uqonloba ki
20
f. erTeliSvili, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriisaTvis, qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, #2, 1968, gv. 11-16. 21
b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, Tb., 1989, gv. 155-171. 22
koine (zedialeqti) ewodeba metyvelebis im nairsaxeobas, romelic ramdenime dialeq-tisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebas aerTianebs da, amdenad, dialeqtTaSorisi urTi-erTobis saSualebas warmoadgens. 23
z. WumburiZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis periodizaciisaTvis, madli deda-enisa, Tb., 1982.
13
ver iqneba saliteraturo enis maxasiaTebeli, radgan is, pirvel yovlisa,
enis normirebuli saxea.
marTalia, ar arsebobs saSuali qarTuli saliteraturo ena, magram
arsebobs saSuali qarTuli ena. g. gogolaSvilis azriT, unda gamovyoT saerTo-saxalxo enis (ara mxolod saliteraturo enis) ganviTarebis sami
safexuri: 1. Zveli qarTuli ena; 2. saSuali qarTuli ena; 3. axali
qarTuli ena.24
a. arabulis mixedviT, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis
ganmsazRvreli unda iyos saliteraturo enis uwyvetoba da stabiluri
mTlianoba misi ganviTarebis ori urTierTganuyofeli periodiT. avtoris
azriT, `vefxistyaosania~ is Zegli, romelic unda miviCnioT erTgvar
wyalgamyofad qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis gzaze da amis
mixedviT gamovyoT ori ZiriTadi periodi: `vefxistyaosnamde~ da `vefxis-
tyaosnis~ Semdeg.25
qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis safexurebTan dakav-
SirebiT arsebobs sruliad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebac. kerZod, r. Tvara-
Ze saerTod ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli saliteraturo enis periodebad
dayofas da mas `TxuTmetsaukunovan mTlianobas~ uwodebs. misi azriT,
specialur literaturaSi xmarebuli terminebi: `Zveli qarTuli ena~,
`Zveli qarTuli literatura~ mxolod mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebisas gamo-
sayenebeli pirobiTi, samuSao terminebia. `Zvel da axal werilobiT
Zeglebs Soris arsebuli enobrivi sxvaoba araviTar safuZvels ar qmnis
dedaqarTulis `Zvel~ da `axal~ qarTulad ganyofisaTvis~.26 r. TvaraZis
Tvalsazrisi, faqtobrivad, aravis gauziarebia, piriqiT, mkacradac
gaakri-tikes.27
qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis periodebad dayofas ar izi-
arebs t. futkaraZec. igi uaryofs terminebs: Zveli, saSuali, axali da
gamoyofs qarTuli saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli enis stilur variantebs:
sasulieros, saerosa da samecnieros, romlebiTac saukuneebis manZilze
24
g. gogolaSvili, qarTuli enis periodizaciis sakiTxisaTvis, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxe-bi, I, 2004, gv. 32-37. 25
a. arabuli, qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, Tb., 2004, gv. 21-24. 26
r. TvaraZe, TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba, qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, #3, 1978. 27
ix. S. ZiZiguri, mTlianoba, oRond nairgvari, qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi, #3, 1978; z. WumburiZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis periodizaciisaTvis, mad-li dedaenisa, Tb., 1982.
14
iwereboda rogorc saeklesio, ise saero da samecniero xasiaTis
naSromebi.
r. enuqaSvilic gamoyofs ara qarTuli saliteraturo enis isto-
riis periodebs, aramed, zogadad, qarTuli enis saxeobebs: 1. cocxali
sametyvelo ena, 2. sasuliero mwerlobis ena da 3. saero mwerlobis
ena.28
28
r. enuqaSvilma (arielis (israeli) universitetis samariis centris profesori) qarTu-li saliteraturo enis periodizaciis Sesaxeb leqcia waikiTxa 2012 wlis 4 oqtombers Tsu qarTuli enis institutSi.
15
xmarebidan gasuli grafemebi
me-19 saukunis 60-70-iani wlebidan qarTuli anbanidan amoRebul iqna
is Zveli grafemebi, romelTac an Tavidanve ar hqondaT dakisrebuli
damoukidebeli fonemebis gamoxatva ( ), an romelTa Sesatyvisi bgera
( -iT gadmocemuli) Tu alofoni29 ( -iT gadmocemuli) saliteraturo
qarTuls dakarguli hqonda. e.i. axalma qarTulma dakarga xuTi grafema.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke.
grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis
Zvel qarTul anbanSi s me-8 adgili eWira, aqedan momdinareobs
misi saxelwodebac (ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa 8, asomTavrulSi gamoixa-
teboda, rogorc H, nusxurSi _ Y). igi ar gamoxatavda damoukidebel
qarTul fonemas, mogvianebiT daekisra /e damavali difTongis gamo-
xatva: xe- klde- ld … Zvel qarTulSi daSlili dawerilobac
gvxvdeboda da ic (gaaCnia, romel literaturul skolaSi iyo gada-
werili esa Tu is Zegli), Tumca es ukanaskneli ufro xSiri iyo.
Cndeba kiTxva: aucileblobas warmoadgenda Tu ara sakuTriv
qarTulis niadagze /e difTongisTvis specialuri niSnis Seqmna? ara,
radgan sxva damavali difTongebisTvis30 (a , o , u ) niSani ar Seqmnila.
qarTul anbanSi s arseboba berZnuliT ixsneba. igi Semosulia berZnuli
etas (ekvivalentad, me-8 adgilis Sesavsebad, raTa ar momxdariyo
anbanis SemWidroeba da asoTa ricxviTi mniSvnelobis Secvla (berZnuls
orgvari e hqonda: mokle, me-5 adgilze mdgari , igive efsiloni, da me-8
adgilze mdgari grZeli eta). amitom es niSani Tavdapirvelad ixmare-
29
alofoni _ fonemis varianti (berZ. Phone – bgera, allos – sxva; mag., i da Zvel qarTulSi poziciurad, fonologiurad Sepirobebuli alofonebia). 30
difTongi _ (berZ. ori xmovani) ori saxisaa: aRmavali ( i,U a, e) da damavali (e a ou . Zvel qarTulSi aRmavali difTongi iSviaTia, ufro gavrcelebulia damavali difTongi. damavali difTongis pirveli komponenti sruli xmovania, romelic qmnis marcvals, meore ki _ naxevarxmovani, romelic am unars moklebulia. Zvel qarTulSi damavali difTongis pirvel nawilad gvxvdeba xmovnebi: a, e, o, u, meore nawilad ki _ aRmavali difTongis pirveli komponentia , xolo meore _ i, a, e xmovnebi.
16
boda berZnulidan nasesxeb sityvebSi etas ekvivalentad. mag., igi siste-
mebraa warmodgenili isra l, ierusal m sityvebSi, Tu isini daqa-
ragmebulia (i li, i mi). srulad daweris SemTxvevaSi am toponimebs31
gadamwerebi iseve werdnen, rogorc gamoTqvamdnen, e-Ti (israeli, ieru-
salemi).
SeniSvna: ganzogadeba imisa, rom berZnuli etas ekvivalentad
qarTulSi yovelTvis gvqonda, ar SeiZleba, Sdr.: eklesia
, epistole , k riake ...
warmodgenili iyo or qarTul zmnur ZirSi: (aR eba) da
(aRmo eba). pirvel SemTxvevaSi s arseboba somxuriT ixsneba. aris
mosazreba, rom es sparsuli warmomavlobis zmnuri Ziri somxuridan unda
iyos Semosuli, sadac igi grZeli e-Ti iyo warmodgenili.32 wminda
qarTul ZirSi s xmareba SesaZloa analogiiT aixsnas. radgan
aRniSnul ZirebSi ar gadmoscemda /e difTongs,33 xelnawerebSi mas e
grafemac enacvleboda (aR eba// aRSeneba, aRmo eba//aRmoceneba).
-s rom qarTul anbanSi fexi moekidebina, saWiro iyo mas qarTuli
sityvebis gadmocemaSi mieRo monawileoba. Aamis gamo -s daekisra -s gamoTqmasTan miaxloebuli /e difTongis gadmocema. am meoreulma
datvirTvam qarTul anbanSi arsebobis ufleba daumkvidra mas.
ra SemTxvevebSia mosalodneli e mimdevroba?
eE-ze daboloebul saxelTa (anTroponimTa34 garda) saxelobiT
brunvaSi:
sax. bWe- bW
mowafe- mowaf
mere- mer
mexuTe- mexuT
eE-ze daboloebul anTroponimTa naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi
(naklebi sixSiriT) brunvebis formebSi:
31
toponimi _ geografiuli sakuTari saxeli (berZ. topos _ adgili, onoma _ saxeli). 32
`Sen” Ziri saSuali sparsulidan unda iyos Semosuli rogorc qarTulSi, ise somxur-Si. igi niSnavs damuSavebul, keTilmowyobil, sacxovreblad vargis adgils. `Sen” Ziri aqtiurad gamoiyeneba qarTul toponimiaSic (axalSeni, oTaraSeni, TamaraSeni...). 33
Sesabamisad, romelime aRaS na forma ar unda wavikiTxoT, rogorc aRaSe na. 34
anTroponimi _ adamianis sakuTari saxeli (berZ. anTropos _ adamiani, onoma _ saxeli). 35
bWe- _ 1. kari, karibWe; 2. mosamarTle. 36
mere- _ toponimi (gaixseneT `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~ mere, meris dedaTa monasteri).
17
naT. pavle- s//pavl
elene- s//elen
moq. pavle- T(urT)//pavl T(urT)
elene- T(urT)//elen T(urT)37
zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi xarisxis e.w. grZel formebSi,
roca e daboloebas (udide) mosdevs, warmoSobiT, naTesaobiTi
brunvis - s niSani:
x-u-did-e- s//xudid
x-u-mjob-e- s//xumjob
or zmnizedaSi, romlebic, warmoSobiT, moqmedebiTi brunvis gaqva-
vebuli formebia:
esr esre-
egr egre-
amrigad, Zvel qarTulSi ixmareba berZnulidan Semosul zogierT
sityvaSi -s ekvivalentad (isra l, ierusal m, am n...) da qarTul
sityvebSi /e difTongis gadmosacemad. IX-XI saukuneebSi ki gamovlindeba
darRvevebi -s xmarebaSi, kerZod:
-s nacvlad naxmaria e: pavles mociqulisa, umetesi... es imis
mimaniSnebelia, rom dawyebulia /eჲ/ difTongis moSla: eჲ e es
procesi ukve xanmetsa da haemet teqstebSi SeiniSneba (mag., V
saukuniT daTariRebul `wmida qristinas wamebis~ xanmet teqstSi
(Vs.) gvxvdeba ufroobiTi xarisxis forma xutkbiles (<xu-
tkbilჱs), xolo -619 wlebiT daTariRebul wyisis warweraSi
vkiTxulobT: ` ... Zeman stefanesman (<stefanჱsman) da gudasman ...~).
piriqiT, e-s adgilze naxmaria : kld man, mowaf ni...
SeiniSneba kontaminaciuri e dawerilobac: egre T, aRvaSene
werilobiT ZeglebSi XI saukunidan aRniSnuli grafema,
faqtobrivad, aRar dasturdeba. mxedruls, romelic ukve X saukunidan
gvaqvs, misTvis specialuri niSani ar Seuqmnia. mxedruli niSani
mxolod XVII saukuneSi Seiqmna mrglovaniTa da nusxuriT
Sesrulebuli teq-stebis zustad gadmoweris mizniT39.
37
anTroponimebi moqmedebiT brunvaSi naklebad gvxvdebian, am SemTxvevaSi ufro ormagi daboloebiT (pavle- s-iT) an Tandebuliani formiT (pavle- T-urT) arian warmodgenili. 38
esre, egre miRebulia ese, ege CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebze -re nawilakis darTviT. 39
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi mxedruli anbaniT gadaiwera mravali sasuliero xasiaTis Zeg-li, amis ZiriTad mizezze warmodgenas Segviqmnis erT-erTi gadamweris sityvebi: ` ... mra-valTa kacTa ... ara Zal-uZs wignTa xucurTa aRmokiTxvad~.
18
grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis
Zvel qarTul anbanSi (saxelwodeba _ ioti, ricxviTi mniSvneloba
_ 60, asomTavruli niSani _ Y, nusxuri _ U) me-15 adgilze iyo moTav-
sebuli, n-s Semdeg. igi gamoxatavda /i/ sonantis40 fonologiurad Sepi-
robebul poziciur variants, mis dasustebul, umarcvlo saxeobas. /i/-s
umarcvlo alofoni, ioti, realizdeboda xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi:
deda- wyaro- s...
am asos Seqmna qarTulSi aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda, radgan,
anbanis Seqmnis principis Tanaxmad, grafema unda gamoxatavdes fonemas da
ara alofons (gavixsenoT, rom /u/ sonantis rogorc marcvlovani, ise
umarcvlo variantebi Zvel qarTulSi erTnairad gamoixateboda: u _ e;
U _ e. maSin rodesac /i/ sonantis marcvlovani da umarcvlo alofo-
nebisTvis anbanSi gansxvavebuli niSnebi gvqonda: /i/ _ b; / _ Q). Cans,
aqac berZnulis gavlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme. berZnulSi n-s mosdevs
am enisTvis specifikuri Tanxmovani (qsi), romlis adgilic qarTulSi
-m daiWira. amiT qarTul anbanSi 23-e asos CaTvliT SenarCunda berZnuli
asoebis rigi da ricxviTi mniSvneloba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, / alofonis arseboba Zvel qarTulSi fono-
logiuradaa Sepirobebuli da realizdeba xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi.
magram igi mxolod saxelur formebSi gvxvdeba da exeba fuZeze darTul
morfologiur formants (deda- petre- s… e.i. i> procesi sityvis
bolo marcvalSi xorcieldeba. saxelur formebSi, Tu i Siga poziciaSia,
i> ar moxdeba (mag., saidumlo, saina e41...). es procesi arc zmnur formeb-
Si xorcieldeba, sadac i fuZiseulia an zmnis morfologiuri kategori-
is (qcevis, vnebiTi gvaris) gamomxatveli formantia (mag., Seiwynara, daiwera...).
SeniSvna: sa dumlo, Se wynara... tipis formebi Zvel qar-
TulSi gamonaklisebad unda CaiTvalos, rogorc analogiiT
gaCenili mcdari daweriloba.
40
sonanti _ (laT. sonans `srulbgerovani~) fonema, romelsac aqvs marcvlis Seqmnis unaris mqone da am unars moklebuli alofonebi. am mxriv sonantebi upirispirdeba sakuTriv xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa klasebs. saerToqarTvelur fonologiur sistemaSi sonantebia: maTi marcvlovani alofonebia: m xolo umarcvlo:
m Sdr.: qarT. *kl.de, megr. kirda//kirde//kGrde). mogvianebiT calkeul qarTvelur enaSi moxda saerToqarTveluri sonantTa klasis moSla. Zvel qarTulSi moqmedia i (i ~
) da u (u ~ ) sonantebi. axal qarTulSi es opozicia moiSala. 41
sainaჴe _ savarZeli, baliSi.
19
Zvel qarTulSi realizdeba Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:
xmovanfuZian saxelTa (anTroponimTa garda) mxolobiTi ricxvis
saxelobiTi brunvis formebSi:
sax. wyaro-
meore-
mcxeTa-
o-sa da u-ze daboloebul ukvecel sazogado saxelTa mxolobiTi
ricxvis naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis formebSi:
naT. ezo-
ru-
moq. ezo-
ru-
xmovanfuZian anTroponimTa naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi (naklebi
sixSiriT) brunvebis formebSi:
naT. herode-
iesu-
moq. herode- T(urT)
iesu- T(urT)
postpoziciuri marTuli (marTul-SeTanxmebuli) msazRvrelis
saxelobiTi, naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis formebSi:
sax. Ze- kacisa-
naT. Z-isa kacisa- sa
moq. Z-iTa kacisa- Ta
ufroobiTi xarisxis grZel formebSi:
u-did-e- s//udid
u-mjob-e- s//umjob
zmnizedebSi, romlebic, warmoSobiT, moqmedebiTi brunvis formebia:
esr esre-
egr egre-
wina T
20
Zvel qarTulSi SeiniSneba darRvevebi -s xmarebaSi:
VI-VIII saukuneebSi, xanmetsa da haemet teqstebSi, normis mixed-
viTaa naxmari, misi klebis SemTxvevebi Zalze iSviaTia, magram es
imaze miuTiTebs, rom dawyebula -s Semcvel damaval difTongTa
gamartiveba (monofTongizacia), mag., xufros < xufro s (es
forma ramdenjerme dasturdeba i. javaxiSvilis mier amokiTxul
xanmet teqstebSi (V-VI ss.), aseve l. qajaias mier amokiTxul
`wmida qristinas wamebaSi~ (Vs.). wyisis haemet warweraSi vkiTxu-
lobT: `...Zeman stefanesman (<stefane- s-man) da gudasman ...~ (<
guda- s-man).
IX saukunidan darRvevebi mravlad gvxvdeba: galileaT (<gali-
lea T), vinaTgan (<vina Tgan), saxareba (<saxareba maT si, sityua
(<sityua- ) RmrTisa
IX-X saukuneebidan damaval difTongTa moSla ori gziT wari-
marTa: 1. s dakargviT, razec ukve gvqonda saubari; 2. s srul
xmovnad qceviT anu gasrulxmovanebiT, mag., `vefxistyaosanSi~
gvaqvs: erTai, yvelai, cotai...
zedmetadaa dawerili (iotametoba): gesma iqmna …
naxmaria i grafemis nacvlad42: xarebd, kaTalikoz …
mxedrul anbanSi aRar gvqonda.
grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis
Zvel qarTul anbanSi t-s Semdeg iyo moTavsebuli (ricxviTi
mniSvneloba _ 400, asomTavruli niSani _ K, nusxuri _ y). Zvel qarTulSi
es niSani gamoxatavda / / aRmaval difTongs (mag., T si//T si, daT
daT TT Ta//TT Ta...). qarTulSi am niSnis Seqmna aucileblobas ar
warmoadgenda (iseve, rogorc e mimdevrobisTvis grafemisa , radgan
difTongis gadmocema gansakuTrebuli grafemiT wesi araa, sxva aRmavali
difTongebisTvis ( [ ] ]) enas specialuri niSani arc Seuqmnia.
42
quT. 363 xelnawerSi sityva `iesu” sistemebr daqaragmebulia, rogorc ჲ~ჳ (ჲesu). am
SemTxvevaSi ჲ-s pozicia ganisazRvreba, rogorc # - V.
21
misi arseboba qarTulSi mTlianad berZnuliT ixsneba, kerZod, aso
qarTulSi Semosulia berZnuli anbanis -is (vifsilonis) fardad, misi
mniSvnelobiTa da grafikiuli ieriT43. berZnuliTve ixsneba qarTul
asomTavrulSi /u/ fonemis daweriloba ori grafemiT: oK (nusxurSi
maTi gadabmiT miviReT u-s daweriloba erTi grafemiT: o+y=u). Tu /
mimdevrobas davwerT asomTavruliT (oKi), mivxvdebiT, rom sami niSnis
gamomxatvelia, romelTagan erTi Tavadaa, Sedis ra /u/ fonemis daweri-
lobaSi (K=oKi).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, realizacia am niSnisa, upirvelesad,
xdeboda berZnulidan nasesxeb sityvebSi -is fardad: mart li, k riake,
patosi, eg pte, efT me... amasTanave, qarTul sityvebSi / / aRmavali
difTongis gamosaxatavad, romelic dasturdeba:
-ze daboloebul sazogado saxelTa45 saxelobiTi, naTesaobiTi da
moqmedebiTi brunvebis formebSi:
sax. leR i//leR
naT. leR is//leR
moq. leR iT//leR
-sa da -ze daboloebul sazogado saxelTa naTesaobiTi da
moqmedebiTi brunvebis formebSi, romlebSic moxdeba kveca:
naT. sity is//sity (sax. sity
ty is//ty sax. ty
moq. sity iT//sity
ty iT//ty
zmnis dasawyisSi, roca O1 piris g prefiqss mosdevs saTavisi an
sasxviso qcevis i- niSani:
aRmo-g i-yuan-n-a//aRmog yuanna
g i-yuar-s//g yuars
xanmetsa da haemet teqstebSi, roca S1 piris prefiqss mosdevs
qcevis an gvaris i-: h- i-qm//h qm.
43
Tu -s SevadarebT Tavgaxsnil K-s, sxvaobas Seqmnis marjvena vertikaluri xazis Camo-grZeleba. 44
asomTavrulSi rogorc marcvlovani, ise umarcvlo u ( ) erTnairad gamoisaxeboda: oK. 45
Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda 70-mde -ze daboloebuli sityva: daT fes nerwy borc naZiW jaW ...
22
ze daboloebul zmnur fuZeebTan, roca maT mosdevs mwkrivis -i
niSani:
awmyo v-i-ty i//vity
II xolm. v-Tq i//vTq
zogierTi sityvis fuZeSi (e.i. ara morfemaTa mijnaze, aramed erTi
morfemis farglebSi, leqsemaSi):
g rg ni, mk dri, g an, mS di, S di, t ni, t rTi...
Zvel qarTulSi SeiniSneba darRvevebic K -s xmarebaSi:
grafema naxmaria -s nacvlad (wesiT, es ukanaskneli ori niSniT
unda gamosaxuliyo (u), amitom misi gadmocema calfa (K) niSniT
wesidan gadaxvevaa. IX-X da momdevno periodis ZeglebSi xSiria
amgvari faqtebi: moZR ar (moZRKar), T alni (TKalni), kic i (kicKi),
momak dinebel (momakKdinebel)...
grafema naxmaria U -s nacvlad: n (nu), T (Tu).
grafema naxmaria Uv-s nacvlad: Ta yanis-xces, xkla
mxedruls arc y-sTvis Seuqmnia grafema.
grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis
xmarebidan gasuli grafemebidan PerTaderTia, romelic realur,
damoukidebel qarTul fonemas gamoxatavda. es iyo /x/ spirantis artiku-
laciisgan gansxvavebuli xaxismieri (faringaluri) yru fSvinvieri
xSuli Tanxmovani,46 romelic anbanSi x-s Semdeg iyo moTavsebuli (ric-
xviTi mniSvneloba _ 7 000, asomTavruli niSani _ P, nusxuri _ O).
xmarebidan gasuli grafemebidan erTaderTia, romelsac mxedrulma
46
Zvelad, albaT, ise gamoiTqmoda, rogorc dRes gamoiTqmis svanurSi, xevsurulSi, mo-xeurSi, TuSurSi... am bgeris warmosaTqmelad SeiZleba aseT xerxsac mivmarToT: movemza-doT q-s saTqmelad (igi ukanasasismieri yru fSvinvieri Tanxmovania) da warmovTqvaT x.
23
anbanma niSani maSinve Seuqmna, rogorc imxanad cocxali, damoukidebeli
fonemis gamomxatvels.
Zvel qarTulSi / -is zusti distribuciis dadgena Wirs. igi
Sedioda Zireul morfemebSi (da ara gramatikuli mniSvnelobis morfe-
mebSi), romlebic semantikurad ase SeiZleba davajgufoT:
cocxal arsebaTa calkeuli organoebisa da maTi moqmedebis
gamomxatvel sityvebSi:
eli, fer i, mu li, orci, m ari, ma uneSa ni...
cxovelebisa da frinvelebis saxeldebaSi:
ari, m eci, sa edari, o obi...
iaraRisa da samoslis saxelwodebebSi:
Co a amli, rmali, sa nisi...
garkveul zmnur ZirebSi:
am ( ams), an ( navs), a va (kawvra), seneba, umeva (xmareba) da sxv. SeniSvna: v. Tofurias 47 SeniSnuli aqvs erTi kerZo wesi da
x grafemebis distribuciisa. Mmisi azriT, s, S, c, C, T bgere-
bis wina poziciaSi realizdeboda, momdevnod _ x: seneba ,
sna ... sxua sxma ... magram es wesi moqmedebs mxolod Zire-
ul morfemebSi, morfemaTa sazRvarze ki SeiZleba pirukuc
iyos:48x-Sor-av-s, Tavyanis-x-c-e-s, erT- el-i...
grafemiT aRniSnuli fonema, rogorc Cans, IX-X saukuneebidan
mkveTrad aRar upirispirdeboda /x/-s, misma artikulaciam win gadmoiwia
da amis gamo daemTxva /x/-s, moxda am ori fonemis opoziciis moSla,
neitralizacia, ramac Seqmna am grafemebis Tavisufali Senacvlebis
SesaZlebloba:
x naxmaria -s nacvlad. am tipis Senacvleba xSirdeba XIV-XVIII
saukuneebidan: xeli, ferxi, xelmwife, venaxi...
piruku, naxmaria x-s nacvlad: sa li, ani (dro), ati ...
IX saukunidan x da Tavisuflad enacvleba erTmaneTs ori sityvis
dawerilobaSi: gulisxma//gulis ma, xrwna// rwna. 47
v. Tofuria, fonetikuri dakvirvebani qarTvelur enebSi, III, da x sibilant-afrikatebTan mezoblobaSi, Sromebi, III, 1979. 48
z. sarjvelaZe, da x grafemaTa da / da /x/ fonemaTa urTierTmimarTebisaTvis, orioni (saiubileo krebuli), Tb., 1967, gv. 261.
24
/ da /x/ fonemebs Soris opoziciis moSlam mogvca omonimebi,
romlebic manamde garCeuli iyo: eli (sxeulis nawili) da xeli (giJi);
er i (moxerxeba) da xerxi (iaraRi).
saerTod araa naxmari sulxan-sabas,49 Teimuraz I-is, arCilis,
Teimuraz II-is, vaxtang VI-is, besikis TxzulebebSi. es imaze miuTiTebs,
rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris kiloebSi
(ZiriTadad, qarTl-kaxurSi) / / fonema ukve aRar arsebobda. dRes igi
Semonaxulia svanurSi, mTis kiloebSi: xevsurulSi, moxeurSi, TuSurSi,
fSaurSi, mTis raWulSi; baris kiloTagan: qiziyursa da algeTis xeobis
qarTlurSi, amasTanave, ingiloursa da fereidnulSi.
grafemis fonemuri mniSvnelobisaTvis
Zveli qarTuli anbanis ukanaskneli asoa (saxelwodebaa oh, ufro
gviandeli _ hoe, ho ; ricxviTi mniSvneloba _ 10 000, asomTavruli niSani
_ O, nusxuri _ P).
es grafema Tavidanve ar gamoxatavda romelime damoukidebel
qarTul fonemas. is SemoRebul iqna berZnuli anbanis ukanaskneli asos
s (omegas) ekvivalentad.
SeniSvna: grafemis Zveli saxelwodeba daculia Zvel qar-
Tul da somxur werilobiT wyaroebSi:
Tomas saxarebis apokrifis qarTul TargmanSi, romelSic
moTxrobilia uflis siyrme, naTqvamia, rom iesom bolomde
icoda saRmrTo werili `alfa Tgan miohamde~.
me-15 saukunis erT somxur xelnawerSi, romelSic Sesulia
Svidi enis anbani, saxelwodebebi miTiTebulia somxuri tran-
skrifciiT. grafemis saxelwodebad miwerilia `oh~.
radgan niSani ar Seqmnila qarTuli fonemis gamosaxatavad, is
Tavidanve ar monawileobda Zireuli morfemebisa da sityvebis dawe-
rilobaSi. marTalia, is Seiqmna is ekvivalentad, magram berZnuli
49
sainteresoa, rom `qilila da damanaSi” ჴ dasturdeba.
25
iani sityvebi qarTulSi iwereboda ara iT, aramed o-Ti: babilon,
iakob...
Zvel qarTulSi ra funqciiT ixmareboda grafema?
Zvel berZnulSi s erT-erTi funqcia iyo misi gamoyeneba
wodebiTSi (vokativSi) dasmuli saxelis win.50 swored am funqciiT
ixmareboda misi Sesatyvisi Zvel qarTulSi:
dedakaco (Sdr. berZ. , naTesavi urwmuno Sdr. berZ.
qarTulSi mxolod oriode sityvaSia naxmari berZnuli s fardad, isic arasistemebr: kle pa (kleopa; sakuTari saxeli); sana (osana). es ukanaskneli berZnulidan Semosuli sityvaa, warmoSobiT,
ebraul-arameuli, niSnavs `gvixsen~, ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT ki
sixarulis gamomxatveli Sorisdebulia.
radgan ar gamoxatavda konkretul qarTul fonemas, saSual
qarTulSi moxda misi mcdarad gadaazreba da ikiTxeboda,
rogorc h ( oe=hoe) an ho52 ( i).
gaimeoreT: fonetikuri movlenebi axal qarTulSi.
waikiTxeT: fonetikis zogi sakiTxi, difTongebi, ZiriTadi
fonetikuri procesebi; ix. zurab sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena,
Tb., 1997, gv. 13-24.
weriTi davaleba: miuTiTeT, romeli fonetikuri movlenebi moxda
qvemoT moyvanil sityvebSi: romel > rome, sulnel >surnel, suli > suni,53 migce > miqce, mzrdeli > mzdeli, davdeg > davdeqi,
davjed > davjeqi, davwev > davweqi, warsvlaჲ > warslvaჲ, wmida >
wminda.
50
am SemTxvevaSi Sorisdebuls warmoadgens. berZnul artikls vokativis forma ar gaaCnia. 51
Zvel qarTulSi zogjer saxelobiTi gamodioda wodebiTis funqciiT. 52am funqciiTaa es niSani gamoyenebuli baraTaSvilTan: ` i napirno, aragvis pirno~...
53 calke aRebuli suni Zvel qarTulSi ar dasturdeba, magram gvaqvs kompozitSi
sunneli (i. imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, t. I, naw. II, gv. 66).
26
brunvaTa sistema Zvel qarTulSi
wrfelobiTi brunvis sakiTxi
qarTulSi saxels aqvs ori gramatikuli kategoria: brunva da ric-
xvi. zogierT enas, mag., afxazurs, Cinurs bruneba saerTod ar gaaCnia.
a. SaniZe Zveli qarTulisTvis 9 brunvas gamoyofs: 7 is brunvaa,
romlebic dResac gvaqvs, amas emateba wrfelobiTi da mimarTulebiTi, am ukanasknels a. SaniZe naTesaobiTis Semdeg aTavsebda. iv. imnaiSvili
mimarTulebiTs calke brunvad ar gamoyofda. v. Tofuria da arn. Ciqobava
6 brunvas gamoyofdnen. isini wrfelobiTsa da wodebiTs brunvad ar
miiCnevdnen. Aarn. Ciqobava wfelobiTs gauformebel fuZes uwodebda.
termini wrfelobiTi momdinareobs sityvisgan wrfeli. igi Zvel
qarTulSi sakmaod xSirad ixmareboda da niSnavda swors, pirdapirs,
marTals. Mmag., `wrfel yveniT adgilni Tquenni’’. axal qarTulSi es
sityva, faqtobrivad, aRar gamoiyeneba, SemorCa kompozitSi gulwrfeli.
wrf-el-i warmoSobiT mimReobaa, -el sufiqsiani. Mmas daeZebneba Sesat-
yvisebi megrul-lazurSi: laz. m-Wif-a, megr. Wif-e (wminda, sufTa).
termini wrfelobiTi brunvis aRsaniSnavad pirvelad ixmara zurab
SanSovanma 1737 wels daweril `mokle RrammatikaSi’’, oRond sawrfelos saxiT. Aam brunvis qveS igi, faqtobrivad, saxelobiTis formebs gulis-
xmobda (mag., kac-i, deda). Ees termini gaimeora anton kaTalikosma, oRond
wrfelobiTis saxiT, magram isic am brunvis qveS saxelobiTis formebs
gulisxmobda.
termini saxelobiTi pirvelad dasturdeba X1-X11 saukuneebis mij-
naze daweril gramatikul traqtatSi ’’sityua arTronTaT s’’. Semdeg es
termini gamoiyena platon ioselianma 1840 wels daweril gramatikaSi.
dionise Trakieli naSromSi `texne grammatike’’ sawyisi, pirveli brunvis
aRsaniSnavad xmarobda termins (orTe). es termini dResac gvxvdeba
sityvebSi: orTografia, orTopedia da a. S.
ra poziciebSi gvxvdeba wrfelobiTi brunva?
1) rodesac saxels msazRvrelad axlavs ganusazRvrelobiTi nac-
valsaxeli: erT. Mmag., mirbioda `kac erT mirbioda” [2 mef. 18: 26].
27
2) Tu sityvas msazRvrelad axlavs raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli,
orive wrfelobiTis formiT iqneba warmodgenili, mag., gamoCndes or kac.
3) garkveuli tipis zmnebTan: erqua, ewoda, uvis (`hyavs”), aqus... mag.,
da ewoda mas angelos, erqua mas winamZRuar, ara mivis me qmar.
4) wrfelobiTi ixmareba Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad.
Eesaa misi ZiriTadi funqcia (mag., mS d var da mdabal guliTa).
5) winadadebis meorexarisxovani wevris, kerZod, garemoebis funqci-
iT, mag., dileul (dr. gar.) waremarTa, m edr (viT. gar.) misdevda da a. S.
6) rTuli zmnis pirvel komponentad, mag., ma-yo, RaRad-yo, el-iwifa...
7) kompozitis pirvel nawilad: sulmokle, oTxfer i.
wrfelobiTi brunvaTa sistemaSi yvelaze Zveli brunvaa. misi Ziri-
Tadi, amosavali mniSvnelobaa sagnisTvis saxelis darqmeva, saxelde-
biToba. amitom marjve terminad migvaCnia T. uTurgaiZis mier am
brunvisTvis SerCeuli saxelwodeba _ saxeldebiTi, romelic garkveviT
mianiSnebs mis umTavres funqciur niSans. cxadia, sawyis etapze saopo-
zicio calis (sxva brunvis // brunvebis) ararsebobis gamo ver visaubrebT
enaSi brunebis kategoriis arsebobaze, Sesabamisad, verc kac tipis
formebi CaiTvleboda brunvad. magram sxva brunvaTa gaCenis Semdeg es
gauformebeli saxeli maSinve iqca brunvad.
enaTmecnierTa Soris sadavo sakiTxia: Zveli qarTulis doneze
wrfelobiTi unda CaiTvalos Tu ara damoukidebel brunvad?
z. sarjvelaZis azriT, Zveli qarTulis doneze wrfelobiTs
Tavisuflad enacvleba saxelobiTi. wrfelobiTs ar gaaCnia raime gansa-
kuTrebuli funqcia, romelic ar hqondes saxelobiTs. maTi Senacvleba
ar iwvevs winadadebis struqturisa da Sinaarsis Secvlas. isini
warmoadgenen erTi brunvis variantebs, oRond romelime kac forma iqneba uniSno anu aramarkirebuli saxelobiTi, xolo kaci _ niSniani anu
markirebuli saxelobiTi. z. sarjvelaZe, marTalia, wrfelobiTs ar
gamoyofs calke brunvad Zveli qarTulis doneze, magram igi miuTiTebs,
rom Zveli qarTulis winare qarTulSi, anu mwerlobamdel qarTulSi,
wrfelobiTi calke brunva iyo. am mosazrebas iziarebs T. uTurgaiZe.
k. danelia miiCnevda, rom Zvel qarTulSi wrfelobiTi damo-
ukidebeli brunva iyo. Mmisi azriT, yvela SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeba
28
saxelobiTisa da wrfelobiTis Tavisufali monacvleoba; amasTanave,
romelime kac da kac-i tipis formebSi brunvis niSnis arseboba
Sepirobebulia ara fonologiurad, aramed morfologiurad (e. i. 0 da
-i~- ver CaiTvleba erTi brunvis fonologiurad Sepirobebul alomor-
febad, anu ver visaubrebT erTi brunvis arsebobaze. magram unda
SevniSnoT, rom alomorfebi SeiZleba morfologiuradac iyos Sepiro-
bebuli, mag., vnebiTi gvaris formebSi e- da i- alomorfebis gamovlenas
gansazRvravs ara fonologiuri garemocva, aramed pirTa raodenoba
zmnaSi. Eeseni damatebiTi distribuciis damokidebulebaSi myofi
morfologiurad Sepirobebuli alomorfebia. romelime kac-eb-i da kac-n-i formebSi -eb an -n sufiqsis gamovlenac araa fonologiurad Sepi-
robebuli, es alomorfebi erTmaneTis mimarT Tavisufali monacvleobis
damokidebulebaSi arian _ l.c.). k. danelias azriT, ricxvis gamoxatvis
TvalsazrisiTac wrfelobiTisa da saxelobiTis Tavisufali Senacvleba
ar xdeba _ wrfelobiTs ar moepoveba -n sufiqsiani mravlobiTi, igi
mxolod saxelobiTs aqvs.
rogorc aRvniSneT, arn. Ciqobava wrfelobiTs gauformebel fuZes
uwodebda, rac araa marTebuli. winadadebaSi, konteqstSi, gvaqvs mxolod
da mxolod brunvis forma, romelic amyarebs sintaqsur kavSirs wina-
dadebis sxva wevrebTan. fuZe miiReba konteqstidan amoRebisa da segmen-
taciis Semdeg. Aam brunvis uniSnoba ar gvaZlevs safuZvels, mas fuZe
vuwodoT. rusulSi saxelobiTSi mamrobiTi sqesis saxelebs brunvis
niSani ar gaaCniaT, magram aravis mosvlia azrad isini brunvis formebad
ar mieCniaT.
Cveni azriT, wrfelobiTi Zveli qarTuli enis doneze brunvaa (misi
brunvis niSani Caiwereba, rogorc 0). migvaCnia, rom Zvel qarTulSi
saxelobiTi da wrfelobiTi, marTalia, ZiriTadad, Tavisuflad enac-
vleba erTmaneTs (ar igulisxmeba SemTxvevebi, roca forma araa brunebis
paradigmis wevri, mag., oTxfer i, m edr), magram aris SemTxvevebi, roca
maTi Canacvleba SeuZlebelia, mag., roca saxelis saxelobiTi brunvis
formas erTvis nawevari (CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli postpoziciurad): kaci
igi, Zma ese da sxv. Aam SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia wrfelobiTi (e.i. kac
igi). Aaqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zvel qarTulSi saxe-
lobiTsa da wrfelobiTs Soris aris ara Tavisufali varireba, aramed
nawilobrivi kveTa, igive kontrastuli distribucia, maSin isini gamodian
ara erTi brunvis variantebi, alomorfebi (kerZod, brunvisniSniani da
ubrunvisniSno saxelobiTi), aramed damoukidebeli brunvebi.
29
mimarTulebiTi brunva
1976 wels gamocemul `Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikaSi” a. SaniZem
calke brunvad gamoyo mimarTulebiTi da brunvaTa paradigmaSi naTe-
saobiTis Semdeg Seitana. SaniZemde n. marma gamoyo mimarTulebiTi, magram
ara is forma, romelic SaniZem. n. mari mimarTulebiTs uwodebda viTare-
biTs. vinaidan mas gamokveTilad hqonda es funqcia, mimarTulebis aRniS-
vna (Cor-d `CorSi”, beTlem-d `beTlemSi”...), saxeldebisTvis es aqcia. arn.
Ciqobavac mimarTulebiTs viTarebiTs uwodebs. Aa. SaniZe ki mimarTu-
lebiTis qveS gulisxmobs -isa daboloebian formebs: mivida igi ufl-isa
`ufalTan”, warvida igi kac-isa `kacTan”, mivida igi saxid iovan sa `iovanes saxlSi”, mivida maTa da hrqua `maTTan”...
Fformobriv mimarTulebiTi brunva emTxveva savrcobian naTesa-
obiTs, garCeva moxdeba funqciis mixedviT. Mmagram maT Soris sxvaobaa:
Tu naTesaobiT brunvaSi -is brunvis niSania, xolo -a _ savrcobi, xan
realizdeba, xan _ ara, mimarTulebiTis -a(-is-a) brunvisniSniseulia,
savaldebuloa. erTaderTi, ris safuZvelzec a. SaniZem calke brunvad
gamoyo mimarTulebiTi, iyo anTroponimTa da zogierT CvenebiT nacval-
saxelTa (ese, ege, igi) Cveneba. Kklasikur Zvel qarTulSi isini savrcobs
ar dairTavdnen (mag., naTesaobiTSi iqneboda: daviT-is, am-is, mag-is, m-is), magram am formebis gverdiT Zvel qarTulSi gvxvdeba aseTi formebic:
daviTisa, amisa, magisa, misa... aq -a savrcobad ver CaiTvleba, amitom a.
SaniZem ivarauda, rom igi sxva funqciisa unda yofiliyo, kerZod, brun-
visniSniseuli.
Zvel qarTulSi mimarTulebiTi brunva ixmareba mxolod moZraobis
aRmniSvnel zmnebTan, misi funqciidan gamomdinare. Tu mxolobiTi
ricxvis formaa, brunvis niSnad gveqneba -isa/ sa Tu mravlobiTi _ -Ta.
Kklasikur Zvel qarTulSi mimarTulebiTi brunva mxolod adami-
anis (agreTve RmerTis, angelozis) aRmniSvnel saxelebTan gvxvdeba
(rogorc sakuTarTan (daviTisa, iovanჱsa...), ise – sazogadosTan (kacisa,
yrmisa...). Mmag., warvida mTisa SeuZlebelia, magram mogvianebiT igi
araadamianTa saxelebTanac iCens Tavs, mag., X saukuniT daTariRebul
Satberdis krebulSi aris aseTi winadadeba: `mived jinWvlisa, medgaro, hbaZevd mas!” `WianWvelasTan”.
i. imnaiSvili miiCnevda, rom is-ad > is-a, e.i. -a miRebulia viTare-
biTi brunvis -ad niSnisgan d-s dakargviT. k. danelias azriT, -isa/-ჲsa/-Ta
daboloebiani formebi unda iyos sazRvruldakarguli marTul-SeTanxme-
30
buli msazRvreli anu moxda sintaqsuri (sintagmuri) elipsisi.
mimarTulebiTSi dasmul sazRvrulad SeiZleboda yofiliyo adgilis
aRmniSvneli sityvebi: saxi-d, vana-d, adgi[l]-d da sxv. aseTi araelipsi-
suri srulsintagmiani konstruqciis realizacia Zvel qarTulSi arcTu
iSviaTia, mag.: `waravlina saul eri rCeuli saxid daviTisa” [I mef. 19:11]. elipsisiT: waravlina saul eri rCeuli daviTisa. k. danelias azriT,
sazRvrulis dakargvas ganapirobebs is faqti, rom xazi esmeba moqmedebis
warmarTvas ara konkretuli sivrciTi punqtisaken, aramed vinc am punqtSi
imyofeba, e.i. pirovnebisken (Semdgom _ sulieri arsebisken).54 es mosazreba
gasaziarebelia.
mimarTulebiTi, marTalia, brunvaa, magram brunvaTa paradigmaSi
misi Setana gamarTlebuli ar aris, radgan warmoSobiT ar aris iseTive
brunva, rogoric, vTqvaT, micemiTi, moqmedebiTi. igi meoreuli brunvaa,
fuZed iyenebs naTesaobiTi brunvis formas, romelsac umatebs mimar-
TulebiTis -a niSans. amitom sxvanairad am brunvas nanaTesaobiTar
mimarTulebiTsac uwodeben.
daniSnulebiTi brunva
Zvel qarTulSi gamoyofen agreTve daniSnulebiT brunvas. isic,
mimarTulebiTis msavsad, meoreuli brunvaa, nawarmoebi naTesaobiTis
formisgan, amitom sxvagvarad nanaTesaobiTar daniSnulebiTsac uwodeben.
misi alomorfebia: -is-a/-ჲs-a, mravlobiTSi -Ta, mag., daviT-is-a `daviTis-
Tvis”, kac-is-a `kacisTvis, adamianisTvis”, ra-ჲs-a `risTvis, ratom?” ... am
funqciiT Zalze iSviaTad dasturdeba agreTve -is-ad.
`movhkafoT leRu-suleli da naZჳ da viSჱnoT Tavisa Cuenisa godo-
li” [es. 19:15]. `CvenTvis”; `navsadgurni ganfenil da Sesavedrebel arian
morwmuneTa” `morwmuneTaTvis”; `da vqmneT sami talavari: erTi Sendad,
erTi mosჱsad, erTi eliaჲsad” [mrk. 9:5 C].55 `SenTvis”, `mosesTvis”, `eli-
asTvis”.
54
k. danelia, mimarTulebiTi brunvis adgilisaTvis Zveli qarTulis brunvaTa sistemaSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, #4, 1992, gv. 129-130. 55
jruW-parxlis redaqciaSi Sesabamis adgilebSi -Tჳs Tandebuli gvaqvs: `da vqmneT aqa sam talavar: erTi SenTჳs, erTi mosesTჳs da erTi eliaჲsTჳs” DE.
31
radgan daniSnulebiTic meoreuli brunvaa, brunvaTa paradigmaSi
arc misi Setanaa gamarTlebuli.
wodebiTi brunvis sakiTxi
jer kidev dionise Trakielma “texne grammatikeSi’’ gamoyo brunvad
wodebiTi. XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebamde eWvi aravis Seutania imaSi, rom
wodebiTi brunvaa. 1927 wels pirvelma arn. Ciqobavam gamoTqva mosazreba,
rom wodebiTi aris ara brunva, aramed mimarTvis forma. Semdeg es Tval-
sazrisi gaiziara varlam Tofuriam, magram es pozicia qarTvel enaT-
mecnierebs aRar gauziarebiaT. TviT maTi moswavleebic wodebiTs brunvad
miiCneven.
romeli debulebebis safuZvelze fiqrobda v. Tofuria, rom
wodebiTi brunva ar aris? 1) am bolo xanebSi rusuli enis gramatike-
bidan wodebiTi amoiReso; 2)wodebiTSi dasmuli saxeli sintaqsur
kavSirs ver amyarebs winadadebis sxva wevrebTan, kerZod, ar gvaqvs mar-
Tva; 3) v. Tofuria askvnis, rom wodebiTis adgili funqciis Tvalsaz-
risiT sintaqsSia, xolo wodebiTi, rogorc forma, morfologiaSi unda
ganvixiloT, kerZod, sityvawarmoebaSi.
a. SaniZis azriT, marTalia, marTva ar SeuZlia wodebiTSi mdgar
saxels, magram SeTanxmeba gvaqvs, mag., Cemo kargo megobaro. wodebiTSi
dasmuli saxeli megobaro iTanxmebs msazRvrelebs brunvaSi, e.i. SeTan-
xmeba gvaqvs. Mmagram wodebiTSi dasmuli saxeli ara marto SeiTanxmebs
saxels, aramed marTavs kidec, mag., eqimis megobaro.
a. SaniZem gaabaTila v. Tofurias mosazreba, rom wodebiTis adgili
sityvawarmoebaSia:
xanjal-i xanjl-ian-i
xanjal-ma u-xanjl-o
xanjal-s
32
Tuki I svetSi saxelis brunebisas misi mniSvneloba ucvleli rCeba,
sityvawarmoebisas ( II sveti ) igi icvleba. Aamis mixedviT, wodebiTis
adgili aris brunebaSi. Tu ganvixilavT opozicias: kac-n-i, kac-n-o,
romelSic kac fuZea, -n _ mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsi, -i _ saxelobiTi
brunvis niSani, maSin -o-c brunvis niSani gamodis.
Zvel qarTulSi wodebiTi brunvis niSnad gvaqvs -o, -0. o-s
daviwroebuli varianti -v Zvelma qarTulma ar icis. xmovanfuZian
saxelebTan -v brunvisniSniani formebi XII-XIII saukuneebidan dasturdeba (z. sarjvelaZe).
Zvel qarTulSi wodebiTis funqciiT gamoiyeneboda agreTve
saxelobiTi: ` , naTesavi urwmuno da gularZnili,56 vidremdis Tquen Tana viyo me’’. Bbevr enaSi saxelobiTi brunvis forma ixmareba mimarTvis
formad, es aris tipologia.
brunvaTa sistemaSi wodebiTi yvelaze gvian Camoyalibebuli
brunvaa. sxva qarTvelur enebSi wodebiTi brunva ara gvaqvs, saxelobiTi
gamodis mimarTvis (vokativis) funqciiT.
saxelobiTi brunva
saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs -i~-ჲ
fonologiurad Sepirobebuli alomorfebi. -i dasturdeba Tanxmovan-
fuZianebTan (kac-i, mRudel-i...), xolo - _ xmovanfuZianebTan (xe udabno-
...). saxelobiTi brunvis niSani momdinareobs igi CvenebiTi nacval-
saxelisgan: kac igi > kac-i. igi ixmareboda gansazRvrebis, determinaciis funqciiT. aseTive nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisaa moTxrobiTi brunvis
niSani -man da -a savrcobi. qarTuli -i-s kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi megrul-
lazurSi aris -i TanxmovanfuZianebTan, xmovanfuZianebTan brunvis niSani
warmodgenili araa, rogorc axal qarTulSi. Tanamedrove svanurSi
saxelobiTi ubrunvisniSnoa.
56
gularZnili _ cbieri, gadaxrili.
33
moTxrobiTi brunva
Zvel qarTulSi moTxrobiTi brunvis niSania -man rogorc
TanxmovanfuZianebTan, ise xmovanfuZianebTan (kac-man, moyuare-man, yru-
man...), romelic istoriulad warmoadgens igi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis
moTxrobiTi brunvis formas. amrigad, saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi
brunvebis niSnebi nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisaa. es ori brunva
warmoiSva wrfelobiTis daSlis procesSi, wrfelobiTis safuZvelze,
wrfelobiTze nawevris darTvis Sedegad:
sax. kac igi > kac-i
wrf. kac
moTx. kac man > kac-man
brunvaTa sistemaSi saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi gvian warmoqmnili erTgvari `axalgazrda” brunvebia, mxolod wodebiTia maTze gvian formirebuli, isic qarTveluri enebidan mxolod qarTulSi Camoyalibda.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom moTxrobiTis uZvelesi, organuli niSania
-n, romelic Semonaxulia or fuZeSi: vin da man (arn. Ciqobava, h.
Suxardti, a. SaniZe...).57
moTxrobiTi brunva monografiulad Seiswavla arn. Ciqobavam
naSromSi `ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi’’.
-man-is gamartivebiT miviReT TanxmovanfuZianebTan -ma da xmovanfuZi-
anebTan -m. es gamartivebis procesi Zvel qarTulSive dawyebula, kerZod,
-ma daboloebiani formebi ukve 897 wliT daTariRebul adiSis oTxTavSi
gvxvdeba. IX-XI saukuneebSi cocxal metyvelebaSi moTxrobiTis niSnad
ukve -ma unda exmaraT (mefe-ma, mama-ma, moZRuar-ma...). `vefxistyaosanSi~
mainc -man daboloebaa gatarebuli. 58
xmovanfuZianebTan -m brunvisniSniani formebi XI-XII saukuneebis
cocxal metyvelebaSi ukve unda arsebuliyo, rasac `vefxistyaosani~
adasturebs: sawuTro-m, ra-m, ucxo-m... (z. sarjvelaZe).
57
dawvrilebiT ix gv. 92-93; 95. 58
rogorc arn. Ciqobava SeniSnavs gamokvlevaSi `Zvelisa da axali qarTulis kompo-nentebisaTvis `vefxistyaosnis~ enis morfologiursa da sintaqsur struqturaSi~, poe-maSi `moTxrobiTi brunvis niSani yovelTvis sruli saxiT aris warmodgenili~ (ike, XV, 1966, gv. 5).
34
micemiTi brunva
micemiTi erT-erTi Zveli brunvaa qarTulis brunvaTa sistemaSi.
misi funqciebic nair-nairia: 1) gamoxatavs qvemdebares gardamaval
zmnebTan III seriaSi, mag., kacsa uTquams, angelozTa ubrZanebies (I
TurmeobiTi). Aam funqciiT micemiTi TiTqmis yovelTvis gavrcobilia.
2) gamoxatavs pirdapir an irib damatebas: nu miscemT siwmidesa (0p.) ZaRlTa (0ir.), nuca daugebT margalitTa (0p.) winaSe RorTa (0ir.). 3) adgi-
lis garemoebis funqciiT micemiTi, ZiriTadad, gauvrcobelia, zogjer
ivrcoba. amave funqciiT zeda, Soris, Sina TandebulebTan naxmari
micemiTi gavrcobilia, mag., Sen hzi udabnosa Sina. 4) drois garemoebis funqciiT micemiTi, ZiriTadad, gauvrcobelia, zogjer ivrcoba, mag.,
SabaTsa gankurna igi iesu. 5) micemiTi gauvrcobelia, rodesac warmo-
dgenilia rTuli zmnis pirvel nawilad, mag., Tavs-idva, guls-idgina, ambors-uyo. 6) Zvel qarTulSi ufroobiTi xarisxis formebTan Sesada-
rebeli sagani, anu ubralo obieqti, warmodgenili iyo micemiTi brunvis
formiT, mag., raoden xumjobჱs ars kaci sacxovarsa?
naTesaobiTi brunva
naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnad Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda -is~- s
fonologiurad Sepirobebuli alomorfebi. -is dasturdeboda Tanxmovan-
fuZian da xmovanfuZian kvecad saxelebTan, - s _ xmovanfuZian ukvecel
saxelebTan.
Zvel qarTulSi naTesaobiTi brunva ixmareba Semdegi funqciebiT:
1) gamoxatavs marTul gansazRvrebas, mag., Zelisa saxl. Aam funqciiT
naTesaobiTi yovelTvis savrcobiania. 2) Tuki adre ufroobiTi xarisxis
formebTan Sesadarebeli sagani iyo micemiT brunvaSi, Semdeg, rodesac
ufroobiTi xarisxis forma daSorda zmnas da saxelis Tvisebebi SeiZina,
obieqti moiTxova naTesaobiT brunvaSi, vinaidan saxeli saxels naTe-
saobiTSi marTavs, mag., raoden umjobჱs ars kaci sacxovrisa. 3) naTe-
saobiTi gauvrcobelia kompozitis Semadgeneli nawilis funqciiT, mag.,
ciskari, urmisTuali. 4) naTesaobiTi gauvrcobelia drois garemoebis
funqciiTac, mag., myis, zamTris.
35
moqmedebiTi brunva
Zvel qarTulSi moqmedebiTi brunvis niSnad gvqonda: -iT, - T, -iTi,
-iTa. Aa. SaniZe fiqrobs, rom moqmedebiTi istoriulad aerTianebs ori
damoukidebeli brunvis funqcias: instrumentalisisas, anu saWur-
vliTobisas, da gamosvliTobisas, anu ablativisas. O
Zvel qarTulSi -iTa daboloebiani forma saWurvliTobas gamo-
xatavda, mag., moikla igi maxჳliTa, xolo -iTi daboloebiani forma _
gamosvliTobas, oRond aseT formas aucileblad mosdevda viTarebiTSi
dasmuli saxeli, mag., qalaq-iT-i qalaq-ad (`qalaqidan qalaqSi”). Semdeg am
bolo i-sa da a-s arasavaldebulobisa Tu ufunqciobis gamo isini
daikarga da brunvis niSnad mxolod -iT dagvrCa, romelmac SeiTavsa am
orive brunvis funqcia.
-iT brunvis niSnis paralelurad Zvel qarTulSi -iv ixmareboda,
magram misi xmareba adreve Sesustda, gadmonaSTis saxiT Semonaxulia
ramdenime sityvaSi, mag., marjvn-iv, marcxn-iv, irgvl-iv, sxvafr-iv, gaswvr-iv, RmrT-iv.
Zvel qarTulSi moqmedebiTi brunva ixmareboda Semdegi funqciebiT:
1) igi yovelTvis gavrcobili iyo ubralo damatebis funqciiT, mag.,
uxeTqna mas kuerTxiTa. 2) moqmedebiTi gauvrcobelia adgilis garemo-
ebis funqciiT, mag., ganvida igi qalaqiT. Tandebulis darTvis drosac
gauvrcobeli forma gveqneba, mag., qalaq-iT-gan, aRmosavl-iT-gan. 3) gauvrcobelia viTarebis garemoebis funqciiT, mag., WeSmaritebiT
aswaveb, sixaruliT Seiwynara. 4) moqmedebiTi gauvrcobelia, rodesac
kompozitis Semadgeneli nawilia, mag., kiriTxuro, xeliTwerili, wyliT-rRuna.
X-XIII saukuneTa ZeglebSi moqmedebiTi brunis erT-erT alomorfad
dasturdeba -id, Tu forma -gan Tandebuliania: vinaidgan, Tavidgan, Zuelidgan... (z. sarjvelaZe). am SemTxvevaSi -id miRebulia -gan Tandebulis g asimilatoris mier brunvisniSniseuli T-s asimilaciuri
gamJRerebis safuZvelze.
36
viTarebiTi brunva
Zvel qarTulSi viTarebiTi brunvis alomorfebia: -ad, -d, -a. Tuki
axal qarTulSi -d realizdeba mxolod xmovanfuZian saxelebTan, Zvel
qarTulSi garkveuli SezRudviT igi TanxmovanfuZianebTanac gvxvdeba,
kerZod, geografiul saxelebTan, mag., qarTl-d, Cor-d (gavixsenoT varsqenis sityvebi `SuSanikis wamebidan”: `Cord wargce Sen anu karad karauliTa...” (`CorSi gaggzavni...”)).
-a viTarebiTi brunvis niSnad gvxvdeba sadidebela tipis vnebiTi
gvaris momavali drois mimReobebTan, agreTve, -eT, -iT sufiqsian
toponimebTan, mag., yo locvaჲ sadidebela uflisa; warvida igi
saberZneTa, warvida somxiTa;59 STavida igi jojoxeTa... garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, sadidebela tipis formebSi -a momdinareobs viTarebiTi
brunvis niS-nisgan (-ad > -a) d-s dakargviT.
Aarn. Ciqobavas TvalsazrisiT, istoriulad viTarebiTSi unda
gvqonoda ori brunvis niSani: -a, -d. Semdeg, rodesac -a aRar gaiazreboda
brunvis niSnad, saWiro gaxda masze ufro aqtiuri -d niSnis darTva. e.i.
-a da -d sxvadasxva kilos kuTvnileba iyo. maTi SeerTebiT miviReT -ad.
a. SaniZe sruliad sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss aviTarebda. misi
azriT, gvqonda erTi brunvis niSani -ad, romlis daSlis Sedegad miviReT
oden -a da oden -d.
viTarebiTi brunvis niSnis dayruebis Sedegad miRebuli -aT/-T alomorfi pirvelad adiSis oTxTavSi (897 w.) dasturdeba: mTaT (z.
sarjvelaZe).
-a savrcobi
Zvel qarTulSi sam brunvasTan: micemiTTan, naTesaobiTsa da moqme-
debiTTan _ ixmareba -a savrcobi. -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSi -a savrcobi
gvxvdeba imave brunvebSi, rogorc es gvaqvs mxolobiTSi, magram daerTvis
-T sufiqsiani mravlobiTis yvela brunvis formas. AZvelisgan
59
somxiTi _ qvemo qarTlis teritoria, sadac moqmedeba mimdinareobs `SuSanikis wame-baSi”.
37
gansxvavebiT, axal qarTulSi -a savrcobi oTx brunvasTan ixmareba, igi
viTarebiTsac daerTvis.
n. mari mas emfatikur -a-s uwodebda. es termini momdinareobs
sityvisgan emfazi, aRebulia berZnuli enis gramatikebidan da niSnavs
meti gamoxatulebis Zalis mqones. n. mari arabuli enis kvalobaze xsnida
emfatikuri -a-s warmoSobis sakiTxs. Mmisi azriT, naTesaobiTSi -a
nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisa iyo: ha > a. moqmedebiTSi naTesaobiTis
analogiuri warmoeba gvqonda, xolo micemiTSi brunvis niSnis gadasmis
Sedegad unda migveRo es emfatikuri xmovani (Zir-as > Zir-s-a, pir-as > pir-s-a).
sxva TvalsazrisiT, -a miRebulia nawevris, gansazRvrebis funqciiT
saxelze darTuli amas, amis, amiT CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan gacveTis
Sedegad (a. SaniZe, i. imnaiSvili, T. uTurgaiZe...): mic. kac-s amas > kac-s-a, naT. kac-is amis > kac-is-a, moq. kac-iT amiT > kac-iT-a.
z. sarjvelaZe am -a-s mavrcob xmovans uwodebda (zmnis -d, -od
savrcobebisgan gasarCevad).
Kklasikur Zvel qarTulSi mkacrad iyo normirebuli -a savrcobis
xmarebis wesebi, upiratesad gavrcobili formebi ixmareboda (mag.,
subieqtTan, obieqtTan, marTul msazRvrelTan). Ggarkveul SemTxvevebSi
savrcobi xmovani ar ixmareboda, mag., anTroponimebTan, miwevniTobis
(waremarTa mcxeTas) an gamosvliTobis funqciiT (ganvida qalaqiT), rTuli sityvebis pirvel nawilad (mag., gulsmodgined, Tavs-idva).
ricxvi
Zvel qarTulSi mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebas garkveuli
Tavisebureba axasiaTebs. Aaq igulisxmeba asimetria, erTi mxriv, -eb da,
meore mxriv, -n da –T sufiqsebian mravlobiTs Soris. Tu -eb sufiqsian
mravlobiTs moepoveba yvela brunvis forma, -n or brunvaSi gvxvdeba
(saxelobiTsa da wodebiTSi), -T _ samSi (moTxrobiTSi, micemiTsa da
naTesaobiTSi). Tuki axal qarTulSi ar gvxvdeba -T sufiqsiani moqmede-
biTi da viTarebiTi, ZvelSi iSviaTad, magram mainc daiZebneba am brun-
38
vebis -T sufiqsiani formebi.60 wrfelobiTSi gvaqvs mxolod -eb
sufiqsiani mravlobiTi, -n sufiqsiani _ ara. Zvel qarTulSi ufro xSiria
-n da -T sufiqsiani mravlobiTi. -eb sufiqsiani mravlobiTi saSual
qarTulSi xSirdeba da axal qarTulSi batondeba. Ees ar niSnavs, rom -eb
sufiqsi meoreulia, igi sakmaod Zvelia da aRdgeba qarTul-zanuris
erTianobis xanisTvis.
mxolobiT ricxvs raime specialuri niSani ar moepoveba (SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom igi ricxvis mixedviT opoziciis aramarkirebuli wevria).
waikiTxeT: korneli danelia, wrfelobiTis adgilisaTvis Zveli
qarTulis brunvaTa sistemaSi, ix. misi narkvevebi qarTuli
samwerlobo enis istoriidan, I, Tb., 1998, gv. 525-533.
60
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. T. SaraZeniZis specialuri gamokvleva `Taniani moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi Zvel qarTulSi’’.
39
sazogado saxelTa bruneba
TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba
fuZis mixedviT saxeli orgvaria: TanxmovanfuZiani da xmovanfuZiani.
TanxmovanfuZiani saxeli, Tavis mxriv, orgvaria: kumSvadi da ukumSveli.
brunebis paradigmas srulad TanxmovanfuZiani ukumSveli saxelebi
warmoadgenen, radgan arc fuZeSi da arc brunvis niSanSi cvlileba ar
xdeba. Zvel qarTulSi, arsebiTad, ikumSeba is saxelebi, romlebic axal
qarTulSic kumSvadia, magram sxvaoba mainc gvaqvs:
1) ZiriTadad ukumSvelia erTmarcvliani saxelebi: kac, qal, ჴar...
2) axal qarTulSi yovelTvis ikumSeba da ZvelSi ukumSvelia: mteri (mter-is), mtueri (mtuer-is), Zuali, mRdeli, juari, hambavi, niori, safuZveli...
3) piriqiT, axal qarTulSi ukumSvelia da ZvelSi ikumSeboda:
mkerdi (mkrd-is), RmerTi (RmrT-is)...
4) Zvel qarTulSi Taviseburad ibruneboda xucesi. axalSi es
sityva ukumSvelia. Zvel qarTulSi kumSvis Sedegad Tavs iCenda arabu-
nebrivi cs kompleqsi, romelic martivdeboda s-s disimilaciuri
dakargviT, amitom gvqonda formebi: xuc-is, xuc-eb-i.
5) zogierTi fuZe Zvel qarTulSi SeiZleba ornairad iyos war-
modgenili: SekumSulad da SeukumSvelad: sayofelisa//sayoflisa, cxovarisa//cxovrisa, macxovarisa//macxovrisa, iremisa//irmisa, brZenisa //brZnisa... amis nimuSebi sakmaod bevria Zvel qarTulSi.
6) zogierTi erTmarcvliani sityva ukumSvelia, magram, Tu kompo-
zitis Semadgeneli nawilia, ikumSeba: kar-is _ ciskr-is, Jam-is _ samJm-is, Tav-is _ erisTv-is.
7) gvaqvs garkveuli jgufi fuZeukumSveli saxelebisa, romlebic
-il-ze bolovdeba. maT viTarebiTi brunvis niSnad mxolod -d
moudiT: adg-il-i _ adg-il-d, sikud-il-i _ sikud-il-d. zogjer l-c
ikargeba: adgi-d, sikudi-d. aseTsave formas gvaZlevs viTarebiTSi
sityvebi: Ruawli, saxli (Ruawi-d, saxi-d). zemoaRniSnuli formebis
safuZvelze SesaZloa -il formantis aRdgena: *Ruaw-il-i, *sax-il-i. saxl
40
viTarebiTSi SeiZleboda am formiTac yofiliyo: saxe-d, romlis
mixedviTac saxelobiTisTvis aRdgeboda forma sax-el. Tu zmna mimar-
Tulebas aRniSnavda, gveqneboda saxid an saxed, sxva SemTxvevaSi _
saxlad.
8) Zvel qarTulSi zogierTi sityva wodebiT brunvaSi SesaZloa
ubrunvisniSnod iyos warmodgenili, mag., macxovar, moZRuar, saxier, quelismoqmed, xuces.61 aseTsave viTarebas gviCvenebs zogierTi nasesxebi
sityva: episkopos, patriarq, keisar, diakon, isra l. zogjer mefec wodebiTSi fuZis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. am SemTxvevaSi brunvis niSnad
ivaraudeba nulovani alomorfi.
kumSva istoriulad maxvilis intensivobazea damokidebuli. kumSvas
ufro xSirad ganicdian or- da metmarcvliani fuZeebi. erTmarcvliani
fuZe maSin SeiZleba SeikumSos, roca anlautSi62 TanxmovanTa kompleqsia,
mag., sZal _ sZlisa. kumSvisas fuZis bolo marcvlidan amovardeba a, e, o xmovnebi, uiSviaTesad _ u.
a reducirdeba sityvebSi: isar, zamTar, mstovar, lampar, macxovar, lelwam... e reducirdeba sityvebSi: sanTel, sofel, mgel, sarecel, yurZen, urem, RmerT, xuces...
o fuZidan amovardeba, Tu erTmaneTis mimyol marcvlebSi meordeba
o (godol, foTol, godor, horol, kowol63...) sxva SemTxvevaSi o >
(monazon _ monaz nisa, nigoz _ nig zisa...). u-s reduqciis nimuSad
asaxeleben oriode fuZes: Surdul64 _ Surdlisa, farRul65 _ farRlisa. i-s reduqciis nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos iaspini66 _ iaspnisa. fuZis
SigniT xmovnis dakargvas ewodeba sinkope.
kumSvas iwvevs xmovniT dawyebuli VC struqturis sufiqsis darTva
(brunvis niSani an mravlobiTi ricxvis -eb sufiqsi). kumSva xdeba
naTesaobiTSi, moqmedebiTSi, viTarebiTsa da mTel -eb-ian mravlobiTSi, -n da -T sufiqsian mravlobiTSi _ ara. kumSvis principi damokidebulia ara
61
Sdr.: `... da xrusipi hrqua iovanes: `amis madlisaTvis, moZRuaro, moved saxlsa mamisa Cemisasa” [apokrif. mociq. 78:4]; `... da xrqua mas: `moZRuaro saxiero...” [m. 19:16 X]. ZiriTadad, am tipis saxelebi wodebiTSi brunvis niSniTaa warmodgenili msazRvrelTan brunvaSi SeTanxmebis gamo. 62
anlauti _ absoluturi dasawyisi. 63
kowol _ nawnavi. 64
Surdul _ sasroli iaraRi. 65
farRul _ yelsabami. 66
iaspini _ Zvirfasi qva.
41
marto xmovanTa raobaze, aramed fuZis bolokidur Tanxmovanzec.
upiratesad ikumSeba l, m, n, r sonorebze daboloebuli fuZeebi.
Tuki -eb da -n sufiqsian mravlobiTSi ricxvs gamoxatavs -eb da -n sufiqsebi, xolo brunvas _ Sesabamisi brunvis niSani, es principi darRve-
ulia -T sufiqsian mravlobiTSi. Aaq -T gvaZlevs rogorc ricxvis, ise
brunvis gagebas. amosavali ricxvis Cveneba unda yofiliyo, Semdeg SeiZina
brunvis gageba.
warmovadgenT brunebis paradigmas:
wrf. isar sofel godol Surdul
sax. isar-i sofel-i godol-i Surdul-i
moTx. isar-man sofel-man godol-man Surdul-man
mic. isar-s-a sofel-s-a godol-s-a Surdul-s-a
naT. isr-is-a sofl-is-a godl-is-a Surdl-is-a
moq. isr-iT-a sofl-iT-a godl-iT-a Surdl-iT-a
viT. isr-ad sofl-ad godl-ad Surdl-ad
wod. isar-o sofel-o godol-o Surdul-o
wrf. isr-eb
sax. isr-eb-i isar-n-i
moTx. isr-eb-man isar-T-a
mic. isr-eb-s-a isar-T-a
naT. isr-eb-is-a isar-T-a
moq. isr-eb-iT-a iSviaTia
viT. isr-eb-ad iSviaTia
wod. isr-eb-o isar-n-o
ormagi kumSvis nimuSia sityva savarZel, romelic etimologiurad
niSnavs mamrisTvis gankuTvnil dasajdom adgils.
42
wrf. savarZel savrZl-eb
sax. savarZel-i savrZl-eb-i
moTx. savarZel-man savrZl-eb-man
mic. savarZel-s-a savrZl-eb-s-a
naT. savrZl-is-a savrZl-eb-is-a
moq. savrZl-iT-a savrZl-eb-iT-a
viT. savrZl-ad savrZl-eb-ad
wod. savarZel-o savrZl-eb-o
weriTi davaleba: abruneT mxolobiT ricxvSi TanxmovanfuZiani
sazogado saxelebi: mter, farRul, macxovar,67 RmerT, horol,
monazon. abruneT mxolobiTsa da orive saxis mravlobiTSi: Zual,
xuces.
xmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba
xmovanfuZiani saxelebi, Tavis mxriv, or jgufad iyofa: kvecadebi
da ukvecelebi. erTi mcire jgufi xmovanfuZiani saxelebisa kumSvad-
kvecadia. Zvel qarTulSi, iseve rogorc axal qarTulSi, ikveceba a-sa da e-ze daboloebuli fuZeebi, ukvecelia o-sa da u-ze daboloebuli saxe-
lebi. Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs gamonaklisebic, magram es saerTo suraTs
ver cvlis:
67
wodebiT brunvaSi orgvarad realizdeba: brunvis niSniTa da ubrunvisniSnod.
43
1) zogierTi a-sa da e-ze daboloebuli saxeli Zvel qarTulSi
ukvecelia, mag., kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli ra (raჲsa, raჲTa), elvare, yure.
aseTi sityvebi, ZiriTadad, mainc nasesxebia, uZveles ZeglebSi ar ikve-
ceboda, Semdeg moeqca saerTo yalibSi da IX-X saukuneebidan Seik-
veca.Eesenia: gehenia, manana (a. `bibliuri saWmeli, purismagvari”; b.
`saCuqari, ZRveni”), mana (`palo, sari”), ante (`anteqriste”), are (a. `zaf-
xuli, sezoni”; b. `yana, veli”), iqedne (`qvewarmavali”), afsida (`TaRi”),
baia (`finiki”), antlia (a. `tvirTi”; b. `wylis amosaRebi”), huria, eklesia68
am SemTxvevaSi naTesaobiTSi gveqneboda formebi: gehenia- s-a, manana- s-a,
mana- s-a...
2) Taviseburad brunebadia: droSa, stavra (`Zvirfasi qsovili,
farCa”), dana.69 erTi SexedviT, ukveceli saxelebia, magram mosalodneli
droSaჲsa tipis formebis nacvlad gvaqvs: droSa-is-a, stavra-is-a, dana-
is-a. Aa. SaniZis azriT, amis mizezi isaa, rom es sityvebi adre Tanxmovan-fuZiani unda yofiliyo: droSak-i, stavrak-i danak-i. Kk Tanxmovnis Ddakar-
gvis Semdeg unda migveRo droSa-is-a tipis formebi.
3) Zvel qarTulSi aris oriode e-ze daboloebuli saxeli, romle-
bic mesame brunvaSic, viTarebiTSic, ikvecebian: arve,70 mrowle (viT. arv-
ad, mrowl-ad). orive niSnavs jogs, faras, naxirs.
4) Taviseburia daba. mxolobiTSi Cveulebrivi kvecadi saxeliviT
iqceva: dab-is-a, dab-iT-a. Taviseburebas arc -n da -T sufiqsebian
mravlobiTSi gviCvenebs: daba-n-i, daba-T-a. -eb-ian mravlobiTSi ki fuZe-
Si Cndeba n: dab-n-eb-i. es n miCneulia fuZiseulad da aRadgenen formas
*dab-an (Sdr. u-dab-n-o).
68
gaixseneT bolnisis sionis warwera: `... ze xiqmna dawyeba amis eklesia sa ~ 69
es samive sityva nasesxebia iranuli jgufis enebidan, amitom enam ver moaqcia saerTo yalibSi da ar Sekveca. droSa < droSaki, stavra < stavraki nasesxebia saSuali sparsu-lidan (aqedanaa Sesuli somxurSic, romelSic dResac arsebobs droSa), xolo dana < danaki (Sdr. danakiskudi `finiki~). _ parTulidan. Titus-is monacemTa bazis mixedviT,
droSa saxelobiTSi dadasturda samgvarad: droSai/droSaჲ/droSaki. aseve dadasturda: danaჲ/danaki (am ukanasknelis sakmao magaliTebia). stavra saxelobiTi brunvis formiT ar dasturdeba. Titus-is monacemTa baza jerjerobiT ar aris srulyofili, igi ar moicavs Zveli qarTulis yvela teqsts, swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom zemoaRniSnuli sityvebi naT. da moqm. brunvebis formebiT ver davadastureT, Tumca samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom stavraisa tipis formebis gverdiT dasturdeba stavra sa, dana sa tipis formebic. 70
arve nasesxebi unda iyos skviTur-alanur-osuridan.
44
Kkvecad saxelTa bruneba
K ikveceba a-sa da e-ze daboloebuli fuZeebi. kveca xdeba mxolobiTi
ricxvis or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi. kvecas, iseve ro-
gorc kumSvas, iwvevs VC struqturis mqone sufiqsi. viTarebiT brunvaSi
kveca ar xdeba, radgan brunvis niSani oden Tanxmovania (-d).
a-ze daboloebuli saxeli -eb sufiqsian mravlobiTSic ikveceba (Zm-eb), rac Seexeba e-ze daboloebul fuZes, axal qarTulSi -eb-ian
mravlobiTSi igi ukvecelia (klde-eb-i), ZvelSi ki xan ikveceboda, xan _
ara, xan ori e-Ti iyo warmo-dgenili, xan _ erTiT (mdinareebi//mdinarebi, samareebi//samarebi...). ZiriTadad, ikveceboda or- da metmarcvliani
fuZeebi, erTmarcvliani ukveceli iyo (Ze-eb-i Sdr. mefe-eb-i//mef-eb-i).
zogadad, xmovanfuZian saxelTa brunebis Tavisebureba isaa, rom
saxelobiTSi, xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi, brunvis -i niSani sustdeba da
gvaZlevs umarclo - variants (fonologiurad Sepirobebul alomorfs),
romelic winamaval xmovanTan erTad qmnis damaval difTongs (deda- xe-
bo- yr ). xmovanfuZian saxelebs, TanxmovanfuZianebisgan gansxva-
vebiT, viTarebiTi brunvis niSnad aqvT -d.
wrf. Zma Zm-eb
sax. Zma- Y Zma-n-i Zm-eb-i
moTx. Zma-man Zma-T-a Zm-eb-man
mic. Zma-s-a Zma-T-a Zm-eb-s-a
naT. Zm-is-a Zma-T-a Zm-eb-is-a
moq. Zm-iT-a Zm-eb-iT-a
viT. Zma-d Zm-eb-ad
wod. Zma-o Zma-n-o H Zm-eb-o
aseve ibruneba: arseba, buneba, daba, drama, zeca, iwroeba, queyana,
yana, ZaZa, , afra, deda, dila, Tiva, kona, baga, gza, locva, yrma, rqa...
wrf. mdinare mdinare-eb//mdinar-eb
sax. mdinare- mdinar mdinare-n-i mdinare-eb-i//mdinar-eb-i
moTx. mdinare-man mdinare-T-a mdinare-eb-man//mdinar-eb-man
45
mic. mdinare-s-a mdinare-T-a mdinare-eb-s-a//mdinar-eb-s-a
naT. mdinar-is-a mdinare-T-a mdinare-eb-is-a//mdinar-eb-is-a
moq. Kmdinar-iT-a mdinare-eb-iT-a//mdinar-eb-iT-a
viT. mdinare-d mdinare-eb-ad//mdinar-eb-ad
wod. mdinare-o mdinare-n-o mdinare-eb-o//mdinar-eb-o
aseve ibruneba: bage, bade, bWe, vake, zRude, cixe, Rone, sZe, siZe, bude, kbode, marcxene, marjuene, meufe, dRe, samare, saunje, sefe (`sasaxle,
samefo saxli”)...
Uukvecel saxelTa bruneba
rogorc aRvniSneT, ukvecelia o-sa da u-ze daboloebuli fuZeebi.
Uukvecel saxelTa brunebis Tavisebureba is aris, rom naTesaobiTsa da
moqmedebiTSi, xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi, brunvisviSniseuli i sustdeba
da gvaZlevs -s.
wrf. ku ku-eb
sax. ku- Y ku-n-i ku-eb-i
moTx. ku-man ku-T-a ku-eb-man
mic. ku-s-a ku-T-a ku-eb-s-a
naT. ku- s-a ku-T-a ku-eb-is-a
moq. ku- T-a ku-eb-iT-a
viT. ku-d ku-eb-ad
wod. ku-o ku-n-o ku-eb-o
aseve ibruneba: bu, Zu ZuZu, riJuraJu... saerTod, u-ze daboloebuli
saxelebi metad iSviaTia.
46
wrf. ezo ezo-eb
sax. ezo- Y ezo-n-i ezo-eb-i
moTx. ezo-man ezo-T-a ezo-eb-man
mic. ezo-s-a ezo-T-a ezo-eb-s-a
naT. ezo- s-a ezo-T-a ezo-eb-is-a
moq. ezo- T-a ezo-eb-iT-a
viT. ezo-d ezo-eb-ad
wod. ezo-o ezo-n-o ezo-eb-o
aseve ibruneba: abano, gemo, dro, erbo, TeZo, wyaro, xuro, oqro, rko, rto, uRmrTo, ayiro (`gogra, xapi”), babilo (a. `nayofis momcemi rto
anu rqa”; b. `xeze aSvebuli vazi”), kinamo (`dariCini”)...
u-ze daboloebulma erTmarcvlianma saxelma SeiZleba ganiviTaros
v. ZiriTadad, es xdeba mxolobiTi ricxvis saxelobiTsa da wodebiT
brunvebSi, aseve, -eb-ian mravlobiTSi: buv-i, buv-o, buv-eb-i, buv-eb-is-a... aseT SemTxvevaSi es saxelebi TanxmovanfuZianTa msgavsad ibruneba.
SesaZlebelia wodebiTSi v ganviTardes or o-s Soris: uSjulovo,
wyarovo, uRmrTovo...
gvaqvs o-ze daboloebuli erTaderTi saxeli, romelic mxolobiTSi
ikveceba, -eb-ian mravlobiTSi ki ukvecelia, esaa (Rჳn-is-a, Rჳn-iT-a,
Rჳno-eb...). ram ganapiroba am saxelis Taviseburi bruneba?
T. uTurgaiZe am saxelisTvis varaudobs ori fuZis arsebobas:
amosavlad miiCnevs SedarebiT Zvel TanxmovanfuZian Rvin-i formas,
romlis brunebis paradigmis savsebiT bunebrivi formebia: Rvin-is. Rvin-iT; meorea xmovanfuZiani varianti Rvino, romelmac daikava pirvelis
71
Rvino-Si R ganviTarebuli unda iyos. Ees R gvaqvs qarTvelur enebSic: megr. Rvin-i, laz. R in-i/Rin-i, svan. Rvinal (lSx. Rvinel). Rvinis vin Ziri warmodgenilia indo-
evropul enebSi: rus. вино, ingl. wine, germ. wein, laT. vinum.igive Ziria somxurSic.Nn. mari Rvino-s iafeturi enebidan Sesulad miiCnevda evropisa da wina aziis xalxebSi. mogvianebiT anlautSi R-s arseboba n. marma sxvagvarad axsna. Aam Zirs somxurSi qarTu-lidan Sesulad miiCnevda i. javaxiSvili. qarTvelur enebs, saerTod, axasiaTebs ukanaenismier TanxmovanTa (g, q, R) ganviTareba bagismierTa da, gansakuTrebiT, v-s win (mag., gvale _ `iare!~; qviSna _ `alubali~dasavlur kiloebSi; eqvTime _ Zv. qarT. efT me, nasesxebia berZnulidan, da sxv (v. Tofuria).
47
adgili da ukve Zvel teqstebSive dasturdeba. xmovanfuZiani saxelis
damkvidrebis Semdeg naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebisTvis enam mainc
Zveli, TanxmovanfuZiani paradigmis formebi gamoiyena, anu moxda ori
paradigmis Sereva. TanxmovanfuZiani formis daSvebas mxars uWers
qarTveluri enebi (megr. Rvin, svan. Rvinel).
Zvel qarTulSi Taviseburad, anTroponimiviT ibruneba farao (`faraoni”). Mmizezi isaa, rom aRiqves ara rogorc sazogado saxeli,
aramed rogorc anTroponimi:
wrf. farao
sax. farao
moTx. farao
mic. farao-s
naT. farao- s
moq.
viT.
wod. farao
kumSvad-kvecad saxelTa bruneba
kumSvad-kvecad saxelebSi erTdroulad xdeba kumSva da kveca
mxolobiTi ricxvis sam brunvaSi: naTesaobiTSi, moqmedebiTsa da viTa-
rebiTSi da mTel -eb-ian mravlobiTSi.
axal qarTulSi kumSvad-kvecadia: fanjara, qveyana, pepela, marjvena, marcxena, metiCara, moyvare, mwuxare, simware, mxare, qarxana, tomara, begara, wifela, wurbela. Aam tipis saxelebs aqvT sammarcvliani fuZe
(gamonaklisebia: mxare, metiCara).Aam fuZeebma es Tviseba saSual qarTul-
Si SeiZina. ra viTarebaa am mxriv Zvel qarTulSi?
48
Tanamedrove qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, Zvel qarTulSi ar gvaqvs
fanjara, qarxana. mxolod kvecadi iyo: moyuare (moyuar-is-a), queyana (queyan-is-a), marjvena (Zv. marjuene _ marjuen-iT), marcxena (Zv. marcxene _
marcxen-iT), mwuxare (mwuxar-is-a), simware (simwar-is-a). TanxmovanfuZiani iyo: begar-i, wifel-i (axalSi ornairad realizdeba: wifela//wifel-i),
wurbel-i (ax. wurbela//wurbel-i), tomar-i (//tomara `tomi, wignis nakve-
Ti”), pepel-i. tomari//tomara nasesxebia berZnulidan. SevniSnavT, rom
`sinur mravalTavSi~ (864 w.) tomari etratis an qaRaldis Sekvras niSnavs
(i. imnaiSvili). Semdeg moxda mniSvnelobis cvla: gragnili > Sekvra >
WurWeli, romelSic inaxeba gragnili.
Zvel qarTulSi kumSvad-kvecadia: mowafe, patara, manqana (`moxerxeba,
eSmakoba”): mowf-is-a, patr-is-a, manqn-is-a... aqedan mowafe SeiZleba
SeukumSavadac Segvxvdes (mowaf-is-a). SeukumSavi formebi ufro xSiria.
SesaZloa amave tips mivakuTvnoT moRuawe ( moRuw-is-a). T uTurgaiZe
Zveli qarTulisTvis gamoyofs eqvs kumSvad-kvecad saxels: mowafe, mowame, patara, manqana, sapyrobile, sificxle. Zveli qarTulis kumSvad-
kvecadi saxelebi dRes mxolod kvecadebi arian.
warmovadgenT brunebis paradigmas:
wrf. manqana manqn-eb
sax. manqana- manqana-n-i manqn-eb-i
moTx. manqana-man manqana-T-a manqn-eb-man
mic. manqana-s-a manqana-T-a manqn-eb-s-a
naT. manqn-is-a manqana-T-a manqn-eb-is-a
moq. manqn-iT-a manqn-eb-iT-a
viT. manqn-ad manqn-eb-ad
wod. manqana-oYY manqana-n-o manqn-eb-o
miaqcieT yuradReba: Tu, zogadad, kvecad saxelebSi kveca xdeba or
brunvaSi, kumSvad-kvecadebSi is mesame brunvaSic, viTarebiTSic, xdeba
(Sesabamisad, Tu xmovanfuZianebSi viTarebiTi brunvis niSania -d, kumSvad-
kvecadebSi aris -ad, vinaidan mxolod xmovniT dawyebul (VC struqturis)
sufiqss SeuZliaYgamoiwvios rogorc kumSva, ise kveca.
49
ismeba kiTxva: ramdenad bunebrivia qarTulisTvis saxelur formebSi
erTdroulad kumSva da kveca? cxadia, bunebrivi rom yofiliyo, ufro
didi jgufi gveqneboda am tipis saxelebisa da ara erTeuli gamo-
naklisebi. rogorc T. uTurgaiZe varaudobs, kumSvad-kvecad saxelebs
istoriulad unda hqonoda ori paraleluri fuZe: TanxmovanfuZiani, romelic ikumSeboda (mag., tomar-i _ tomr-is-a) da xmovanfuZiani, romelic ikveceboda (tomara _ tomar-is-a). am paraleluri fuZeebis
brunebis paradigmis SereviT Camoyalibda kumSvad-kvecadi saxelebi,
Tumca yovelTvis ver xerxdeba paraleluri fuZeebis dadgena.
weriTi davaleba: abruneT mxolobiTsa da orive saxis mrav-
lobiTSi xmovanfuZiani sazogado saxelebi: daba, marjuene, bu,
xuro, Rჳno, mowafe.
umarcvlo u-ze ( ) daboloebul saxelTa bruneba
Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs 70-mdeU -ze daboloebuli saxeli: daTu, naZu,
fiWu, fesu, ricxu, jaWu, iWu, leRu, ZarRu, brangu (daTvi), Tagu, mogu,
leku, borcu, kicu, vefxu, ZeZu... am tipis saxelTa brunebis Tavisebureba
isaa, rom ibrunebian rogorc TanxmovanfuZianebi (warmoidgineT, rom
abrunebT v Tanxmovanze daboloebul fuZes. am tipis saxelebSi xom dRes
v gvaqvs: daTv-i, naZv-i, fiWv-i...). Bbrunebisas Tavs iCens orTografiuli
Tavisebureba: fuZis bolokiduri sa da brunvisniSniseuli i-s Sexved-
risas saxelobiTSi, naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi iqmneba i aRmavali
difTongi, romelic grafikulad -Ti gadmoicema (
50
wrf. daTu72 daTu-eb
sax. daTu-i//daT daTu-n-i daTu-eb-i
moTx. daTu-man daTu-T-a daTu-eb-man
mic. daTu-s-a daTu-T-a daTu-eb-s-a
naT. daTu-is-a//daT sa daTu-T-a daTu-eb-is-a
moq. daTu-iT-a//daT Ta daTu-eb-iT-a
viT. daTu-ad daTu-eb-ad
wod. daTu-o daTu-n-o daTu-eb-o
a-sa da e-ze daboloebul saxelTa bruneba
A am tipis saxelTa brunebis Tavisebureba is aris, rom im brunvebSi,
romlebSic kveca moxdeba, iseTsave viTarebas gviCveneben, rogorc ze
daboloebulni, anu Tavs iyris i difTongi:
wrf. sityua73 sityu-eb
sax. sityua- sityua-n-i sityu-eb-i
moTx. sityua-man sityua-T-a sityu-eb-man
mic. sityua-s-a sityua-T-a sityu-eb-s-a
naT. sityu-is-a//sity sa sityua-T-a sityu-eb-is-a
moq. sityu-iT-a//sity Ta sityu-eb-iT-a
viT. sityua-d sityu-eb-ad
wod. sityua-o sityua-n-o sityu-eb-o
72
brunebis paradigmaSi umarcvlo u-s Tavze diakritikuli niSani aRar davusviT (
radgan Zvel teqstebSi ar iyo. is anton kaTalikosma SemoiRo marcvlovani da umar-cvlo u-s gasamijnavad. 73
sityua dRes arsebiTi saxelia, magram, warmoSobiT, ityჳs zmnis sawyisia: si-tyu-a.
51
-ze daboloebuli saxelebia: zRua, lakua (`Wa”), setyua, nerwyua
(`furTxi”), nefxua (`yinva”), eCua (`xis saTleli iaraRi”), xaWua...
wrf. marTue marTue-eb
sax. marTue- marTu marTue-n-i marTue-eb-i
moTx. marTue-man marTue-T-a marTue-eb-man
mic. marTue-s-a marTue-T-a marTue-eb-s-a
naT. marTu-is-a//marT sa marTue-T-a marTue-eb-is-a
moq. marTu-iT-a//marT Ta marTue-eb-iT-a
viT. marTue-d marTue-eb-ad
wod. marTue-o marTue-n-o marTue-eb-o
U e-ze daboloebuli saxelebia: TTue, tyue, marjue, morcxue, saTa ue, menestue (`sayvirze damkvreli”)...
weriTi davaleba: abruneT mxolobiT ricxvSi sazogado saxelebi:
ricx lak a, TT
52
sakuTar saxelTa bruneba
Zvel qarTulSi sakuTari saxelebi, iqneba es adamianis (anTro-ponimi) Tu geografiuli (toponimi), sazogadosgan gansxvavebulad ibru-
neba. geografiuli saxelebi brunebis TvalsazrisiT ufro mihyveba
sazogado saxelebs, anTroponimebi ki gansxvavebul viTarebas gviCveneben.
brunebis ufro Zveli viTareba daucavT anTroponimebs.
anTroponimTa bruneba
anTroponimi (berZ. ՚άνθρωπος _ adamiani, νομα_ saxeli) SeiZleba
iyos rogorc TanxmovanfuZiani (mag., daviT, mariam74, abraham, ioseb, pimen75...), ise xmovanfuZiani (mag., andria76, iuda, petre,77 iovane, nino, azo, iesu...). Zvel qarTulSi anTroponimTa brunebas axasiaTebs ramdenime
Tavisebureba:
1) saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTsa da wodebiTSi ar dairTaven brunvis
niSans.
2) ver awarmoeben yvela brunvas, e.i. nakluli bruneba aqvT.
3) ar dairTaven -a savrcobs.
4) maTi fuZe arc ikumSeba da arc ikveceba.78
5) ar moepovebaT mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi.
74`sinur mravalTavSi” (864w.) vkiTxulobT: `...mariam ewoda, romeli iTargmanebis ganmanaT-lebel”. 75
`pimen mwyemsad iTargmanebis~ (novelebi, II, 160, 20). 76
andria berZnulad niSnavs mxnes. 4e-ze daboloebuli sakuTriv qarTuli warmomavlobis anTroponimebi (da ara nasesxebi) metad mcirericxovania (mag., vaCe, romlis sadaurobac mTlad naTeli araa). qarTul anTroponimebSi o da a daboloeba ufro gavrcelebulia. 78
Zvel qarTulSi xmovanfuZiani anTroponimis kvecis erTi SemTxveva dadasturebuli
aqvs z. sarjvelaZes: hpoo amisve dRisa pavlisa s naqsarsa... (z. sarjvelaZe, qarT. salit.
enis ist. Sesavali, gv. 371). aq asaxulia sakuTar saxelTa sazogado saxelebis brune-
basTan gaTanabrebis tendencia.
53
bolo ori Tavisebureba anTroponimebs axal qarTulSic SemorCa,
amitom Zveli qarTulisTvis specifikurad ver CaiTvleba.
Zvel qarTulSi anTroponimi gauformebeli iyo oTx brunvaSi:
saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTSi, wodebiTSi da, TavisTavad, wrfelobiTSi. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi brunvebis niSanTa
geneziss, imas, rom isini nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisa arian da saxelis
gansazRvrulobis, nawevris funqciiT ixmarebodnen, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom
anTroponimebs, maTi Taviseburi semantikidan gamomdinare, am elementis
darTva ar sWirdeboda.
vinaidan anTroponimi gauformebeli iyo saxelobiTsa da moT-
xrobiTSi, winadadebaSi rigi gansazRvravda maTs sintaqsur funqcias:
pirvel adgilze qvemdebare idga, meoreze _ damateba, mag., herode (qvem.)
Seipyra iovane (pird. dam.). magram ukve Zvel qarTulSi es principi
dairRva (SesaZloa, jer damateba-obieqti yofiliyo, Semdeg _ subieqti:
Seipyra iesu (pird. dam.) pilate (qvemd.)), amitom aucilebeli gaxda erT-
erTs darTvoda brunvis niSani. anTroponimi jer saxelobiTSi gaformda,
moTxrobiTma ki ufro gvianobamde SeinarCuna arqauli viTareba.
SeniSvna: rogor gavarCioT gauformebeli anTroponimi saxe-
lobiT brunvaSi dgas Tu moTxrobiTSi? Uunda mivmarToT
Canacvlebis xerxs: ukmoiqcia79 stefane (ukmoiqcia kac-i _ sax. brunva); esaia Tqua (kac-man Tqua _ moTx. brunva). Tu
anTroponims axlavs msazRvreli, SesaZloa gaviTvaliswinoT
misi brunva: ganrisxna netari stefane _ sax. brunva; Tqua
netarman stefane _ moTx. brunva.
saxelobiTSi brunvisniSniani anTroponimebi ukve VII saukunidan
gvxvdeba, kerZod, iakobis pirvelsaxarebaSi (protoevangele). Ees teqsti
xanmetia, apokrifia, inaxeba avstriaSi, venis nacionalur biblioTekaSi.
masSi dasturdeba ori forma: mariami, evha . aseTive formebi gvaqvs 853
wliT daTariRebul buRa Turqis warweraSi: ` ... ziraq Seipyra kaxa da
Z misi Tar uji ... ~ saxelobiTSi brunvisniSniani anTroponimebi gvxvdeba
agreTve sinur mravalTavSi (864 w.), adiSis oTxTavSi (897 w.)...
SeniSvna: kaxa momdinareobs kax eTnonimisgan kninobiT-aler-
sobiTis -a sufiqsis darTviT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, amave da-
niSnulebis -ak sufiqsisganaa miRebuli: -ak>-a, mag., qaTamaki, saxlaki... am warmoebis anTroponimebia: guda (guda qalis
saxelia, Ziria gud, dasturdeba 616-619 wlebiT daTariRebul
79
ukmoiqcia _ dabrunda.
54
wyisis warweraSi: ` ... Zeman stefanesman da gudasman...~), sula (nawarmoebia sul Zirisgan, dasturdeba 885 wlis atenis
warwereSi da sxv. -a sufiqsiT nawarmoebi anTroponimebi
xSirdeba X saukunidan.
SeniSvna: Tar uji formis paralelurad gvxvdeba Tarxuni (mag., atenis sionis erT-erT warweraSi vkiTxulobT: ` ... miri-
anis ymaman, Tarxunis Zisaman...~).
moTxrobiTSi brunvisniSniani anTroponimebi gvxvdeba IX sauku-
nidan,80 kerZod, sinur mravalTavSi (864 w.) dasturdeba ori forma:
pavleman, dalilman (z. sarjvelaZe).81 X-XI saukuneebidan xSirdeba aseTi
formebi. `vefxistyaosnisTvis~ mainc normaa anTroponimTa gauformebloba
saxelobiTsa da moTxrobiTSi, mag., `avTandil Tqva: sograt, vhkiTxoT~.82
rogorc aRvniSneT, anTroponimebi wodebiTSi brunvis niSnis gareSe
iyo warmodgenili, anu am brunvis mawarmoeblad nulovani alomorfi
hqondaT. sazogado saxelebTan gaTanabrebis tendenciam wodebiT
brunvaSic iCina Tavi. wodebiTSi brunvisniSniani anTroponimebi X
saukunidan dasturdeba. `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `basilo, mokled83 Sen xancTas mamasaxlisad dasdgebi~. XII saukuniT
daTariRebul gelaTis bibliaSi vxvdebiT samfsono formas; `vefxistya-osanSia~ asmaTo; `visramianSi~ _ viso. Aam tipis formebi mainc iSviaTia,
maTi arseboba aixsneba cocxali metyvelebis gavleniT, magram salite-
raturo enam es movlena ar miiRo.
80 samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom moTxrobiTSi brunvisniSniani
anTroponimebi ukve VII saukunidan dasturdeba, kerZod, xanmet leqcionarSi (VIIs.-is II
nax.) vxvdebiT aseT formas: `rameTu jer-iCina makedonia da aqaiaman ziareba ra sme
yofad glaxakTa maTT s wmidaTa, romelni arian ierusal ms~ (hrom., 15, 26). sinamdvileSi,
aqaiaman toponimia da ara anTroponmi, xolo toponimebi Zvel qarTulSi Cveulebriv
irTavdnen brunvis niSnebs saxelobiTsa da moTxrobiTSi.
81 marTalia, 616-619 wlebiT daTariRebul wyisis haemet warweraSi vkiTxulobT: `ese j~i
q~ჱi me konstanti Z~n stefanesman da gudasman aRhumarTe saxelsa mcxeTisa j~isasa...” magram xazgasmuli anTroponimebi sintaqsurad marTul-SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelia, nagenetivar moTxrobiTSi mdgari, rac sazRvrul wevrTan brunvaSi SeTanxmebis Sedegia, amdenad, isini ar warmoadgenen `sufTa” moTxrobiTi brunvis formebs. 82
arn. Ciqobavas azriT, `amaSi s t i l i z a c i i s Sedegi unda gvqondes: Zveli normebi xelovnuradaa aRdgenili. meTormete saukuneSi samwerlo ena _ saeklesio Zeglebisac ki _ pirTa saxelebs xsenebul or brunvaSi gauformeblad aRar xmarobda. zepirmetyveleba _ miT ufro~ (Zvelisa da axali qarTulis komponentebisaTvis `vefxis-tyaosnis~ enis morfologiursa da sintaqsur struqturaSi, ike, XV, 1966, gv. 7). 83
mokled _ male.
55
anTroponimTa brunebis Tavisebureba Zvel qarTulSi isicaa, rom
uWirT moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvebis warmoeba. daviT-iT, daviT-ad tipis formebi SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu forma Tandebuliania,
mag., daviT-iT-urT, adam-iT-gan, ma-riam-ad-mde... sxva SemTxvevaSi gveqneba
e.w. ormagi brunvis formebi: naTesaobiTisgan nawarmoebi moqmedebiTi (-is-iT daboloebiT) da naTesaobiTisgan nawarmoebi viTarebiTi (-is-ad daboloebiT): daviT-is-iT, daviT-is-ad. Aam tipis formebs aqvT ufro
drouli gageba (mag., qrist siT _ qristes dabadebidan; `yoveli naTesavi
abrahamisiTgan (`abrahamis droidan”) daviTisadmde naTesavi aToTxmet~).
SeniSvna: Cveni azriT, ormagi brunvis formebi SesaZloa
kvalificirdes, rogorc e.w. postpoziciuri marTul-SeTan-
xmebuli msazRvreli84 da dakargulad miviCnioT sazRvruli
wevri, mag., (Sob-iT-gan) qrist siT, (mefoba-d-mde) daviT-is-ad. am SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa iseTsave viTarebasTan gvqondes saqme,
rogorc mimarTulebiTi brunvis formebTan: warvida (taZr-ad)
daviT-is-a(d).
Zvel qarTulSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, anTroponimebs ar erTvis -a savrcobi. vinaidan savrcobi nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisaa da gan-
sazRvrebis funqciiT ixmareboda, anTroponimebs, bunebrivia, maTi
Taviseburi semantikidan gamomdinare, igi ar sWirdeboda. savrcobian
anTroponimTa arsebobaze Zvel qarTulSi miuTiTes: st. Cxenkelma, i.
imnaiSvilma, z. sarjvelaZem. savrcobiani anTroponimebi pirvelad
gvxvdeba sinur mravalTavSi (864 w.) da Semdeg xSirdeba maTi xmareba.
SeniSvna: sainteresoa, rom 1999 wels nekresis naqalaqarSi,
sofel SildasTan, aRmoCenil winaqristianuli xanis Cvenamde
arasrulad moRweul xanmet warweraSi (`... azatisi ars numca
vin xrevs”) swored savrcobis ararsebobis gamo miiCnia z.
WumburiZem, rom azatisi forma anTroponimi unda yofiliyo
da ara socialuri termini, rogorc amas varaudobda l.
WilaSvili. sazogado saxelis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi savrco-
biani forma iqneboda mosalodneli (azat-isa-ჲ).
marTalia, Zvel qarTulSi anTroponimebs gramatikulad mravlo-
biTi ricxvi ar ewarmoeba, magram gvaqvs -eT sufiqsiani e.w. koleqtiuri
84
daviTisiT tipis formebSi gramatikul funqcias asrulebs mxolod bolo brunvis niSani, -is unda kvalificirdes, rogorc fuZes Sexorcebuli warmoqmnis elementi (T. uTurgaiZe).
56
mravlobiTis formebi: mariam-eT-a, pavle-eT-a... isini gviCveneben ara fuZiT
nagulisxmev mravlobiTobas, aramed koleqtiur mravlobiTobas, krebuls
(mag., abiboseTi _ abibo da misi Tanamzraxvelebi). Eigive -eT sufiqsi
dasturdeba geografiul saxelebSic: saberZneTi, kaxeTi, sparseTi... saxa-rebaSi, im adgilas, romelSic saubaria lazares aRdginebaze, vkiTxu-
lobT: ` ... mirbiodes mariameTa~. Aaq igulisxmebian mariami da misi da
marTa. iSviaTad dasturdeba pavle-eT-n-i (pavles mimdevarni) tipis forme-
bic. Aam SemTxvevaSi -n sufiqsis darTvis mizezi unda iyos -eT sufiqsis
mravlobiTobis gagebis Sesusteba, ris safuZvelzec viRebT e.w. ormagi mravlobiTis formas. XI-XIII saukuneTa zogierT ZeglSi iSviaTad
gvxvdeba anTroponimTa mravlobiTi ricxvis amgvari formebic: mariamni,
s meonni, mariamTasa... (z. sarjvelaZe).
SeniSvna: mariameTa tipis formebSi -a SesaZloa kvalificir-
des, rogorc viTarebiTi brunvis niSani. Mmisi arseboba aq -eT sufiqsiT unda aixsnas (Sdr. toponimTa viTarebiTi brunvis
formebi: kaxeTa, sparseTa ...
warmovadgenT anTroponimTa brunebis paradigmas:
wrf. daviT marTa
sax. daviT marTa
moTx. daviT marTa
mic. daviT-s marTa-s
naT. daviT-is marTa- s
moq. daviT-iT-urT//daviT-is-iT
viT. daviT-ad-mde//daviT-is-ad
wod. daviT marTa
SeniSvna: anTroponimTa brunebisas aRar mivuTiTebT moq-
medebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvebis formebs maTi iSviaTi
xmarebis gamo. isini iseTsave formebs gamoavlenen, rogorc
daviT anTroponimi: Tandebulian an naTesaobiTisgan nawar-
moeb moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTs.
57
wrf. pavle abo iesu
sax. pavle abo iesu
moTx. pavle abo iesu
mic. pavle-s abo-s iesu-s
naT. pavle- s//pavl s abo- s iesu- s
moq.
viT.
wod. pavle abo iesu
SeniSvna: u-ze daboloebuli anTroponimebi uiSviaTesia. iesu berZnulidanaa nasesxebi zepiri gziT, anu vokativis formiT, rogorc esmodaT wirva-locvis dros (Sdr. nom. ;
voc. ). qarTuli mwerlobis uZveles ZeglebSi swored iesu forma gvxvdeba. maTes saxarebis TargmanebaSi (Jer.-12), romelic XI saukuniT TariRdeba, vkiTxulobT: `iesu ara berZuliTa eniTa ars, aramed ebrauliTa, romel-ese macxovar iTargmanebis~.
Tu ramdenime anTroponimi erTadaa warmodgenili, brunvis niSans
dairTavs mxolod bolo: ` ... da iyvnes abraam, isaak da iakobis Tana~.
Zvel qarTulSi i-ze daboloebuli xmovanfuZiani sazogado
saxelebi ar gvxvdeba85, magram gvaqvs berZnul-laTinuridan nasesxebi am
tipis anTroponimebi, mag., antoni, basili, akaki, arseni, makari, grigoli, ambrosi da sxv. eseni arian berZnulis nominativSi - daboloebiani
saxelebi, romlebic qarTulma isesxa orgvarad: a) zepiri gziT, berZneb-Tan piradi urTierTobis safuZvelze, mimarTvis anu vokativis (qarT.
wod.) formiT. Aam SemTxvevaSi isini ikvecen os daboloebas da i-ze daboloebuli xdebian (porfiri, antoni...); b) mwignobruli, Targmanis
gziT, berZnuli nominativis (qarT. sax.) formiT. am SemTxvevaSi es
anTroponimebi qarTulSi ios daboloebas avlenen (porfirios,
antonios...):
qarTuli berZnuli nom. berZnuli voc.
akaki
85
gamonaklisia: igi, isi, vi (vin).
58
giorgi (<georgi)
grigoli86
zogierTi am tipis anTroponimi Zvel qarTulSi orgvarad
realizdeba: korneli //kornelios, porfiri//porfirios...
i-ze daboloebuli xmovanfuZiani anTroponimebis bruneba amgvarad
warmogvidgeba:
wrf. basili
sax. basili
moTx. basili
mic. basili-s
naT. basili-s
moq.
viT.
wod. basili
SeniSvna: rogorc vxedavT, i-xmovanfuZian anTroponimebTan
erTmaneTs emTxveva micemiTi da naTesaobiTi brunvebis forme-
bi. gasarCevad viyenebT Canacvlebis xerxs: hrqua man basilis (kacsa _ mic. brunva); ganivrco basilis saqme (kacisa – naT.
brunva).
berZnuli vokativis formiTaa qarTulSi Semosuli e-ze dabolo-
ebuli anTroponimebic (petre, pavle, maTe...), romlebic nominativSi
daboloebiania:87
qarTuli berZnuli nom. berZnuli voc.
petre
pavle
86
grigoli (aseve antoni, arseni...) Tavdapirvelad xmovanfuZiani iyo, meoreulia fuZiseuli i-s gaazreba saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad (`xolo netarman grigoli daiRuawa suli misi~...). 87
amave gziTaa qarTulSi Semosuli berZnuli daboloebiani saxelebi, romlebic qarTulSi a-daboloebiania: andria, Toma, kleopa, kozma...
59
maTe P
me (<evT me)
stefane
qriste
dasturdeba paraleluri formebic: stefane//stefanos,88 orbane
//orbanos...
SeniSvna: mag., `wmida qristinas wamebis~ xanmet teqstSi (Vs.) anTroponimi orbanos ori variantiTaa warmodgenili:
orbanos da orbane. rogorc aRvniSneT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi
igi gadmocemulia berZnuli nominativis formiT `~: `xolo orbanos ganrisxna friad~... orbane ki berZnuli
vokativis formaa () da qarTul teqstSi dasturdeba im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac konteqstiT swored wodebiTia saWiro:
`x~ wmidaman qristina RaRad-yo da Tqua mamisa mimarT da
Tqua: warmarTo da uRmrToo da brmao orbane~... es faqti
mxars uWers imas, rom teqsti berZnulidan Targmnilad
miviCnioT.
Zvel qarTulSi Taviseburad ibruneba qriste. igi narevi bunebisaa:
saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTsa da micemiTSi ibruneba, rogorc sazogado
saxeli, kerZod, saxelobiTsa da moTxrobiTSi dairTavs brunvis niSans,
micemiTSi ki _ savrcobs; danarCen brunvebSi ibruneba anTroponimiviT, ar
ikveceba da ar irTavs savrcobs.
SeniSvna: qriste sityvis brunebis Tavisebureba ganpiro-
bebulia imiT, rom is, warmoSobiT, anTroponimi ar aris.
qriste berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs cxebuls
( _ vcxeb, _ cxebuli). qarTulSi Semosulia voka-
tivis formiT, rogorc esmodaT wirva-locvis dros (Sdr.
nom. da voc. ). cxebuli ebraulad aris maSiax. es sityva berZnulSi Sevida, rogorc mesia (berZnulSi S fonema ar aris, amitom S > s).Ees forma Semovida qarTulSic.
ebrauli maSiax ki qarTulSi odnavi saxecvlilebiTac
gvxvdeba: `gamoCnda mSia, romelsa hrq an qriste~; `romelsa
zeda mSia juars ecua”... a. SaniZis azriT, mSia (=mSiha, mesia), aseve Simon (=simon) asuruli formebia, romlebic somxuris
88
sinur mravalTavSi vkiTxulobT: `qeleliel asurTa enisagan berZenTa enasa stefanos, da berZenTa enisagan qarTvelTa enad g rg (69, 13-15). e.i stefane gvirgvins niSnavs.
60
gziT Semovida qarTulSi. es faqti Zveli literaturuli
gzebis maCvenebelia.
qriste Tavidan ixmareboda ara damoukideblad, aramed msaz-
Rvrelis funqciiT: iesu qriste. meoreulia misi xmareba
pirovnebis aRmniSvnelad. yovelime aman ganapiroba misi Tavi-
seburi, narevi bruneba.
wrf. qriste
sax. qriste- qrist
moTx. qriste-man
mic. qriste-s-a
naT. qriste- s//qrist s an qriste-s
moq. qriste- s-iT//qrist siT 89
viT. qriste- s-ad//qrist sad an qriste-d
wod. qriste
waikiTxeT: mzeqala SaniZe, i xmovanfuZiani anTroponimebis bru-
nebis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi, ix. kreb. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti giorgi axvledians, Tb., 1969, gv. 131-143.
weriTi davaleba: abruneT anTroponimebi: ioseb, iuda, iovane, nino,
antoni, qriste.
89qristჱT forma Titus-is monacemTa eleqtronuli bazis mixedviT ar dasturdeba (Sdr.: a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 42).
61
toponimTa bruneba
geografiul saxelebs sxvanairad toponimebs uwodeben (berZ.
_ adgili, νομα _ saxeli). toponimiaSi gamoiyofa makrotoponimia da
mikrotoponimia. Mmakrotoponimia Seiswavlis didi geografiuli punqte-
bis saxelwodebebs, mikrotoponimia _ patara geografiuli adgilebis
saxelebs. aqve Semodis hidronimia, romelic Seiswavlis mdinareebis,
zRvebis ... saxelwodebebs.
toponimTa mawarmoeblad gvxvdeba: -eT, -iT, sa _ eT, sa –e, sa _ o.
-eT sufiqsiT nawarmoebi toponimebia: kax-eT-i, her-eT-i, spars-eT-i,
ToS-eT-i, ovs-eT-i... igive -eT unda gvqondes sityvebSi: aRmosav(a)l-eT-i, dasav(a)l-eT-i, Crdilo-eT-i, samxr-eT-i. es -eT unda gamoxatavdes
simravles, krebuls, igive odenoba unda iyos, rac gvaqvs vieTTa da mariameTa tipis formebSi. -eT sufiqsis kanonzomieri Sesatyvisia megr.-
laz. -aT, romelic gvxvdeba toponimebSi: jum-aT-i, fers-aT-i, gel-aT-i, quT-aT-i (>quTaT-is-i). -iT sufiqsi gamoiyofa somx-iT90 fuZeSi. a. SaniZis azriT, warmoSobiT mravlobiTis formas warmoadgens agreTve: a) mr.
ricxvis -n sufiqsiT nawarmoebi toponimebi: quab-n-i, rko-n-i... b) -eb
sufiqsiT warmoqmnili: qv-eb-i, bag-eb-i, zarnaZe-eb-i... g) funqci-urad am
ukanasknelis ekvivalenti -ev sufiqsiT miRebuli: Zegl-ev-i, tb- ev-i, bosl-ev-i...
sa- -eT cirkumfiqsiani91 toponimebi iSviaTia: sa-berZn-eT-i, sa-sarkinoz-eT-i.
sa- -e cirkumfiqsiT nawarmoebi fuZeebi: sa-mcx-e, sa-mS ld-e
sa- -o gvaqvs fuZeebSi: sa-qarTvel-o, sa-megrel-o.
90
toponimi somxiTi werilobiT ZeglebSi X saukunidan dasturdeba qvemo qarTlis aRmniSvnelad. rogorc i. javaxiSvili SeniSnavs, `somxiTi, viTarca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare Temis saxeli, uZveles dros ucnobi iyo da ar ixmare-boda. am Tems maSin gugareTi ewodeboda da mxolod SemdegSi amis samagierod qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi termini somxiTi Semodis, viTarca im drois terminologiis naSTi, rodesac somexTa samefos es kuTxe dapyrobili hqonda” (i. javaxiSvili, qarTuli damwerlobaTamcodneoba anu paleografia, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, IX, Tb., 1996, gv. 294). 91
cirkumfiqsi _ (laT. circum `garSemo”) afiqsi, romelic Zirs orive mxridan daerTvis, Ziri TiTqos `xleCs” mas, sxvagvarad, esaa wyvetili morfema, mag., me- -e, sa- -ur, me- -ar... `aseT SemTxvevaSi ori sxvadasxva elementi _ prefiqsi da sufiqsi ara gvaqvs, cirkum-fiqsis nawilebi cal-calke ar funqcionireben. isini semantikurad erTiania” (T. gamyre-liZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n. Sengelaia, Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003, gv. 184). qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi am funqciiT ufro damkvidrebulia termini konfiqsi, romelic evropuli enebis gramatikebSi sul sxva funqciiT gamoiyeneba.
62
brunebis TvalsazrisiT toponimebi, ZiriTadad, mihyveba sazogado
saxelebs. anTroponimebTan saerTo aqvT mravlobiTi ricxvis uqonloba,
wodebiTSic, ZiriTadad, fuZis saxiT arian warmodgenili. sxva mxriv
geografiuli saxelebi mihyveba sazogado saxelebs. Aaq igulisxmeba
rogorc fuZis kumSva-kveca, ise brunvaTa warmoeba. toponimi SeiZleba
iyos rogorc TanxmovanfuZiani (mag., Satberd, kaxeT, armaz, Cor...), ise
xmovanfuZiani (mag., mcxeTa, mere, xanZTa, tao...). u xmovanze daboloebuli
toponimi teqstebSi ar dasturdeba.
Tu anTroponimi ar ikumSeba da ar ikveceba, geografiuli saxeli
eqvemdebareba kumSvasa da kvecas (Sesabamisad, Tu marTa, rogorc anTro-
ponimi, ukvecelia, mcxeTa, rogorc toponimi, kvecadi iqneba). ZiriTadad,
ikveceba da ikumSeba qarTuli warmomavlobis toponimebi. Tavidan
ucxouri warmomavlobis geografiuli saxelebi ar eqvemdebareboda
kumSva-kvecas. kerZod, a-ze daboloebuli ucxouri warmoSobis topo-
nimebi adrindel ZeglebSi ukvecelia: asia- s-a, qaldia- s-a, antioqia- T,
aleqsandria- T, sina-ჲT... mogvianebiT aseTi saxelebic saerTo yalibSi
moeqca da kvecas daeqvemdebara: asi-is-a, qaldi-is-a, antioqi-iT, aleqsan-
dri-iT, sin-iT92... aseve ikveceba eg pte da iordane.
saxelobiTsa da moTxrobiTSi geografiuli saxelebi, iseve rogorc
sazogado saxelebi, Cveulebriv daiTaven brunvis niSans.
micemiT brunvaSi mdgari toponimi Tu adgilis garemoebis funqciiT
gamoiyeneba da aRniSnavs mimarTulebas, miwevniTobas, gveqneba usavrcobo
forma, mag., waremarTa samcxes. Tu aRniSnavs adgilmdebareobas, loka-
tivs, gveqneba rogorc usavrcobo, ise gavrcobili forma, mag., iqceoda samcxes(a). micemiTSi mdgari toponimi gavrcobilia, Tu: 1) erTvis
Tandebuli, mag., atensa93 zeda, samcxesa Sina... SesaZloa amgvari toponimi
gauvrcobelic iyos mag., meres Sina; 2) axlavs msazRvreli, mag., yovelsa
eg ptesa; 3) gamoyenebulia pirdapiri an iribi damatebis funqciiT, mag.,
ara ganeSora xanZTasa (ir. dam.); mosrvida eg ptesa (pird. dam.).
naTesaobiT brunvaSi mdgari toponimi ixmareba mxolod marTuli
msazRvrelis funqciiT, amitom yovelTvis savrcobiania, ara aqvs
92
`ufali sinaჲT movida da iwrafa mTiT faraniT...” [Satb. kreb. 205:11], Sdr.: `da iyos Tqueni kerZoჲ samxrad mimarTi udabnoჲT siniT vidre maxlobeladmde edomisa...” [ricx. 34:3 G]. 93
atenis etimologia berZnuli enis niadagze ixsneba da niSnavs adgils, saidanac SeiZleba `xedva~, `Wvreta~, `dazverva~. toponimi ateni dasturdeba agreTve saberZneTis kunZul androsze.
63
mniSvneloba, uswrebs sazRvruls Tu mosdevs, mag., winamZRuari opizisa
opizisa winamZRuari.
moqmedebiTSi mdgari toponimi ixmareba adgilis garemoebis fun-
qciiT da aRniSnavs gamosvliTobas, ablativs. Aam SemTxvevaSi gveqneba
yovelTvis usavrcobo forma, mag., ra ganvides hromiT. usavrcobo
forma gveqneba Tandebulis darTvis SemTxvevSic: `xolo yoveli
ierusalჱmi beTlemiTgan fsalmuniTa da galobiTa ... dResaswaulobdes”
[klarj. mrav. 416:39]. iSviaTad moqmedebiTi gamoxatavs miwevniTobasac, mag.,
evfratiT kerZo (`evfratisken”). am funqciiT sazogado saxelic
usavrcoboa. rac Seexeba moqmedebiTis meore funqcias, saWurvliTobas,
anu moqmedebis iaraRis aRniSvnas, toponims, misi semantikidan gamomdi-
nare, igi ar eqneba.
viTarebiT brunvaSi geografiuli saxeli samgvarad realizdeba: -a, -d an -ad brunvis alomorfebiT. -a (< -ad) dasturdeba -eT, -iT sufiqsebiT
daboloebul toponimebTan:94 saberZn-eT-a, spars-eT-a, somx-iT-a... -d brunvis niSnad realizdeba, ZiriTadad, xmovanfuZian toponimebTan:
mere-d, tao-d... garkveuli SezRudviT -d TanxmovanfuZianebTanac gvxvdeba, Tu gamoxatulia miwevniToba da fuZe sonorze bolovdeba: qarTl-d,
ierusal m-d, Cor-d, beTlem-d95... -d brunvis niSani arasonorebze
daboloebul fuZeebTanac SeiZleba realizdebodes, mag., Satberd-d. Tu viTarebiTSi mdgari toponimi ubralo damatebis funqciiTaa naxmari,
brunvis niSnad gveqneba -ad: `qarTlad friadi queyana aRiracxebis~...
Zveli qarTulis ufro mogviano periodis ZeglebSi miwevniTobis
funqciiT -d brunvis niSnis nacvlad SeiZleba -ad dasturdebodes, mag., `abos wamebaSi~, romlis Cvenamde moRweuli xelnaweri X saukunisaa,
gvaqvs: `abos qarTlad Semoslva da naTlisReba ~.
wodebiT brunvaSi toponimi xan dairTavs brunvis niSans, xan _ ara
(beTlem//beTlem-o), mag.: `keTilad aRorZndi, Satberdo” [agiog. Zegl., I,
73:32]; `Sen, beTlem, saxlo iudaჲso, ixarebd” [sas. poezia, 5, XLIII, 1].
warmovadgenT toponimTa brunebis nimuSebs:
94
formobrivi msgavsebis gamo analogiur viTarebas gviCvenebs viTarebiTSi sazogado saxeli jojoxeTi (viT. jojoxeT-a), romelic saSuali sparsulidanaa nasesxebi (m. andronikaSvili). Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel qarTulSive SesaZloa am tipis toponi-mebTan -ad brunvis niSanic dasturdebodes: kaxeT-ad, kuxeT-ad, saberZneT-ad, afxazeT-ad... [agiog. Zegl. I]. 95
beTlem (ebr.) _ saxli purisa. beTlemSi iSva macxovari.
64
wrf. beTlem mcxeTa saberZneT
sax. beTlem-i mcxeTa- saberZneT-i
moTx. beTlem-man mcxeTa-man saberZneT-man
mic. beTlem-s(a) mcxeTa-s(a) saberZneT-s(a)
naT. beTlem-is-a mcxeT-is-a saberZneT-is-a
moq. beTlem-iT mcxeT-iT saberZneT-iT
viT. beTlem-d//-ad mcxeTa-d saberZneT-a
wod. beTlem-(o) mcxeTa-(o) saberZneT-(o)
wrf. mere tao
sax. mere- //mer tao-
moTx. mere-man tao-man
mic. mere-s(a) tao-s(a)
naT. mer-is-a tao- s-a
moq. mer-iT tao- T
viT. mere-d tao-d
wod. mere-(o) tao-(o)
weriTi davaleba: abruneT toponimebi: Satberd, xanZTa, egჳpte,
sparseT.
65
Tandebuli da Tandebuliani brunvebi
Zvel qarTulSi Tandebuliani brunvebia: wrfelobiTi, micemiTi,
naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi, viTarebiTi, agreTve naTesaobiTisgan nawar-
moebi meoreuli brunvebi: mimarTulebiTi da daniSnulebiTi.96 Tandebuli
ar daerTvis saxelobiTs, moTxrobiTsa da wodebiTs.
axali qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, Zvel qarTulSi Tandebulebis
saxelTan mimarTebas ori Tavisebureba axasiaTebda:
1) Tandebulis rigi _ Tandebuli upiratesad brunvis formas
mosdevs, magram Zvel qarTulSi windebuladac gamoiyeneboda.
2) Tandebuli saxels marTavda ara mxolod erT, ramed or brun-
vaSic.
Tandebuli Zvel qarTulSi SeiZleba saxels uswrebdes (mosikudidca) an mosdevdes (qalaqiTgan), windebulic iyos da ukudebulic. Tandebulebis umetesoba ukudebulia (erTmarcvliani TiTqmis ugamonaklisod: mamebr, amisT s, moyusisagan...). zogierTi ormarcvliani Tandebuli ukudebuladac ixmareba da windebuladac, aseTia, mag., zeda da Soris Tandebulebi: `meufebasa zeda~, `huri-aTa Soris~, `zeda kvarTsa Cemsa wili igdes~, `dga igi Soris ezosa~ ... aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamoiricxeba ucxoenovani teqstebis, kerZod, berZnulis gavlena, sadac Tandebulebi windebulebia. qarTulisTvis ufro bunebrivi Tandebulis postpoziciaa,97 magram misi prepoziciurad xmarebac rom SesaZlebeli iyo, amas adas-turebs Zvel qarTulSi mi- da mo- Tandebulebis windebulad xma-reba (ukudebulis paralelurad): mimkamdis, mimwuxradmde, moaqamom-de... (am SemTxvevaSi xdeba miwevniTobis semantikis mrCoblad gamo-xatva). rogorc a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, `ZvelisZvel qarTulSi, romlis-
96
saSualsa da, sabolood, axal qarTulSi, Zvelisgan gansxvavebiT, Camoyalibda e.w. lokaluri brunvebi (adgilobiTi, miwevniTi, gamosvliTi), romlebSic mijna Tandebulsa da brunvis niSnis daboloebas Soris moSlilia fonetikuri cvlilebebis safuZvelze (saxlSi, saxlamde, saxlidan). Zveli qarTulis Tavisebureba isaa, rom jer kidev Tandebulisa da brunvis niSnebis istoriuli saxe Secnobadia: saxl-iT-gan (>saxl-id-gan >saxlidan). Zvel qarTulSi Tandebuli metwilad calke idga, amitom brunvis dabolo-ebaze gavlenis Zala ar hqonda. 97Tandebulis win gadmotanas xels uwyobs prepoziciurad naxmari msazRvreli:
didebulebaTa maT zeda, Sdr. yovelTa maT zeda didebulebaTa. msazRvrelis prepo-
ziciurad xmarebam nawevris win gadmowevac gamoiwvia.
66
Tvisac werilobiTi Zeglebi ar mogvepoveba, Tandebuli saxels winac erToda~98.
Tandebuli, rogorc wesi, erT brunvasTan ixmareba, magram zogi-
erTi Tandebuli or brunvaSi marTavs saxels. mag., Zvel qarTulSi
winaSe, Tana, zeda, Soris, Sina Tandebulebi saxels marTavda
micemiT an naTesaobiT brunvaSi; kerZo _ moqmedebiTsa da viTare-biTSi; -gan, gamo _ naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi; -ebr _ wrfelo-
biTsa da naTesaobiTSi). erTi da imave Tandebulis mier saxelis
sxvadasxva brunvaSi marTva istoriulad motivirebulia garkveuli
semantikuri faqtoriT, rasac pirvelad yuradReba miaqcia k.
kekeliZem statiaSi `winaSe, Tana da zeda TandebulTa sintaqsuri
funqciisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi~99.
Tu saxeli aRniSnavs usulo sagans, winaSe da Tana Tandebulebi
micemiT brunvaSi marTaven mas, Tu sulieris aRmniSvnelia,
naTesaobiTSi. analogiur viTarebas gviCvenebs Soris Tandebulic:
micemiTi naTesaobiTi winaSe saxlsa winaSe mefisa
saxlsa Tana mamisa Tana Soris ezosa Soris naTesavisa
rac Seexeba zeda Tandebuls, aq kidev ufro SezRudulia semantika:
igi micemiTSi marTavs ra jgufis saxelebs, xolo naTesaobiTSi _
vin jgufisas:
micemiTi naTesaobiTi queyanasa zeda SuSanikis zeda
Zvel qarTulSi es wesi Tandebulis mier saxelebis garCevisa unda iyos naSTi odindeli gramatikuli klas-kategoriis arsebobisa, romelic Zvel qarTulSi karga xnis gadavardnili iyo, magram naSTebi garkveul ubanSi mainc rCeboda, Tanac Zvel qarTulSive xsenebuli wesis darRve-vebi iSviaTi ar aris (gvxvdeba orive SemTxvevis sawinaaRmdego magali-Tebi: micemiTSia adamianis klasis saxeli (ersa mas Soris) an naTesaobiT-Sia nivTis klasis saxeli (Soris keTilisa da borotisa), rac uni-fikaciis Sedegia.100 es xangrZlivi procesi imiT dasrulda, rom axal qarTulSi zeda, Tana, Soris micemiTTan damkvidrda, xolo winaSe _ naTesaobiTTan.
Zvel qarTulSi, rodesac erTi da igive Tandebuli unda daerTos or saxels, SesaZlebelia 3 SemTxveva:
98
a. SaniZe, mde Tandebulis genezisisaTvis, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. II, Tb., 1981, gv. 464. 99
saq. mecn. akad. moambe, t. III, 1942, #2, 3. 100
cxrilSi mainc mivuTiTebT normiT mosalodnel formebs.
67
o Tandebuli erTvis mxolod pirvel saxels (`patiosnebisaT s misisa da siwmidisa~...). yvelaze gavrcelebuli swored es SemTxvevaa.
o Tandebuli erTvis mxolod meore saxels (`...marTa s da mariamis zeda~).
o Tandebuli erTvis orive saxels (`drt nvida eri igi mosesT s da ahronisT s~).
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis ama Tu im brunvis formasTan naxmar Tandebu-
lebs warmovadgenT cxrilis saxiT:
brunva
Y Tandebuli
SeniSvna
wrfelobiTi -ebr//-ebriv kac-ebr, warmarT-ebr; kac-ebriv, warmarT-ebriv...
*-ebr//-ebriv Tandebuli msgavsebas gamoxatavs. ** -ebr Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: wrfelobiTsa da na-TesaobiTSi.
micemiTi Tana saxlsa Tana
*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi.
zeda saxlsa zeda, zeda saxlsa *saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: ra jgufis saxelebs marTavs mice-miTSi, vin jgufisas _ naTesaobiT-Si. **SeiZleba windebuladac ixmare-bodes.
Sina saxlsa Sina, ersa Sina
Soris saxlTa Soris, Soris saxlsa *saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi. ** windebuladac ixmareba da uku-debuladac.
68
** Tu Soris Tandebuli axlavs mxolobiTSi mdgar saxels, aqvs mniSvneloba -Si: Soris ezosa `ezoSi~. *** Tu Soris Tandebuli axlavs or saxels an mravlobiTSi mdgar saxels (//krebiT saxels), maSin misi mniSvnelobaa Sua, Soris: Soris ekalTa `ekalTa Soris~. **** aRniSnuli Tandebuli na-TesaobiTi brunvis formaa (Sor-is, Sdr. Sor-s (mic.)).
winaSe saxlsa winaSe, winaSe saxlsa
*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi. **SeiZleba windebuladac ixmare-bodes.
queSe saxlsa queSe, ersa queSe
gare101 velsa gare102, gare qalaqsa
*windebuladac ixmareba da ukude-buladac. ** gvxvdeba agreTve gareSe, rome-lic windebulia: gareSe qalaqsa.
naTesaobiTi -T s kacisa-T s
*ukudebulia da daerTvis mxolod savrcobian formas. **-T s Tandebuli gamoxatavs: a) daniSnulebas (kacisaT s `kacis-Tvis~), b) mizezs (bralisaT s `da-naSaulis gamo~), g) cnobas sagnis an movlenis Sesaxeb (lomisaT s `lomis Sesaxeb~). ***-T s Tandebulis gverdiT gvxvdeba dialeqturi -T n varian-tic.
101
micemiTis formasTan dasturdeba mo- windebulic: moadgilsa. 102
gare Tandebulis funqciiT niSnavs: Sina, zeda, Tana. Tu aRniSnuli Tandebulebi yovelgvar saxels erTvis, gare _ mxolod iseTi sagnebis saxelebs, romlebic didia da mTqmelisgan Sors imyofeba, sxvagvarad, mTqmeli iqve ar imyofeba: mTasa gare, udabnos gare...
69
-gan kacisa-gan
* -gan Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moqemedebiTSi.
-viT kacisa-viT
-ebr kacisa-ebr
* -ebr Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: wrfelobiTsa da na-TesaobiTSi103.
Tana kacisa Tana
* saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi.
zeda kacisa zeda, zeda kacisa
*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: ra jgufis saxelebs marTavs micemiT-Si, vin jgufisas _ naTesaobiTSi. ** windebuladac ixmareba da ukudebuladac. ***gvxvdeba agreTve ze Tandebuli, romelic aRniSnavs dros: `mra-valni keTrovanni iyvnes elises ze wina swarmetyuelisa~ (`elises dros”).
mier kacisa mier
gamo kacisa gamo
* gamo Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moq-medebiTSi.
Soris erisa Soris, Soris kacisa da
moyusisa
103
-ebr Tandebuli yovelTvis naTesaobiTSi marTavs saxels, Tu es ukanaskneli: a) anTroponimia (enuqisebr), b) axlavs nawevari an raime gansazRvreba (sity sa misebr, simarTlisaebr mefisa), g) masdaria (brZanebisaebr mefisa), d) mravlobiT ricxvSia (winawarmetyuelTaebr).
70
*saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi. **SeiZleba windebuladac ixmare-bodes.
winaSe kacisa winaSe, winaSe kacisa *saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: usulo sagans marTavs micemiTSi, suliers _ naTesaobiTSi (Tumca es wesi bolomde gatarebuli ar aris). **upiratesad windebulad ixmare-ba.
queSe queSe kacisa
T nier T nier104 kacisa
mimarTulebiTi momarT daviTisa momarT, Cemda momarT
mimarT daviTisa mimarT, Tquenda mimarT
-mde//-mdis daviTisa-mde, daviTisa-mdis
(daniSnulebiTi) (-da) Cem-da, Cuen-da, Tquen-da
*-da aq -T s Tandebulis ekviva-lentia: Cemda `CemTvis~ (n. mari, i. imnaiSvili, z. sarjvelaZe). sxva TvalsazrisiT, -da brunvis niSania.
moqmedebiTi -gan queyaniT-gan, qarTliT-gan
* -gan Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi. **Tandebuliani moqmedebiTi brun-vis forma (es exeba yvela Tande-
104
T nier _ garda, gareSe. zogjer T nier Tandebuli gamodis kavSiris (`Tu ar”) funqciiT: `rameTu ara Sevides kaci sasufevelsa RmrTisasa, viTarca-igi RmrTisa maity s, T nier wyliTa da suliTa~ (am SemTxvevaSi kavSiris funqciiT naxmari T nier aRar marTavs saxels naTesaobiTSi).
P
71
buls) yovelTvis usavrcoboa. *** X saukunidan gvxvdeba regre-suli asimilaciuri gamJRerebis Sedegad miRebuli saxlidgan, queyanidgan... formebi.
-urT SviliT-urT
gamo queyaniT gamo
* gamo Tandebuli saxels marTavs or brunvaSi: naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi. ** gvxvdeba gardamo Tandebulic: ciT gardamo.
kerZo queyaniT kerZo *kerZo Tandebuli gamoxatavs ro-gorc gamosvliTobas (queyaniT kerZo `qveynidan~), ise SedarebiT iSviaTad miwevniTobas (galile-a T kerZo `galileisken~). ** kerZo Tandebuli saxels mar-Tavs or brunvaSi: moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSi.
viTarebiTi -mde//-mdis105 qalaqad-mde106, qalaqad-mdis
*VII saukunidan Tavs iCens formebi: qalaqamde (<qalaq-ad-mde), qalaqamdis (<qalaq-ad-mdis),
105
a. SaniZem daadgina -mde Tandebulis etimologia. misi azriT, am Tandebuls safuZvlad udevs dRe sityvis viTarebiTi brunvis forma, romelsac win erTvoda mi- Tandebuli: mi-dRe-d>mde. rac Seexeba -mdis Tandebuls, misTvis amosavali unda yofiliyo dRe sityvis naTesaobiTi brunvis forma, romelsac win aseve mi- erTvoda: mi-dR-is>mdis (a. SaniZe, mde Tandebulis genezisisaTvis, Txzulebani, II, 1981, gv. 464). avtoris azriT, am Tande-bulTa pirvandeli funqcia unda yofiliyo drois gamoxatva, meoreuli unda iyos adgi-lis mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba. 106
i. imnaiSvilis azriT, -mde Tandebuli saxels marTavda ara marto viTarebiT, aramed naTesaobiT brunvaSic. amis nimuSad avtori asaxelebs ukunisamde formas, romelic
werilobiT ZeglebSi TiTqmis yovelTvis daqaragmebulia (ok~e), xolo, Tu gaxsniladaa warmodgenili, yvelgan d-s gareSea (ukunisamde). i. imnaiSvilis azriT, ukunisamde naTesaobiTis formaa, romelsac erTvis -mde Tandebuli (i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 336). Cveni azriT, ukunisamde da avtoris mier moyvanili sxva formebi (meufisamde, queyanisamde...) nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTia da, amdenad, -mde Tandebulis mier saxelis naTesaobiT brunvaSi marTva saeWvo unda iyos. a. SaniZis azriTac, naTesaobiTi unda gvqondes formebSi: ukunisamde, miuflisamde... (a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 143).
72
romlebSic Tandebuliseuli d-s gavleniT moxda brunvisniSnise-uli d-s disimilaciuri dakargva. ** X saukunidan gvxvdeba dia-leqturi variantebi: -mdin//-mden// -mdi. *** metad gavrcelebulia vidre qalaqadmde//qalaqadmdis ... tipis formebi, romlebSic vidre zmnizeda Warbia, radgan miwevni-Tobis semantika mrCobladaa gamo-xatuli. vidres xmareba am Sem-TxvevaSi berZnulis gavleniTaa Sepirobebuli, romelSic Tande-buli windebulia.
mimarT cad mimarT
kerZo qalaqad kerZo
*qalaqad kerZo _ `qalaqis-ken~107 **kerZo Tandebuli saxels mar-Tavs or brunvaSi: moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSi.
-mi Senda-mi, saukunod-mi108
-mo Cemda-mo, Cuenda-mo
mo- mo-sikudid, mo-dRendelad
mi- -mde//-mdis mi-dRed-mde//mi-dRed-mdis
mo- -mde//mdis mo-dRed-mde//mo-dRed-mdis
107
dRes es Sinaarsi gadmoicema -ken Tandebuliani naTesaobiTiT: qalaq-is-ken. kerZo>kerZ>ker>ken (a. SaniZe, gramat. safuZv., gv. 622). 108
`xolo marTalni saukunodmi cxomden~. -mi Tandebuli dRes iSviaTad gvxvdeba aseT gamoTqmebSi: Sendami, megobrisadmi, xolo -mo aRar ixmareba.
73
zedsarTavi saxeli
zedsarTavi saxeli aRniSnavs sagnis Tvisebas an raime niSans. laTi-
nurad zedsarTav saxels ewodeba adjectivum, rac niSnavs zeddarTuls.
termini zedsarTavi emyareba mis sintaqsur funqcias: is `zed erTvis” ar-
sebiT saxels da gansazRvravs mas. zedsarTavi saxeli orgvaria: pirve-
ladi, anu viTarebiTi, da meoreuli _ warmoqmnili anu mimarTebiTi.
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis erTi nawili uZvelesia (xeli...),
meore jgufi warmoSobiT mimReobaa (grZ-el-i, m-el-i, wiT-el-i...), mesame
miRebuli unda iyos fuZis gaormagebis anu reduplikaciis gziT (didi, TeTri...), meoTxe nasesxebia (kargi, boroti, spetaki, sastiki, Savi...) an maTi
warmomavloba daudgenelia.
a. SaniZis azriT, qarTuli aqtiuri formebis enaa. amosavalia
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi. vnebiTi gvari meoreulia (cxadia, amaSi ar
igulisxmeba uniSno vnebiTi, e.w. III tipis vnebiTi anu ugvaro dinamikuri
zmnebi, romlebic uZvelesi formaciisaa, da arc nasaxelari sufiqsiani
vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi _ l.c.). es Tvalsazrisi Semdeg ganaviTara
g. klimovma. igi miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli aqtiuri wyobis enaa, am tipis
enebisTvis ki, zogadad, damaxasiaTebelia Tavdapirveli anu viTarebiTi
zedsarTavebis ararseboba (viTarebiTi zedsarTavebis umetesobas,
marTlac, ar daeZebneba Sesatyvisebi qarTvelur enebSi). imis gaTvalis-
winebiT, rom qarTuli zedsarTavi saxelebis erTi nawili warmoSobiT
mimReobaa, meore _ nasesxebi, zogic fuZis gaormagebiT miRebuli,
SesaZloa daisvas sakiTxi qarTveluri zedsarTavi saxelis meoreulobis
Sesaxeb (g. klimovi, z. sarjvelaZe).109
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi, warmoSobiT mimReoba
-el sufiqsiani mimReoba:
SeniSvna: oden -el sufiqsiani mimReobis warmoeba sakmaod
arqaulia. am tipis mimReobebi, ZiriTadad, zedsarTavi saxelis
mniSvnelobiT ixmareba.
109
dawvrilebiT ix. g. klimovi, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, m., 1964; z. sarjvelaZe, mimReobaTa oden -el sufiqsiani warmoeba da pir-v-el fuZis warmomavlobis sakiTxi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, 3, 2000.
74
vrc-el-i (Sdr. ganvrcnes)
grZ-el-i (Sdr. ganvagrZen)
naT-el-i (Sdr. naTobs)
ficx-el-i (Sdr. ganvaficxo)
cx-el-i (Sdr. dascxa)
Zn-el-i (Sdr. SexuZnda)
m-el-i (Sdr. gan ma)
wiT-el-i (Sdr. wiTs; megr. WiTa)
cxov-el-i (Sdr. cxov-n-eb-a, cxov-ar-i, sa-cxov-ar-i)
zrq-el-i (Sdr. ganzrqna)
SeniSvna: zrq>zq>sq, aqedan: sq-el-i, romelic Zvel qarTul-
Sive gvxvdeba.
wrf-el-i
SeniSvna: wrf-el fuZis segmentacia Zveli qarTulis doneze
aSkarad xerxdeba, Tumca piriani da saxelzmnuri formebi ar
Cans (z. sarjvelaZe).
SeniSvna: SesaZloa warmoSobiT mimReoba iyos: bnel, brtyel,
Txel, mrTel, y Tel, Wrel... romelTa udavo segmentacia ver
xerxdeba (z. sarjvelaZe).
-il sufiqsiani mimReoba:
tf-il-i (Sdr. ganvtef)
tkb-il-i (Sdr. ganatkbo)
keT-il-i (Sdr. akeTebs)
Zvel qarTulSi keTili aRniSnavda kargs (sikeTes, simSvenieres), keTilis mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda saxier. Kkargi X saukunemde ar gvxvde-
ba. misi damkvidrebis Semdeg keTilma miiRo dRevandeli mniSvneloba,
xolo saxieri saerTod gadavida xmarebidan. igive keT Ziri gvaqvs
akeTebs zmnaSi, romlis amosavali mniSvneloba iyo akargebs, ganadidebs, alamazebs. dRevandeli mniSvneloba am zmnam mogvianebiT SeiZina.
75
Mm- -e cirkumfiqsiani mimReoba:
m-war-e, m-Jav-e, m-ZaR-e, m-rum-e...
SeniSvna: mZaRe Zvel qarTul teqstebSi ar dasturdeba, Tumca
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~ ukve gvaqvs. samagi-
erod, sinur mravalTavSi gvaqvs piriani forma mZaRus, rac
gvavaraudebinebs, rom mZaRe, warmoSobiT, mimReobaa, anu Zve-
li qarTulis doneze viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelia.
SeniSvna: qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobas
iwvevs mimReobaTa kvalifikaciis sakiTxi, kerZod, morfologiurad romel
metyvelebis nawilad unda iqnes miCneuli Tqmuli, aSenebuli, dasala-
gebeli, damxatavi ... tipis formebi _ mimReobad Tu zedsarTav saxelad?
a. SaniZis mixedviT, `Tu sagnis niSnis gamomxatvel sityvas axlavs rame
gramatikuli niSani zmnisa _ morfologiuri an sintaqsuri, _ is iqneba ara
zedsarTavi saxeli, aramed saxelzmnis is saxe, romelsac mimReoba ewodeba
(umetesad vnebiTi gvarisa): aSenebuli, asaSenebeli”.110 rogorc vxedavT,
SaniZis mixedviT, am tipis formebi mimReobaa, radgan Tundac zmnuri Ziri
an am formebSi arsebuli Temis niSani Tu zmniswini swored zmnis morfo-
logiuri niSnebia da ara saxelisa. erT-erTi arsebiTi niSani, romelic
viTarebiTsa da mimarTebiT zedsarTav saxelebs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs,
aris xarisxis formaTa warmoebis unari: viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi
awarmoeben xarisxis formebs, mimarTebiTi _ vera. zemoaRniSnuli formebi
xarisxis formaTa warmoebis unars moklebuli arian, maSasadame, maT ver
miviCnevT viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelebad.
SesaZloa Tu ara am tipis formebi kvalificirdnen mimarTebiT zedsarTav
saxelebad? sakiTxi swored asea gadawyvetili 2011 w. gamocemul `Tanamed-
rove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi”: ` ... yvela saxis mimReoba, rogorc
sityvawarmoebis produqti, m i m a r T e b i T i zedsarTavi saxelebis
klasSi eqceva: mwuxare, mduRare, mSrali, mSenebeli, aRwerili, namuSevari, saToxni, daulagebeli ...”111 TavisTavad Cndeba kiTxva: Tu es formebi
morfologiurad mimReobaa, ratomRa unda miviCnioT zedsarTav saxelad?
Cveni azriT, Tu warmoSobiT mimReoba gaarsebiTebulia, anu sagnis an
movlenis aRmniSvnelad ixmareba da dakarguli aqvs drouli gageba, is ukve
arsebiT saxels warmoadgens (mxatvari, mwerali, Svili, werili ...), aseve
viTarebiT zedsarTavadaa qceuli, Tu Seswevs unari xarisxis formaTa war-
moebisa da, amasTanave, dakarguli aqvs drouli gageba (grZeli, Tbili, mJave, mwuxare, mSrali...), sxva SemTxvevaSi sjobs mimReobad kvalificirdes
(winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, klasifikaciis principi irRveva: grZeli, Tbili, mJave, mware tipis warmoSobiT mimReobebi viTarebiT zedsarTavad kvali-
ficirdeba, xolo amave warmomavlobisa da struqturis mqone mwuxare, mduRare, mSrali ... formebi _ mimarTebiT zedsarTavad). gvaqvs sxva
winaaRmdegobanic. mag., SaniZiT, `mimarTebiTia zedsarTavi, Tu sagnis niSani,
romelsac is gamoxatavs, sxva saganTan mimarTebiT aris nagulisxmevi”.112
110
a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Txzulebani, III, Tb., 1980, gv. 39. 111
Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia, saliteraturo ena, g. gogolaSvilis saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 2011, gv. 149. 112
iqve, gv. 39.
76
aseTia: xavsiani, qviani, uqudo... ramdenad akmayofilebs am pirobas mimRe-
oba? vfiqrobT, zemoaRniSnuli formebis kvalifikacia met sizustes
saWiroebs. rogorc aRvniSneT, Tu mimReobas dakarguli aqvs drois gageba,
mimReobisTvis niSandoblivi zmnuri niSani, is SesaZloa ukve saxelad kva-
lificirdes. mag., keT-il-i, rogorc -il sufiqsiani saobieqto mimReoba,
wesiT, warsuli drois gamomxatveli unda iyos (Sdr.: dawer-il-i, gatex-il-
i...), magram mas drois gageba aRar moepoveba, amitom ukve Zveli qarTulis
doneze viTarebiT zedsarTavad kvalificirdeba. mimReoba SeiZleba iqces
rogorc zedsarTav, ise arsebiT saxelad. cnobilia, rom warmoSobiT
mimReobaa: Svili, mxatvari, mwerali, maswavlebeli... isini kvalificirdeba
rogorc arsebiTi saxelebi, martivi arsebiTi saxelebi. amis gaTvalis-
winebiT zedsarTavTa rigebSi Camdgari warmoSobiT mimReobebic (grZeli, xmeli, mwuxare, mduRare, mSrali...) unda kvalificirdes pirvelad
viTarebiT zedsarTavebad. rogorc Svili ar warmoadgens warmoqmnil
arsebiT saxels, ise mwuxarec ar unda kvalificirdes mimarTebiT zedsar-
Tavad.
Nnasesxebi viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi
rogorc aRvniSneT, erTi jgufi viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebisa
nasesxebia. cnobilia, rom qarTvelebs xangrZlivi kontaqti akavSirebT
iranulenovan xalxebTan, swored amiT aixsneba am enebidan nasesxebi
sityvebis siWarbe qarTulSi.113 iranuli jgufis enebidanaa nasesxebi
uSualod Tu sxva enis meSveobiT: farTo (avesturidan), knini,114 Savi (Semosulia skviTur-alanur-osuris gziT), ampartavani, veragi, zepuri (parTulidan), axovani, xaSmi,115 Smagi, nazi, sastiki, Warmagi, xorSaki116
(saSualo sparsulidan).
zogierTi iranuli warmomavlobis sityva somxuris gziT Semovida
qarTulSi:
Bbor-ot-i. bar Ziri falauria, Sevida jer somxurSi, sadac daerTo
-ot sufiqsi (somx. -ot ekvivalentia qarT. -ovan sufiqsisa), Semdeg _
qarTulSi. boroti niSnavs keTrovans, qarTulSi mas ukeTuris
mniSvneloba hqonda.
113
iranulidan nasesxebi leqsika yvelaze amomwuravad Seiswavla mzia andronikaSvilma (ix. misi narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, Tb., 1966). 114
knini _ cota, mcire. 115
xaSmi _ sneuli, arawmida, cudi. 116
xorSaki _ cxeli.
77
SeniSvna: igive bor Ziri gvaqvs formaSi ganborebisa salmoba (gaixseneT: es sWirda spars dedakacs, romelic mivida SuSa-
nikTan gansakurneblad).
spetaki iranulidan Sevida somxurSi, sadac niSnavs TeTrs. igive
Ziri gvaqvs qalaq spitakis saxelwodebaSi.
Kkargi X saukunemde ar gvaqvs. igi iranulidan Sevida somxurSi
(kargel _ `dalageba”), Semdeg _ qarTulSi.
Ppatara X saukunemde ar gvxvdeba, iranulidan Sevida somxurSi
(patrel - `daxeTqva”, `daskdoma”), xolo somxuridan – qarTulSi.
somxuris gziTaa Semosuli miamiti da walkotic.
Ggvaqvs sxva enebidan nasesxebi zedsarTavi saxelebic, mag., subuqi Semosulia arabulidan, xarbi _ siriulidan ...117
fuZis reduplikaciiT miRebuli viTarebiTi zedsarTavi
saxelebi
erTi jgufi viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebisa miRebulia fuZis
gaormagebiT anu reduplikaciiT.
TeTr-i miRebulia Ter- Ziris reduplikaciiT. qarTuli Ter- Ziris
Sesatyvisi unda iyos svanuri Ter- (z. sarjvelaZe).
Ddid-i aSkarad reduplicirebuli formaa (g. klimovi). qarTul did Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megr. Ddid- da laz. Ddid-.
mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis gverdiT gvaqvs warmoqmnili anu
mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi (saukuno m covani, qvovani, max lo-
sani...). Ffaqtobrivad, Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs TiTqmis igive mawarmoeblebi,
117
sazogadod, nasesxebi leqsikis udidesi nawili arsebiTi saxelia (amiT aixsneba nasesxebi zedsarTavi saxelebis SedarebiTi simcire).
78
rac axalSi: -evan (> -ean> -ian), -osan, -ovan(> -oan), -ier, -ed, sa- -o, sa- -e,
u- -ur (u- -ul), u- -o, u-.
-evan: naklul-evan-i, sixarul-evan-i...
-evan > -ean: qrist-ean-i, mazd-ean-i qv-ean-i, maril-ean-i, aug-ean-i...
-ean sufiqsisgan disimilaciiT miviReT -ian, romelic gvxvdeba X
saukunidan: qrist-ian-i, maril-ian-i, qv-ian-i...
-osan: horl-osan-i, max l-osan-i, far-osan-i, fiC-osan-i118... am sufiq-siT warmoqmnili saxelebi aRniSnavs mqonebels, matarebels.
-ovan: grZel-ovan-i, kld-ovan-i, vena -ovan-i, m c-ovan-i119... -ze dabo-
loebul saxelebs ekargebaT igi -ovan sufiqsis darTvisas: leRu-i _ leR-ovan-i, naZu-i _ naZ-ovan-i...
-ovan > -oan: vena -oan-i, zeTisxil-oan-i, t n-oan-i...
-ier sufiqsi sakmaod produqtiulia Zvel qarTulSi: Zl-ier-i, sax-ier-i120, col-ier-i, salmob-ier-i, nayof-ier-i, kadn-ier-i, povn-ier-i121, faCun-ier-i122...
-ed: Tual-ed-i, jaWu-ed-i, Saravand-ed-i...
SeniSvna: Saravandi (nasesxebia iranulidan), niSnavs gvirgvins, xolo Saravandedi _ gvirgvinosans. zogjer -ed sufiqsis
funqcia iCrdileba da Saravandedi esmiT, rogorc gvirgvini.
u- -ur (u- -ul disimilaciiT): u-Zl-ur-i, u- am-ur-i, u-sax-ur-i (`ulamazo”), u-keT-ur-i, u-fer-ul-i...
u- -o: u-bral-o- , u-RmrT-o- u-rCul-o- u-biw-o- ...
u-: u-ricxu-i, u-Rirs-i.123
118
fiCჳ _ beris mosasxami. 119
mჴce _ Tma, WaRara. 120
saxieri _ keTili 121
povnieri _ mflobeli, patroni. 122
faCunieri _ Tmiani. 123
es oriode saxelia.
79
zedsarTavi saxelis bruneba
zedsarTavi saxelis funqcionirebis bunebrivi formaa misi gamoye-
neba arsebiT (an sxva) saxelTan erTad msazRvrelis rangSi, igi saxelis
atributivia. damoukideblad, saxelis gareSe warmodgenili zedsarTavi
saxeli, romelsac a. SaniZe TavisTavads uwodebs, arsebiTi saxelis fun-
qciiT ixmareba da ibruneba, rogorc msgavsi fuZis mqone sazogado arse-
biTi saxeli:
ukumSveli kumSvadi
wrf. saxier mdabal
sax. saxier-i saxier-n-i mdabal-i mdabal-n-i
moTx. saxier-man saxier-T-a mdabal-man mdabal-T-a
mic. saxier-s-a saxier-T-a mdabal-s-a mdabal-T-a
naT. saxier-is-a saxier-T-a mdabl-is-a mdabal-T-a
moq. saxier-iT-a mdabl-iT-a
viT. saxier-ad mdabl-ad
wod. saxier-o saxier-n-o mdabal-o mdabal-n-o
ukveceli kvecadi
wrf. yru wmida
sax. yru- yru-n-i wmida- wmida-n-i
moTx. yru-man yru-T-a wmida-man wmida-T-a
mic. yru-s-a yru-T-a wmida-s-a wmida-T-a
naT. yru- s-a yru-T-a wmid-is-a wmida-T-a
moq. yru- T-a wmid-iT-a
viT. yru-d wmida-d
wod. yru-o yru-n-o wmida-o wmida-n-o
124
Uu-s Semdeg SesaZloa ganviTardes v: yru-v-i, cru-v-i.
80
zedsarTavi saxelis xarisxis formebi
zedsarTav saxels moepoveba xarisxis sami forma: a) dadebiTi, anu
neitraluri (TeTri, Zlieri...); b) odnaobiTi, romelic miuTiTebs, rom esa
Tu is Tviseba sagans mcire odenobiT axasiaTebs (moTeTre...); g) ufro-obiTi, romelic aRniSnavs, rom esa Tu is Tviseba sagans ufro metad
axasiaTebs (uTeTresi, uZlieresi...). ufroobiTi a. SaniZis terminia,
Sinaarsobriv igi aerTianebs rogorc SedarebiT, ise aRmatebiT xarisxs.
dadebiT (neitralur) formas raime specialuri mawarmoebeli ar
gaaCnia. odnaobiTs awarmoebs mo- -e cirkumfiqsi (mo-TeTr-e, mo-mrum-e...).
ufroobiTi xarisxis formebi Zvel qarTulSi gansxvavebulad
iqneboda nawarmoebi imis mixedviT, Zegli xanmeti iyo, haemeti Tu e.w.
sannarevi.
ufroobiTi xarisxi iwarmoeboda u- -e- u u- -e cirkumfiqsebiT, oRond xanmetobis dros ufroobiTi xarisxis formas
TavSi eqneboda x- prefiqsi, haemetobis dros _ h-, xolo sannarevobis
dros (IX saukunidan) es prefiqsi saerTod daikarga. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, xanmet teqstebSi ufroobiTi xarisxis mawarmoeblad gveqneboda
x-u- -e- x-u x-u- -e cirkumfiqsebi:
x-u-did-e- s-i // x-u-did- -i // x-u-did-e-s-i; x-u-did-e
x-u-mjob-e- -i // x-u-mjob- s-i // x-u-mjob-e-s-i126; x-u-mjob-e
gvaqvs x-u- -o- s // x-u- -o-s; x-u- -o cirkumfiqsebiT nawarmoebi
formebic:
x-u-fr-o- s-i // x-u-fr-o-s-i; x-u-fr-o
x-u-did- -i tipis formebs a. SaniZem uwoda xarisxis grZeli
formebi, xolo x-u-did-e tipisas _ mokle.
Hhaemet teqstebSi ufroobiT xarisxs awarmoebs cirkumfiqsebi:
h-u- -e- s // h-u- - s // h-u- -e-s; h-u- -e:
h-u-did-e- s-i // h-u-did- s-i // h-u-did-e-s-i; h-u-did-e
125
TvalsaCinoebis mizniT xarisxis mawarmoebel cirkumfiqss e.w. daSlili daweri-lobiT warmovadgenT, teqstebSi e mimdevroba -Ti iqneboda gamosaxuli. 126
x-u-mjob-e-s-i tipis formebi miRebulia difTongis gamartivebiT, monofTongizaciiT: e >e.
81
h-u-mjob-e- s-i // h-u-mjob- s-i // h-u-mjob-e-s-i; h-u-mjob-e
savaraudoa, arsebobda h-u-fr-o- s-i // h-u-fr-o-s-i formac.
e.w. sannarev teqstebSi ufroobiT xarisxs awarmoebs cirkumfiqsebi:
u- -e- s // u- - s // u- -e-s
u- -o- s // u _ o-s
mag.: u-did- s-i // u-did- s-i // u-did-e-s-i
u-fr-o- s-i // u-fr-o-s-i
u- -o cirkumfiqsis darTvisas -il sufiqsian zedsarTav saxelebs
ekvecebaT es sufiqsi: tkb-il-i _ u-tkb-o- s-i, msxu-il-i//sx li _ u-msx-o-
s-i. SesaZloa warmoSobiT mimReobis mawarmoebeli -il, -el sufiqsebi
daikargos ufroobiTi xarisxis formebSic: keT-il-i > u-keT-es-i, grZ-el-i > u-grZ-es-i, zrq-el-i > u-zrq-es-i.
IX-XI saukuneTa ZeglebSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba u- -e da
u- -o cirkumfiqsebiT nawarmoebi formebi (u-TeTr-e, u-did-e, u-fr-o, u-mcr-o... )Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxeladi nawilis gadmosacemad (umjobe ars, umcro iyo...).127
ufroobiTi xarisxi, Cveulebriv, viTarebiT zedsarTavTagan
iwarmoeba, magram Zvel qarTulSi igi mimReobebisgan da mimarTebiTi
zedsarTavi saxelebisganac iwarmoeba: u-molxin- s, u-mkueTel- s, u-
ganmkueTel-es, u-sanatrel- s, u-uswavlel-es, u-Tandadebul-es, u-gangrZobil-es, u-gankrZalul-es, u-ganmtkicebul-es, u-gannawilebul-es, u-gancxadebul-es, u-ganwmedil-es, u-gareSemcvel-es, u-aRmatebul-es, u-
gamocdil-es, u-mwuerval-es da sxv.128
SeniSvna: xucesi Zvel qarTulSi aRniSnavs mRvdels an,
sazogadod, sasuliero pirs (mRvdeli, episkoposi...). warmo-
127
sintaqsurad zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi xarisxis forma SeiZleba iyos:
a) SeTanxmebuli gansazRvreba: `miiRon xudidჱsi saSjeli” [l. 20:47 X]; `mimcemelsa mas Cemsa Se[nda] xudidჱsi codvaჲ xaqus” [i. 19:11 X]; b) Sedgenili Semasmeneli: `geSinin r~ mravalTa sirTa xumjobჱs xarT Tq~n” [m. 10:31 X]; `... rameTu umjobe ars Senda, raჲTa warwymdes erTi asoTa SenTagani...” [m. 5:29 C];
g) viTarebis garemoeba: `... egre ggo[ni]es v~d galilevelni ese xufroჲs y~lTa galilevelTa xiyvnes codvil” [l. 13:2 X]; `... da umetes ganamravles sibrZniT moRuawebiTa talanti mocemuli maTa RmrTisa mier” [sas. poezia, XIII (1), 2 (136)]. aq morfologiurad zmnizedaa. 128
visargebleT Titus-is monacemTa eleqtronuli baziT.
82
SobiT, igi ufroobiTi xarisxis formaa da niSnavda ufross (misi Sesatyvisebia svan. xoSa da megr. uCaSi). Sesatyvisoba xucesi _ ufrosi pirvelad n. marma SeniSna. rogorc Cans, jer
kidev warmarTobis epoqaSi xucesi aRniSnavda kultis msa-
xurs, xolo Semdeg es sityva qristianuli religiis msaxuris
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenes. Mmas Semdeg, rac moxda misi amosa-
vali mniSvnelobis dabneleba, misgan xelaxla awarmoes uf-
roobiTi xarisxis forma: uxucesi. sainteresoa, rom es forma
xanmet-haemet teqstebSi x-//h- prefiqsebis gareSe dasturdeba.
SeniSvna: ufroobiTi xarisxi iwarmoeba agreTve
zmnizedebisganac: winare _ u-winar-ჱs (-es), zeSTa – u-zeSTa-
ჱs (-es) / u-zesTa-es, quemo _ u-quemo-ჱs (-es), * aRre _ u-aRr-
ჱs _ (-es), *dare _ u-dar-ჱs (-es) da sxv.129 aqve SeiZleba
davasaxeloT: adre _ u-adr-es, *zeRre _ u-zeRr-es...130 zmnizedis ufroobiTi xarisxis formisgan SesaZlebelia
mimarTebiTi zedsarTavis warmoebac: uwinarჱs-i, uzeSTaჱs-i,
uaRrჱs-i...131
ufroobiTi xarisxis formebSi sufiqsebis funqcias pirvelad
yuradReba miaqcia a. SaniZem. Mman 1936 wels Tsu Sromebis I tomSi gamo-
aqveyna statia `piris niSani brunvian sityvasTan qarTvelur enebSi~. Mmisi
azriT, x//h-u-did-e- s-i tipis formeb-Si x-//h- iyo mesame obieqturi piris
niSani, u- sasxviso qcevis niSani, did _ fuZe, -e (aseve -o) _ sakuTriv
xarisxis mawarmoebeli, s _ naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani.
vinaidan x-//h- mesame obieqturi piris niSnebia, a. SaniZis azriT,
Teoriulad SesaZlebelia pirveli da meore pirebis formebis aRdgena:
I.*m-i-did-e- s-i (Cemze ufro didi)
II.*g-i-did-e- s-i (Senze ufro didi)
III. x-u-did-e- s-i (masze ufro didi)
Semdeg unda dakarguliyo I da II pirebis formebi. Kkentad darCe-
nilma III piris formam dakarga pirianobis gageba da ganzogadda. amri-
129
a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 56. 130
`uzeRres bunebasa kacobrivsa hmetyuelebdi” [sas. poezia, X1 (8), 49 (130)]. 131
uiSviaTesad ufroobiTi xarisxis forma SesaZloa sazogado arsebiTi saxelisganac iwarmoebodes: `rameTu eseni uaznaures iyvnes maT TesalonikelTasa” [saqme mociq. 17:11]. SesaZloa dasturdebodes ormagad nawarmoebi ufroobiTi xarisxis formac: `didi hasakiTa mჴarTaჲTgan zedaჲT da uzeumaRles yovlisa queyanisa” [xronogr. giorgi monaz. 74:5].
83
gad, a. SaniZe miiCnevs, rom saxels daerTvoda zmnuri afiqsebi da
saxelic iuRleboda. igi avlebs paralels arabul da afxazur enebTan,
romlebSic erTi da igive afiqsi ixmareba rogorc saxelTan, ise zmnas-
Tan. Aaqedan gamomdinare, qarTulSic SesaZlebeli iqneboda saxels dar-
Tvoda zmnuri afiqsebi.
mogvianebiT amave sakiTxs Seexo g. maWavariani statiaSi `SedarebiTi xarisxis formaTa genezisisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi~ (Tsu Sromebi, t. 71,
1958w.). Tu a. SaniZe miiCnevs, rom ufroobiTi xarisxis forma warmoSobiT
saxelia da saxeli iuRleboda, g. maWavarianis azriT, ufroobiTi
xarisxis forma warmoSobiT zmnaa, wyvetilis mwkrivis forma
(savaraudod, I-II pirisa) da saxelad qcevis gzaze daerTo naTesaobiTi
brunvis niSani:
h//x-u-did-e me (Sen) mas igi
h//x-udid-e ars igi mas (es ukve saxelia)
e.i. subieqtis CavardniTa da Sinaarsis cvlilebiT unda migveRo
zmnisgan saxeli. Tavidan Sesadarebeli sagani, rogorc warmoSobiT iribi
obieqti, micemiT brunvaSi idga, saxelad qcevis Semdeg ki naTesaobiTi
brunvis forma miiRo, vinaidan saxeli saxels swored naTesaobiTSi
marTavs (Sdr. vin mzesaca unaTlea; mzis unaTlesi). istoriulad jer
unda gvqonoda xarisxis mokle formebi, Semdeg _ brunvisniSniani grZeli
formebi.
g. maWavarianis azriT, xudide si tipis formebSi dadasturebuli -e, romelic xarisxis mawarmoebladaa miCneuli, warmoSobiT wyvetilis
mwkrivis niSani unda iyos.
imas, rom ufroobiTi xarisxis forma warmoSobiT zmnaa, mxars
uWers qarTvelur enaTa Cvenebac:
svan. Nnecin (`wvrili”) x-o-ncin-a (`uwvrilesi”)
megr. Ddidi u-did-a-S-i
rogorc vxedavT, xarisxis formaTa warmoebis yalibi qarTvelur
enebSi absoluturad erTnairia. Aaqac am formaTa SenebaSi monawileobs
sasxviso qcevis niSani (o-, u-) da sakuTriv xarisxis mawarmoebeli (-a),
oRond svanuri imiT gansxvavdeba sxva qarTveluri enebisgan, rom aq
naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani ar gvaqvs. amdenad, svanurSi ufro xelSe-
saxebia, rom ufroobiTi xarisxis forma warmoSobiT zmna unda yofi-
84
liyo. Aamas garda, svanurSi gvaqvs ramdenime dadebiTi xarisxis forma,
romlebic warmoSobiT ufroobiTi xarisxisa unda iyos:
x-o-C-a (`kargi”)
x-o-S-a (`didi”)
x-o-l-a (`cudi”)
x-o-dr-a (`mdare”)
x-o-x[ ]r-a (`patara”)
xoCa, romelic dRes niSnavs kargs, warmoSobiT ufroobiTi xaris-
xis formaa da niSnavda ukeTess, xoSa _ udidess, ufross. imas, rom xoSa ufroobiTi xarisxis forma unda iyos, mxars uWers qarTvelur enaTa
Cvenebac. Mmisi kanonzomieri Sesatyvisebia: megr.UuCaSi, qarT. xucesi.
Aamrigad, a. SaniZe miiCnevs, rom zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi
xarisxis forma warmoSobiT iyo saxeli, romelsac daerTvoda zmnuri
afiqsebi, e.i. saxeli iuRleboda; g. maWavariani ki varaudobs, rom
ufroobiTi xarisxis forma warmoSobiT iyo ara saxeli, aramed _ zmna,
romelmac saxelad qcevis gzaze dairTo naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani.
waikiTxeT: zurab sarjvelaZe, mimReobaTa oden -el sufiqsiani
warmoeba da pir-v-el fuZis warmomavlobis sakiTxi, ix. enaTmec-
nierebis sakiTxebi, #3, 2000, gv. 10-17.
weriTi davaleba: abruneT mxolobiT ricxvSi zedsarTavi saxelebi:
marTal, saukuno.
weriTi davaleba: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT nawyveti giorgi merCulis
Txzulebidan `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba”, amowereT zedsarTavi
saxelebi da gaaanalizeT morfologiurad.
` amaT netarTa Soris gamobrwyinda madliTa savsჱ, gansrulebuli sib-
rZniTa, didi mRdeli da keTilad ganmgebeli moRuawჱ da udabnoTa qalaq-
myofeli, zecisa kaci da queyanisa angelozi, sanatreli grigol, suli-
erad mamaჲ da winamZRuari da maSenebeli xanZTisa da Satberdisaჲ, orTa
amaT didebulTa monasterTaჲ, romeli eqmna saxe keTilis yovelTa mis
Jamisa meudabnoeTa mamaTa axlad Senebasa maTsa.
85
ese iyo Svili warCinebulTa didebulTa da marTlmorwmuneTa mama-
dedaTaჲ da saxlsa Sina sameufosa didisa nerse erisTvisasa aRzrdil
iyo ... xolo iyo xilviTa did, ჴorciTa Txel, hasakiTa srul, yolad
keTil sruliad, guamiTa mrTel da suliTa ubiwo”.
daimaxsovreT!
Tu viTarebiT brunvaSi mdgari zedsarTavi saxeli sintagmas qmnis arsebiT
saxelTan (an gasubstantivebul nazmnar saxelTan) da gamodis atributuli anu
SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis rolSi (am SemTxvevaSi orive _ msazRvrelica da saz-
Rvrulic viTarebiT brunvaSia, sxvagvarad, gvaqvs brunvaSi SeTanxmeba132), saxelis
atributivia, kvalificirdeba rogorc zedsarTavi saxeli, mag.:133
`rameTu qriste aqus mizezad siyuarulisa mis da saxed keTilad...” [Targm.
maTes sax. 160:12, Titus].
`romelTa nayofad keTilad aRmoacennes Rirsni da ubiwoni yrmani” [georg.
2, 077v:10, Titus].
`iyvnen saxlsa iudaჲssa sixarulad da mxiarulebad da dResaswaulad
keTilad da ixarebdiT” [Zv. aRTqma, oSk. da ierus., 8:19, Titus].
Tu formobriv viTarebiT brunvaSi mdgari zedsarTavi saxeli sintagmas qmnis
zmnasTan an nazmnar saxelTan (masdarsa Tu mimReobasTan), zmnis atributivia,
kvalificirdeba rogorc viTarebis zmnizeda (am SemTxvevaSi igi aRaraa brunebis
paradigmis wevri, formaucvlel metyvelebis nawils warmoadgens da sintagmis
ZiriTad, mTavar wevrs mirTviT ukavSirdeba), mag.:
axlavs zmnis pirin formas:
`keTilad ityჳT, garna nu dagijerebies, Tumca me misa coladRa viyav”
[agiog. Zegl., I, 355:20].
`rameTu keTilad mixugo maT” [mrk. 12:28 X].
`romelman iqorwinos Tჳsi igi qalwulebaჲ, keTilad hyofs...” [agiog. Zegl.,
V, 6:25].
axlavs masdars:
`da Senca kualad gaqus keTilad xilvaჲ da smenaჲ” [Satb. kreb., 75:10].
`ara raჲTa safrჴe dagigo Tquen, aramed Suenierad da keTilad dadgromad
uflisa mimarT uzrunvelad” [pavl. epist., 7:35 CD].
132
axal qarTulSi, viTarebiT brunvaSi, prepoziciuri msazRvreli brunvis niSans mTli-anad moikvecs, mxolod postpoziciis SemTxvevaSia warmodgenili srulad, brunvis niS-niT: keTil-0 nayof-ad, Sdr.: nayof-ad keTil-ad. 133
magaliTebs warmovadgenT mxolod keTil-i/keTilad formebisTvis.
86
SeniSvna: mocemul SemTxvevaSi, marTalia, sintagmis orive wevri viTare-
biTSia da, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba SeTanxmebac gvegonos, magram, Tu
sintagmis mTavar wevrs sxva brunvaSi, mag., saxelobiTSi gadaviyvanT
(keTilad dadgromaჲ), cxadi gaxdeba, rom saqme gvaqvs mirTvasTan. Sdr.
SemTxveva, roca mTavari wevri naTesaobiTSia: `...aramed Suenierebisa da
keTilad dadgromisa uflisa mimarT uzrunvelad” [pavl. epist., 7:35 AB].
axlavs mimReobas:
`da iyo igi ჴelovan, keTilad Semzavebel sulnelTa maT sacxebelTa”
[agiog. Zegl., I, 412:20].
`...xolo mis mier Seyuarebul iyvnes viTarca keTilad mimRebelni swav-
laTa misTani” [agiog. Zegl., I, 322:30].
`akurTxen mSobelni SviliTurT da Svilni mSobelTa Tana keTilad mor-
wmuneni...” [agiog. Zegl., I, 259:32].
SeniSvna: SesaZloa am tipis viTarebis zmnizeda erTvodes mimarTebiT
zedsarTav saxels: `da moec amas saxeli keTilad saxelovani Soris
Teslebsa mravalsa...” [agiog. Zegl., I, 25:21]; `...da STavides ornive zogad
venaჴsa mas Senebulsa missa keTilad nayofiersa” [agiog. Zegl., I, 74:41];
`xolo keTilad gulisჴmismyofelman dedakacman ara hsca dabrkoleba
keTilisa aRrCevisagan” [agiog. Zegl., V, 110:18].
rogorc aRvniSneT, zedsarTavi saxelis funqcionirebis bunebrivi formaa misi
gamoyeneba arsebiT (an sxva) saxelTan SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis rangSi, radgan
igi saxelis atributivia. Tu zedsarTavi saxeli warmodgenilia damoukideblad,
sazRvruli saxelis gareSe, igi gasubstantivebulia da arsebiTi saxelis
funqciiT ixmareba, mag.: `da miaqcia maTgan keTilman da daadgra boroti” [Zv.
aRTqma, oSk. da ierus., 1:22, Titus]; `rameTu cvala Tჳsi igi siborote da gardaiqca
keTilad...” [agiog. Zegl., I, 214:31]; `yoveli gonebaჲ adamis naTesavTaჲ Seicvalebis,
romelime keTili borotad, da romelime boroti keTilad...” [mamaTa swav., 310:23].
zedsarTavi saxeli gasubstantivebulia da arsebiTi saxelis funqciiT ixmareba
maSinac, roca naxmaria ara SeTanxmebuli, aramed marTuli msazRvrelis funqci-
iT: `... romeli eqmna saxe keTilis yovelTa mis Jamisa meudabnoeTa mamaTa axlad
Senebasa maTsa” [ix. zemoT].134
naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli zedsarTavi saxeli aseve gasubstantivebulia, Tu
sintagmas qmnis masdarsa Tu mimReobasTan (am SemTxvevaSi sintaqsurad igi ara
gansazRvreba (marTuli), aramed ubralo damatebaa), mag.: `raჲ jer-ars SabaTsa
keTilisa saqmჱ, anu borotisa yofaჲ?” [l. 6:9 DE]; `rameTu iyo kaci ese ukeTuri
da yovlisa borotisa mompovebeli” [agiog. Zegl., V, 35:19].
134
cxadia, Tu naTesaobiT brunvaSi mdgari zedsarTavi saxeli SeTanxmebuli msazRvre-
lis rolSi gamodis, igi zedsarTavad kvalificirdeba, mag.: `... da gviჴsnas pirisa misgan mჴecisa borotisa” [agiog. Zegl., V, 20:28].
87
ricxviTi saxeli
ricxviTi saxeli aris metyvelebis nawili, romelic gamoxatavs
sagnis raodenobas, rigs an nawils mTelTan mimarTebiT. igi, rogorc
metyvelebis nawili, gvxvdeba ukve dionise Trakielis `texne grammati-
keSi~. Ees termini berZnulidan Sevida laTinurSi, iqidan _ evropuli
enebis gramatikebSi.
qarTveluri enebis Tvlis sistema, zogierT kavkasiur enasTan er-
Tad, ocobiTia, svanuris ori kilos, balszemourisa da laSxuris garda.
am kiloebSi aTobiTi Tvlaa, mag., balsz. er eSd (20, sityvasityviT:
oraTi), semeSd (30, sityvasityviT: samaTi), uoSTx eSd (40, sityvasityviT:
oTxaTi)... qarTuli Tvlis sistemas SeiZleba Sereulic vuwodoT: igi
nawilobriv aTobiTia (mag., aTerTmeti, aTequsmeti...), nawilobriv _ oco-
biTi (mag., ocdaerTi, oTxmeoci...). Tvlis aTobiTi sistemaa berZnulSi,
arabulSi, somxurSi, inglisurSi, rusulSi...
jer kidev a. SaniZem135 miaqcia yuradReba erTgvar Seusabamobas
qarTuli Tvlis ocobiT sistemasa da aTobiT weras Soris (mag., vambobT:
ocdaTerTmeti, vwerT: 31(30+1, nacvlad 20+11). XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi
maTematikosTa erTma jgufma scada am Seusabamobis `gamosworeba~ da
aTobiTi Tvlis SemoReba xelovnurad, skolis saSualebiT, mogvianebiT
a. SaniZemac gaiziara es Tvalsazrisi136, magram enaSi ver damkvidrda.
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli aRniSnavs sagnis odenobas. fuZis
agebulebis mixedviT raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli orgvaria: martivi da
rTuli. Mmartivia iseTi saxeli, romelic erTi fuZisgan Sedgeba: erT-i,
or-i, sam-i, oTx-i, xuT-i, -i, S d-i,137 rva- cxra- aT-i, oc-i, as-i.138
135
ix. a. SaniZe, ocobiTi Tvla da aTobiTi wera qarTulSi, Cveni mecniereba, 11-12, tf., 1924, gv. 12-14. 136
ix. a. SaniZe, saliteraturo qarTulis saWirboroto sakiTxebi, Tb., 1979, gv. 125-144. 137
*eqs da *S id- Zirebi saerToqarTvelurSi nasesxebi unda iyos indoevropuli enebidan uZveles xanaSi, rodesac ivaraudeba winareindoevropuli enis kontaqtebi semiturTan Tu saerToqarTvelurTan, aseve SumerulTan, egvipturTan. aris mosazreba,
88
SeniSvna: miCneulia, rom equs ricxviT saxelSi q ganviTare-bulia (Sdr. megr. amSvi, Wan. aSi//anSi, svan. usgva). saerTod, qarTvelur enebs axasiaTebs ukanaenismier TanxmovanTa (g, q, k)
ganviTareba bagismierTa da gansakuTrebiT v-s win.
SeniSvna: ar dasturdeba, vinaidan sonorebis momdevnod
arasdros gvxvdeba.
rTulia ricxviTi saxeli, romelic Seicavs or an met fuZes. aq
unda gamovyoT: a) saxelebi, romlebic ar arian `da” kavSiriT SeerTe-
buli (aTerTmeti, aTxuTmeti, as ori...) da b) saxelebi, romlebic `da” kavSirs Seicaven (ocdaerTi, ormeocdaaTi...).
Zvel qarTulSi TerTmetidan cxrametis CaTvliT ricxviT saxeleb-
Si a ikargeba anlautSi IX saukunidan.
SeniSvna: sazogadod, formaTa gamartiveba xdeba sityvis bo-
loSi, mag., movals > mova. ras unda gamoewvia absolutur
dasawyisSi a-s dakargva? Aamis mizezi unda iyos misi moqceva
umaxvilo poziciaSi.
aTerTmeti > TerTmeti
aTormeti > Tormeti
aTsammeti > cameti
aToTxmeti > ToTxmeti
aTxuTmeti > TxuTmeti
aTequsmeti > Teqvsmeti
aTS dmeti > Cvidmeti
aTrvameti > Tvrameti
aTcxrameti > cxrameti
rom indoevropelebis winare samSoblo Zveli axlo aRmosavleTi unda yofiliyo, kerZod, xmelTaSua zRvis samxreTi regioni (T. gamyreliZe... Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003, gv. 584). 138
milioni berZnulidanaa nasesxebi () da xanmet oTxTavSic (VII s.) gvxvdeba: `da Tu vinme wargiZRuanebdes Sen milion erT mived Sen orca~... [m. 5:41]. miliard Zvel qarTulSi ar aris.
89
garda anlautSi a-s dakargvisa, ramdenime ricxviT saxelSi moxda
sxva cvlilebac:
cameti: a) Ts kompleqsis SerwymiT miviReT c afrikati; b) moxda m-s disimilaciuri dakargva.
Cvidmeti: TS kompleqsis SerwymiT miviReT C afrikati (afrikati-
zacia).
Tvrameti: moxda v-s martivi metaTezisi.
cxrameti moxda T-s disimilaciuri Ddakargva.
Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda:
ormeoci > ormoci
sammeoci > samoci
oTxmeoci > oTxmoci
es formebi Seicaven me elements, romlis mniSvneloba, rogorc v.
Tofuriam139 gaarkvia, -jer unda yofiliyo (mag., oTxmeoci = oTxjer oci). -me elements daeZebneba Sesatyvisebi qarTvelur enebSi, mag., sa-
mociOiqneba:
megr. sumoneCi (3×oci)
Wan. sumeneCi (3×oci)
svan. balsqv. suminer eSd (3×oraTi)
svanurSi -in dResac cocxali elementia da niSnavs -jer.
ormoci tipis gamartivebuli formebi X saukunidan gvxvdeba. me-s e elementi unda dakarguliyo disimilaciuri dakargvis safuZvelze (e da o, orive, saSualo aweulobis xmovnebia). X saukuneSi SesaZloa Segvxvdes
ormioci (<ormeoci), miRebuli regresuli disimilaciis safuZvelze.
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli aris orgvari: gansazRvruli
(garkveuli) da ganusazRvreli (gaurkveveli). GganusazRvrelia:
mravali140, uricxჳ, mcir Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda, agreTve, ricxviTi
139
ix. v. Tofuria, ocobiTi Tvlis sistemisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, Sromebi, t. III, 1979, gv. 292-296 (wakiTxulia moxsenebad 1925 w.). 140
mravali m. andronikaSvils parTulidan (iranuli jg.) nasesxebad miaCnia.
90
saxelebi: bevri142 (aRniSnavda aTi aTass), msgefsi (7 dRe), mrCobli143
(ormagi, aqedan _ marCbivi (tyupi, tyupiscali)), ergasi//ergasisi (ormocdaaTi; erg niSnavs naxevars, anu asis naxevari), ergaseuli (50-50).
sainteresoa sulxan-saba orbelianis cnobac: `aTjer bevri ars bevris-bevri, aTjer bevris-bevri ars uSqari, aTjer uSqari ars uSti, aTjer uSti ars uStis-uSti~... e.i., sabas mixedviT, bevri _ 10 000, bevris-bevri _ 100 000, uSqari _ 1 000 000, uSti _ 10 000 000, uStis-uSti _ 100 000 000.144
SeniSvna: erg Ziris etimologiaze pirvelad yuradReba
gaamaxvila n. marma. Mmisi azriT, es Ziri svanuridan unda
Sesuliyo qarTulSi. svanurSi, marTlac, dasturdeba forma
isg, romelic niSnavs Suas, naxevars. n. maris azriT,
isg>esg>erg, magram igi ar akonkretebs, es cvlileba sad
unda momxdariyo: svanurSi Tu qarTulSi. Ees mosazreba gazi-
arebuli araa, radgan maSin igive procesi (s r monacvleoba)
unda momxdariyo sxva SemTxvevebSic (mag., msgavsi, msgefsi...), magram ar moxda. Eerg Ziris zusti etimologia dRemde dau-
dgenelia.
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli aRniSnavs sagnis rigs. igi iwarmoeba
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelisgan me- -e cirkumfiqsiT: me-or-e- , me-oc-e-
, me-as-e- ...
`da” kavSiris Semcveli rTuli raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelisgan
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis warmoebisas me- -e cirkumfiqsi bolo da-s
momdevno saxels moudis: ocda-me-or-e- , asda-me-or-e- , ormeocda-me-erT-e-
... zogjer SesaZloa gvqondes me-ocdaaT-e- , me-ocdarv-e- ... tipis formebic.
erTisgan nawarmoebi me-erT-e mxolod rTul rigobiT ricxviT
saxelebSi gvxvdeba (ocdameerTe , asdameerTe ...), sazogadod ki pirveli
141
cota Zvel qarTulSi ar gvxvdeba. 142 bevri nasesxebia saSualo sparsulidan. 143
efrem mciris originalur TxzulebaSi `Sesavali fsalmunTa Targmanebisa~ vkiTxu-lobT: `mrCobl ewodebis orkecsa~ (m. SaniZis gamocema, 97, 8-12). 144
ix. sulxan-saba orbeliani, qarTuli leqsikoni, t. II, gv. 175.
91
ixmareba. pirveli a. SaniZem daukavSira pir saxels (pirveli _ pirisken
mdgomi). Mmanve miuTiTa msgavsebaze indoevropul ZirTan (Sdr. laT. prim-
us, rus. первый).145 -v-el igive odenoba unda iyos, rac gvaqvs sadaurobis
aRmniSvnel saxelebSi: qarT-v-el-i, raW-v-el-i...
z. sarjvelaZis azriT, pir-v-el fuZe, warmoSobiT, -el sufiqsiani
mimReoba unda iyos, vinaidan Zvel qarTulSi dasturdeba pir Zirisgan nawarmoebi zmna `gaZRolis” mniSvnelobiT: `upirobda yovelsa ersa
ZnobiT winamZRurad~... [ivdiT 15:13 O]. savaraudod, unda arsebuliyo *h-pir-
av-s (`uZRvis”) statikuri zmnac. pirvel Semdeg gadaazrianda rigobiT
ricxviT saxelad.146
meore formis paralelurad SesaZloa Segvxvdes merme (merme kacman, mermesa kacsa...) da iSviaTad memre. meore>mevre> memre (o-s daviwroebiTa
da v m monacvleobiT, rac qarTulisTvis bunebrivia, mag., qmriv>quriv).
merme147 miRebulia r-s metaTezisiT.
Mmeoris nacvlad xSirad ixmareba, aseve, erTi igi an erTi.
sazogadod, rodesac orzea saubari da erTi orjer aris naxmari, pirve-
li erTi aRniSnavs erTs (pirvels), xolo meore erTi _ meores: `aravin monaman SeuZlos orTa ufalTa monebad, rameTu erTi moiZulos da erTi Seiyuaros, anu erTsa adidebdes da erTi Seuracxyos”.
wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli
wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli aRniSnavs mTelis ra nawilia sagani.
axal qarTulSi wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli iwarmoeba rigobiTi ricxvi-
Ti saxelis viTarebiTi brunvis formisgan, mag., mesamedi. Zvel qarTulSi
amgvari warmoeba iSviaTia. aq wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli gamoixateba
ramdenime saSualebiT:
145
Aa. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1973, gv. 135. 146
z. sarjvelaZe, mimReobaTa oden -el sufiqsiani warmoeba da pir-v-el fuZis warmo-mavlobis sakiTxi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #3, 2000, gv. 16. 147
merme Zvel qarTulSi ramdenime mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: 1. Semdegi, momavali; 2. kvlav, isev; 3. meore, sxva.
92
a) aRweriTad, sityva nawilis gamoyenebiT, mag., mexuT nawili
(`mexuTedi”).
b) -eul sufiqsiT: aT-eul-i (`meaTedi”), xuT-eul-i (`mexuTedi”). -eul sufiqsian formebs sxva mniSvnelobac aqvs Zvel qarTulSi,
kerZod, niSnavs mets: aTeuli = aTjer meti (e.i. -eul = -jer, rogorc SeniSna i. imnaiSvilma).
g) na- -al cirkumfiqsiT, mag., na-sam-al-i (`mesamedi”), na-oTx-al-i (`meoTxedi”)... aseTi warmoeba sakmaod iSviaTia.
d) me- -e cirkumfiqsiT: me-aT-e- (`meaTedi”). Fformobriv aseTi
wilobiTi saxeli rigobiTs emTxveva, garCeva moxdeba konteqstis
mixedviT.
e) rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis viTarebiTi brunvis formisgan
nawarmoebi meoTxedi tipis formebi iSviaTia Zvel qarTulSi,
magram normaa axalSi.
SeniSvna: erT- fuZisgan wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli ar
iwarmoeba. SeniSvna: meoredis nacvlad Zvel qarTulSi ixmareba zogi //nazogali da kerZo (samives mniSvnelobaa naxevari), mag.,
`zogi nayofTa CemTa mivsce glaxakTa~; `or wyrTa da kerZo
sivrc misi~ (or-naxevari wyrTaa misi sigane).
ricxviTi saxelis bruneba
fuZis mixedviT ricxviTi saxeli aris TanxmovanfuZiani da
xmovanfuZiani. yvela raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli TanxmovanfuZiania,
gamonaklisia rva, cxra da am fuZeebiT daboloebuli rTuli ricxviTi
saxelebi. rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi ki, garda pirvelisa, xmovan-
fuZiania. wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli TanxmovanfuZiania, Tu ar iyenebs
rigobiTis formas.
calke naxmari ricxviTi saxeli ise ibruneba, rogorc msgavsi fuZis
sazogado arsebiTi saxeli, oRond gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi: a)
TanxmovanfuZiani ricxviTi saxeli mxolod ukumSvelia; b) xmovanfuZiani
_ mxolod kvecadi (vinaidan bolovdeba a an e xmovnebze). Aaq Semova rva, cxra da am fuZeebiT daboloebuli rTuli raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxe-
93
lebi, agreTve, me- -e cirkumfiqsiani rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi;
g) damoukideblad naxmari ricxviTi saxelis wodebiTi brunvis forma
dadasturebuli araa. igi wodebiTSi maSin gvxvdeba, roca arsebiT saxels
axlavs, mag., Zeo Cemo meoreo; d) raodenobiT ricxviT saxels mravlobiTi
ricxvis formebi, wesiT, ar unda hqondes, vinaidan Tavadac simravles
aRniSnavs, magram Zvel qarTulSi moepoveba, oRond mxolod -n da -T sufiqsiani mravlobiTi.
wrf. S d cxra mesame
sax. -i -n-i cxra- cxra-n-i mesame- //mesam
moTx. -man -T-a cxra-man cxra-T-a mesame-man
mic. -s-a -T-a cxra-s-a cxra-T-a mesame-s-a
naT. -is-a -T-a cxr-is-a cxra-T-a mesam-is-a
moq. -iT-a cxr-iT-a mesam-iT-a
viT. -ad cxra-d mesame-d
weriTi davaleba: abruneT ricxviTi saxelebi: sam, asdameore,
xuTeul.
weriTi davaleba: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT nawyveti Zveli aRTqmidan
(`wigni ricxuTaჲ”), amowereT ricxviTi saxelebi da gaaanalizeT
morfologiurad.
`etyoda ufali moses udabnosa sinas, karavsa Sina wamebisasa, pirvelsa
mas TTuesa, meoresa welsa gamoslvasa maTsa queyaniT egჳptiT da hrqua:
iwye Sen aRracxad yovelTa krebulTa ZeTa israelisaTa... da iyvnes Zeni
rubenisni... yoveli wuli ociT wliTgani da uzeSTaesi, yoveli, romeli
gamovidoda Zlieri, ricxჳ igi maTi, ZeTa rubenisTaჲ, ormeocdaequs aTas
da xuTas. Zeni sჳmeonisni... ormeocdacxramet aTas da oTxas... da iyvnes
Zeni rubenisni... ricxჳ igi maTi, ZeTa rubenisTa ormeocdaequs aTas da
xuTas...”
94
Nnacvalsaxeli
Nnacvalsaxeli aris metyvelebis nawili, romelic ixmareba
saxelebis nacvlad garkveul SemTxvevebSi. kerZod, igi ixmareba arsebiTi,
zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebis nacvlad. antonis gramatikiSi am
metyvelebis nawilis aRmniSvnelad gvaqvs termini saxelTnacvali.
Nnacvalsaxeli, rogorc metyvelebis nawili, jer kidev dionise
Trakielma gamoyo. igi metyvelebis nawilTa Soris sakmaod Zvelia da
amitomaa defeqturad warmodgenili: zogi maTgani ar icvleba an uWirs
yvela formis warmoeba. rogorc Zveli metyvelebis nawili, gamoyenebulia
morfologiur elementebad, mag., brunvis niSnebad. nacvalsaxels sakuTa-
ri kiTxvebi ara aqvs. igi miugebs mis mier Secvlili metyvelebis na-
wilis kiTxvebze.
Sinaarsis mixedviT gamoiyofa nacvalsaxelTa 11 (an 10) jgufi:
pirisa, CvenebiTi, kuTvnilebiTi, kiTxviTi, kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi, mimar-
TebiTi, gansazRvrebiTi, ganusazRvrelobiTi, uaryofiTi, urTierTobiTi,
ukuqceviTi.
Ppiris nacvalsaxelebi
Ppiris nacvalsaxelebia: me, Sen, Cuen, Tquen.
Ppiris nacvalsaxelebs III pirSi sakuTari formebi ar gaaCnia. igi
iyenebs CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebs: ese, ege, igi, [isi].148 Tu aRniSnuli
nacvalsaxelebi ukavSirdeba saxels, CvenebiTia (mag., ege kaci ity s), Tu
ewyoba zmnis pirian formas _ pirisa (mag., ege ity s).
sayuradReboa ese, ege, igi, isi nacvalsaxelTa fuZis struqtura.
Zirad gamoyenebulia g, s Tanxmovnebi, romlebic sxvadasxva dialeqturi
wris Semonatani unda iyos. xmovnebi saerTo aqvT aRebuli. swored
xmovnebi iZlevian sagnis sivrcobriv determinacias, deiqturobis 148
savaraudod, CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebs piris nacvalsaxelis funqcia unda SeeZinaT
elipsisis safuZvelze, sazRvruli wevris Cavardnis Sedegad: isi kaci ityჳs > isi ityჳs.
95
gamomxatvelni arian, anu gansazRvraven mis mdebareobas I pirTan
mimarTebiT:
e-g-e e-s-e
i-g-i [i-s-i]
e xmovani mianiSnebs mosaubresTan axlos myof saganze, i _ misgan daSorebul saganze (v. Tofuria).
Zvel qarTulSi X saukunemde ar aris dadasturebuli isi da isini saxelobiTi brunvis formiT, oRond iribi brunvebis formiT ukve xanmet
teqstebSi gvxvdeba. savaraudoa, cocxal metyvelebaSi saxelobiTis for-
mebic arsebuliyo. isi nacvalsaxelis gamartivebiT miviReT is.149
Mme, Sen mxolobiTi ricxvia, Cuen, Tquen _ mravlobiTi, magram aq
mravlobiToba gramatikulad ki ar aris nawarmoebi, aramed Sinaarsob-
riv mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli sxva fuZe enacvleba. Aam movlenas
supletivizmi150 ewodeba. i. imnaiSvilis azriT, `piris nacvalsaxelebi
unda aRniSnavdnen brunebis im safexurs, roca brunvebi jer kidev ar iyo
Camoyalibebuli; ar gvqonda gramatikuli ricxvis kategoria da erTi da
mravali mxolod fuZeTa mixedviT iyo garCeuli~. rogorc fiqroben, I da
II pirebis nacvalsaxelebi ufro adre Camoyalibda, vidre III pirisa. amas
adasturebs Tundac zmnaTa Cveneba. Tu I-II pirebis niSnebi prefiqsebia, III
pirisa sufiqsebia.
I da II pirebis nacvalsaxelTa bruneba Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba:
sax. me Sen Cuen Tquen
moTx. me Sen Cuen Tquen
mic. me (Cem-) Sen Cuen Tquen
naT. Cem- (-T s, -gan...) Sen- Cuen- Tquen-
rogorc vxedavT, piris nacvalsaxelebs arc gramatikuli brunvis
kategoria gaaCniaT, vinaidan brunvis niSnebs ar dairTaven. Aaq erTi da
149
gamartivebuli is forma saSuali qarTulidan iCens Tavs, dasturdeba `qarTlis cxov-rebaSi”, `vefxistyaosanSi” da momdevno periodis ZeglebSi. mag.: `vuTxar: `momkal, uCemosa enaxamca visca is xe!” [vefx. S629/K629:4]. visargebleT `titusis” monacemTa baziT. 150
supletivizmi iseTi gramatikuli movlenaa, roca erTi paradigmis farglebSi xdeba
Zirisa Tu fuZis monacvleoba [J. maruzo, Ж. Марузо, Словарь лингвистических терминов, М.,
1960].
96
igive forma gamodis oTxi brunvis funqciiT. Ggamonaklisia me, romelsac
naTesaobiTSi, zogjer micemiTSic enacvleba Cem (mag., nu stirT Cem zeda... (mic.)), romelic kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis fuZedaa gamoyenebuli, igi-
ve Cem Seenacvleba moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSic: CemiT, Cemda. vinaidan erTi da igive forma gamodis oTxi brunvis funqciiT, rom gavarkvioT,
romeli brunvaa, unda mivmarToT Canacvlebis xerxs: me (anu kaci) var Tquen Tana (sax.), me (anu kacman) garqu Tquen (moTx.), me (anu kacsa)
miTquams (mic.). kuTvnilebiTi formebi enacvleba agreTve sxva piris nac-
valsaxelebsac: uwinares Tquensa, ufro amaTsa naTesaobiTi brunva
mxolod Tandebuliania: Cemgan, Sen mier...
rac Seexeba Cemda, Senda... tipis formebs, specialur literaturaSi
maT sxvadasxva kvalifikacia eZleva: a) -da viTarebiTi brunvis niSania (b.
gigineiSvili, z. sarjvelaZe151); b) Cemda (momarT), Cuenda (momarT),
Senda (mimarT), misa//misda (mimarT)... tipis formebs a. SaniZe uwodebs
mimarTulebiTs 152; g) -da aq -T s Tandebulis ekvivalentia (n. mari, i.
imnaiSvili): `vqmneT aqa sam talavar:153 erTi Senda, erTi mos sa da erTi
elia sa~, e.i. Senda _ SenT s.
SeniSvna: Cveni azriT, moyvanil winadadebaSi Senda, mos sa da
elia sa formebi erTnairad unda kvalificirdes rogorc
funqciurad, ise formobriv. funqciurad samive forma gamo-
xatavs daniSnulebas, xolo formobriv isini naTesaobiTisgan
nawarmoebi viTarebiTia (sxvagvarad _ daniSnulebiTi). Zvel
qarTulSi arsebobs erTi kanonzomiereba: anTroponimebsa da
piris nacvalsaxelebs uWirT viTarebiTi brunvis warmoeba,
amisTvis isini iyeneben naTesaobiTs fuZed (mag., warvida
saxid iovane- s-a(d) //iovan sa... zemoaRniSnuli formebic
swored am zogad wesSi jdeba, Cemda, Senda... naTesaobiTisgan
nawarmoebi viTarebiTia, sxvagvarad, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsa-
xelis viTarebiTi brunvis forma, naxmari piris nacvalsaxe-
lis funqciiT.
Aaqve warmovadgenT arsebiTi saxelis gareSe naxmari III piris
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis brunebis paradigmas, radgan am SemTxvevaSi
isini piris nacvalsaxelebis funqcias asruleben:
151
b. gigineiSvili, z. sarjvelaZe, nanaTesaobiTari mimarTulebiTisa da nanaTesaobiTa-ri daniSnulebiTis adgilisaTvis Zveli qarTuli da qarTveluri enebis brunvaTa siste-maSi, kr. mravalTavi, t. 6, 1978. 152
Aa. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 46. 153
talavar _ fanCaturi, facxa.
97
sax. ese ege igi [isi]
moTx. ama-n maga-n ma-n ima-n
mic. ama-s maga-s ma-s ima-s
naT. am-is mag-is m-is im-is
moq. am-iT mag-iT m-iT im-iT
viT. ama-d maga-d [ma-d] ima-d
sax. ese-n-i ege-n-i igi-n-i [isi-n-i]
moTx. ama-T maga-T ma-T ima-T
mic. ama-T maga-T ma-T ima-T
naT. ama-T maga-T ma-T ima-T
aRniSnul nacvalsaxelebs brunebisas Semdegi Taviseburebebi axasi-
aTebT:
1) ar moepovebaT wrfelobiTi da wodebiTi brunvebi.
2) mxolobiTi ricxvis saxelobiTSi brunvis niSani ara aqvT.
3) moepovebaT ori fuZe: erTi saxelobiTisTvis, meore _ danarCeni
brunvebisTvis. monacvle fuZe aris a-ze daboloebuli, anu kvecadi.
4) ar ewarmoebaT -eb sufiqsiani mravlobiTi, moepovebaT mxolod -n da -T sufiqsiani. AmravlobiTSi ar aqvT moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi
brunvebis formebi.
5) ar dairTaven mavrcob xmovans.
6) ma-n nacvalsaxelis (aseve vi-n kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelis) bolo-
kiduri -n, erTi mosazrebiT, miCneulia moTxrobiTi brunvis
uZveles, organul niSnad (arn. Ciqobava, h. Suxardti,154 a. SaniZe155...).
sawinaaRmdego mosazrebiT, -n ar warmoadgens moTxrobiTi brunvis
niSans (b. kikviZe, d. meliqiSvili, k. gabunia ... ). b. kikviZis azriT, man
154
hugo Suxardti _ avstrieli (q. graci) qarTvelologi, romelic kavkasiur enebamde baskuri enis kvlevam miiyvana. 155
arn. Ciqobava, moTxrobiTi brunvis genezisisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, Tsu Sromebi, X,
1929, gv. 178; h. Suxardti, О пассивном характере переходного глагола в кавказских языках, kreb.
Эргативная конструкция предложения, 1950, М., gv. 33-73; a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, 1953, gv. 641.
98
da vin nacvalsaxelebis segmentacia ar xerxdeba, isini warmoadgenen
wminda fuZeebs,156 xolo n unda iyos ara moTx. brunvis organuli
niSani (avtoris azriT, moTxrobiTi brunvis Camoyalibebis procesSi
Tavidanve man gaformda am brunvis niSnad), aramed -na determinanti
elementis naSTi.157 qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi igive de-
terminanti -na elementi gamoyofilia I da II piris nacvalsaxelebsa
(me(na), Sen(a), Cuen(a), Tquen(a)) da zogierT zmnizedaSi (ze-na, qve-na,
ukua-na, wi-na, Si-na). cxadia, Tu am SemTxvevebSi -na elements ver
miviCnevT moTxrobiTi brunvis organul niSnad, gaWirdeba misi am
funqciiT aRWurva vi-n da ma-n nacvalsaxelebSic.
d. meliqiSvili pirisa da kiTxviT nacvalsaxelTa sxvagvar segmen-
tacias gvTavazobs da gamoyofs ara -na, aramed VC struqturis
(sufiqsisTvis ufro bunebrivi struqturis mqone) -en, -an, -in deter-
minant sufiqsebs (Sesabamisad, es nacvalsaxelebi Semdegnairad daiS-
leba: m-e(n), S-en, Tqu-en, m-an, v-in)158, romelTac kavSiri ara aqvT
moTxrobiT brunvasTan, radgan nacvalsaxelTa da zmnisarTTa neit-
raluri fuZeebis gamaformeblad aRniSnuli determinanti sufiqsebis
arseboba brunebis kategoriis Camoyalibebamde ivaraudeba. -n-s
moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnad reinterpretacia meoreulia, radgan igi
aRmoCnda brunvis niSnis adgilas159 (sinqroniul doneze ma-n/ma-s, vi-
n/vi-s opozicia iZleva safuZvels, -n brunvis niSnad miviCnioT, iseve
rogorc -s (l.c.)).
156
k. gabunias TvalsazrisiTac, CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis (aman, iman, man) moTxrobiTad kvalificirebuli forma, sinamdvileSi, fuZes warmoadgens, romelSic gamoiyofa fuZis mawarmoebeli determinanti -n (< -na) sufiqsi (k. gabunia, -m- nacvalsaxeluri Ziris Sesaxeb qarTvelur enebSi, smam, t. 137, #2, Tb., 1990, gv. 439. 157
b. kikviZe, moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis genezisisaTvis qarTulSi, komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis, 1960, #2, gv. 62. 158
avtoris azriT, zena, quena, wina ... tipis formebis bolokiduri -a ara determinanti sufiqsiseuli, aramed narTauli, ufunqcio xmovani unda iyos, savaraudod, marcvalT-Riaobisaken midrekilebiT gaCenili (ix. d. meliqiSvili, piris nacvalsaxelTa fuZis agebulebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxi, narkvevebi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa morfologiidan (eZRvneba v. Tofurias), Tb., 1980, gv. 50-51). 159
iqve, gv. 52.
99
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: ese, ege, igi, [isi], eseviTari, egeviTari, esemlevani160 (`amnairi, amisTana”), egemlevani, eseodeni (`amdeni”), egeodeni,
esr Ti, egr Ti. Aara gvaqvs axali qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli forme-
bi: aseTi, amnairi, magnairi, amisTana, magisTana, amdeni, amgvari...
SeniSvna: eseodeni, egeodeni nacvalsaxelebi fonetikuri
cvlilebebis Sedegad SeiZleba gvaZlevdnen variantebs:
eseoden-i>esoden-i>esden-i>esTen-i; egeoden-i>egoden-i>egden-i.
SeniSvna: CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa brunebas arsebiTTan erTad
warmovadgenT msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebis ganxilvisas.
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: Cem-i, Sen-i, amis-i, magis-i, mis-i,
T s-i, Cuen-i, Tquen-i, amaT-i, magaT-i, maT-i.
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi fuZed iyenebs piris an CvenebiTi
nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formas. a. SaniZis azriT, T si iyenebs Tavi nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formas: Tav-is-i>Tv-is-
i>T -is-i>T s-i. amis-i, magis-i, mis-i, T s-i formebSi brunvis niSnis
gramatikul funqcias asrulebs mxolod erTi, terminaluri (bolo)
brunvis niSani, wina (-is) warmoqmnis elementia, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsa-
xelis warmoqmnili fuZis kuTvnilebaa.
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebia: vin? raჲ? romeli? raodeni? (//ravdeni?)
viTari? (`rogori?”).
160
mlevani – msgavsi, Sesabamisi.
100
raodeni>ravdeni>ramdeni (o-s daviwroebiTa da v/m substituciiT).
warmovadgenT vin nacvalsaxelis brunebas:
mx. r. mr. r
sax. vi-n vi-n
moTx. vi-n vi-eT//vi-n
mic. vi-s vi-eT//vi-s
naT. vi-s- (-T s, -gan...) vi-eT//vi-s
vin kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli Taviseburia:
1) brunebisas mxolobiTSi mxolod or formas warmogvidgens: vin da
vis. aqedan vin saziaroa saxelobiTisa da moTxrobiTisTvis, vis _ micemiTisa da naTesaobiTisTvis.
2) am nacvalsaxelis (aseve man nacvalsaxelis) fuZis Sesaxeb, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT (ix. gv. 92-93), arsebobs ori Tvalsazrisi: erTi
TvalsazrisiT, vin fuZea da ar xerxdeba misi segmentacia (b. kikvi-Ze, g. klimovi, d. meliqiSvili ... ); meore TvalsazrisiT, micemiTi
brunvis formasTan Sepirispirebis safuZvelze es, udavod, SesaZle-
belia (Sdr. vi-n, vi-s), Sesabamisad, fuZea vi, xolo -n, -s _ brunvis
niSnebi (a. SaniZe,161 i. imnaiSvili,162 z. sarjvelaZe163...). -n unda iyos moTxrobiTis uZvelesi, organuli niSani, vi ki _ i-ze daboloebuli
xmovanfuZiani sazogado saxeli, igi, isi fuZeebTan erTad. vin forma moTxrobiTidan unda gadasuliyo saxelobiTSi (h. Su-
xardti).164
3) ar irTavs mavrcob xmovans.A
4) mravlobiT ricxvSi gvaqvs -eT sufiqsiani formebic. Ggarkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, es igive sufiqsia, romelic gamovlindeba
anTroponimebsa da toponimebSi (mariam-eT-a, sa-berZn-eT-i...). Semdeg
-eT sufiqsis mravlobiTobis gageba unda dabnelebuliyo, amitom
saWiro gaxda masze ufro aqtiuri sufiqsis darTva: vieT-n-i, vieT-
T-a. magram ukve Zvel qarTulSi es formebi niSnavs zogierTebs,
161
Aa. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb. 1976, gv. 47. 162
i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 512. 163
z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1997, gv. 67. 164
h. Suxardti, О пассивном характере переходного глагола в кавказских языках, kreb. Эргативная
конструкция предложения, 1950, М., gv. 33-73.
101
mag., vieTTa Tques (zogierTebma Tqves). mravlobiTSi SesaZlebelia
igive formebic gvqondes, rac mxolobiTSi.
5) vin nacvalsaxels istoriulad moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brun-
vebis formebic unda hqonoda, rasac gvavaraudebinebs: viT-ar, viT-ar-med, vid-re.
6) aklia wrfelobiTi da wodebiTi brunvebis formebic.
ra kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli Zvel qarTulSi Semdegnairad ibrune-
boda:
wrf. (ra)
sax. ra-
moTx. (ra-man)
mic. ra-s(a)
naT. (ra- s-a)
moq. ra- T-a
viT. (ra-d)
aRniSnuli nacvalsaxeli avlens Semdeg Taviseburebebs:
1) axal qarTulSi ra mxolobiTSi kvecadia (naT. r-is, moq. r-iT), ZvelSi _ ukveceli.
2) nakluli bruneba aqvs, kerZod, ar moepoveba wrfelobiTi (z. sar-
jvelaZesa da k. danelias brunebis paradigmaSi ra forma SeaqvT)
da wodebiTi brunvebi. werilobiT ZeglebSi ra aRniSnul brunvebSi,
marTlac, ar dasturdeba, Tumca garkveul SemTxvevebSi ra asru-lebs wrfelobiTis funqcias.
3) damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, klasikur Zvel qarTulSi ra nacvalsaxels ver ewarmoeba moTxrobiTi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
enacvleba romeli (a. SaniZe, i. imnaiSvili)166. i. imnaiSvili amas ase
xsnis: moTxrobiTi mxolod subieqtis, pirovnebis brunvaa, romel-
sac ra ar daesmis. Semdeg, roca adamianisa da nivTis kategoria
165
raჲ Zvel qarTulSi maqvemdebarebeli kavSiris funqciiTac gamoiyeneboda, mag.: `xolo iovanes raჲ esmes sapyrobiles Sina saqmeni igi qristჱsni, miavlinna mowafeni Tჳsni”. 166
ix. a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 47; i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 511-512.
102
gadavarda, SesaZlebeli gaxda ra-sac gasCenoda moTxrobiTis niSani
-man. k. danelias azriT, raman formac am nacvalsaxelis brunebis
sistemis organul nawils warmoadgens, subieqtad SeiZleba ara-
adamianis saxelic moiazrebodes, amitom mas ver ugulebelvyofT,
Tumca werilobiTad gvian gamovlindeba, X saukunidan.167 `vefxis-
tyaosanSi~ raman oTxjeraa gamoyenebuli.
4) micemiTSi orgvarad realizdeba: ra-s//ra-sa.
5) naTesaobiTis ra sa da Tandebuliani ra saT s, faqtobrivad,
amovardnilia ra nacvalsaxelis brunebis sistemidan da gada-
ricxulia zmnizedur jgufSi, radgan mxolod kiTxviTi zmnizedis
funqciiT gamoiyeneba,168 mag., ra sa gamomcdiT me? (`ratom mcdiT?”).
gasaziarebelia mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, ra sa warmo-
adgens ara savrcobiani naTesaobiTi brunvis formas, aramed nanaTe-
saobiTar daniSnulebiTs, igive nanaTesaobiTar viTarebiTs (ra-ჲs-
ad), Sesabamisad, terminaluri -a brunvisniSniseulia.169
6) moqmedebiTi brunvis ra Ta forma gamoiyeneba rogorc kiTxviTi
nacvalsaxelis funqciiT (`riT?”), ise dRevandeli rom//raTa maqvem-
debarebeli kavSiris funqciiT (ra Ta > raTa, difTongis gamartive-
biT), mag., `ukueTu marili igi wbil170 iyos, ra Ta (`riT?”) daima-
rilos?” sxva magaliTi: `arara aqus, ra Ta (`rom”) Wamon”. 7) viTarebiTi brunvis rad forma (z. sarjvelaZe ar uTiTebs viTare-
biTis formas),171 aseve, zmnizedur jgufSia gadaricxuli, niSnavs:
ratom? Mmag., `dedakaco, rad (`ratom?”) stir?” ratom zmnizeda
saSualma qarTulmac ar icis.
8) axal qarTulSi ra nacvalsaxeli Cveulebriv awarmoebs -eb sufiq-sian mravlobiTs, saxelobiTSi SesaZlebelia -n sufiqsiani warmo-
ebac (sax. ra-eb-i//ra-n-i), Zvel qarTulSi ki mas ar gaaCnia mravlo-
biTi ricxvis formebi. aq ra mxolobiTsac gamoxatavda da mravlo-
biTsac, mag., `ra arian sityuani ege?” am SemTxvevaSi ra mravlo-
biTSi dasmul saxels daesmis, Tumca, k. danelias azriT, Zvel qar-
167
ix. k. danelia, ra kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis, narkvevebi qarTu-li samwerlobo enis istoriidan, I, Tb., 1998, gv.518, 522. 168
raჲsa forma saSual qarTulSi iwyebs da axalSi imkvidrebs nacvalsaxelur Sinaarss
(raჲsa = risa//ris). `vefxistyaosanSic” ki iSviaTia misi nacvalsaxeluri SinaarsiT ga-moyeneba: `mas rome elva hkrTeboda, fernimca hgvandes risani” [626:3]. Tumca poemaSi
raჲsa zmnizeduri SinaarsiTac gvxvdeba: `aw tirili aras margebs, cudad cremlni rasa mdian?” [192:4]. (k. danelia, 1998: 523). 169
z. sarjvelaZe, b. gigineiSvili, nanaTesaobiTari mimarTulebiTisa da nanaTesaobiTari daniSnulebiTis Sesaxeb..., gv. 128-129. 170
wbil – Zaladakarguli. 171
z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb., 1997, gv.67.
103
TulSi iSviaTad ra-n-i formac gamoiyeneboda.172 am paradigmis ra-
T-a wevri (-T sufiqsiani mravlobiTi) klasikur Zvel qarTulSi ar
dasturdeba, magram gvxvdeba XII saukunidan, kerZod, gelaTur bib-
liaSi, `vefxistyaosanSi~ (`hxedavca, Cemo, sofeli raTa (`raebis”)
saqmeTa mqmnelia?~).
saSual qarTulSi ra nacvalsaxelma daimkvidra rogorc moTxro-
biTi brunvis forma, ise mravlobiTis formebi.
romel-i nacvalsaxeli Semdegnairad ibruneba:
mx. r. mr. r.
wrf. romel
sax. romel-i romel-n-i
moTx. romel-man romel-Ta
mic. romel-sa romel-Ta
naT. roml-isa romel-Ta
moq. roml-iTa
viT. [roml-ad]
aseve ibruneba raoden-i//ravden-i, viTar-i kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi.
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelia visi?
axali qarTulis risi Zvel qarTulSi ar gvxvdeba, radgan, rogorc
aRvniSneT, ra ukvecelia, misi naTesaobiTi brunvis forma ra sa ki zmni-
zedis funqciiT gamoiyeneba da niSnavs ratom? risi-s funqcias Zvel qar-
TulSi romeli asrulebda.
visi, rogorc wesi, sazRvrulTan ixmareba, mag., vis-i Zma- vis-n-i Zma-n-i...
172
iqve, gv. 519.
104
mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi
-ca nawilakiani mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi: vinca, ra ca,
romelica ... Zvel qarTulSi SedarebiT naklebad gvxvdeba, ufro xSirad
nawilakis funqcias ese, ege, igi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi asruleben:
romeli-ese, romeli-ege, romeli-igi, ra -igi, raodeni-igi...
qarTuli enis ganviTarebis adrindel safexurze kiTxviTi,
mimarTebiTi da ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi formiT erTma-
neTisgan ar gansxvavdeboda. kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli ixmareboda samive
funqciiT, meoreulia nawilakebis darTva. amgvarad, mimarTebiT nacval-
saxelTa gamoxatvis sami safexuri gamoiyofa:
1) mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis funqcias asrulebda kiTxviTi nacval-
saxeli. Aam SemTxvevaSi garCeva moxdeboda konteqstis saSualebiT.
mag., `yoveli, ra (`rac”) gaqus, ganyide”. 2) kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebs erTvoda ese, ege, igi -c nawilakis
funqciiT: vin-igi (`vinc”), ra -ege (`rac”), romeli-ege (`romelic”),
viTari-igi (`rogoric”)... mag., `ixileT, ra -ese (`rac”) gesmis”. nawilakis funqciiT aRniSnuli nacvalsaxelebi ubrunvelia.
3) mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli iwarmoeba kiTxviTi an kiTxviT-kuTvni-
lebiTi nacvalsaxelis formisgan -ca nawilakis darTviT: vin-ca,
ra -ca, romeli-ca, raodeni-ca, viTari-ca, visi-ca...
4) gvaqvs mrCobli -ca-ese, -ca-ege, -ca-igi nawilakiani formebi
(romelica-ese, romelica-ege, romelica-igi...).
SeniSvna: SesaZloa mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli nawarmoebi
iyos Semdegnairad: nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare ra nawilaki
erTvodes romel, raoden//ravden kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebs:
romel-ra (`romelic”), raoden-ra (`ramdenic”).
mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi (yvela safexuris gaTvaliswinebiT)
amgvarad ibruneba:
mx. r.
sax. vi-n vin-igi vin-ca vin-ca-igi
moTx. vi-n vin-igi vin-ca vin-ca-igi
mic. vi-s vis-igi vis-ca vis-ca-igi
naT. vi-s vis-igi vis-ca vis-ca-igi
105
mr. r.
sax. vin vin-igi vin-ca vin-ca-igi
moTx. vi-eT vi-eT-igi vi-eT-ca vi-eT-ca-igi
mic. vi-eT vi-eT-igi vi-eT-ca vi-eT-ca-igi
naT. vi-eT vi-eT-igi vi-eT-ca vi-eT-ca-igi
aseve ibruneba sxva mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebic. sicxadisTvis
warmovadgenT romelica nacvalsaxelis brunebas:
wrf. romel romel-ca
sax. romel-i romel-i-ese romel-i-ca
moTx. romel-man romel-man-ese romel-man-ca
mic. romel-sa romel-sa-ese romel-sa-ca
naT. roml-isa roml-isa-ese roml-isa-ca
moq. roml-iTa roml-iTa-ese roml-iTa-ca
viT. [roml-ad] roml-ad-ca
gvxvdeba, agreTve, ormagad gamoxatuli mimarTebiTi forma: romel-i-ca-igi, romel-man-ca-igi, romel-sa-ca-igi... mravlobiTSi gveqneba: romel-n-i-ca, romel-Ta-ca...
SeniSvna: romel Zvel qarTulSi ixmareboda ori mniSvnelo-
biT: a) rogorc mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli (romel =
romelic): `ixilos raჲme keTili wesi, romel qristeanobasa
Suenodis da Cuen Soris ara iyos” [xanZT.].
b) rogorc maqvemdebarebeli kavSiri (romel = rom; romel >
rome > rom (> ro): `xolo ese aRmiTqჳT, romel Cemda
sikudidmdჱ ara ganhmravldeT adgilsa amas Sina” [xanZT.];
`rome vefxi Suenieri saxed misad damisaxavs...” [vefx.].
romel leqsema rom kavSiris funqciiT pirvelad `sinur
mravalTavSi” dasturdeba da xSirdeba X-XI saukuneebSi.
106
gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebi
gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: T T, Tavadi (`TviTon”), yoveli,173
sxua , kacad-kacadi (TiToeuli, magram mxolod adamianze SeiZleba
iTqvas, e.i. TiToeuli kaci), TiToeuli //T Toeuli.
T T ubrunvelia, miRebulia sityvisgan Tavi: Tav-iT>Tv-iT>T -iT
//T T.
Tavadi miRebulia Tav sityvis viTarebiTi brunvis formisgan. igi
dasturdeba saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTsa da micemiTSi, iSviaTad naTesa-
obiTSi: Tavad-i, Tavad-man, Tavad-sa, Tavad-isa. danarCeni brunvebi da
mravlobiTi ricxvi ar gaaCnia. mag., `Tavadman miugo da hrqua mas”.
T Toeuli metad iSviaTad ixmareba.
kacad-kacadi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTsa
da micemiTSi, e.i. subieqtisa da obieqtis brunvebSi, vinaidan mxolod
adamianis aRniSvnelad gamoiyeneba (msazRvrelad araa): sax. kacad-kacad-i, moTx. kacad-kacad-man, mic. kacad-kacad-sa.
Yyoveli ibruneba, rogorc kumSvadi saxeli. wodebiTi ar gaaCnia.
Cveulebriv ewarmoeba -n da -T sufiqsebiani mravlobiTi. yoveli Zvel
qarTulSi mTelsac niSnavda: `ganabrwyina da ganaSuena yoveli igi cixe~... (`mTeli cixe”).
sx a ibruneba, rogorc a-ze daboloebuli saxeli. Aaklia wode-
biTi, moepoveba rogorc -n da -T sufiqsebiani, ise -eb-iani mravlobiTi.
warmovadgenT gansazRvrebiT nacvalsaxelTa brunebis paradigmebs:
mx. r.
wrf. yovel sxua
sax. yovel-i sxua- Tavad-i
moTx. yovel-man sxua-man Tavad-man
173
Zvel qarTulSi yvela ar gvqonda. yvela miRebuli unda iyos yoveli nacval-saxelisgan (a daboloeba gaCndeboda mas Semdeg, rac daikargeboda fuZiseuli o xmo-vani) (S. afridoniZe, fonetikur-morfologiuri cvlilebebi da leqsikuri mniSvneloba, moambe, 87, #3, 1977, gv. 750).
107
mic. yovel-sa sxua-sa Tavad-sa
naT. yovl-isa sxu-isa//sx sa Tavad-isa
moq. yovl-iTa sxu-iTa//sx Ta
viT. yovl-ad sxua-d
mr. r.
wrf. sxu-eb
sax. yovel-n-i sxua-n-i sxu-eb-i
moTx. yovel-Ta sxua-Ta sxu-eb-man
mic. yovel-Ta sxua-Ta sxu-eb-sa
naT. yovel-Ta sxua-Ta sxu-eb-isa
moq. sxu-eb-iTa
viT. sxu-eb-ad
SeniSvna: sazRvrulTan erTad naxmari gansazRvrebiTi nac-
valsaxeli, rogorc wesi, sazRvruls uswrebs.
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebia:
vin (`vinme”), ra rame”), romeli (`romelime”), raodeni,
vinme, ra me, romelime, raodenime// ravdenime,
zogi, erTi.
adreul safexurze, nawilakis darTvamde, kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli
asrulebda ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelis funqcias. garCeva moxde-
boda konteqstis saSualebiT, mag., `arca mama vin (`vinmem”) icis~.
108
mogvianebiT ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli iwarmoeboda kiTxviT
nacvalsaxelze -me nawilakis darTviT: vin-me, romeli-me...
maTi bruneba ase warmogvidgeba:
mx. r.
sax. vi-n-me ra- -me romel-i-me raoden-i-me
moTx. vi-n-me ra-man-me romel-man-me raoden-man-me
mic. vi-s-me ra-s(a)-me romel-sa-me raoden-sa-me
naT. vi-s-me ra- s(a)-me174 roml-isa-me raoden-isa-me
moq. roml-iTa-me raoden-iTa-me
viT. roml-ad-me
mr. r.
sax. vin-me romel-n-i-me raoden-n-i-me
moTx. vi-eT-me romel-Ta-me raoden-Ta-me
mic. vi-eT-me romel-Ta-me raoden-Ta-me
naT. vi-eT-me romel-Ta-me raoden-Ta-me
moq.
viT.
SeniSvna: gvaqvs vieTnime (zogni, zogierTebi) nacvalsaxe-
lic, romelic Semdegnairad ibruneba: sax. vi-eT-n-i-me, moTx.,
mic., naT. vi-eT-Ta-me.
SeniSvna: Tu ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli naxmaria ara
damoukideblad, aramed axlavs saxels, gasaTvaliswinebelia
Semdegi: erTi sazRvruls, ZiriTadad, mosdevs; vinme, ra
xan uswrebs, xan mosdevs.
174
micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi SesaZlebelia rogorc savrcobiani, ise usavrcobo formebi: ra-sa-me//ra-s-me, ra- sa-me//ra- s-me.
109
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebia: aravin, vervin, nuvin, arRaravin,
verRaravin, arara verara nura arRara nurara
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi iwarmoeba vin da ra kiTxviT nacvalsa-
xelebze prepoziciurad Semdegi ukuTqmiTi nawilakebis darTviT: ara
//arRara, ver//vera//verRara, nu//nura.
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi iseve ibruneba, rogorc vin da ra kiT-
xviTi nacvalsaxelebi.
urTierTobiTi nacvalsaxelebi
urTierTobiTi nacvalsaxelebia: erTierTi da urTierTas (`erTmaneTs”). erTierTi Zvel qarTulSi dasturdeba micemiTi da naTesa-
obiTi brunvebis formebiT (erTierT-sa, erTierT-isa), urTierTas
(urTierTars) _ mxolod micemiTis formiT, amitom a. SaniZe mas ubrun-
velad miiCnevs.175
erTmanerTi nacvalsaxeli teqstebSi X saukunemde ar dasturdeba.
ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxeli
ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxelia Tavi: `ityoda Tavsa T ssa qristed”; `uCuene Tavi Seni mRdelTa”; `daicveniT Tavni Tquenni yovlisagan angahrebisa”...
E`qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi” a. SaniZe mas piris nac-
valsaxelebSi ganixilavs, Tumca iqve miuTiTebs, rom ukuqceviTs uwode-
beno,176 xolo `Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikaSi” ukve pirdapir ukuqceviT
nacvalsaxeladaa warmodgenili. ras unda gamoewvia misi piris nacvalsa-
xelebSi moqceva? vinaidan kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli iyenebs piris an
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi brunvis formas, xolo T si
momdinareobs Tavi nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formisgan, rom
ar darRveuliyo saerTo principi, es ukanaskneli moTavsda piris nacval-
saxelebSi.
175
Ddasax. naSr. Ggv. 49. 176
gv. 43.
110
saxelis gansazRvrulobis kategoria da nawevari
Zvel qarTulSi
saxelis gansazRvrulobis kategoria
qarTuli enis brunebis sistemas odiTganve axasiaTebda saxelis
gansazRvrulobis kategoria. Aam sakiTxs jer kidev n. mari Seexo, ufro
mwyobri msjeloba ki hans fogtma177 SemogvTavaza. igi erTmaneTs upiris-
pirebs gvareobiT (ganusazRvrel: kac, kac-s, kac-is, kac-iT) da saxeobiT (gansazRvrul: kac-i, kac-s-a, kac-is-a, kac-iT-a) formebs. saxeobiT for-
mebSi determinaciis, konkretulobis elementebia: -i da -a. am elementTa
nacvalsaxeluri warmomavloba, maTi gansazRvrebiTi xasiaTi, eWvs ar
iwvevs: sax. -i < igi; aqve Semova moTxrobiTi brunvis niSani -man, romelic
brunvis niSanic aris da nacvalsaxelic; -a savrcobic, romelic
miRebuli unda iyos nawevris iribi brunvebis formaTa cveTis Sedegad:
amas > -a, amis > -a, amiT > -a (a. SaniZe, i. imnaiSvili...).
Mmas Semdeg, rac -i, -man brunvis niSnebad iqcnen, -a savrcobic
SeuerTda micemiTi, naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis niSnebs, anu daiCrdila maTi amosavali determinaciuli funqcia, daiwyo saxelTa
xelaxali determinacia nawevriT (amitom gasagebia maTi daurTveloba
anTroponimebze, romlebic isedac konkretizirebulia _ l.c.). Zveli
qarTulis nawevriT gansazRvrul saxelebs h. fogti uwodebs saxeobriv
gansazRvrul formebs. Aamrigad, diaqroniul WrilSi saxelTa gansaz-
Rvrulobis sistema SesaZlebelia ase warmovadginoT:
I II III
gvareobiTi saxeobrivi saxeobrivi
ganusazRvreli gansazRvruli
sax. kac kac-i kac-i igi
mic. kac-s kac-s-a kac-s-a mas
naT. kac-is kac-is-a kac-is-a mis
moq. kac-iT kac-iT-a kac-iT-a miT
177
ix. h. fogti (norvegieli qarTvelologi), brunvaTa sistema Zvel qarTulSi, mimom-xilveli, 4-5, Tb., 1968.
111
nawevari Zvel qarTulSi
nawevari,178 saerTod, Zveli qarTulis Tvisebaa da sxva enebis artik-
lisgan gramatikuli mniSvnelobiT ramdenadme gansxvavdeba.Eh. fogtis
azriT, evropul enaTa artiklian saxelebs mniSvnelobiT Seesabameba
Zveli qarTulis nawevriani saxelebi, mag., kaci igi, kacman man...
zogadad Tu vimsjelebT, evropul enebSi artikli formis mixedviT
SesaZloa iyos formaucvleli (mag., ingl. the, a) da formacvalebadi (mag.,
Zvel berZnulSi artikli icvleba brunvisa da ricxvis mixedviT); funqci-
urad gamoxatavs sagnis gansazRvruloba-ganusazRvrelobas (igive ingl.
the, a) an sqess (mag., Zvel berZnulSi, germanulSi, frangulSi...); mdeba-
reobis mixedviT orgvaria: prepoziciuri (mag., Zvel berZnulSi, ingli-
surSi...) da postpoziciuri (mag., SvedurSi, norvegiulSi...). am niSnebiT Tu
davaxasiaTebT Zveli qarTulis nawevars, igi iqneba: formacvalebadi
(icvleba brunvisa da ricxvis mixedviT); funqciurad gviCvenebs ara mar-
to sagnis cnobiloba-gansazRvrulobas, aramed iZleva mis sivrcobriv
determinaciasac, anu gamoxatavs deiqturobas (ese gviCvenebs I pirTan
siaxloves, ege _ II pirTan, xolo igi _ mesame pirTan179); saxels erTvis
rogorc postpoziciurad, ise prepoziciurad. rogorc vxedavT, Zveli
qarTulis nawevari araa identuri evropuli enebis artiklisa.
cnobilia, rom gansazRvruli nawevari mTel rig enebSi CvenebiT
nacvalsaxelTagan momdinareobs, xolo ganusazRvreli _ ricxviTi
saxelisgan erTi (mag., ingl. the<thes<se; a<one). Zvel qarTul-
SicNgansazRvrul nawevrad gamoyenebulia CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi: ese, ege, igi,180 xolo ganusazRvrelad _ ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi:
erT, vinme, iSviaTad _ raჲme (dedakac erT, leRჳ erTi, vinme181dedakaci,
kacman vinme182...).
KZvel qarTulSi nawevari orgvaria: gansazRvruli da
ganusazRvreli. konkretulad ra SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda nawevari? 178
nawevari _ `nakveTi, nawili”. igi na- -ar cirkumfiqsiani warsuli drois saobieqto mimReobaa. am tipis warmoeba Zvel qarTulSi sakmaod produqtiulia. 179
istoriulad qarTulSic deiqturobis orwevra sistemas gvavaraudebinebs sxva qarTveluri enebi (megrul-lazursa da svanurSi orwevra sistemaa) da Zvel teqstebSi ese/ege nacvalsaxelebis monacvleoba [imnaiSvili, nawevari Zvel qarTulSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 61, Tb., 1956] da amiT mxolod pirvel pirTan siaxlove-siSoris xazgasma. 180
isi gamoiyeneba mxolod iribi brunvebis formiT: imas, imis. 181
vinme nacvalsaxeli wrfelobiTTan ar gamoiyeneba, radgan is saxelobiTis (aseve moT-xrobiTis) formaa. 182
iSviaTad SesaZlebelia erT da vinme erTad gamoiyenebodes: `hrqua erTman vinme mRdelT-moZRurisa monaman” [i. 18:26 C].
112
Zvel qarTulSi Tu saxeli konteqstSi pirveladaa naxsenebi da mis
Sesaxeb araferi viciT, an saerTod unawevrodaa gamoyenebuli, an erTvis
ganusazRvreli nawevari (erT, vinme, (raჲme)). roca igive saxeli konteq-
stSi meoredaa naxsenebi, anu mis Sesaxeb ukve iyo saubari, sxvagvarad,
nacnobi saxelia (an pirvelad gamoyenebisas, Tu iqve iyo miTiTebuli misi
zogierTi niSan-Tviseba, SesaZloa damokidebul winadadebaSi, an saWiro
iyo meti konkretizacia), ixmareba gansazRvruli nawevriT: ese, ege, igi,
[isi]. moviyvanoT magaliTi saxarebidan: `movals dedakac erT samaria T vsebad wylisa ... hrqua mas dedakacman man samaritelman...~ [i. 4:7-9].
Eese, ege, igi, [isi] nacvalsaxelebidan nawevris funqciiT yvelaze
xSirad igi gvxvdeba, yvelaze iSviaTad _ isi. Zvel qarTulSi isi saxelo-
biTis formiT ar dasturdeba, ZiriTadad, micemiT brunvaSia, iSviaTad _
naTesaobiTSi (mag., `xedavTa kacsa imas”; `man snes me elTagan imis winadacueTilisa”...).
ese, ege, igi, [isi] nacvalsaxelTa fuZis struqturasa da xmovanTa
madeterminebel funqciaze Cven ukve gvqonda saubari, aq ki aRvniSnavT,
rom isini Zvel qarTulSi ramdenime funqciiT gamoiyeneba:
1) CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis mniSvnelobiT mianiSnebs im sagans,
romelsac exeba saubari. Arogorc miuTiTeben, am SemTxvevaSi es
nacvalsaxelebi prepoziciurad gamoiyenebian: ese kaci, ege kaci,
igi kaci... mag., `ese kaci movida da hrqua moyuasTa misTa~.
2) piris nacvalsaxelis funqciiT. am SemTxvevaSi nacvalsaxeli
ewyoba zmnas da ara saxels, mag., `ege movals da ity s sityuasa
T ssa~.
3) nawevris, artiklis mniSvnelobiT. Ees maSin xdeba, Tu, damkvid-
rebuli TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli nacvalsaxelebi postpoziciu-
radaa arsebiT saxelze darTuli: kaci igi. 4) nawilakis funqciiT. Tu wina sam SemTxvevaSi es nacvalsaxelebi
ibruneba, am funqciiT ubrunvelia da daaxloebiT dRevandeli -c nawilakis mniSvnelobisaa. kerZod, es mniSvneloba maSin eZleva
maT, roca darTuli arian kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebsa da zmnisar-
Tebze da gvaZleven mimarTebiT nacvalsaxelebs (romeli-igi
`romelic”, raჲ-ese `rac”...) an mimarTebiT zmnisarTebs (sada-igi
`sadac”, raJams-ege `roca”...). SeniSvna: a. SaniZem Zveli teqstebis gamocemaSi daamkvidra
aseTi orTografia: -ca nawilakis mniSvnelobiT es
nacvalsaxelebi kiTxviT sityvebTan defisiT aris SeerTe-
buli.
113
warmovadgenT brunebis paradigmas, roca aRniSnuli nacvalsaxelebi
nawilakis funqciiTaa gamoyenebuli:
wrf.
sax. romeli-ese romeli-ege romeli-igi (`romelic”)
moTx. romelman-ese romelman-ege romelman-igi
mic. romelsa-ese romelsa-ege romelsa-igi
naT. romlisa-ese romlisa-ege romlisa-igi
moq. romliTa-ese romliTa-ege romliTa-igi
warmovadgenT nawevriani saxelis brunebas, romelic Cveulebrivi
brunebisagan gansxvavdeba SemdegiT:
1) ar moepoveba wrfelobiTi da wodebiTi brunvebi. Teoriulad
SesaZlebelia gamoiyenebodes viTarebiTSic, magram iSviaTia. 2) nawevriani brunvis forma yovelTvis gavrcobilia, mag., kacsa
amas, yrmisa mis... (savrcobi erTvis saxels da ara nawevars).
3) mravlobiTi ricxvis formebSi avlens Taviseburebas, kerZod,
mravlobiTSi dasmuli saxeli saxelobiT brunvaSi nawevars ric-
xvSi ver iTanxmebs, es exeba rogorc -n, ise -eb sufiqsebian
mravlobiTs (mag.: `da warmoudginna winaSe misa oTxni igi Zeni
Tჳsni” (xanZT.)). -T sufiqsian mravlobiTSi nawevari ricxvSi
uTanxmdeba sazRvrul wevrs (mag.: `ara vidreme movlinebul var,
garna cxovarTa maT warwymedulTa saxlisa israჱlisaTa”
[m. 15:24]), -eb-ian mravlobiTSi ki SeTanxmeba ar gvaqvs, nawevari
yovelTvis mxolobiTi ricxvis formiT iqneba warmodgenili (mag.:
`aSenebT Tquen saflavebsa mas winawarmetyuelTasa” [m. 23:29 C].
mx. r.
wrf.
sax. kac-i ese ege igi [isi]183
moTx. kac-man ama-n maga-n ma-n [ima-n]
183
isi ar gvxvdeba yvela brunvis formiT, es paradigma savaraudoa.
114
mic. kac-sa ama-s maga-s ma-s ima-s
naT. kac-isa am-is mag-is m-is im-is
moq. kac-iTa am-iT mag-iT m-iT [im-iT]
viT. [kac-ad ama-d maga-d _ [ima-d]
wod.
mr. r.
sax. kac-n-i ese ege igi [isi]
moTx. kac-Ta ama-T maga-T ma-T [ima-T]
mic. kac-Ta ama-T maga-T ma-T [ima-T]
naT. kac-Ta ama-T maga-T ma-T [ima-T]
wrf.
sax. kac-eb-i ese ege igi [isi]
moTx. kac-eb-man ama-n maga-n ma-n [ima-n]
mic. kac-eb-sa ama-s maga-s ma-s ima-s
naT. kac-eb-isa am-is mag-is m-is im-is
moq. kac-eb-iTa am-iT mag-iT m-iT [im-iT]
viT. [kac-eb-ad ama-d maga-d _ [ima-d]
wod.
rogorc cnobilia, nawevari, Cveulebriv, arsebiT saxels mosdevs,
magram iSviaTad uswrebs, mag., `netar iyvnen igi monani...~ Tu gansazRvre-
bian saxels erTvis nawevari da es gansazRvreba prepoziciuria, naweva-
ric win inacvlebs, sxva SemTxvevaSi mosdevs (ara aqvs mniSvneloba post-
poziciuri gansazRvreba axlavs, Tu ara), mag.:
ganvida mowaf igi sxua
gamovida sxua igi mowaf
115
rogorc vxedavT, gansazRvrebian saxelTan nawevars mudam Sua
adgili uWiravs, radgan igi uSualod ukavSirdeba saxels.184 es wesi,
faqtobrivad, ugamonaklisoa. uiSviaTesia misi darRvevis SemTxvevebi, mag.:
`mimodadves igi yovelsa queyanasa mas” [m. 9:31 C]. Sdr.: `yovelsa mas
queyanasa” [iqve, FGHIK].
movida mgeli igi taZrad (am SemTxvevaSi gansazRvreba arcaa).
SeniSvna: Zvel qarTulSi iSviaTad, magram mainc SeiZleba na-
wevari anTroponimsac daerTos, es maSin xdeba, roca zed-
miwevniT zustad surT mxolod mocemul sakuTar saxels
miuTiTon. ZiriTadad, es maSin xdeba, roca ori saxelia
erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli: `rameTu pirvelman man abra-
ham Sewira Ze T si isaki msxuerplad, xolo aman, meoreman
abraham, Sewirna asulni T sni msxuerplad uflisa~ [warty.
ier. 41: 21-24].185
SeniSvna: roca qvemdebared an damatebad ori an meti arsebiTi saxelia mocemuli, nawevari axlavs pirvel maTgans: hkiTxes
mas farisevelTa maT da mwignobarTa.
SeniSvna: Tu nawevari erTvis Tandebulian saxels, aseTi
Tanmimdevroba gveqneba: arsebiTi saxeli, nawevari, Tandebuli.
mag., `eSinoda erisa misgan”. e.i. Tandebuli erTvis nawevars.
Cven sakmaod vrclad vimsjeleT nawevris Sesaxeb, dasasrul, gvinda
pasuxi gavceT kiTxvebs:
1. moxda Tu ara CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis gramatizeba nawevrad anu
artiklad? sxvagvarad, moxda Tu ara Zveli samwerlobo qarTulis
doneze saxelis gansazRvrulobis gramatikul kategoriad
Camoyalibeba?
2. unda gamoiyos Tu ara nawevari calke metyvelebis nawilad an
nacvalsaxelis calke jgufad Zvel qarTulSi?
pirvel yovlisa, saWiroa ganimartos Tavad termini gramatizeba
(gramatikalizacia), romelic, heines mixedviT, oTx urTierTdakavSirebul
process aerTianebs:
1. desemantizacia (mniSvnelobis gafermkrTaleba, gabundovaneba,
semantikuri reduqcia): amosavali mniSvnelobis dakargva; 184
i. imnaiSvilis azriT, amis mizezi is unda iyos, rom `arsebiTi saxeli nawevriTurT erT cnebas gamoxatavs, erTi mniSvnelobis sityvaa” [imnaiSvili, 1956: 265]. 185
imnaiSvili, 1956: 259.
116
2. mniSvnelobis gafarToeba (anu konteqstis ganzogadeba): sxva
konteqstebSi gamoyeneba;
3. dekategorizacia: amosavali formis morfosintaqsuri funqciis
Secvla, maT Soris _ damoukidebeli sityvis statusis dakargva
(enklitikurad mierTeba, afiqsacia).
4. erozia (anu fonetikuri reduqcia): fonetikuri substanciis/
Sedgenilobis dakargva [heine, 2007: 3].186
TiToeuli es meqanizmi enis struqturis (enis gamoyenebis)
sxvadasxva aspeqts ukavSirdeba: I safexuri _ semantikas, II – pragmatikas,
III – morfosintaqss, xolo IV – fonetikas.
cnobilia, rom tipologiurad mTel rig enebSi gansazRvruli
artikli miRebulia CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan misi gramatizebis gziT,
xolo ganusazRvreli _ erTi ricxviTi saxelisgan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Zveli qarTuli enis doneze CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis gramatizeba
artiklad ar momxdara, radgan am procesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 4
niSnidan Zveli qarTulis doneze mxolod pirvelis arsebobaze Tu
SegviZlia saubari: esaa postpoziciurad gamoyenebisas CvenebiTi
nacvalsaxelis funqciebidan (deiqturoba da gansazRvruloba)
gansazRvrulobis aqcentireba da deiqturobis neitralizacia, am
funqciis gafermkrTaleba. radgan ese, ege nacvalsaxelebSi miTiTebulia
I an II pirTan siaxlove, rolo igi nacvalsaxelSi, zogadad, siSore,
amitom prepoziciurad ufro xSirad ese, ege nacvalsaxelebi
gamoiyeneboda, xolo postpoziciurad _ igi, romelSic deiqturi funqcia
ufro neitraluri iyo. gramatizebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli danarCeni
safexurebi Zvel qarTulSi CvenebiT nacvalsaxels ar gauvlia,
maSasadame, mis nawevrad // artiklad formirebaze saubari Zveli
qarTulis doneze gaWirdeba, samagierod, mwerlobamdel qarTulSi
CvenebiTma nacvalsaxelma zemoaRniSnuli oTxive safexuri gaiara da,
sabolood, moxda misi formireba saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi brunvebis
niSnebad da irib brunvebSi _ emfatikur -a xmovnad.
amrigad, CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis gramatizeba moxda mwerlobamdel
qarTulSi da ara Zveli qarTulis doneze, amitom artiklis anu nawevris
calke metyvelebis nawilad an Tundac nacvalsaxelis calke jgufad
gamoyofa Zvel qarTulSi gamarTlebuli ar unda iyos. formobriv,
masalobriv, nawevari igive CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelia (Sdr. inglisuri,
186
BBernd Heine, Grammaticalization, In The Handbook of Historical Linguistics: Blackwell Reference
Online, 2007.
117
romelSic isini formobriv gamijnulia), marTalia, postpoziciurad
gamoyenebisas xdeba deiqturobis neitralizacia, anu CvenebiTi
nacvalsaxelis mniSvnelobis erTgvari desemantizacia, magram nawevari
SesaZloa prepoziciuradac gamoiyenebodes, Tu saxels axlavs
prepoziciuri msazRvreli.
Zvel samwerlobo qarTulSi teqstis sxvadasxva redaqciis Sedareba
mowmobs, rom erTsa da imave konteqstSi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli SeiZleba
gamoiyenebodes rogorc prepoziciurad, ise postpoziciurad. SesaZloa
erTsa da imave konteqstSi sityva erT redaqciaSi nawevriT iyos
warmodgenili, meoreSi – unawevrod (`eri igi Sekrbeboda mas” [l. 8:42
DE]. Sdr.: `eri Sekrbeboda misa” [iqve, C] [martirosovi, 1979: 134]), maSin
rodesac somxursa da Zvel berZnulSi Sesabamis adgilas yovelTvis
artiklia warmodgenili da misi gamoyeneba gansazRvrul wess mihyveba187
[martirosovi, 1979:135].
Zveli qarTuli enis mogviano periodis zogierT ZeglSi nawevari
Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdeba, xolo XII-XIII saukuneebidan saerTod gamodis
xmarebidan. es procesi dasrulda imiT, rom CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli axal
qarTulSi mxolod prepoziciurad gamoiyeneba [martirosovi, 1979: 137].188
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, gasaziarebelia z.
sarjvelaZis mosazreba: `Zvel qarTulSi nawevari ar aris” [sarjvelaZe,
1997: 64].189 nawevari igive CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelia, romelic realizdeba
rogorc prepoziciurad (mag., ege kaci), ise postpoziciurad (mag., kaci ege).
187
sainteresoa, rom Cvenamde moRweuli XI-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli pirveli qarTuli gramatikuli traqtatis avtori (efrem mcire an arsen iyalToeli) exeba ra berZnuli arTroniani anu artikliani saxelebis qarTulad Targmnis sakiTxs, araerTxel gaxazavs qarTulSi arTronis ararsebobas da miuTiTebs, rom berZnuli arTroniani sityvebi qarTulad uarTronod unda Targmniliyo [SaniZe, 63]. amdenad, im epoqis moRvawes qarTuli nawevari ar miaCnda berZnuli artiklis ekvivalentad. Tavad gramatikul traqtatSi nawevris gamoyeneba metad SezRudulia da misi gamoyenebis sul samiode SemTxvevaa TerTmeti svetis mqone ZeglSi [iqve, gv. 87]. 188ar. martirosovi, saxelis gansazRvruloba-ganusazRvrelobis kategoria Zvel qarTulSi, arnold Ciqobavas dabadebis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, Tb., 1979. 189
z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb., 1997.
118
waikiTxeT: zmnizeda, ix. zurab sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb.,
1997, gv. 158-159.
weriTi davaleba: iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wamebaSi” sparsi kaci
sam epizodSi Cans. avtori mas sxvadasxva konteqstSi moixseniebs:
a) `uTxra sparsman man farulad...”
b) `kaci erTi sparsi movida...”
g) `movida sparsi igi da mჴurvaled evedreboda mas...”
Tqveni azriT, romeli fraza Seesityveba mis pirvel gamoCenas
teqstSi?
weriTi davaleba: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT nawyveti giorgi merCulis
Txzulebidan `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba”, amoiwereT nacval-
saxelebi (aseve nawevari) da gaaanalizeT morfologiurad.
`kldჱ igi xanZTisaჲ uficxles ars ufroჲs yovelTa maT klarje-
Tisa udabnoTa. da SromiTa didiTa qmnes adgili igi, rameTu ara aqunda
maT culi da weraqჳ, arca sxuaჲ egeviTari saჴmari, aramed opizelTa
mamaTa mosces yoveli, romeli ipova ჴelTa maTTa, da TanaSemwe eqmnnes
yovliTa saჴmriTa da ჴorcTa saRuawiTa, rameTu mas Jamsa sxuaჲ monas-
teri ara Sen iyo maT queyanaTa Tჳnier opizisa, da arca msoflioni eris-
kacni axlvides axlad SenebisaTჳs maT queyanaTaჲsa, rameTu klarjeTs da
taoTa Sina, da SavSeTs da yovelTa maT maxlobelTa queyanaTa mciredni
ipovebodes daSenebul tyeTa Sina adgil-adgil. xolo netarman mamaman
grigol pirvelad aRaSena Zelisa eklesiaჲ da Semdgomad sayudeli Tჳsi
da erTi senaki saostigned didi”.
119
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis bruneba
msazRvreli orgvaria: atributuli anu SeTanxmebuli (mag., moZ-
Ruar saxier, kravi T si...) da substanciuri anu marTuli (mag., saxlisa
ufal, opizisa winamZRuar...). Ppostpoziciuri rigis SemTxvevaSi marTuli
msazRvreli marTul-SeTanxmebulia.
atributuli msazRvreli SeTanxmebulia, radgan sazRvruls (Cveu-
lebriv, arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuls) eTanxmeba brunvasa da zogjer
ricxvSic (mag., ber-i wmida- , ber-n-i wmida-n-i...); substanciuri msazRvreli
marTulia, radgan sazRvrulis mier imarTvis naTesaobiT brunvaSi (mag.,
Zel-is-a saxl-i). postpoziciuri wyobisas igi ara marto marTulia
(naTesaobiTis forma am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens fuZes), aramed SeTan-
xmebulic brunvasa da ricxvSi, anu xelmeored ibruneba, rogorc atribu-
tuli msazRvreli (mag., saxl-i Zelisa- saxl-man Zelisa-man, saxl-sa
Zelisa-sa...). amitom arsebobs mosazreba, rom postpoziciur substanciur msazRvrels oden SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli vuwodoT (T. uTurgaiZe).
Aatributuli msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis bruneba
Aatributuli msazRvreli SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos zedsarTavi
saxeliT, ricxviTi saxeliT, nacvalsaxeliT, mimReobiTa da TviT arsebi-
Ti saxeliT.
DmsazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigi Zvel qarTulSi arastabiluria,
Tumca, damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, upiratesoba eZleva postpoziciur
wyobas. aqac garkveuli semantikaa CarTuli, kerZod, msazRvrel-sazRvru-
lis rigs gansazRvravs, Tu romeli metyvelebis nawiliTaa gadmocemuli
msazRvreli, kerZod, ricxviTi saxeliT, CvenebiTi, kiTxviTi da gansaz-
RvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebiT gamoxatuli msazRvreli wina rigs ikavebs,
xolo zedsarTavi saxeliT, mimReobiTa da kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeliT
gamoxatuli msazRvreli, upiratesad, mosdevs sazRvruls. amgvarad,
calsaxad imis mtkiceba, rom Zvel qarTulSi gabatonebuli iyo
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis postpoziciuri wyoba, safuZvels moklebulia.
120
axal qarTulSi atributulma msazRvrelma metwilad win gadmoiwia da
amis fonze xdeba Sedareba Zvel viTarebasTan.
rodesac vsaubrobT msazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigze Zvel qarTulSi,
calke unda ganvixiloT naTargmni da originaluri Zeglebi. rogorc z.
sarjvelaZe miuTiTebs, bibliuri wignebis TargmanebSi sWarbobs postpo-
ziciuri wyoba, magram es aris semituris (kerZod, ebraulis) gavlena ber-
Znulze190 da berZnulisa qarTulze. TviT berZnulisTvisac ar unda yofi-
liyo bunebrivi postpoziciuri wyoba, iq es ebraizmia. radgan bibliuri
wignebis Targmanebi qarTveli avtorebisTvis etalons warmoadgenda, ma-
Ti gavleniT qarTul originalur ZeglebSic iCina Tavi postpoziciurma
wyobam. magram qarTuli cocxali sasaubro metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli unda yofiliyo prepoziciuri wyoba, rasac adasturebs anderZ-
minawerTa da saistorio Tu iuridiul dokumentTa ena. z. sarjvelaZis
dakvirvebiT, `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ atributuli msazRvreli, gamoxatuli
zedsarTavi saxeliTa da mimReobiT, 77 SemTxvevaSi uswrebs sazRvruls,
40 SemTxvevaSi mosdevs.
saxelTa brunebas, maT Soris, msazRvrel-sazRvrulisas, vrclad
mimoixilavs i. imnaiSvili fundamentur monografiaSi `saxelTa bruneba
da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi~. z. sarjvelaZisgan gansxvavebiT,
igi miiCnevs, rom zedsarTavi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvrelis prepo-
ziciuri wyoba gacilebiT naklebia, amitom igi postpoziciur wyobas
pirdapirsac uwodebs Zveli qarTulisTvis, xolo prepoziciurs _ Sebru-
nebuls191. amis miuxedavad, avtori miiCnevs, rom msazRvrelis wina rigi
`ufro Zvelia (xazi Cvenia _ l.c.) da igi uZveles qarTulSi yvela tipis
msazRvrelisaTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli da savaldebulo. amas
amtkicebs, ricxviTs saxelebs garda, ... nacvalsaxelTa umetesoba ...
bolos, amas amtkicebs Zveli kompozitebis Cvenebac, romlebSic
msazRvreli saxeli winaa moTavsebuli: urmis-Tuali, Tavis-ufali...is
talRa, romelic Zvel qarTulSi SemoiWra da scada msazRvrelis bolos
gadatana, merme TandaTan dacxra da minelda, Zveli bunebrivi mdgo-
mareoba TandaTan aRdga da axali qarTuli daubrunda msazRvrelisa da
190
Zvelebraulad dawerili Zveli aRTqmis wignebi jer berZnulad iTargmna, xolo Semdeg berZnuli septanta (septuaginta) iTargmna qarTulad. axali aRTqmis wignebi ki berZnulad daiwera, garda maTes saxarebisa, romelic arameul enaze unda Seqmniliyo. 191ix. dasax. naSromi, gv. 550.
121
sazRvrulis uZveles mdgomareobas~.192 cota vrceli citata gamogvivida,
magram, vfiqrobT, igi zustad asaxavs arsebul viTarebas.
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas axal qarTulSi yuradReba eqce-
va or faqtors: rogori fuZe aqvs msazRvrels da rogoria wyoba. Zvel
qarTulSi arcerT am garemoebas yuradReba ar eqceva. msazRvreli, miuxe-
davad imisa, TanxmovanfuZiania Tu xmovanfuZiani, uswrebs sazRvruls Tu
mosdevs, srulad dairTavs brunvis niSnebs.
zedsarTavi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis
bruneba arsebiTTan erTad
I.a) zedsarTavi saxeli TanxmovanfuZiania, postpoziciuri wyoba
mx. r. mr. r.
wrf. ber saxier
sax. ber-i saxier-i ber-n-i saxier-n-i
moTx. ber-man saxier-man ber-T-a saxier-T-a
mic. ber-s-a saxier-s-a ber-T-a saxier-T-a
naT. ber-is-a saxier-is-a ber-T-a saxier-T-a
moq. ber-iT-a saxier-iT-a
viT. ber-ad saxier-ad
wod. ber-o saxier-o ber-n-o saxier-n-o
mr. r.
wrf. ber-eb saxier ber-eb saxier-eb
sax. ber-eb-i saxier-i ber-eb-i saxier-eb-i
192
i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 556.
122
moTx. ber-eb-man saxier-man ber-eb-man saxier-eb-man
mic. ber-eb-s-a saxier-s-a ber-eb-s-a saxier-eb-s-a
naT. ber-eb-is-a saxier-is-a ber-eb-is-a saxier-eb-is-a
moq. ber-eb-iT-a saxier-iT-a ber-eb-iT-a saxier-eb-iT-a
viT. ber-eb-ad saxier-ad ber-eb-ad saxier-eb-ad
wod. ber-eb-o saxier-o ber-eb-o saxier-eb-o
rogorc vxedavT, mravlobiT ricxvSi gansxvavebuli viTareba
gveqneba imis mixedviT, mravlobiTis romel warmoebasTan gvaqvs saqme: -n
da -T sufiqsebianTan Tu -eb-ianTan. -n da -T sufiqsebiani mravlobiTis
SemTxvevaSi sazRvruli SeiTanxmebs msazRvrels rogorc brunvaSi, ise
ricxvSi. analogiuri viTareba gveqneba Sebrunebuli wyobis drosac.
Tu sazRvruli -eb-ian mravlobiTSia, rogorc wesi, ver iTanxmebs
msazRvrels ricxvSi, es ukanaskneli mxolobiTSia; iSviaTia ricxvSi Se-
Tanxmebis SemTxvevebi, roca orive mravlobiTSia. ricxvSi SeuTan-
xmeblobis sixSire imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom -eb sufiqsis sintaq-
suri Zala Zvel qarTulSi susti iyo.
b) prepoziciuri wyoba
prepoziciuri wyobisas brunvasa da ricxvSi SeTanxmebis absolu-
turad igive suraTi gveqneba, rac postpoziciuri wyobisas:
mx. r. mr. r.
wrf. saxier ber
sax. saxier-i ber-i saxier-n-i ber-n-i
moTx. saxier-man ber-man saxier-T-a ber-T-a
mic. saxier-s-a ber-s-a saxier-T-a ber-T-a
naT. saxier-is-a ber-is-a saxier-T-a ber-T-a
moq. saxier-iT-a ber-iT-a
123
viT. saxier-ad ber-ad
wod. saxier-o ber-o saxier-n-o ber-n-o
mr. r.
wrf. saxier ber-eb saxier-eb ber-eb
sax. saxier-i ber-eb-i saxier-eb-i ber-eb-i
moTx. saxier-man ber-eb-man saxier-eb-man ber-eb-man
mic. saxier-s-a ber-eb-s-a saxier-eb-s-a ber-eb-s-a
naT. saxier-is-a ber-eb-is-a saxier-eb-is-a ber-eb-is-a
moq. saxier-iT-a ber-eb-iT-a saxier-eb-iT-a ber-eb-iT-a
viT. saxier-ad ber-eb-ad saxier-eb-ad ber-eb-ad
wod. saxier-o ber-eb-o saxier-eb-o ber-eb-o
II.a) zedsarTavi saxeli xmovanfuZiania, postpoziciuri wyoba
mx. r. mr. r.
wrf. eklesia wmida
sax. eklesia- wmida- eklesia-n-i wmida-n-i
moTx. eklesia-man wmida-man eklesia-T-a wmida-T-a
mic. eklesia-s-a wmida-s-a eklesia-T-a wmida-T-a
naT. eklesia- s-a wmid-is-a eklesia-T-a wmida-T-a
moq. eklesia- T-a wmid-iT-a
viT. eklesia-d wmida-d
wod. eklesia-o wmida-o eklesia-n-o wmida-n-o
mr. r.
wrf. eklesi-eb wmida eklesi-eb wmid-eb
sax. eklesi-eb-i wmida- eklesi-eb-i wmid-eb-i
124
moTx. eklesi-eb-man wmida-man eklesi-eb-man wmid-eb-man
mic. eklesi-eb-s-a wmida-s-a eklesi-eb-s-a wmid-eb-s-a
naT. eklesi-eb-is-a wmid-is-a eklesi-eb-is-a wmid-eb-is-a
moq. eklesi-eb-iT-a wmid-iT-a eklesi-eb-iT-a wmid-eb-iT-a
viT. eklesi-eb-ad wmida-d eklesi-eb-ad wmid-eb-ad
wod. eklesi-eb-o wmida-o eklesi-eb-o wmid-eb-o
b) prepoziciuri wyoba
mx. r. mr. r.
wrf. wmida eklesia
sax. wmida- eklesia- wmida-n-i eklesia-n-i
moTx. wmida-man eklesia-man wmida-T-a eklesia-T-a
mic. wmida-s-a eklesia-s-a wmida-T-a eklesia-T-a
naT. wmid-is-a eklesia- s-a wmida-T-a eklesia-T-a
moq. wmid-iT-a eklesia- T-a
viT. wmida-d eklesia-d
wod. wmida-o eklesia-o wmida-n-o eklesia-n-o
mr. r.
wrf. wmida eklesi-eb wmid-eb eklesi-eb
sax. wmida- eklesi-eb-i wmid-eb-i eklesi-eb-i
moTx. wmida-man eklesi-eb-man wmid-eb-man eklesi-eb-man
mic. wmida-s-a eklesi-eb-s-a wmid-eb-s-a eklesi-eb-s-a
naT. wmid-is-a eklesi-eb-is-a wmid-eb-is-a eklesi-eb-is-a
moq. wmid-iT-a eklesi-eb-iT-a wmid-eb-iT-a eklesi-eb-iT-a
viT. wmida-d eklesi-eb-ad wmid-eb-ad eklesi-eb-ad
wod. wmida-o eklesi-eb-o wmid-eb-o eklesi-eb-o
125
mimReobiT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba
arsebiTTan erTad
mimReobiT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvreli (mag., cecxlsa da-
uSretelsa, karTa da SulTa, zeTad sacxebelad...) brunebisas iseTsave
suraTs gviCvenebs, rogorsac zedsarTavi saxeliT gamoxatuli (nayof-i aRmocenebul-i, nayof-man aRmocenebul-man, nayof-s-a aRmocenebul-s-a...), amitom brunebis paradigmas aRar warmovadgenT.
ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis
bruneba arsebiTTan erTad
a) raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli
Tu atributuli msazRvreli gamoxatulia raodenobiTi an rigobiTi
ricxviTi saxeliT, gveqneba, ZiriTadad, prepoziciuri wyoba, esaa maTi
bunebrivi adgili, mag., or kac, sam Ze, meore yrma... uiSviaTesia postpo-ziciuri wyoba, magram es saerTo wess ver arRvevs. prepoziciuri wyoba
ricxviTma saxelebma dRemde Semoinaxa.
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli, Ziri-
Tadad, srulad irTavs brunvis niSnebs, esaa brunebis yvelaze gavrcele-
buli (sruli) tipi Zvel qarTulSi: or kac, or-i kac-i, or-man kac-man... msazRvrelis win dasma aadvilebs kavSirs msazRvrelsa da sazRvruls
Soris da iwvevs msazRvrelis formis modunebas, Sesabamisad, zogierT
brunvaSi msazRvrelis brunvis niSnis dakargvas.193 Zvel qarTulSi SesaZ-
lebelia msazRvrelis brunvis niSnis mxolod mTliani mokveca (mag., or Z-is, or Z-iT...), axali qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli brunvis niSnis
nawilobrivi mokveca (mag., or-i Z-is, or-i Z-iT...) ZvelisTvis ucxoa. am ti-
pis niSanmokvecili raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli gvxvdeba micemiTSi,
naTesaobiTSi, moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSi (am ukanasknelSi yvelaze xSi-
rad, mag., sam nawilad ganyofili)Dda mxolod prepoziciuri wyobis dros.
igi arasdros xdeba postpoziciuri wyobisas (am dros mxolod sruli
193
Aarn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, qegl, I, 1950, gv. 048.
126
bruneba gvaqvs: Z or-i, Ze-man or-man, Ze-sa or-sa...) da msazRvrelis
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatvis SemTxvevaSi.
GZvel qarTulSi gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, roca am tipis msazRvrel-saz-
Rvrulis brunebisas SeTanxmeba gvaqvs ara marto brunvaSi, aramed ricxv-
Sic. Aaq vgulisxmobT -n da -T sufiqsebian mravlobiTs (or-n-i kac-n-i,
or-T-a kac-T-a...). ricxvSi SeTanxmeba gviandeli, meoreuli movlenaa, Tav-
dapirvelad SeuZlebelic iqneboda ricxviTi saxelis mravlobiTSi gaday-
vana, radgan is Tavisi fuZiT gamoxatavda mravlobiTobas. magram ricxviT
saxelze darTuli mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsi ar gamoxatavs fuZiT
nagulisxmev mravlobiTobas, esaa garegnuli, sintaqsuri SeTanxmeba.
prepoziciuri wyoba
sruli bruneba
mx. r. mr. r.
wrf. or Ze
sax. or-i Ze- //Z or-n-i Ze-n-i
moTx. or-man Ze-man or-T-a Ze-T-a
mic. or-s-a Ze-s-a or-T-a Ze-T-a
naT. or-is-a Z-is-a or-T-a Ze-T-a
moq. or-iT-a Z-iT-a
viT. or-ad Ze-d
wod. or-o Ze-o or-n-o Ze-n-o
mokvecili bruneba
mx. r. mr. r.
wrf. or Ze
sax. or-i Ze- //Z or-n-i Ze-n-i
moTx. or-man Ze-man or-T-a Ze-T-a
mic. or Ze-s-a or Ze-T-a
127
naT. or Z-is-a or Ze-T-a
moq. or Z-iT-a
viT. or Ze-d
wod. or-o Ze-o or-n-o Ze-n-o
Tu arsebiTi saxeli -eb-ian mravlobiTSia, gveqneba mxolod brun-
vaSi SeTanxmeba, radgan ricxviT saxels -eb-iani mravlobiTis formebi
ar moepoveba:
wrf. or Ze-eb
sax. or-i Ze-eb-i
moTx. or-man Ze-eb-man
mic. or-s-a Ze-eb-s-a
naT. or-is-a Ze-eb-is-a
moq. or-iT-a Ze-eb-iT-a
viT. or-ad Ze-eb-ad
wod. or-o Ze-eb-o
postpoziciuri wyobis dros, rogorc aRvniSneT, mxolod e.w.
sruli brunebaa mosalodneli:
postpoziciuri wyoba
mx. r. mr. r.
wrf. Ze or Ze-eb or
sax. Ze- //Z or-i Ze-n-i or-n-i Ze-eb-i or-i
moTx. Ze-man or-man Ze-T-a or-T-a Ze-eb-man or-man
mic. Ze-s-a or-s-a Ze-T-a or-T-a Ze-eb-s-a or-s-a
naT. Z-is-a or-is-a Ze-T-a or-T-a Ze-eb-is-a or-is-a
moq. Z-iT-a or-iT-a Ze-eb-iT-a or-iT-a
128
viT. Ze-d or-ad Ze-eb-ad or-ad
wod. Ze-o or-o Ze-n-o or-n-o Ze-eb-o or-o
SeniSvna: msgavsi bruneba gveqneba msazRvrelad xmovanfuZiani
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic.
b) ganusazRvreli ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli
ganusazRvreli ricxviTi saxeli mravali sazRvrulTan erTad
ibruneba Cveulebriv, rogorc kumSvadi atributuli msazRvreli, Zalze
iSviaTia wodebiTSi, moepoveba orive mravlobiTi, gvaqvs rogorc prepo-
ziciuri, ise postpoziciuri wyoba, Tumca amosavali mainc pirveli unda
iyos (rogorc, zogadad, ricxviTi saxelis SemTxvevaSi).
mx. r.
wrf. mraval Ze
sax. mraval-i Z
moTx. mraval-man Ze-man
mic. mraval-s-a Ze-s-a
naT. mravl-is-a Z-is-a
moq. mravl-iT-a Z-iT-a
viT. mravl-ad Ze-d
wod.
mr. r.
wrf. mravl-eb Ze-eb
sax. mraval-n-i Ze-n-i mravl-eb-i Ze-eb-i
moTx. mraval-T-a Ze-T-a mravl-eb-man Ze-eb-man
mic. mraval-T-a Ze-T-a mravl-eb-s-a Ze-eb-s-a
naT. mraval-T-a Ze-T-a mravl-eb-is-a Ze-eb-is-a
129
moq. mravl-eb-iT-a Ze-eb-iT-a
viT. mravl-eb-ad Ze-eb-ad
wod. mraval-n-o Ze-n-o
SeniSvna: analogiuri bruneba gveqneba Sebrunebuli wyobis
drosac.
SeniSvna: mraval mxolod prepoziciurad ixmareba, Tu axlavs
drois aRmniSvnel sityvas da wrfelobiTSia: mraval dRe, mraval Jam... analogiuri viTarebaa zoma-wonis aRmniSvnel
sityvebTan: mraval litra, mraval utevan.194
g) rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli
msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli srulad
irTavs brunvis niSnebs da, ZiriTadad, sazRvrulis winaa. iSviaTia post-
poziciuri wyoba. rogorc aRvniSneT, yvela rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli
xmovanfuZiania, erTaderTi gamonaklisia pirveli.
prepoziciuri wyoba postpoziciuri wyoba
wrf. meore Ze Ze meore
sax. meor meor
moTx. meore-man Ze-man Ze-man meore-man
mic. meore-s-a Ze-s-a Ze-s-a meore-s-a
naT. meor-is-a Z-is-a Z-is-a meor-is-a
moq. meor-iT-a Z-iT-a Z-iT-a meor-iT-a
viT. meore-d Ze-d Ze-d meore-d
wod. meore-o Ze-o Ze-o meore-o
wrf. pirvel Ze Ze pirvel
194 utevan _ zomis erTeuli, daaxloebiT 195 nabiji.
130
sax. pirvel-i Ze- //Z Ze pirvel-i
moTx. pirvel-man Ze-man Ze-man pirvel-man
mic. pirvel-s-a Ze-s-a Ze-s-a pirvel-s-a
naT. pirvel-is-a Z-is-a Z-is-a pirvel-is-a
moq. pirvel-iT-a Z-iT-a Z-iT-a pirvel-iT-a
viT. pirvel-ad Ze-d Ze-d pirvel-ad
wod. pirvel-o Ze-o Ze-o pirvel-o
rigobiT ricxviT saxelebs ar moepoveba mravlobiTi ricxvis
formebi, radgan rigiT gansazRvrul erT cals uCveneben, mag., meS d aci
niSnavs: erTi kaci, romelic eqvsi kacis Semdegaa. Aam mxriv sainteresoa
pirveli, romelic iSviaTad awarmoebs -n da -T sufiqsebian mravlobiTs:
wrf.
sax. pirvel-n-i Ze-n-i
moTx. pirvel-T-a Ze-T-a
mic. pirvel-T-a Ze-T-a
naT. pirvel-T-a Ze-T-a
moq.
viT.
wod. pirvel-n-o Ze-n-o
SeniSvna: analogiuri bruneba iqneba postpoziciuri wyobis
drosac.
131
d) wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli
Tu wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli iyenebs me- -e cirkumfiqsiT nawar-
moebi rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis formas, aseTi msazRvreli ibruneba,
rogorc rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli (mag., mesame wil,195 mesam wili,
mesameman wilman, mesamesa wilsa...).
-eul, na- -al, -d afiqsebiT nawarmoebi wilobiTi ricxviTi saxe-
lebis SemTxvevaSi es ukanaskneli gamodis sazRvrulis rolSi, misi
msazRvrelia naTesaobiTSi dasmuli arsebiTi saxeli, mag., sameul ifqli-
sa, sameul-i ifqlisa- ...
wrf. sameul ifqlisa
sax. sameul-i ifqlisa-
moTx. sameul-man ifqlisa-man
mic. sameul-s-a ifqlisa-s-a
naT. sameul-is-a ifqlisa- s-a//ifqlisa196
moq. sameul-iT-a ifqlisa- T-a
viT. sameul-ad ifqlisa-(d)
wod. sameul-o ifqlisa-o
nacvalsaxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvrelis bruneba
arsebiTTan erTad
nacvalsaxelTa jgufebidan msazRvrelad yvelaze xSirad gamo-
iyeneba kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, Semdeg _ gansazRvrebiTi, Cvenebi-
Ti, kiTxviTi, ganusazRvrelobiTi... am tipis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigi
damokidebulia imaze, msazRvrelad romeli jgufis nacvalsaxelia
gamoyenebuli. 195
Zvel qarTulSi orive ixmareba: wili//nawili. 196
naTesaobiTSi msazRvrelTan Tavs iyris naTesaobiTi brunvis ori niSani, amitom erT-erTi SeiZleba daikargos.
132
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad
rogorc aRvniSneT, damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, Tu ese, ege, igi [isi] nacvalsaxelebi sazRvruls uswrebs, CvenebiTia, Tu mosdevs _
nawevari. CvenTvis (l.c.) es CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelia, romelic sazRvrul-
Tan xan prepoziciurad ixmareba, xan _ postpoziciurad. bruneba orive
rigis SemTxvevaSi erTnairi iqneba:
prepoziciuri wyoba
mx. r.
wrf.
sax. ese Z ege Z igi Z [isi] Z
moTx. ama-n Ze-man maga-n Ze-man man Ze-man ima-n Ze-man
mic. ama-s Ze-sa maga-s Ze-sa ma-s Ze-sa ima-s Ze-sa
naT. am-is Z-isa mag-is Z-isa m-is Z-isa im-is Z-isa
moq. am-iT Z-iTa mag-iT Z-iTa m-iT Z-iTa im-iT Z-iTa
viT. ama-d Ze-d maga-d Ze-d _ ima-d Ze-d
wod.
mr. r.
sax. ese Ze-n-i ege Ze-n-i igi Ze-n-i [isi] Ze-n-i
moTx. ama-T Ze-Ta maga-T Ze-Ta ma-T Ze-Ta ima-T Ze-Ta
mic. ama-T Ze-Ta maga-T Ze-Ta ma-T Ze-Ta ima-T Ze-Ta
naT. ama-T Ze-Ta maga-T Ze-Ta ma-T Ze-Ta ima-T Ze-Ta
moq.
viT.
wod.
SeniSvna: analogiuri bruneba gveqneba postpoziciuri wyobis
drosac.
133
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli eseviTari, ZiriTadad, sazRvruls uswrebs,
ibruneba Cveulebriv, rogorc TanxmovanfuZiani msazRvreli, xan ikumSeba,
xan _ ara, awarmoebs -n da -T sufiqsebian mravlobiT ricxvsac. analo-
giur viTarebas gviCvenebs egeviTari.
Eesodeni, egodeni nacvalsaxelebic Cveulebriv ibruneba, rigi
Tavisufalia: ixmareba rogorc prepoziciurad, ise postpoziciurad, aqvs
mravlobiTi ricxvis formebic.
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi, Cveulebriv, damoukideblad ixmareba da
sxva sityvis msazRvrelad iSviaTad gvevlineba. msazRvrelis funqciiT
SeiZleba Segvxvdes: raჲ, raodeni, romeli. am SemTxvevaSi isini zustad
ise ibrunebian, rogorc damoukideblad aRebulni, oRond yvela brunvis
formiT iSviaTad dasturdebian.
mx. r.
sax. raჲ saqmჱ197 raoden-i wel-i romel-i Z
moTx. ra-man saqme-man raoden-man wel-man romel-man Ze-man
mic. ra-sa saqme-sa raoden-sa wel-sa romel-sa Ze-sa
naT.198 raoden-isa wl-isa roml-isa Z-isa
moq. ra-ჲTa saqm-iTa raoden-iTa wl-iTa roml-iTa Z-iTa
mr. r.
sax. raoden-n-i wel-n-i romel-n-i Ze-n-i
moTx. raoden-Ta wel-Ta romel-T-a Ze-Ta
mic. raoden-Ta wel-Ta romel-T-a Ze-Ta
naT. raoden-Ta wel-Ta romel-Ta Ze-Ta
197
rani mravlobiTis forma ar dasturdeba. 198
raჲsa nacvalsaxeluri SinaarsiT saSuali qarTulidan mkvidrdeba.
134
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi msazRvrelis rolSi sakmaod xSirad
gvxvdebian, damoukideblad naklebad ixmarebian.Aam tipis msazRvrel-
sazRvrulis brunebas Zvel qarTulSi axasiaTebs Semdegi Taviseburebani:
1. kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi gabatonebulia postpoziciuri
wyoba (mag., asuli Seni, mamaman misman, Jamsa maTsa, saxelisa CemisaT s...). prepozicia iSviaTia.
2. moepovebaT mxolod -n da -T sufiqsebiani mravlobiTi (-eb-ianis
magaliTebi ar dasturdeba).
3. ibrunebian Cveulebriv.Ggveqneba sruli SeTanxmeba brunvaSi (aseve
ricxvSic) rogorc prepoziciuri, ise postpoziciuri wyobis dros.
4. ar gaaCniaT wrfelobiTi brunva.
SeniSvna: radgan kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli fuZed iyenebs
piris an CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis
formas, romelsac xelaxla abrunebs, wrfelobiTis arse-
bobis SemTxvevaSi kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli formis mixed-
viT daubrundeboda piris nacvalsaxels, rac erTgvar uxer-
xulobas Seqmnida. Aamitom ena Tavs aridebs am brunvas (wrfe-
lobiTSi mxolod sazRvrulia) da mis nacvlad viTarebiTs
iyenebs: igi Cemda mter ars (`CemTvis mteria”). oRond es
araa tipuri msazRvrel-sazRvruli, mter ars aq Sedgenili
Semasmenelia.
5. viTarebiTSi kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli uiSviaTesia, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom klasikur Zvel qarTulSi viTarebiTi brunva msaz-
Rvrelad gamoyenebul kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebs, Cveulebriv,
ara aqvT (i. imnaiSvili).199 Zveli qarTulisTvis ucxoa Semdgom
ganviTarebuli formebi (Cemad, Senad...), romlebic `vefxistyaosanSi~
ukve gabatonebulia: `Seni sicocxle meyofis Cemad imedad
gulisad~. maT nacvlad gvaqvs: Cemda, Senda, Cuenda, Tquenda ... tipis formebi, isic aqa-iq da isic sazRvrulad sawyisis formebTan
199
i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 567.
135
(daflvad Cemda, aRsrulebad Senda...). amitom brunebis paradigmaSi
Cven ufro gviandel Cemad Senad... tipis formebs SevitanT.200
SeniSvna: yvela brunvisTvis bunebriv romelime mama Tqueni konstruqcias ena viTarebiTSi gaurbis (dadasturebuli
`mamad Tquenda nuvis xadiT~ arabunebrivad, ucnaurad gamo-
iyureba) da mas, mag., moqmedebiTiT cvlis (aq msazRvrelis ga-
reSe): `mamiT nuvis hxadiT~.
6. zogierT kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxels moepoveba wodebiTi brunvis
formebi (garda II pirisa, ZiriTadad, I piris nacvalsaxelebs): Zeo
Cemo, mRudelo Cueno, m edaro miso, saqmeo maTo.
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli sazRvrulTan erTad Semdegnairad ibruneba:
postpoziciuri wyoba
mx. r.
wrf.
sax. Z Cem-i asul-i Sen-i qalaq-i mis-i
moTx. Ze-man Cem-man asul-man Sen-man qalaq-man mis-man
mic. Ze-sa Cem-sa asul-sa Sen-sa qalaq-sa mis-sa
naT. Z-isa Cem-isa asul-isa Sen-isa qalaq-isa mis-isa
moq. Z-iTa Cem-iTa asul-iTa Sen-iTa qalaq-iTa mis-iTa
viT. [Ze-d Cem-ad asul-ad Sen-ad qalaq-ad mis-a(d)]201
wod. Ze-o Cem-o qalaq-o mis-o
200
Cven (l.c.) piris nacvalsaxelebze saubrisas ukve mivuTiTeT Zveli qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebel zogad kanonzomierebaze, rom anTroponimebsa da piris nacvalsaxelebs uWirT viTarebiTi brunvis warmoeba. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi isini iyeneben naTesaobiTis fuZes. amis nimuSia e.w. mimarTulebiTi brunvis formebi (warvida iovan sa<iovane- s-ad), anTroponimTa viTarebiTi brunvis formebi (yoveli naTesavi ... vidre daviTisamde...) da Tundac Cemda, Cuenda, Senda, Tquenda ... tipis naTesaobiTisgan nawarmoebi viTarebiTis formebi. 201
radgan viTarebiT brunvaSi am tipis formebi Zveli qarTulisTvis araa niSandoblivi, kvadratul frCxilebSi warmovadgineT.
136
wrf.
sax. da- T s-i mama- Cuen-i Zma- Tquen-i
moTx. da-man T s-man mama-man Cuen-man Zma-man Tquen-man
mic. da-sa T s-sa mama-sa Cuen-sa Zma-sa Tquen-sa
naT. d-isa T s-isa mam-isa Cuen-isa Zm-isa Tquen-isa
moq. d-iTa T s-iTa mam-iTa Cuen-iTa Zm-iTa Tquen-iTa
viT. [da-d T s-a(d) mama-d Cuen-ad Zma-d Tquen-ad]
wod. mama-o Cuen-o
mr. r.
wrf.
sax. Ze-n-i Cem-n-i asul-n-i Sen-n-i Zma-n-o Cuen-n-o
moTx. Ze-Ta Cem-Ta asul-Ta Sen-Ta Zma-Ta Cuen-Ta
mic. Ze-Ta Cem-Ta asul-Ta Sen-Ta Zma-Ta Cuen-Ta
naT. Ze-Ta Cem-Ta asul-Ta Sen-Ta Zma-Ta Cuen-Ta
moq.
viT.
wod. Ze-n-o Cem-n-o Zma-n-o Cuen-n-o
SeniSvna: analogiuri bruneba iqneba msazRvrelad sxva kuT-
vnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, aseve,
prepoziciuri wyobis dros, amitom maTs brunebas aRar war-
movadgenT.
137
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli visi, rogorc wesi, sazRvrul-
Tan ixmareba:
mx. r. mr. r.
sax. vis-i Zma- vis-n-i Zma-n-i
moTx. vis-man Zma-man vis-T-a Zma-T-a
mic. vis-sa Zma-sa vis-T-a Zma-T-a
naT. vis-is-a Zm-is-a vis-T-a Zma-T-a
moq. vis-iT-a Zm-iT-a
viT. vis-ad Zma-d
gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad
Tavadi, rogorc viciT, dasturdeba saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTsa da
micemiTSi, iSviaTad _ naTesaobiTSi, danarCeni brunvebi da mravlobiTi
ricxvi ar gaaCnia. axlavs mxolod anTroponimebs, arasdros sazogado
saxelebs da isic mxolod prepoziciurad: Tavadi daviT (`TviTon
daviTi”) ity s; Tavadsa iovanes emosa...
yoveli msazRvrelad Zalian xSirad ixmareba. ZiriTadad, sazRvru-
lis winaa, iSviaTad SesaZloa mosdevdes mas: yovel-i er-i, yovl-iT-a gul-iT-a, qalaqeb-s-a yovel-s-a... wrfelobiTi brunvis forma moepoveba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca niSnavs mTels: `Rame yovel davSueriT (`mTeli Rame gavisarjeT”). viTarebiTis forma gadaricxulia zmnizedis
jgufSi, radgan niSnavs sruliad, sul: yovlad ubiwod (`sruliad
ubiwod”) iyo. Aaklia wodebiTic (mxolobiTSi), moepoveba mxolod -n da -T sufiqsebiani mravlobiTi (yovel-n-i gansacdel-n-i, yovel-T-a kac-T-a...).
sxua TiTqmis yovelTvis sazRvrulis winaa, moepoveba orive
mravlobiTi, ibruneba iseve, rogorc damoukideblad xmarebisas, amitom
mis brunebas amjerad aRar SevexebiT.
138
TiToeuli ixmareba mxolod prepoziciurad (TiToeuli x TiTo-
eulsa kacsa...), ibruneba Cveulebrivi wesiT, ver awarmoebs mravlobiTs.
sax. Tavad-i iovane yovel-i er-i yovel-n-i er-n-i
moTx. Tavad-man iovane yovel-man er-man yovel-Ta er-Ta
mic. Tavad-sa iovanes yovel-sa er-sa yovel-Ta er-Ta
naT. (Tavad-isa iovan s) yovl-isa er-isa yovel-Ta er-Ta
moq. yovl-iTa er-iTa
viT. (yovl-ad er-ad)
wod. yovel-n-o er-n-o
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebidan msazRvrelad gamoyenebu-
lia: vinme, ra me, romelime... maTgan yvelaze xSirad ixmareba vinme.
vinme gvxvdeba rogorc prepoziciurad, ise postpoziciurad;
mxolobiTSi dasmul sazRvruls upiratesad mosdevs, mravlobiTSi us-
wrebs (mag., dedakaci vinme, vinme warmarTnica...). SeiZleba Segvxvdes erT ganusazRvrelobiT nacvalsaxelTan erTad: `erTman vinme mowafeTa misTa-ganman hrqua mas”. vinme xSirad ixmareba zmniswinsa da zmnas Soris
(tmesi): mo-vinme-vida da hrqua mas... sazRvrulTan erTad vinme iseve ibru-neba, rogorc damoukideblad xmarebisas.
ra me//rame _ orive saxelobiTia. ZiriTadad, sazRvruls mosdevs,
SeiZleba uswrebdes (mag., Cueneba ra me, ra me sityua saucars rasme...). mravlobiTis formebi ara aqvs.
romelime prepoziciuradac ixmareba da postpoziciuradac:
sofelsa romelsame, romelTame mdgomareTa... sazRvrulTan erTad iseve
ibruneba, rogorc calke mdgari.
139
mx. r.
sax. vi-n-me mefeTagan-i romel-i-me sityua-
moTx. vi-n-me mefeTagan-man romel-man-me sityua-man
mic. vi-s-me mefeTagan-sa romel-sa-me sityua-sa
naT. vi-s-me mefeTagan-isa roml-isa-me sity sa (sityu-is-a)
moq. roml-iTa-me sity Ta (sityu-iT-a)
viT. roml-ad-me sityua-d
wod.
sax. saqm ra- -me
moTx. saqme-man ra-man-me
mic. saqme-sa ra-s(a)-me
naT. saqm-isa ra-
mr. r.
sax. vi-eT-n-i-me mefeTagan-n-i sityua-n-i romel-n-i-me
moTx. vi-eT-Ta-me mefeTagan-Ta sityua-Ta romel-Ta-me
mic. vi-eT-Ta-me mefeTagan-Ta sityua-Ta romel-Ta-me
naT. vi-eT-Ta-me mefeTagan-Ta sityua-Ta romel-Ta-me
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli ufro damoukideblad ixmareba, msaz-
Rvrelad gvxvdeba, isic naklebad: aravin, ara arara sazRvruls xan
uwrebs, xan mosdevs (aravin winawarmetyueli, ara brali, saswauli
ara ...). uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi sazRvrulTan erTad iseve ibrunebian,
rogorc damoukideblad xmarebisas, amitom maTs brunebas aRar warmo-
vadgenT.
140
arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvreli
arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuli SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli, Cveuleb-
riv, axlavs anTroponims da aRniSnavs mis wodebas, profesias, Tanam-
debobas, warmomavlobas da sxv. aseT sintaqsur wyvils a. SaniZe uwodebs
saxelgvarul sintagmas.202
aseTi msazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigi, Cveulebriv, postpoziciuria:
jeraa anTroponimiT gamoxatuli sazRvruli, Semdeg _ msazRvreli, mag.,
Tamar mef , daviT kurapalati, pavle mociquli, iesu nazareveli, mariam
magdaleneli, grigol xanZTeli, evstaTi mcxeTeli, demetre patosi...
iSviaTia Sebrunebuli wyoba. prepozicia, ZiriTadad, maSin gvaqvs, roca
msazRvrelad gamoyenebulia sityvebi: mama , amba deda ... (mama grigol,
deda febronia, amba giorgi...).
postpoziciuri rigis SemTxvevaSi msazRvreli Cveulebriv ibruneba,
wina rigis sazRvruli, rogorc wesi, ubrunveli rCeba:
wrf. iesu nazarevel
sax. iesu nazarevel-i
moTx. iesu nazarevel-man
mic. iesu nazarevel-s-a204
naT. iesu nazarevel-is-a
moq.
viT.
wod. iesu nazarevel-o
faqtobrivad, am tipis msazRvrel-sazRvrulTan brunebis iseTive
su-raTi gvaqvs, rogoric axal qarTulSi, magram es meoreuli unda iyos.
Tavidan SeTanxmeba unda gvqonoda, anu sazRvruli sruli saxiT unda
yofiliyo warmodgenili micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi (moqmedebiTsa da 202
a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 89. 203
- _ mama, monastris winamZRvari, mRvdeli. 204aSot kurapalatsa tipis sintagmebSi (`amisa Semdgomad RmrTismsaxursa mefesa aSot
kurapalatsa auwya gabriel erismTavarman...” ) aSot micemiTSia da ara wrfelobiTSi,
rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos.
141
viTarebiTSi anTroponimi isedac iSviaTi iyo, xolo saxelobiTsa da moT-
xrobiTSi arc iyo gaformebuli): iesus nazarevelsa, iesu s nazareve-
lisa... `SuSanikis wameba~ gavixsenoT: `rameTu masmies me pavl s moci-
qulisagan: ara damonebul ars Zma gina da aramed ganeyenen~.
Pprepoziciuri msazRvrelis SemTxvevaSi msazRvrelica da anTro-
ponimiT gamoxatuli sazRvrulic Cveulebriv ibruneba (irTavs brunvis
niSnebs im brunvebSi, romlebic saerTod aqvs):
wrf. mama giorgi
sax. mama- giorgi
moTx. mama-man giorgi
mic. mama-sa giorgi-s
naT. mam-isa giorgi-s
moq.
viT.
wod. mama-o giorgi
Tu arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuli atributuli msazRvreli axlavs
toponims, bruneba srulia (vinaidan Zvel qarTulSi toponimebi
daubrkoleblad awarmoebdnen brunvebs), wyoba Tavisufalia, Tumca
sWarbobs prepozicia: sofeli iwro queyana hereTi, qalaqi tfilisi,
daba curtavi, mdinar fisoni...
sax. mdinar iordan
moTx. mdinare-man iordane-man
mic. mdinare-s-a iordane-s-a
naT. mdinar-is-a iordan-is-a
moq. mdinar-iT iordan-iT206
viT. mdinare-d iordane-d
205
z. sarjvelaZe ar uTiTebs am tipis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis wrfelobiTi (aramar-kirebuli saxelobiTi) brunvis formas, ix. misi Zveli qarT. enis gramatika, gv. 47. 206
z. sarjvelaZes brunebis paradigmaSi Seaqvs savrcobiani forma: qalaq-iTa mcxeT-iTa (iqve, gv. 47).
142
wod. mdinare-o iordane-o
analogiuri bruneba gveqneba Sebrunebuli wyobis drosac, Tumca
wina rigis toponimebs xSirad ekveceba brunvis niSani: fison mdinarfison mdinareman, fison mdinaresa, fison mdinarisagan... amis mizezi wina rigis saxelis ubrunvelobisken midrekileba unda iyos.
weriTi davaleba: abruneT: xuT yrma (warmoadgineT prepoziciuli
wyobiT mxolobiT ricxvSi sruli da mokvecili brunebis tipebi, aseve,
orive saxis mravlobiTSi), aTeul Wamadisa, ege yrmaჲ (mxolobiTsa da
-n da -T sufiqsebian mravlobiTSi), raodeni mჴeci (-n da -T sufiqsebian
mravlobiTSi), saqmჱ Seni (mxolobiT ricxvSi), pavle mociqul, qalaqi
tfilisi.
substanciuri msazRvrelisa da sazRvrulis bruneba
prepoziciuri substanciuri msazRvreli
substanciuri anu marTuli msazRvreli marTulia sazRvrulis mier
naTesaobiT brunvaSi, igi, Cveulebriv, gamoxatulia arsebiTi saxeliT da
Sinaarsobriv miuTiTebs kuTvnilebas, masalas an daniSnulebas. Aam tipis
msazRvreli, upiratesad, mosdevs sazRvruls, SedarebiT iSviaTad
uswrebs. prepoziciuri marTuli msazRvreli, Cveulebriv, naTesaobiT
brunvaSia, sazRvruls ar eTanxmeba brunvaSi, mag., kacisa Z soflisa saqmeman, Zelisa saxlsa...).Mmomdevno rigis SemTxvevaSi igi marTul-
SeTanxmebulia, sazRvruls eTanxmeba brunvasa da ricxvSic: saxl Zelisa,
saxl-i Zelisa- saxl-man Zelisa-man, saxl-n-i Zelisa-n-i... rogorc
atributuli msazRvrelisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSic cocxal metyvelebaSi
prepoziciuri wyobis siWarbe unda gvqonoda, razec naTel warmodgenas
gviqmnis warweraTa da anderZ-minawerTa ena, mag., bolnisis sionis erT-
143
erT warweraSi (Vs.) vkiTxulobT: ` ...vin amis eklesia sa d[aviT
e]piskopossa xulocos...~ 616-619 wlebiT daTariRebul wyisis warweraSi
ikiTxeba: ` ...aRhumarTe saxelsa mcxeTisa juarisasa...~ rogorc vxedavT, orive epigrafikul ZeglSi gvaqvs substanciuri msazRvrelis prepo-
ziciuri wyoba.
ZiriTadad, wina rigis marTuli msazRvreli sazRvrulTan martiv
damokidebulebaSia, mas ar eTanxmeba brunvasa da ricxvSi (vgulisxmobT
rogorc -n da -T sufiqsebian, ise -eb-ian mravlobiTs), igi yvela brunvaSi
warmodgenilia naTesaobiTi brunvis formiT.AmniSvnelovania davimaxsov-
roT erTi ram: am tipis msazRvreli yovelTvis savrcobiania, -a am
SemTxvevaSi savaldebuloa, mag., Zmisa col, savrcobis gareSe kompozi-
tad gaiazreba: Zmiscol.
Aam tipis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis bruneba aseTia:
mx. r. mr. r.
wrf. Zelisa saxl
sax. Zelisa saxl-i Zelisa saxl-n-i
moTx. Zelisa saxl-man Zelisa saxl-Ta
mic. Zelisa saxl-sa Zelisa saxl-Ta
naT. Zelisa saxl-isa Zelisa saxl-Ta
moq. Zelisa saxl-iTa
viT. Zelisa saxl-ad
wod. Zelisa saxl-o Zelisa saxl-n-o
analogiuri viTareba gveqneba, rodesac substanciuri msazRvreli
mravlobiT ricxvSia:
wrf. ZelTa saxl
sax. ZelTa saxl-i
moTx. ZelTa saxl-man
mic. ZelTa saxl-sa
naT. ZelTa saxl-isa
144
moq. ZelTa saxl-iTa
viT. ZelTa saxl-ad
wod. ZelTa saxl-o
arcTu ise iSviaTad prepoziciuri marTuli msazRvreli eTanxmeba
sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSic, anu marTul-SeTanxmebulia, mag.,
Zelisa- saxl-i. am SemTxvevaSi msazRvrelis brunvis niSania termina-
luri -ჲ, xolo Zelisa warmoqmnili fuZea, marTvis safuZvelze miRebuli,
amitom am tipis msazRvrels zogjer oden SeTanxmebul msazRvrelsac
uwodeben (T. uTurgaiZe ...). am tipis msazRvreli gvaqvs, ZiriTadad, maSin,
rodesac msazRvrel-sazRvruli gaTiSulia raime sityviT, umetesad,
nawevriT (CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeliT), mag., RmrTisa igi sityua moguTa
igi Tayuaniscema danielisi igi Tqumuli, zecisasa xolo simdidresa,
iesu si xilva wyalTa buneba zmniT gaTiSuli aseTi msazRvrel-
sazRvrulis nimuSia: RmrTismetyuelebisasa Seswirven galobasa.
SeniSvna:Aam tipis msazRvreli Zveli viTarebis gadmonaSTi
unda iyos. rogorc Cans, wina rigis marTuli msazRvreli
adreve, Zvel qarTulamde, modunda da dakarga momdevno saz-
RvrulTan brunvasa da ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unari. gamTiS-
veli sityvebi ki xels uwyobda SeTanxmebis SenarCunebas.
Pbrunebis nimuSi:
mx. r. mr. r.
wrf. Zelisa saxl
sax. Zelisa- saxl-i Zelisa-n-i saxl-n-i
moTx. Zelisa-man saxl-man Zelisa-Ta saxl-Ta
mic. Zelisa-sa saxl-sa Zelisa-Ta saxl-Ta
naT. Zelisa- sa saxl-isa Zelisa-Ta saxl-Ta
moq. Zelisa- Ta saxl-iTa
viT. Zelisa-(d) saxl-ad
wod. Zelisa-o saxl-o Zelisa-n-o saxl-n-o
145
postpoziciuri substanciuri msazRvreli
momdevno rigis substanciuri msazRvreli sazRvruls eTanxmeba
brunvasa da ricxvSic, amitom igi marTul-SeTanxmebulia, sxva Sexedule-
biT, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, oden SeTanxmebuli. mag., Z kacisa-
saqm soflisa- (ijmna) mefisagan sparsTa- sa...
postpoziciur marTul msazRvrels samecniero literaturaSi nana-
TesaobiTar an nagenetivar msazRvrels uwodeben.207am SemTxvevaSi
naTesaobiTSi marTuli forma warmoadgens fuZes (-is/ s warmoqmnis,
derivaciuli afiqsia) da xelmeored ibruneba, rogorc atributuli (Se-
Tanxmebuli) msazRvreli. Sesabamisad, Tavs iyris ori brunvis niSani, ro-
melTagan brunvis niSnis gramatikul funqcias asrulebs bolo, termi-
naluri niSani. aseT brunebas a. SaniZe ormag brunebas uwodebs.208 i. imna-
iSvilis azriT, ormagi brunebis yoveli formis kvalifikacia ori
brunvis dasaxelebiT unda xdebodes: Zelisa- _ naTesaobiT-saxelobiTi;
Zelisa-man _ naTesaobiT-moTxrobiTi...209 T. uTurgaiZe, rogorc ukve aR-
vniSneT, am tipis msazRvrels oden SeTanxmebuls uwodebs.
postpoziciuri marTuli msazRvrelis SemTxvevaSi gamoyofen
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebis 4 saxes:
I. rodesac orive, msazRvrelica da sazRvrulic, mxolobiTSia:
saxl Zelisa, saxl-i Zelisa- ...
II. rodesac sazRvruli mravlobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mxolobiTSi:
saxl-n-i Zelisa-n-i, saxl-Ta Zelisa-Ta... samecniero literaturaSi am
SemTxvevaSi msazRvrelis mxolobiT ricxvSi gulisxmoben imas, rom misi
warmoqmnili fuZea mxolobiTSi, anu marTvis safuZvelze miRebuli
fuZiseuli brunvis niSani mxolobiTi ricxvisaa (-isa). rac Seexeba -n-i daboloebas, amiT msazRvreli sintaqsurad SeeTanxma sazRvruls brun-
vasa da mravlobiT ricxvSi, fuZe ki mxolobiTis formaa.
III. rodesac sazRvruli mxolobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mravlobiTSi
(sxvagvarad, msazRvrelis warmoqmnili fuZea mravlobiTSi): saxl ZelTa,
saxl-i ZelTa-
207
Aa kiziria, nanaTesaobiTari msazRvrelis urTierTobisaTvis sazRvrulTan, sbiqe, gv. 346. 208
a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 164. 209
i. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957, gv. 586; a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, gv. 164.
146
rodesac orive mravlobiTSia: saxl-n-i ZelTa-n-i... ganvixiloT
TiToeuli SemTxveva cal-calke:
I. msazRvreli da sazRvruli, orive, mxolobiT ricxvSia:
wrf. saxl Zelis(a)210
sax. saxl-i Zelisa-
moTx. saxl-man Zelisa-man
mic. saxl-sa Zelisa-sa
naT. saxl-isa Zelisa- sa//Zelisa
moq. saxl-iTa Zelisa- Ta
viT. saxl-ad Zelisa-(d)
wod. saxl-o Zelisa-o
naTesaobiTSi msazRvrelTan Tavs iyris ori -isa (-isa- sa), erTia
fuZeSi Sesuli warmoqmnis elementi, meore _ brunvis niSani, amitom bo-
lo SeiZleba daikargos.
SeniSvna: wrfelobiTSi SesaZlebelia gvqondes msazRvrelis
rogorc savrcobiani, ise usavrcobo forma: saxl Zelisa //Zelis. Zvel qarTulSi gvaqvs, erTi mxriv, Ze naTlis, marcu-al mdogvis, meore mxriv, Svil naTlisa, naSob RmrTisa... usavrcobo forma ufro Zvelia. wrfelobiTi ganusazRvreli
brunvaa, amitom masTan gansazRvruli nawevari, romlisganac
miRebulia -a savrcobi, SeuTavsebelia. radgan -a am tipis
msazRvrelTan yvela brunvaSi gvqonda, unifikaciis principiT
aqac unda damkvidrebuliyo (i. imnaiSvili).
SeniSvna: msazRvrelis warmoqmnili fuZe ibruneba, rogorc
ukveceli saxeli (Zelisa- sa, Zelisa- Ta).
SeniSvna: viTarebiT brunvaSi msazRvrelTan mogviano peri-
odis teqstebSi -d ikargeba. Aaxal qarTulSi is aRarsad
gvaqvs. Zvel qarTulSi msazRvrelis gamartivebuli forma
ufro gavrcelebulia. msazRvreli Zveli saxiTaa: mzed simar-
210
Zeli _ aq: xe; joxi, jvari (Zelicxoveli _ cxoveli, macocxlebeli jvari).
147
Tlisad, Zed RmrTisad, samkaulad oqro sad... msazRvreli
gamartivebulia: Zed RmrTisa, karadmde qalaqisa... Tu am tipis msazRvreli anTroponimia, Cveulebriv, igi -d-s gareSea: Svi-
lad abrahamisa...
II. sazRvruli mravlobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mxolobiTSi:
wrf.
sax. saxl-n-i Zelisa-n-i
moTx. saxl-Ta Zelisa-Ta
mic. saxl-Ta Zelisa-Ta
naT. saxl-Ta Zelisa-Ta
moq.
viT.
wod. saxl-n-o Zelisa-n-o
III. sazRvruli mxolobiTSia, msazRvreli _ mravlobiTSi:
wrf. saxl ZelTa
sax. saxl-i ZelTa-
moTx. saxl-man ZelTa-man
mic. saxl-sa ZelTa-sa
naT. saxl-isa ZelTa- sa
moq. saxl-iTa ZelTa- Ta
viT. saxl-ad ZelTa-(d)211
wod. saxl-o ZelTa-o
211
z. sarjvelaZe paradigmaSi msazRvrelis oden gamartivebul variants warmoadgens: xat-ad kacTa (ix. misi Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, gv. 39).
148
SeniSvna: viTarebiT brunvaSi msazRvrelis -d umetes Sem-
TxvevaSi dakargulia (mizezi disimilaciuri dakargva unda
iyos): dedad wmidaTa, saqmed mociqulTa... aqa-iq -d
SenarCunebulia: meufed huriaTad, sayofelad veSapTad...
IV. msazRvrelica da sazRvrulic, orive, mravlobiTSia:
wrf.
sax. saxl-n-i ZelTa-n-i
moTx. saxl-Ta ZelTa-man
mic. saxl-Ta ZelTa-sa
naT. saxl-Ta ZelTa- sa
moq. saxl-Ta ZelTa- Ta
viT. saxl-Ta ZelTa212
wod. saxl-n-o ZelTa-n-o
am SemTxvevaSi e.w. marTul-SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis bruneba daem-
Txveva III SemTxvevis msazRvrelis brunebas, vinaidan ori -Ta erTi
sityvis farglebSi SeuZlebelia da meore -Ta-s nacvlad gveqneba
mxolobiTi ricxvis Sesabamisi brunvis niSani.
SeniSvna: i. imnaiSvilis azriT, TavisTavad Znelia -T sufiq-sian mravlobiTSi saxelis brunvis gageba (konteqstis
mixedviT, is SeiZleba iyos moTxrobiTi, micemiTi, naTesa-
obiTi, moqmedebiTi an viTarebiTi (es ori iSviaTad)), ufro
gaugebari iqneboda ori -Ta-s (ZelTa-Ta) SemTxvevaSi.Ee.i. mosa-lodneli -Ta-Ta-s arideba enaSi gamowveulia wminda semanti-
kuri faqtoriT da ara fonetikuri mizeziT (xom gvaqvs:
mTaTa, maTTa, aTTa...).213
SeniSvna: enam ramdenime saSualeba gamoiyena mosalodneli
-Ta-Ta-s Tavidan asarideblad: a) ZiriTadi xazi, roca meore -Ta-s nacvlad warmodgenilia mx. ricxvis Sesabamisi brunvis
niSani, mag., moTx. saxl-Ta ZelTa-man. Zvel qarTulSi absolu-
212
viTarebiTi brunvis forma z. sarjvelaZes paradigmaSi ar Seaqvs (iqve, gv. 39). 213
i. imnaiSvili, iqve, gv. 612.
149
turad umetes SemTxvevaSi es normaa gatarebuli. b) msazRvre-
lis ubrunvisniSno, gamartivebuli forma (nuliT). am Sem-
TxvevaSi msazRvreli warmodgenilia fuZiT, mag., moTx. sax-lTa ZelTa-0. msazRvrelis brunvis niSnis dakargva unda
aixsnas enis midrekilebiT gamartivebisken. g) msazRvrelTan
gamoyenebulia micemiTi brunvis niSani (ara micemiTSi) da
naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani (ara naTesaobiTSi): moTx. saxl-Ta
ZelTa-sa//ZelTa- sa; mic. saxl-Ta ZelTa- sa; naT. saxl-Ta
ZelTa-sa. sxva brunvebSi -sa, - sa, i. imnaiSvilis azriT,
analogiiT unda iyos gadasuli da amis mizezi am brunvebis
xSiri gamoyeneba unda iyos.
SeniSvna: -T sufiqsiani mravlobiTis moqmedebiTi da viTa-
rebiTi isedac iSviaTia, miT umetes, bevrad iSviaTi iqneba
SemTxvevebi, rom am brunvaSi myof saxels marTuli msaz-
Rvrelic axldes. arsebuli Zalze mciredi masalis mixedviT,
viTarebiTSi am tipis msazRvreli warmodgenilia an ubrunvis-
niSnod, fuZis saxiT (aR Tamdis cxenTa) an -s-a brunvis
niSniT (mefeTamde sparsTa-sa), viTarebiTis niSniT ar dastur-
deba.214
* * *
gansxvavebuli viTareba gveqneba, rodesac msazRvreli toponimiTaa
gadmocemuli. oTxi SemTxvevis nacvlad aq gveqneba ori, vinaidan topo-
nimebs mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi ar gaaCnia:
I II
wrf. mTavar qarTlisa
sax. mTavar-i qarTlisa- mTavar-n-i qarTlisa-n-i
moTx. mTavar-man qarTlisa-man mTavar-Ta qarTlisa-Ta
mic. mTavar-sa qarTlisa-sa mTavar-Ta qarTlisa-Ta
naT. mTavr-isa qarTlisa- sa mTavar-Ta qarTlisa-Ta
moq. mTavr-iTa qarTlisa- Ta
viT. mTavr-ad qarTlisa-(d)
wod. mTavar-o qarTlisa-o mTavar-n-o qarTlisa-n-o
214
i. imnaiSvili, iqve, gv. 607-608.
150
I da II SemTxvevebi gveqneba mxolod msazRvrelad anTroponimis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSic, oRond am tipis msazRvreli savrcobs ar dair-
Tavs:
I II
wrf. Ze iosebis
sax. Z iosebis-i Ze-n-i iosebis-n-i
moTx. Ze-man iosebis-man Ze-Ta iosebis-Ta
mic. Ze-sa iosebis-sa Ze-Ta iosebis-Ta
naT. Z-isa iosebis-isa//iosebis Ze-Ta iosebis-Ta
moq. Z-iTa iosebis-iTa
viT. Ze-d iosebis-a(d)
wod. Ze-o iosebis-o Ze-n-o iosebis-n-o
SeniSvna: roca marTul msazRvrels, Tavis mxriv, axlavs
atributuli msazRvreli, sazRvruls es ukanaskneli eTanxme-
ba brunvasa da ricxvSi, marTuli msazRvreli ki naTesao-
biTis formiTaa warmodgenili: Sur-man saxlisa Senisa-man;
ambors-yof-iTa fer Ta CemTa- Ta; Tma-n-i-ca Tavisa Tqu-enisa-n-i... iSviaTad sazRvruls orive msazRvreli eTanxmeba:
locva- monisa- Senisa- ...
SeniSvna: zogjer e.w. ormagi brunebis msazRvreli
warmodgenilia sazRvrulis gareSe, mag., zecisasa eZieb, da
ukueTu zecisa ara iyos, ara Seiwynarebs... am tipis msaz-
Rvrels i. imnaiSvili ganmartoebul msazRvrels uwodebs.215
215
i. imnaiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 617.
151
ramdenime msazRvreli erT sazRvrulTan
rodesac erT sazRvruls axlavs ori an meti marTuli msazRvreli,
mosalodnelia, ZiriTadad, ori SemTxveva:
I. sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSi eTanxmeba yvela msazRvreli.
gavixsenoT wyisis warwera (616-619ww.): `...Zeman stefanesman da gudas-
man...~216 anda SuSanikis TqvenTvis nacnobi sityvebi: `man RmerTi caTa da
queyanisa aRiara da hrwmena...~ es SemTxveva ufro Zveli viTarebis amsax-
velia.
II. sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSi eTanxmeba mxolod ukanaskneli,
sxvebi ki naTesaobiTis formiTaa (anu axali warmoqmnili fuZiT): dR
wyudiadisa da bnelisa megobari mezuereTa da codvilTa ... es SemTxveva
meoreulia, msazRvrelis gamartiveba merea dawyebuli.
warmovadgenT orive SemTxvevis brunebas:
I
wrf. megobar mezuereTa217 da codvilTa
sax. megobar-i mezuereTa- da codvilTa-
moTx. megobar-man mezuereTa-man da codvilTa-man
mic. megobar-sa mezuereTa-sa da codvilTa-sa
naT. megobr-isa mezuereTa- sa da codvilTa- sa
moq. megobr-iTa mezuereTa- Ta da codvilTa Ta
viT. megobr-ad mezuereTa-(d) da codvilTa-(d)
wod. megobar-o mezuereTa-(o) da codvilTa-(o)
II
wrf. megobar mezuereTa da codvilTa
sax. megobar-i mezuereTa da codvilTa-
moTx. megobar-man mezuereTa da codvilTa-man 216
stefanesman (<stefane sman) da gudasman (<guda sman) formebi miRebulia damaval difTongTa gamartivebiT. 217
mezuere _ mebaJe, xarkis amkrefi.
152
mic. megobar-sa mezuereTa da codvilTa-sa
naT. megobr-isa mezuereTa da codvilTa- sa
moq. megobr-iTa mezuereTa da codvilTa Ta
viT. megobr-ad mezuereTa da codvilTa-(d)
wod. megobar-o mezuereTa da codvilTa-(o)
weriTi davaleba: abruneT: kacisa Ze (msazRvreli mxolobiTsa da
mravlobiTSi), Ze kacisa (oTxive SemTxveva), er qarTlisa (yvela SesaZ-
lo SemTxveva), Ze daviTis (yvela SesaZlo SemTxveva).
weriTi davaleba: qvemoT moyvanili winadadebebi gaarCieT
morfologiurad:
a) `esoden Jam Tquen Tana var”.
b) `arasada vin gamoCnda esrჱT israჱlsa Soris”.
g) `vieT grques Sen CemTჳs?”
d) `dauteos kacad-kacadman mamaჲ Tჳsi da dedaჲ Tჳsi”.
e) `SeWamnes SჳdTa maT zroxaTa Sჳdni igi zroxani”.
153
e.w. sammagi brunebis msazRvreli
Zvel qarTulSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca marTul msazRvrels
Tavad axlavs marTuli msazRvreli, mag., Soba- Zisa mefisa sa- am
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyofa ori sintagma:
I. Soba- Zisa, romelSic Soba- sazRvrulia, xolo Zisa _ msazRvreli.
II. Zisa mefisa sa- romelSic Zisa sazRvrulia, xolo mefisa sa- _
msazRvreli.
rogorc vxedavT, am Sesityvebis pirveli wevri yovelTvis sazRvru-
lia, mesame _ yovelTvis msazRvreli, xolo meore msazRvrelia pirvel-
Tan mimarTebiT, xolo mesamesTan mimarTebiT warmoadgens sazRvruls.
Sesityvebis meore wevri naTesaobiT brunvaSi marTulia (Z-isa) sakuTari
sazRvrulis (Soba- mier; mesame wevri brunvaSi marTulia (mef-isa- sa )
sakuTari sazRvrulis (Zisa) mier, masve eTanxmeba brunvasa da ricxvSic
(mefisa- ), amasTanave, angariSs uwevs da eTanxmeba Sesityvebis pirvel
wevrs terminaluri niSniT (Soba- Zisa mefisa sa- ). am ukanasknelisTvis
fuZes warmoadgens mefisa sa.
am tipis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas gamoiyofa rva
SemTxveva. brunebisas ucvlelia Sesityvebis meore wevri, igi mudam
(warmoqmnili) fuZis saxiTaa, sxvagvarad, naTesaobiTis formiTaa, mxo-
lobiT an mravlobiT ricxvSi. warmovadgenT brunebas:
I. Sesityvebis samive wevri mxolobiTSia:
wrf. Soba Zisa mefisa
sax. Soba- Zisa mefisa
moTx. Soba-man Zisa mefisa man
mic. Soba-sa Zisa mefisa sa
naT. Sob-isa Zisa mefisa sa// mefisa
moq. Sob-iTa Zisa mefisa Ta
viT. Soba-d Zisa mefisa (d)
wod. Soba-o Zisa mefisa o
154
II. pirveli wevri mravlobiTSia, meore da mesame _ mxolobiTSi:
wrf.
sax. Soba- Zisa mefisa
moTx. Soba-Ta Zisa mefisa Ta
mic. Soba-Ta Zisa mefisa Ta
naT. Soba-Ta Zisa mefisa
moq. ` ` `
viT. ` ` `
wod. Soba-n-o Zisa mefisa o
III. meore wevri mravlobiTSia, pirveli da mesame - mxolobiTSi:
wrf. Soba ZeTa mefisa
sax. Soba- ZeTa mefisa
moTx. Soba-man ZeTa mefisa man
mic. Soba-sa ZeTa mefisa sa
naT. Sob-isa ZeTa mefisa sa
moq. Sob-iTa ZeTa mefisa Ta
viT. Soba-d ZeTa mefisa (d)
wod. Soba-o ZeTa mefisa o
IV. mesame wevri mravlobiTSia, pirveli da meore _ mxolobiTSi:
wrf. Soba Zisa mefeTa
sax. Soba- Zisa mefeTa
moTx. Soba-man Zisa mefeTa man
155
mic. Soba-sa Zisa mefeTa sa
naT. Sob-isa Zisa mefeTa sa// mefeTa
moq. Sob-iTa Zisa mefeTa Ta
viT. Soba-d Zisa mefeTa (d)
wod. Soba-o Zisa mefeTa o
V. pirveli da meore wevrebi mravlobiTSia, mesame _ mxolobiTSi:
wrf.
sax. Soba-n-i ZeTa mefisaTa-n-i
moTx. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefisaTa man//mefisaTa
mic. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefisaTa sa// mefisaTa
naT. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefisaTa sa//mefisaTa
moq. ` ` mefisaTa Ta//mefisaTa
viT. ` ` mefisaTa
wod. Soba-n-o ZeTa mefisaTa-n-o
VI. pirveli da mesame wevrebi mravlobiTSia, meore _ mxolobiTSi:
wrf.
sax. Soba-n-i Zisa mefeTa sa n-i
moTx. Soba-Ta Zisa mefeTa sa Ta
mic. Soba-Ta Zisa mefeTa sa Ta
naT. Soba-Ta Zisa mefeTa sa Ta
moq. ` ` `
viT. ` ` `
156
wod. Soba-n-o Zisa mefeTa sa-n-o
VII. meore da mesame wevrebi mravlobiTSia, pirveli _ mxolobiTSi:
wrf. Soba ZeTa mefeTa sa
sax. Soba- ZeTa mefeTa sa
moTx. Soba-man ZeTa mefeTa sa man
mic. Soba-sa ZeTa mefeTa sa sa
naT. Sob-isa ZeTa mefeTa sa sa)
moq. Sob-iTa ZeTa mefeTa sa Ta
viT. Soba-d ZeTa mefeTa sa (d)
wod. Soba-o ZeTa mefeTa sa o
VIII. samive wevri mravlobiTSia:
sax. Soba-n-i ZeTa mefeTa sa n-i
moTx. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefeTa sa Ta
mic. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefeTa sa Ta
naT. Soba-Ta ZeTa mefeTa sa-Ta
moq. ` ` `
viT. ` ` `
wod. Soba-n-o ZeTa mefeTa sa-n-o
157
weriTi davaleba: qvemoT moyvanili winadadebebi gaarCieT
sintaqsurad da morfologiurad:
a) `iqmna mRdel monastrisa dedaTaჲsa”.
b) `mesamჱ dRჱ movals”.
g) `raoden xumjobჱs ars kaci sacxovarsa?”
d) `miegebvodes mas monani misni sixaruliT da Tques, viTarmed yrmaჲ igi
Seni cocxal ars”.
e) `Tavsa Tჳssa RmrTad gamoaCineb”.
v) `raჲsaTჳs Tquenca gardaxualT mcnebasa RmrTisasa?”
z) `gamovirCio Cemda aTi aTasi eri”.
T) `qriste igi raJams movides, aravin uwyis”.
i) `mouwoda iovane orTa mowafeTa TჳsTa”.
k) `ubrZana ersa mas dasxdomaჲ queyanasa zeda”.