World War IWorld War IChapter 23Chapter 23

Teddy Roosevelt Teddy Roosevelt Sickly child – turns to exerciseSickly child – turns to exercise Loves adventure and the outdoorsLoves adventure and the outdoors ADHD!!! ADHD!!! ““Steam engine in pantsSteam engine in pants”” ““At a At a

wedding, Teddy wants to be the bride, at wedding, Teddy wants to be the bride, at a funeral, Teddy wants to be the corpse.a funeral, Teddy wants to be the corpse.””

Death of first wife & mother on same dayDeath of first wife & mother on same day Failed ranching adventureFailed ranching adventure Prolific reader Prolific reader

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt Police Commissioner of N.Y.C. Police Commissioner of N.Y.C. Asst. Sec. of NavyAsst. Sec. of Navy Rough Rider – Spanish-American War Rough Rider – Spanish-American War

– – ““Splendid Little WarSplendid Little War”” Governor of N.Y.Governor of N.Y. Vice President – was off on a hike Vice President – was off on a hike

when McKinley was assassinatedwhen McKinley was assassinated

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Panama: The KingPanama: The King’’s s CrownCrownTreaties going back to Treaties going back to

18501850Panama is part of Panama is part of Columbia Columbia Encourage rebellion – Encourage rebellion – send ships off coastsend ships off coastDr. Walter Reed – Dr. Walter Reed – yellow fever, yellow fever, mosquitoesmosquitoes1903 1903 Hay-Bunau- Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty. Varilla Treaty.

Panama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Constable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

TaftTaft’’s s ““Dollar Dollar DiplomacyDiplomacy””

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for U.S. opportunities for U.S. businesses.businesses.Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability should create stability and order abroad that and order abroad that would best promote would best promote AmericaAmerica’’s commercial s commercial interests.interests.Led to U.S. military Led to U.S. military interventionsinterventions

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano

Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Election of 1912Election of 1912 Taft – RepublicanTaft – Republican TR – Progressive TR – Progressive ““Bull MooseBull Moose”” Party – Party –

Milwaukee assassination attemptMilwaukee assassination attempt Woodrow Wilson – DemocratWoodrow Wilson – Democrat Taft & TR split the RepublicansTaft & TR split the Republicans Wilson winsWilson wins

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Privileged childhoodPrivileged childhood CouldnCouldn’’t read until age 11t read until age 11 President of PrincetonPresident of Princeton Idealist & Intellectual – not so Idealist & Intellectual – not so

practicalpractical

WilsonWilson’’s s ““Moral Moral DiplomacyDiplomacy””

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. Pershing with PanchoGeneral John J. Pershing with PanchoVilla in 1914.Villa in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

MANIAMANIA–MilitarismMilitarism–AlliancesAlliances–NationalismNationalism–ImperialismImperialism–AutocraciesAutocracies

MILITARISMMILITARISM

All of the countries of Europe built up their All of the countries of Europe built up their armies and navies. In 1914, their armed armies and navies. In 1914, their armed forces stood like this:forces stood like this:

CountryCountryGermanyGermanyRussiaRussiaFranceFranceGreat BritainGreat BritainAustria-Austria-HungaryHungaryItalyItaly

SoldiersSoldiers2,200,0002,200,0001,200,0001,200,0001, 125,0001, 125,000 711,000711,000 810,000810,000 750,000750,000

WarshipsWarships97973030626218518528283636

As one country increased its armies, the others felt they had to increase their armies also to keep a “balance of power.”

Dreadnaughts – the biggest ships built at the time. Bigger and bigger guns were mounted on them. The European countries compete with each other to build the most. Great Britain has the most with Germany second.

18791879The Dual AllianceThe Dual Alliance

Germany and Austria-Hungary Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance to protect made an alliance to protect

themselves from Russiathemselves from Russia

18811881Austro-Serbian AllianceAustro-Serbian Alliance

Austria-Hungary made an Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop alliance with Serbia to stop Russia gaining control of Russia gaining control of

Serbia Serbia

18821882The Triple AllianceThe Triple Alliance

  Germany and Austria- Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Hungary made an alliance with

Italy to stop Italy from taking Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russiasides with Russia

19141914Triple Entente (no separate Triple Entente (no separate

peace)peace)

Britain, Russia and France Britain, Russia and France agreed not to sign for peaceagreed not to sign for peace

separately.separately.

18941894Franco-Russian AllianceFranco-Russian Alliance

  Russia formed an alliance with Russia formed an alliance with France to protect herself France to protect herself

against Germany and Austria-against Germany and Austria-HungaryHungary

19071907Triple EntenteTriple Entente

  This was made between This was made between Russia, France and Britain to Russia, France and Britain to counter the increasing threat counter the increasing threat

from Germany.from Germany.

19071907Anglo-Russian EntenteAnglo-Russian Entente

This was an agreement This was an agreement between Britain and Russiabetween Britain and Russia

19041904Entente CordialeEntente Cordiale

This was an agreement, but This was an agreement, but not a formal alliance, between not a formal alliance, between

France and Britain.France and Britain.

NationalismNationalismHaving great pride in oneHaving great pride in one’’s countrys countryBelieving each nationality deserves Believing each nationality deserves

to have their own countryto have their own country

New Countries & ConflictsNew Countries & Conflicts Italy unifies in 1861Italy unifies in 1861 Germany unifies in 1871Germany unifies in 1871 1904 – Britain gives Morocco to France but 1904 – Britain gives Morocco to France but

the Moroccans wanted their independence. the Moroccans wanted their independence. Germany supports Moroccan independence.Germany supports Moroccan independence.

1908 – Austria-Hungary took over the former 1908 – Austria-Hungary took over the former Turkish province of Bosnia. Serbia thought Turkish province of Bosnia. Serbia thought Bosnia should be theirs. Germany supported Bosnia should be theirs. Germany supported Austria-Hungary and Russia supported Austria-Hungary and Russia supported Serbia. Russia backs down to avoid war.Serbia. Russia backs down to avoid war.

1912 – Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro & 1912 – Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro & Greece drive Turkey out of EuropeGreece drive Turkey out of Europe

ImperialismImperialism Britain, Germany & France needed Britain, Germany & France needed

foreign markets after the Industrial foreign markets after the Industrial Revolution. They competed for Revolution. They competed for economic expansion in Africa.economic expansion in Africa.

As the Ottoman Empire crumbled, its As the Ottoman Empire crumbled, its former territory was fought over by former territory was fought over by Austria-Hungary, the Balkan states Austria-Hungary, the Balkan states (Serbia, Bulgaria), and Russia.(Serbia, Bulgaria), and Russia.

Autocracies – The CousinsAutocracies – The Cousins Russia: Tsar Nicholas IIRussia: Tsar Nicholas II

– Weak leader, lost a war with Japan in 1904Weak leader, lost a war with Japan in 1904– was more concerned for his only son who had was more concerned for his only son who had

hemophilia, his wife turned to Rasputin for hemophilia, his wife turned to Rasputin for helphelp

– He kept power using the Cossacks (cavalry) He kept power using the Cossacks (cavalry) against protests and by his secret police until against protests and by his secret police until 1917 when civil war erupts in Russia and they 1917 when civil war erupts in Russia and they withdraw from the warwithdraw from the war

Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II – Had a withered arm & slight paralysis which Had a withered arm & slight paralysis which

made him unsteady on his feet. made him unsteady on his feet. – To overcome this his teachers bullied him to To overcome this his teachers bullied him to

make him tough. He grew up to be an make him tough. He grew up to be an unstable and aggressive person.unstable and aggressive person.

Aristocracies - CollapsingAristocracies - Collapsing Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary

– Put together through strategic marriages Put together through strategic marriages and diplomacyand diplomacy

– The ruling family was losing its power and The ruling family was losing its power and Emperor Franz Josef was aging and Emperor Franz Josef was aging and ineffectiveineffective

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire – Ruled by a corrupt government it collapses Ruled by a corrupt government it collapses

and leaves territory in Europe to be fought and leaves territory in Europe to be fought over by neighboring countriesover by neighboring countries

Aristocracies - WeakAristocracies - Weak France France

– Tried to stop the German states from Tried to stop the German states from uniting in 1871 and in the process lost uniting in 1871 and in the process lost their own territory of Alsace-Lorrainetheir own territory of Alsace-Lorraine

Italy Italy – Formed in 1866 – chaotic government Formed in 1866 – chaotic government

and small army – Mafia and corruption and small army – Mafia and corruption

The Spark – June 28, 1914Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie by Gavrilo Princip

Triple Entente & Central Triple Entente & Central PowersPowers

Also known as the Allies – France, Britain & Also known as the Allies – France, Britain & Russia.Russia.

The Central Powers were Germany, The Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy along with the Austria-Hungary & Italy along with the Ottoman Empire.Ottoman Empire.

Alliances were thought to deter war Alliances were thought to deter war because it would make a country think because it would make a country think twice before declaring war on another twice before declaring war on another country. country.

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan German Plan to attack France by German Plan to attack France by

going through Belgiumgoing through Belgium France expected attack on border France expected attack on border

with Germany in area called Alsace-with Germany in area called Alsace-LorraineLorraine

Germany thought it could quickly Germany thought it could quickly march through Belgium and swoop march through Belgium and swoop down around Paris and take France down around Paris and take France out of the war quicklyout of the war quickly

Sweep Through BelgiumSweep Through Belgium

Belgium puts up a fightBelgium puts up a fight

August 1914

France & Britain are quick to France & Britain are quick to join injoin in

September 1914

Russians Attack from the Russians Attack from the EastEast

Germany has to divide its army Germany has to divide its army and fight on both sides of the and fight on both sides of the country.country.

Russian Army problems – Russian Army problems – – Corrupt officersCorrupt officers– Out of date weaponsOut of date weapons– Soldiers spoke different languagesSoldiers spoke different languages– Railroads were of different gaugesRailroads were of different gauges

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare Rats, lice, trench foot, trench mouthRats, lice, trench foot, trench mouth No manNo man’’s lands land Barbed wire & flame throwersBarbed wire & flame throwers Mortar bombardmentMortar bombardment Chemical attacksChemical attacks

FlamethrowersFlamethrowers

Machine GunsMachine Guns

Browning Machine Gun & Rifle

Vickers Machine Gun

Poison GasPoison Gas

PilotsPilots Average life span of a fighter Average life span of a fighter

pilot in WWI was just a few pilot in WWI was just a few weeks – no parachutesweeks – no parachutes

Propeller was obstacle to Propeller was obstacle to firing out the front until firing out the front until Anton Fokker created a Anton Fokker created a timing belt so bullets would timing belt so bullets would only fire between the only fire between the propeller bladespropeller blades

The Red BaronThe Red Baron Manfred von Manfred von

RichthofenRichthofen 80 kills80 kills Top American had 26 Top American had 26

planes shot down – planes shot down – Eddie RickenbackerEddie Rickenbacker

My memories are of sheer terror and the horror of seeing men My memories are of sheer terror and the horror of seeing men sobbing because they had trench foot that had turned sobbing because they had trench foot that had turned gangrenous. They knew they were going to lose a leg. Memories gangrenous. They knew they were going to lose a leg. Memories of lice in your clothing driving you crazy. Filth and lack of privacy. of lice in your clothing driving you crazy. Filth and lack of privacy. Of huge rats that showed no fear of you as they stole your food Of huge rats that showed no fear of you as they stole your food rations. And cold deep wet mud everywhere. And of course, rations. And cold deep wet mud everywhere. And of course, corpses. I'd never seen a dead body before I went to war. But in corpses. I'd never seen a dead body before I went to war. But in the trenches the dead are lying all around you. You could be the trenches the dead are lying all around you. You could be talking to the fellow next to you when suddenly he'd be hit by a talking to the fellow next to you when suddenly he'd be hit by a sniper and fall dead beside you. And there he's stay for days.sniper and fall dead beside you. And there he's stay for days.

Official U. S. position in Official U. S. position in 19141914

Officially the U.S. was neutralOfficially the U.S. was neutral The U. S. does not become officially The U. S. does not become officially

involved in World War I until 1917.involved in World War I until 1917. Most Americans saw no reason for Most Americans saw no reason for

the U.S. to become involved and lose the U.S. to become involved and lose lives of its young men in a European lives of its young men in a European war. war.

British BlockadeBritish Blockade Britain used its very powerful navy to Britain used its very powerful navy to

blockade the German coast and blockade the German coast and prevent weapons & military supplies prevent weapons & military supplies from getting through.from getting through.

Blockade included food and extended Blockade included food and extended to the ports of neutral countriesto the ports of neutral countries

By 1917, Germany was experiencing By 1917, Germany was experiencing famine – Estimated 750,000 famine – Estimated 750,000 Germans starved to death because Germans starved to death because of the British blockadeof the British blockade

U-BoatsU-Boats Unterseeboot (under water boat)Unterseeboot (under water boat) Any British or Allied ship found in Any British or Allied ship found in

waters around Britain would be sunk waters around Britain would be sunk without warning to passengers or without warning to passengers or crewcrew

Lusitania – May 7, 1915 – off coast of Lusitania – May 7, 1915 – off coast of Ireland, 1,198 dead including 128 Ireland, 1,198 dead including 128 AmericansAmericans

Turns public opinion against Turns public opinion against GermanyGermany

GermanyGermany’’s Empty Promisess Empty Promises Sinks the Arabic, another British ship, Sinks the Arabic, another British ship,

killing 2 Americanskilling 2 Americans Germany keeps promising to not sink Germany keeps promising to not sink

passenger shipspassenger ships Sussex, French passenger liner, Sussex, French passenger liner,

March 1916, 80 dead including some March 1916, 80 dead including some AmericansAmericans

Sussex Pledge: Germany says it will Sussex Pledge: Germany says it will stop if the U.S. gets Britain to lift the stop if the U.S. gets Britain to lift the blockade against food & fertilizerblockade against food & fertilizer

Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note A telegram from the German foreign A telegram from the German foreign

minister to the German ambassador minister to the German ambassador in Mexicoin Mexico

Intercepted by the BritishIntercepted by the British Promises that if Mexico allies with Promises that if Mexico allies with

Germany, Germany would help Germany, Germany would help Mexico recover territory lost in the Mexico recover territory lost in the Mexican-American War Mexican-American War

Texas, New Mexico, ArizonaTexas, New Mexico, Arizona

Final StrawFinal Straw Germany announced unrestricted Germany announced unrestricted

submarine warfare – will sink any submarine warfare – will sink any ship at willship at will

Germany thought it would take the Germany thought it would take the Americans awhile to be ready to fight Americans awhile to be ready to fight and that the U.S. was already in the and that the U.S. was already in the war unofficially because of helping war unofficially because of helping the Allies with money and materialsthe Allies with money and materials

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Elected in 1912 – Very intellectualElected in 1912 – Very intellectual Running for re-election in 1916Running for re-election in 1916 WilsonWilson’’s campaign slogan s campaign slogan ““He He

Kept Us Out of War.Kept Us Out of War.”” Very close election – That night Very close election – That night

most thought Wilson had lostmost thought Wilson had lost After the election, Wilson starts After the election, Wilson starts

working on a peaceful solution to working on a peaceful solution to the stalemate going on in Europethe stalemate going on in Europe

U.S. enters war April 1917U.S. enters war April 1917

Preparing for WarPreparing for War Bernard Baruch – War Industries Bernard Baruch – War Industries

Board – helped standardize products Board – helped standardize products and increase efficiency so factories and increase efficiency so factories could produce more could produce more

People had People had ““gasless Sundaysgasless Sundays”” and and ““lightless nightslightless nights”” to conserve fuel to conserve fuel needed for the troopsneeded for the troops

Council of National Council of National DefenseDefense

e War Industries Board – War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch Bernard Baruch

e Food Administration – Food Administration – Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover

e Railroad Administration – Railroad Administration – William McAdoo William McAdoo

e National War Labor Board – National War Labor Board – W. H.Taft & Frank P. Walsh W. H.Taft & Frank P. Walsh

Feeding the SoldiersFeeding the Soldiers Herbert Hoover – Food AdministrationHerbert Hoover – Food Administration ““Gospel of the Clean PlateGospel of the Clean Plate”” ““Meatless, wheatless, sweetlessMeatless, wheatless, sweetless”” days days Victory gardens Victory gardens Income to wheat farmers rose by 30% Income to wheat farmers rose by 30% Tripled the amount of food available to Tripled the amount of food available to

be sent to U.S. and Allied soldiersbe sent to U.S. and Allied soldiers

PropagandaPropaganda George Creel – Committee on Public George Creel – Committee on Public

InformationInformation 75,000 men to speak about the war – 75,000 men to speak about the war –

““Why We are FightingWhy We are Fighting”” & & ““The Meaning The Meaning of Americaof America””

Artists create posters, cartoons, Artists create posters, cartoons, paintings and sculpturespaintings and sculptures

75 million pamphlets distributed by the 75 million pamphlets distributed by the Boy Scouts Boy Scouts

The Committee of Public The Committee of Public Information (George Information (George

Creel)Creel)e AmericaAmerica’’s s

““Propaganda Propaganda Minister?Minister?””

e Anti-Germanism.Anti-Germanism.

e Selling American Selling American Culture.Culture.

Financing the WarFinancing the War William Gibbs McAdoo William Gibbs McAdoo U.S. spent $35.5 billion U.S. spent $35.5 billion 1/31/3rdrd through taxes – through taxes –

income tax, excise income tax, excise taxes on tobacco, taxes on tobacco, liquor, & luxury goodsliquor, & luxury goods

Public borrowing – Public borrowing – Liberty Bonds – sold at Liberty Bonds – sold at rallies, in factories, in rallies, in factories, in schoolsschools

Results of This New Results of This New Organization of the Organization of the

Economy?Economy?1.1. Unemployment virtually Unemployment virtually

disappeared.disappeared.2.2. Expansion of Expansion of ““big government.big government.””3.3. Excessive govt. regulations in Excessive govt. regulations in

eco.eco.4.4. Some gross mismanagement --Some gross mismanagement --

> overlapping jurisdictions.> overlapping jurisdictions.5.5. Close cooperation between Close cooperation between

public public and private sectors.and private sectors.

6.6. Unprecedented opportunities Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.for disadvantaged groups.

Anti-German FeelingsAnti-German Feelings Many Americans with German names lost Many Americans with German names lost

their jobstheir jobs Orchestras refused to play music by German Orchestras refused to play music by German

composers like Bach, Beethoven, or Mozartcomposers like Bach, Beethoven, or Mozart Schools stopped teaching German language Schools stopped teaching German language Librarians removed books by German authorsLibrarians removed books by German authors German Americans were even attacked and German Americans were even attacked and

sometimes killed by mobs.sometimes killed by mobs.

Anti-German FeelingsAnti-German Feelings Hamburger – became Hamburger – became

““Salisbury steakSalisbury steak”” Sauerkraut – became Sauerkraut – became

““liberty cabbageliberty cabbage”” Frankfurter – became Frankfurter – became

““hot doghot dog”” Dachshunds – became Dachshunds – became

““liberty pupsliberty pups””

American Expeditionary American Expeditionary ForceForce

Called Doughboys – various Called Doughboys – various explanations of thisexplanations of this

Led by General John J. PershingLed by General John J. Pershing Believed in aggressive combat and Believed in aggressive combat and

felt 3 years of trench warfare had to felt 3 years of trench warfare had to endend

The DraftThe Draft Selective Service Act – 24 million men registered Selective Service Act – 24 million men registered

– almost 3 million were drafted– almost 3 million were drafted About 2 million reached Europe and about 3/4ths About 2 million reached Europe and about 3/4ths

of those saw combatof those saw combat Most had not attended high school and 1 in 5 was Most had not attended high school and 1 in 5 was

foreign bornforeign born 15%-25% illiterate based on IQ testing15%-25% illiterate based on IQ testing 400,000 African-Americans served in segregated 400,000 African-Americans served in segregated

unitsunits 15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, 15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts,

messengers, and snipers in non-segregated unitsmessengers, and snipers in non-segregated units

Racism and the MilitaryRacism and the Military SegregationSegregation General General ““BlackBlack”” Jack Pershing Jack Pershing Treatment in France = unrest when Treatment in France = unrest when

returning homereturning home

African-American SoldiersAfrican-American Soldiers Segregated units and excluded from Segregated units and excluded from

Navy and MarinesNavy and Marines Most assigned to non-combat dutiesMost assigned to non-combat duties Commanded by white officersCommanded by white officers Were some exceptions – 369Were some exceptions – 369thth

Infantry saw continuous duty on the Infantry saw continuous duty on the front lines and two of their men front lines and two of their men received the Croix de Guerre medal received the Croix de Guerre medal from France (its highest military from France (its highest military honor)honor)

African-Americans on a African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for Troop Ship Headed for

FranceFrance

Sargent YorkSargent York October 8, 1918 – an October 8, 1918 – an

ordinary soldier, who ordinary soldier, who originally claimed originally claimed conscientious objector conscientious objector status, armed only with a status, armed only with a rifle and a revolver, York rifle and a revolver, York killed 25 Germans and killed 25 Germans and with 6 other soldiers with 6 other soldiers captured 132 prisoners. captured 132 prisoners.

Earned him the promotion Earned him the promotion to Sargent and celebrity in to Sargent and celebrity in the United States. the United States.

Conscientious ObjectorsConscientious Objectors Object to fighting or violence for Object to fighting or violence for

religious reasons – Quakers & other religious reasons – Quakers & other religious groupsreligious groups

ACLU – American Civil Liberties Union ACLU – American Civil Liberties Union – forms to assist with their claims. – forms to assist with their claims.

WomenWomen Army Corps of Nurses – denied army Army Corps of Nurses – denied army

rank, pay and benefits thoughrank, pay and benefits though 13,000 served in non-combat 13,000 served in non-combat

positions in the Navy and Marines as positions in the Navy and Marines as nurses, secretaries, and telephone nurses, secretaries, and telephone operators with full military rankoperators with full military rank

Women In the WarWomen In the War Moved into jobs previously held by men Moved into jobs previously held by men

– railroad workers, dockworkers, – railroad workers, dockworkers, bricklayers, coal miners, shipbuildingbricklayers, coal miners, shipbuilding

Also traditional roles of nurses, clerks, Also traditional roles of nurses, clerks, teachersteachers

Volunteers – Red Cross, selling liberty Volunteers – Red Cross, selling liberty bonds, planting victory gardensbonds, planting victory gardens

1920 – Women earn the right to vote 1920 – Women earn the right to vote with the passage of the 19with the passage of the 19thth Amendment Amendment

ProhibitionProhibition 1818thth Amendment Amendment Volstead ActVolstead Act J. Edgar HooverJ. Edgar Hoover Elliott Ness & G-menElliott Ness & G-men Save wheat for food in the war effortSave wheat for food in the war effort

Prohibition - 1920Prohibition - 1920

““Merry Christmas!Merry Christmas!”” – – The New York The New York WorldWorld

MedicineMedicine Gas damaged lungs and led to better Gas damaged lungs and led to better

treatments for asthma & early treatments for asthma & early chemotherapychemotherapy

Amputations led to better prostheticsAmputations led to better prosthetics Blood transfusions are finally Blood transfusions are finally

successfulsuccessful Sulfur drugs – before antibiotics – the Sulfur drugs – before antibiotics – the

only real drug that killed bacteriaonly real drug that killed bacteria Shell Shock – psychiatric treatmentsShell Shock – psychiatric treatments

Espionage & Sedition ActsEspionage & Sedition Acts Could be fined up to $10,000 and Could be fined up to $10,000 and

sentenced to 20 years in jail for sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or saying interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effortabout the government or the war effort

Violates free speech Violates free speech Over 2,000 prosecutions Over 2,000 prosecutions Newspapers or magazines that criticized Newspapers or magazines that criticized

the war lost their mailing privilegesthe war lost their mailing privileges

Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of

AmericansAmericans Espionage Act – 1917Espionage Act – 1917

- forbade actions that - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote efforts to promote insubordination in the insubordination in the military.military. - ordered the Postmaster - ordered the Postmaster GeneralGeneral to remove Leftist materials to remove Leftist materials from the mail. from the mail. - fines of up to $10,000 - fines of up to $10,000 and/orand/or up to 20 years in prison. up to 20 years in prison.

Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americansto the Civil Liberties of Americans

Sedition Act – 1918Sedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or purchase of war bonds or willfullywillfully utter, print, write or publish any utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language abusive language about this form of about this form of USUS Govt., the US Constitution, or the Govt., the US Constitution, or the USUS armed forces or to armed forces or to willfully urge, willfully urge, incite,incite, or advocate any curtailment of or advocate any curtailment of production production of things of things necessary or necessary or essential to the prosecution of the essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such war…with intent of such curtailment tocurtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war. prosecution of the war.

Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of

AmericansAmericans Schenck v. USSchenck v. US – 1919 – 1919

- in ordinary times the mailing of the- in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by leaflets would have been protected by thethe 1 1st st Amendment.Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be - BUT, every act of speech must be judgedjudged according to the circumstances in which according to the circumstances in which it it was spoken.was spoken. - -The most stringent protection of freeThe most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in speech would not protect a man in falselyfalsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. panic. [Chief Justice Oliver Wendell [Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes]Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a - If an act of speech posed a clear andclear and present dangerpresent danger, then Congress had , then Congress had the power to restrain such speech. the power to restrain such speech.

Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of

AmericansAmericans Abrams v. USAbrams v. US – 1919 – 1919

- majority ruling --> cited Holmes- majority ruling --> cited Holmes’’ ““Clear and present dangerClear and present danger”” doctrine.doctrine. - Holmes & Brandeis dissented: - Holmes & Brandeis dissented:

The best test of truth is theThe best test of truth is the power of the thought to get power of the thought to get itself accepted in the itself accepted in the competitioncompetition of the market, denying that a of the market, denying that a ““silly leafletsilly leaflet”” published by an published by an ““unknown manunknown man”” constituted constituted such asuch a danger. danger.

Eugene DebsEugene Debs Socialist labor leaderSocialist labor leader 10 year prison sentence for speaking 10 year prison sentence for speaking

against the war and the draftagainst the war and the draft

Emma Goldman Emma Goldman Anarchist – promoted Anarchist – promoted

workers rights and workers rights and womens rightswomens rights

2 year prison sentence 2 year prison sentence & $10,000 fine for & $10,000 fine for organizing the No organizing the No Conscription LeagueConscription League

She was deported She was deported after serving her after serving her prison sentenceprison sentence

““Big BillBig Bill”” Hayward Hayward Leader of the Industrial Leader of the Industrial

Workers of the WorldWorkers of the World Accused of sabotaging the Accused of sabotaging the

war effort because they war effort because they urged workers to strike for urged workers to strike for better conditions and better conditions and higher pay.higher pay.

He skipped bail and fled to He skipped bail and fled to RussiaRussia

Loyalty LeaguesLoyalty Leagues Neighborhood groups Neighborhood groups Neighbors were encouraged to let Neighbors were encouraged to let

the police know if there was any the police know if there was any suspicious behavior by their suspicious behavior by their neighbors showing they might be neighbors showing they might be anti-war or pro-Germananti-war or pro-German

Teachers had to swear a loyalty oath Teachers had to swear a loyalty oath to keep their jobsto keep their jobs

The Great Migration & Racial The Great Migration & Racial TensionsTensions

Great Migration 1916-1919Great Migration 1916-1919 War Industries WorkWar Industries Work Rise of the Ku Klux KlanRise of the Ku Klux Klan Lynching – some soldiers in uniform, Lynching – some soldiers in uniform,

some set on fire while alivesome set on fire while alive Riots Riots

– Chicago beach incidentChicago beach incident

““Rescuing a Negro During Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in Chicagothe Race Riots in Chicago””, ,

19191919

Labor Strife Labor Strife After the warAfter the war Trying to hold on to and move Trying to hold on to and move

forward from gains made during the forward from gains made during the warwar

Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

Post-war labor unrest:Post-war labor unrest: Coal Miners Strike of Coal Miners Strike of

1919.1919.

Steel Strike of 1919.Steel Strike of 1919.

Boston Police Strike Boston Police Strike of 1919.of 1919.

Coal MinersCoal Miners’’ Strike - Strike - 19191919

““Keeping WarmKeeping Warm”” – – Los Angeles Los Angeles TimesTimes

Steel Strike - Steel Strike - 19191919

““Coming Out of the SmokeComing Out of the Smoke”” – – New York New York WorldWorld

Boston Police Strike - Boston Police Strike - 19191919

““He gives aid & comfort to the He gives aid & comfort to the enemies of societyenemies of society”” – – Chicago Chicago

TribuneTribune

Boston Police Strike - Boston Police Strike - 19191919

““Striking BackStriking Back”” – – New York Evening New York Evening WorldWorld

Anti-Labor Anti-Labor

““If Capital & Labor DonIf Capital & Labor Don’’t Pull t Pull TogetherTogether”” – – Chicago TribuneChicago Tribune

Consequences of Labor Consequences of Labor UnrestUnrest

““While We Rock the BoatWhile We Rock the Boat”” – – Washington Washington TimesTimes

Make the World Safe for Make the World Safe for DemocracyDemocracy

Wilson and many Americans believed Wilson and many Americans believed the war would pave the way for a the war would pave the way for a future order of peace and freedomfuture order of peace and freedom

““The War to End All WarsThe War to End All Wars””

SurrenderSurrender November 11, 1918November 11, 1918 at 11 a.m.at 11 a.m. 11/11 at 1111/11 at 11 Veterans DayVeterans Day

1914-19181914-1918

Toll of the WarToll of the War 22 million dead – half were civilians22 million dead – half were civilians 10 million refugees10 million refugees $338 Billion$338 Billion

U.S. – 48,000 in battleU.S. – 48,000 in battle–62,000 of disease62,000 of disease

WilsonWilson’’s Plan for Peaces Plan for Peace 14 Points14 Points

– No secret treaties among nationsNo secret treaties among nations– Freedom of the seas for allFreedom of the seas for all– Lower tariffs – more free tradeLower tariffs – more free trade– Arms reduction – fewer weapons & ships Arms reduction – fewer weapons & ships – Colonies – should consider the interests of the Colonies – should consider the interests of the

colonial peoples, not just the imperialist nationcolonial peoples, not just the imperialist nation– League of Nations – a forum for nations to League of Nations – a forum for nations to

discuss and mediate their differences without discuss and mediate their differences without going to wargoing to war

Big FourBig Four They negotiate the They negotiate the

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles without input from without input from other countries. All other countries. All but Wilson want to but Wilson want to punish the Central punish the Central Powers and Wilson Powers and Wilson gives up on all his gives up on all his points except the points except the League of NationsLeague of Nations

Britain – David Lloyd Britain – David Lloyd GeorgeGeorgeFrance – Georges France – Georges ClemenceauClemenceauItaly – Vittorio Italy – Vittorio OrlandoOrlandoU.S. – Woodrow U.S. – Woodrow WilsonWilson

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles New Nations – Poland, Czechoslovakia, New Nations – Poland, Czechoslovakia,

Yugoslavia, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Syria, Iraq, Jordan Lithuania, Syria, Iraq, Jordan

Germany could not have an armyGermany could not have an army Germany had to give Alsace-Lorraine Germany had to give Alsace-Lorraine

back to Franceback to France Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Germany had to pay $33 billion to the

AlliesAllies

WeaknessesWeaknesses War-guilt clause: Germany had to take sole War-guilt clause: Germany had to take sole

responsibility for the warresponsibility for the war Germany had to dismantle its militaryGermany had to dismantle its military Germany lost all its colonies in the PacificGermany lost all its colonies in the Pacific Germany could not pay the huge reparations billGermany could not pay the huge reparations bill Soviet Union – not part of the treaty although Soviet Union – not part of the treaty although

they fought with the Allies for 3 years they fought with the Allies for 3 years Determined to regain territory lostDetermined to regain territory lost Southeast Asia – Vietnamese want Southeast Asia – Vietnamese want

independenceindependence

Opposition in U.S. to TreatyOpposition in U.S. to Treaty Henry Cabot Lodge led the Henry Cabot Lodge led the

opposition in the Senateopposition in the Senate Thought that joining the League of Thought that joining the League of

Nations would commit the U.S. to go Nations would commit the U.S. to go along with any economic or military along with any economic or military actionaction

WilsonWilson’’s Appeals Appeal President Wilson set out on a tour of President Wilson set out on a tour of

the U.S. to get citizens to pressure the U.S. to get citizens to pressure the Senate to ratify the treatythe Senate to ratify the treaty

34 speeches planned for 3 weeks 34 speeches planned for 3 weeks

Final Fate Final Fate Treaty is not passed by Treaty is not passed by

U.S. SenateU.S. Senate Separate treaty is Separate treaty is

signed in 1921 with signed in 1921 with GermanyGermany

U.S. never joins League U.S. never joins League of Nationsof Nations

Woodrow Wilson leaves Woodrow Wilson leaves office in 1921 and dies office in 1921 and dies in 1924in 1924

RussiaRussia Civil War breaks out as Tsar Nicholas is Civil War breaks out as Tsar Nicholas is

overthrownoverthrown Democratic and Communist supporters Democratic and Communist supporters

fight one another for control of Russiafight one another for control of Russia Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – Ends RussiaTreaty of Brest-Litovsk – Ends Russia’’s s

war with Germanywar with Germany Woodrow Wilson sends supplies and Woodrow Wilson sends supplies and

aid to the aid to the ““whitewhite”” army army Lenin gains controlLenin gains control

Russian Royal FamilyRussian Royal Family After the fall of After the fall of

the Soviet Union the Soviet Union the bodies were the bodies were found in a pitfound in a pit

They had been They had been shot and covered shot and covered in acid and then in acid and then burned to burned to disguise their disguise their identitiesidentities

DNA was used to DNA was used to verify who they verify who they werewere

Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of

AmericansAmericans

1919 - 31919 - 3rdrd. International. Internationalgoal --> promote worldwide goal --> promote worldwide communismcommunism

Attorney General, A. Mitchell Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer (Palmer (The Case Against the The Case Against the RedsReds))

Palmer Raids - 1920Palmer Raids - 1920

““The The RedRed Scare Scare””::

““RedRed Scare Scare”” – Palmer – Palmer RaidsRaids

A. Mitchell PalmerA. Mitchell Palmer’’s Home Bombed, s Home Bombed, 19201920

Police Arrest Police Arrest ““Suspected RedsSuspected Reds’’ in in Chicago, 1920Chicago, 1920

““RedRed Scare Scare”” – Palmer – Palmer RaidsRaids

The The ““Red ScareRed Scare””

““What a Year Has Brought ForthWhat a Year Has Brought Forth”” – – NY NY WorldWorld

““Red ScareRed Scare”” -- Anti- -- Anti-BolshevismBolshevism

““Put Them Out & Keep Them OutPut Them Out & Keep Them Out”” – – Philadelphia InquirerPhiladelphia Inquirer

InfluenzaInfluenza 1918 – 30 million dead 1918 – 30 million dead

worldwide - about 500,000 worldwide - about 500,000 Americans diedAmericans died

Mostly in prime of life – not Mostly in prime of life – not elderly or very young like elderly or very young like most flumost flu

Could be fine in morning and Could be fine in morning and dead by nightfalldead by nightfall

Shortages of coffinsShortages of coffins DonDon’’t know where it came t know where it came

from or why it stopped in 1919from or why it stopped in 1919 If it had kept going another 10 If it had kept going another 10

months at the pace it was, it months at the pace it was, it would have wiped out the would have wiped out the entire human populationentire human population

Congressman Victor Congressman Victor Berger (WI)Berger (WI)

You got nothing out of the war except the flu and Prohibition.

Legacy of the WarLegacy of the War U.S. becomes a world power U.S. becomes a world power Social change for women & African-Social change for women & African-

AmericansAmericans– Women get right to vote Women get right to vote – More women in workforceMore women in workforce– African-Americans move North African-Americans move North – African-Americans demand more equality African-Americans demand more equality

after being treated with respect in France after being treated with respect in France Intensified anti-immigrant and anti-Intensified anti-immigrant and anti-

radical sentimentradical sentiment

Legacy of the WarLegacy of the War Massive destruction and loss of life in Massive destruction and loss of life in

EuropeEurope Political instability and violence in Political instability and violence in

EuropeEurope Russia becomes a communist country – Russia becomes a communist country –

The Union of Soviet Socialist States - The Union of Soviet Socialist States - USSRUSSR

Fascist governments gain power in Fascist governments gain power in Spain, Italy & GermanySpain, Italy & Germany

Election of 1920Election of 1920 Wilson – cannot runWilson – cannot run Democrats – James Cox Democrats – James Cox Republican Party compromise Republican Party compromise

candidate is Warren Hardingcandidate is Warren Harding Socialist – Eugene V. Debs - runs Socialist – Eugene V. Debs - runs

from prison and gets 3.4% of the from prison and gets 3.4% of the vote (1900-1920)vote (1900-1920)

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election