WORKSHOP

COSMO SkyMed for Cultural Heritage24-25 November 2018, Mena House Hotel

Greater Cairo - Egypt

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Islam Abou El-Magd, Rosa Lasaponara, Claudio Margottinieditors

IN COLLABORATION WITH

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COSMO SkyMed for Cultural Heritage24-25 November 2018, Mena House Hotel

Greater Cairo - Egypt

Workshop Program

Day 1 - 24/11/2018 11:30am – 4:30pm

Welcome speechProf. Claudio Margottini (Scientific Attaché EMBASSY OF ITALY IN EGYPT;Prof. Hany Farouk(Chairman of GeoMEast2018)Prof. Mahmoud H. M. Ahmed(President NATIONAL AUTHORITY REMOTE SENSING AND SPACE)

Federico Raspini UNESCO Chair at Florence UniversityCOSMO-SkyMed satellites for the analysis of geohazards-induced ground deformations

Ashraf Helmy NARSSStrategic for Landslide Monitoring: Application of DInSAR data for slow-moving land-Deformation

Nicola Masini CNR-IBAMStudy of human past by SAR: overview, use cases and future challenges using Cosmo SkyMed

Lunch 1:00pm – 2:00pm

Tharwat Abdel Fattah NARSSApplication of Ground Penetrating Radar for Archaeological Prospection: Case Studies from Egypt. Rosa Lasaponara CNR-IMAACosmo Skymed for knowledge, monitoring and preservation of cultural and natural heritage: methodological approaches and case studies

Ayman H. Nasr NARSS

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Examples of Some Conducted Projects and Researches Using Radar Data in (DRARSAD)

Antonio Pepe CNR_IREAOn the exploitation of Sequences of X-band Cosmo-SkyMed SAR Images for the Monitoring of Earth’s surface: Applications and Future Perspectives

Abotalib Zaki Abotalib NARSSApplications of Radar techniques for better understanding of groundwater dynamics in hyper-arid environments

Nicole Dore NAISThe use of COSMO-SkyMed and other remote sensing data for the preventive conservation of Cul-tural Properties: the NAIS offering

Day 2 – 25/11/2018 9:30am – 12:00pm

Welcome speech

Islam Abou El-Magd NARSSShow Cases of Polarimetric Radar data applications in geomorphology and InSAR data for land subsidence

Claudio Margottini EMBASSY OF ITALY IN EGYPTCOSMO Skymed for the protection and conservation of Pompei archaeological site

Mohammed El Bastawesy NARSSMultitude of remote sensing and geophysics for the surface and subsurface mapping of hydrogeo-logical features in Egypt

Janusz Wasowsky CNR-IRPI, Bari, Italy High resolution SAR interferometry helps monitoring the health of our cultural heritage: case study examples for Italy and Poland

Conclusions – Prof. Islam Abou El-Magd (NARSS)

A special Workshop at: GeoMEast 2018 “Sustainable Civil Infrastructures”

24-28 November 2018, Mena House Hotel (Cairo – Egypt)Info: https://geomeast.org/

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INTRODUCTION

The Egyptian-Italian cooperation strategy started long time ago and the open dialogue be-tween the national authority for remote sensing and space sciences (NARSS) and the Italian space agency (ISA) was opened since 2007 on the promotion of cooperation in space science and technology and its applications. The framework of cooperation is serving as a platform for regular joint research and exchange experts and aims to formulate and implement long-term priorities to strengthen the bi-lateral cooperation on Space science and technology. The Italian space agency has a worldwide reputation of radar technology and is pioneer in this area, which we would like to strengthen our capacity at NARSS in this area by the support of Italian space agency. The new constellation of Cosmo Med satellites is one of the top most technologies that we aim at NARSS to use and benefit from such technology has been devel-oped by Italian space agency.In this framework, the two institutes made this joint workshop to make awareness and dis-seminate information about this technology and share knowledge and experience. The work-shop will bring experts from Italy and Egypt to talk together and share ideas and thoughts for strengthen the cooperation and draw a roadmap for future cooperation. During the two days’ workshop, some presentations from the Italian side that show technological advancement in radar technology and the Cosmo Med constellation satellites and its benefits to society. At the same time, NARSS will provide few presentations on their capacity and experience in using radar technology in various applications for societal benefits. The workshop is an opportunity for the two teams to shape the future cooperation in this area and how can the capacity of NARSS could be developed in the Cosmo Med radar technology via training, data reception, joint research projects, or think beyond to go further of making joint radar satellite.

Dr. Mahmoud AhmedChairman of NARSS

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INTRODUCTION

The Embassy of Italy is deeply involved in promoting the cooperation between Italy and Egypt in the field of science and technology. We are very proud to say that currently Italy is the first scientific partner of Egypt in Horizon2020 proposals.Among the many sectors of cooperation, space sciences sector is rapidly growing in recent years. One of the major topics of collaboration is related to the use of the Italian Satellite Ra-dar Constellation COSMO SkyMed (COnstellation of small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation).COSMO SkyMed is the largest Italian investment in Space Systems for Earth Observation. It is “natively” conceived end-to-end Earth Observation System aimed to establishing a global service for data, products and services. These are all compliant with well-established inter-national standards and relevant to a wide range of applications, such as Risk Management, Scientific and Commercial Applications.The system consists of a constellation of four Low Earth Orbit mid-sized satellites, each equipped with a multi-mode high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operating at X-band and fitted with particularly flexible and innovative data acquisition and transmission equipment. The system is completed by dedicated full featured Ground infrastructures for managing the constellation and granting ad-hoc services for collection, archiving and distri-bution of acquired remote sensing data.COSMO-SkyMed Mission offers today an efficient response to the actual needs of the Earth Observation Market by providing an asset of full global coverage, all weather, day/night acqui-sition capability, higher resolution, higher accuracy (geo-location, radiometry, etc.), superior image quality, fast revisit/response time, interferometric/polarimetric capabilities and quick-er-and-easier ordering and delivery of data, products and services. The present Workshop is reporting a specific field of application, particularly relevant for Egypt such as the monitoring and conservation of Cultural Heritage. In this framework COS-MO SkyMed is providing an innovative tool for monitoring from remote, with no impact on the built heritage.The Embassy of Italy wishes that this workshop will be an important step toward cooperation, to establish a robust and stable collaboration between the two Countries.

Prof. Claudio MargottiniEmbassy of Italy

Scientific Attaché

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COSMO-SKYMED SATELLITES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF GEOHAZARDS-INDUCED GROUND DEFORMATIONS

Federico Raspini*1, Silvia Bianchini1, Pablo Ezquierro2, Matteo Del Soldato1, Lorenzo Solari1 and Nicola Casagli1

1 Earth Sciences Department, University of Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italyfederico.raspini@unifi.it, silvia.bianchini@unifi.it, matteo.delsoldato@unifi.it, lorenzo.solari@unifi.it, nicola.casagli@unifi.it2 Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Madrid, Spain p.ezquerro@igme.es

EXTENDED ABSTRACTIn the last decades, satellite radar data have been recognized as a valuable tool for deforma-tion analyses, not only for geological and environmental applications (Casagli et al., 2017) but also for the management and conservation of built heritage in cultural and rural sites (Tapete and Cigna, 2017). Early applications of satellite SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) in archaeology date back to 1980s (Adams et al., 1981) and enabled relevant discoveries, revealing hidden features and paleo-landscapes in subtropical territories and arid environments. Following these pioneering studies, the potential of spaceborne SAR data has been fully exploited and many applications have been performed, using SAR acquisition for mapping and monitor-ing ground deformation affecting cultural heritage sites. This flourishing of applications has been fostered by the development of single and multi-interferogram SAR (InSAR) techniques, a family of approaches that allows to retrieve very accurate measurements (with a millimetric accuracy) of terrain and structures displacements and allow to obtain information to support the management of risks due to any deformation phenomena (e.g., landslide, subsidence). In this framework, a major role is played by the Italian constellation of satellites COS-MO-SkyMed (CSK), a dual-use system, funded and developed by the Italian Ministry of De-fense and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). The CSK constellation is composed by four low earth orbit midsized satellites equipped with a SAR sensor operating at X-band. CSK can acquire in different modalities. Each mode is specifically designed to acquire a target area with different swaths and resolutions, to fit the specific needs of different application fields, ranging from basin-scale mapping to local analysis. The high resolution, the enhanced temporal repetitive-ness and the flexibility of the mission configuration offered new opportunities in SAR remote sensing, including cultural heritage monitoring.Figure 1 shows the ground deformation map of the urban area of the city of Pistoia (Tuscany Region, Central Italy), obtained by processing with the CPT algorithm (Mora et al., 2003), a set

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of 59 COSMO-SkyMed images acquired in Stripmap mode (3x3 m of ground resolution) and covering the period from January 2016 to March 2018. The city is affected by a large subsid-ence with a mean value of 1 cm/yr and peaks of 2.5 cm/yr in the historical center and along the highway located south of the urban area. Groundwater depletion and compaction of fine-grained deposits are the causes of the measured subsidence. Almost 50.000 measurement points (MP) have been identified in the urbanized area of Pistoia, with 7.500 MP within the Middle Age (built during XIV century A.C.) city walls. Such density of points ensures an almost spatially continuous coverage of information on surface deformation and related hazards.

Figure 1. Ground deformation map of the urban area of the city of Pistoia (Tuscany Region, Central Italy). Traces of historical city walls and location of some of the most important cultural heritage sites are reported.

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This makes COSMO-SkyMed InSAR ideally suited to map the extension of threatened areas, improving confidence on spatial pattern of the examined phenomenon. A further benefit of multi-images techniques is the generation of time series of the relative position for each MP in correspondence of each SAR acquisition, allowing analysis of temporal evolution of displace-ment and calculation of cumulated displacement for the investigated period of time.

KEYWORDS: ground deformation, InSAR, monitoring, mapping

REFERENCES: Adams, R. E., Brown, W. E., & Culbert, T. P., Radar mapping, archeology, and ancient Maya land use, Science, 213(4515), 1457-1468, 1981.Casagli, N., Frodella, W., Morelli, S., Tofani, V., Ciampalini, A., Intrieri, E., ... & Lu, P., Spaceborne, UAV and ground-based remote sensing techniques for landslide mapping, monitoring and early warning, Geoenvironmental Disasters, 4(1), 9, 2017.Mora, O., Mallorqui, J. J., & Broquetas, A. Linear and nonlinear terrain deformation maps from a reduced set of interferometric SAR images. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41, 2243-2253, 2003.Tapete, D., & Cigna, F., Trends and perspectives of space-borne SAR remote sensing for archaeological landscape and cultural heritage applications, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 14, 716-726, 2017.

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STRATIGIC FOR LANDSLIDE MONITORING: APPLICATION OF DINSAR DATA FOR SLOW MOVING LAND DEFORMATION

Ashraf khaled1, Ayman Nasr2, S.A. Mohamed 3, Hind Ziada4

1, 2, 3, 4 Data Analysis and receiving Station, National Authority of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Egyptashraf.khaled@narss.sci.eg

EXTENDED ABSTRACTSurface deformations such as Land subsidence and coastal erosion are very well-known worldwide problems. Monitoring surface deformations caused by natural or various man-made activities are a key requirement in order to prevent damages to structures and utilities at the ground surface. This requires accurate and detailed spatial and temporal measurements.

Figure 1. Interferogram of El Sokary Mountain, Eastern Desert, Egypt.

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Radar interferometry (InSAR) and Differential Interferometry (DInSAR) techniques are unique remote sensing approaches that can be used to map topography and measure surface defor-mation, respectively. Talking into account, the standardized procedures for the DInSAR technique are difficult to find the boundaries of deformations, the presentation focuses on evolving a Guideline for the definition of the general criteria on the use of Differential Interferometry (DInSAR) technique for the development, implementation and management of monitoring remote ground defor-mation purposes.

KEYWORDS: DInSAR, Landslide, Surface Deformation

REFERENCES:Buckley, S.M., Rosen, P.A., Hensley, S. & Tapley, B.D., 2003: Land subsidence in Houston, Texas, measured by radar interferometry and constrained by extensometers, J. Geophys. Res., 108.Fielding, E.J., Blom, R.G. & Goldstein, R.M., 1998: Rapid Subsidence Over Oil Fields Measured by SAR Interferometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25.Li, Z., Elliott, J.R., Feng, W., Jackson, J.A., Parsons, B.E. & Walters, R.J., 2011: The 2010 MW 6.8 Yushu (Qinghai, China) earthquake: Constraints provided by InSAR and body wave seismology, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B10302.Wright, T.J., Parsons, B., England, P.C. & Fielding, E.J., 2004: InSAR Observations of Low Slip Rates on the Major Faults of Western Tibet, Science, 305, pp. 236-239.Ofeigsson, B.G., Hooper, A., Sigmundsson, F., Sturkell, E. & Grapenthin, R., 2011: Deep magma storage at Hekla volcano, Iceland, revealed by InSAR time series analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B05401.

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STUDY OF HUMAN PAST BY SAR. IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROXY INDICATORS FROM COSMO SKYMED: RATIONALE AND CASE STUDIES

Nicola Masini *1, Rosa Lasaponara 2

1 CNR-IBAM, Potenza, Italy2 CNR-IMAA, Potenza, Italynicola.masini@cnr.it; rosa.lasaponara@imaa.cnr.it

EXTENDED ABSTRACTThe detection of archaeological features is based on the reconnaissance from above of some proxy indicator which in their turn are the result of physical and micro-topographical interaction between archaeological remains and their surroundings [1, 2]. These proxy indicators are mainly due to changes in moisture content, vegetation growth and micro-to-pography. They are detectable from both optical and SAR data with diverse visibility depending on environmental setting, the expected archaeological features, remote sensing data resolution and acquisition. Some proxy indicators are generally more visible from optical data (i.e. crop-marks linked to changes in vegetation growth) [1], other could be better recognized using SAR and in particular using high resolu-tion data as in the case of Cosmo SkyMed (x band at 3.1 cm wavelength) [2, 3]. The extraction of archaeological features from SAR data is a tough challenge [4[. One of the main issues is the low signal/noise ratio, especially considering the complex-ity of the target and the fact that modern landscapes may mask them. Although several achievements have been made in recent years [5,6], the exploitation of SAR remote sensing to detect archaeological

Figure 1. The archaeological site of Sabratha: satellite optical and SAR (Cosmo SkyMed) images compared

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marks is still in its infancy, especially for X-band data, such as COSMO-SkyMed.The reconnaissance of typical archaeological marks (such as crop, shadow, and soil/damp marks) by using radar is more complex respect to optical imaging due to a greater number of parameters that characterize SAR data [4], including the:- characteristics of the radar system as, operating frequency, polarization,angles, viewing geometry (ascending or descending), etc.;- characteristics of the surface- archaeological features in terms of buried or emerging remains, their geometric structure, orientation, building material, etc.Many of these characteristics or parameters are closely interrelated so that the brightness of features and in turn the visibility of archaeological marks is usually linked to several variables. The parameters that have a key role in the interactions between radar and target are: (i) sur-face roughness, (ii) radar viewing and surface geometry relationship, (iii) moisture content and dielectrical properties of the target.The roughness is usually the dominant factor in a radar picture, but it is very important to consider that it is not an absolute characteristic but it depends on the wavelength and on the incidence angle of radar signal which is another crucial parameter. As a general role, for the same target in the same conditions, there are significant variations of backscattering by changing the incidence angle of the illuminating wave.One more very important parameter, is moisture content which strongly affects the electrical properties of soil and therefore, it influences the absorption, transmission, and reflection of microwave energy.In this study we used X-band COSMO-SkyMed data. For diverse case studies selected in diverse archaeological marks and environments ranging from vegetated to desert areas, Sabratha in

Figure 2. Palaeo rivers and channels of Metapontum: SAR Cosmo SkyMed (Enhanced Spotlight) on the right and RGB of optical data on the left

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Libya where microtopographical features referable to possible shallor remains is well visible from COSMO-SkyMed data (see Figure 1), and Metaponto in Southern Italy where the mois-ture content is well imaged by COSMO-SkyMed data, thus revealing the presence of ancient palaeorivers/channels (Figure 2).

KEYWORDS: SAR, Cosmo SkyMed, archaeological proxy indicators and features, Sabratham Metapontum.

REFERENCES:Masini N., Lasaponara R. (2017). Sensing the Past from Space: Approaches to Site Detection In: Masini N., Soldovieri F. (Eds). Sensing the Past. From artifact to historical site. SpringerInternational Publishing, pp. 23-60, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50518-3_2Stewart C. 2017 Detection of Archaeological Residues in Vegetated Areas Using Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar. Remote Sens.9(2), 118; doi:10.3390/rs9020118Chen F., Masini N., Yang R., Milillo P., Feng D., Lasaponara R., 2014 A Space View of Radar Archaeological Marks: First Applications of COSMO-SkyMed X-Band Data. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 24-50; doi:10.3390/rs70100024.Chen F., Lasaponara R., Masini N., An overview of satellite synthetic aperture radar remote sensing in archaeology: From site detection to monitoring, Journal of Cultural Heritage (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.05.003 Lasaponara R., Masini N., Pecci A., Perciante A., Pozzi Escot D., Rizzo E., Scavone M., Sileo M. (2017). Qualitative evaluation of COSMO SkyMed in the detection of earthen archaeological remains: The case of Pachacamac (Peru). Journal of Cultural Heritage, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.12.010.Jiang A., Chen F., Masini N., Capozzoli L., Romano G., Sileo M., Yang R., Tang P., Cheng P.,Lasaponara R., Liua G. (2016), Archeological crop marks identified from Cosmo-SkyMed time series: the case of Han-Wei capital city, Luoyang, China. International Journal of Digital Earth, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2016.1254686

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APPLICATION OF GROUND PENETRATING RADAR FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROSPEC-TION: CASE STUDIES FROM EGYPT.

Tharwat Abdel Fattah

Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria Universitytfattah_15@hotmail.com

EXTENDED ABSTRACTBackgroundIn 332 BC Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria with the aim to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile Valley. Only a few months following its foundation, Alexander left the city named for him and never returned. One of his favorite generals, Ptolemy became governor of Egypt. Only a century after its foundation, Alexandria became the largest city in the world. It be-came the major Greek city of Egypt, with an extraordinary combination of Greeks from several cit-ies and backgrounds. While Alexandria had been under Roman influence for over a hundred years, it was in 80 BC that it passed under Roman jurisdiction,. Julius Caesar intervened in the civil war in 47 BC and captured the city. On August 1 in 30 BC Octavian, the future emperor Augustus, finally conquered Egypt. Much of the city of Alexandria was destroyed during the Kitos War in AD 115. This gave the emperor Hadrian an opportunity to rebuild the city through the work of his architect, Decriannus. the Sassanid Persians in their conquest of 619 to be briefly recovered in 629 by Emper-or Heraclius. In 641, after a fourteen-month siege, the city was captured by General Amr ibn al-As.

Scope of the workAs can seen from the background Alexandria passed through three Eras, namely, Ptolemaic, Roman and Islamic. Each of them has its characteristics fom the construction and cultural points of views. An-other city exists in three levels under the ground. Excavation of the remains of the old city is difficult, so Ground Penetrating Radar as a rapid non-destructive technique can help in such cases.

MethodologyGround Penetrating Radar (GPR) technique is a non-destructive and a non-invasive geophysical technique which provides high resolution subsurface image about depth of 0 up to 40 m in good conditions by transmitting a train of low power, wide band of sinusoidal electromagnetic waves with specific frequency range from 10 MHz to 2 GHz depending on the target and the type of soil (Yelf, 2007).. GPR system consists of signal generator (control unit), transmitting and receiving antennas (Reynolds, 2011). A pulse (wave) is generated and emitted through the trans-mitting antenna as cone shape into ground, it reflected, deflected and absorbed. The reflected

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wave is picked up by the receiving antenna and recorded by the recording unit (Lacroix, 2009; Abbas et al., 2015). This technique images the different subsurface geometries related to change in its dielectric properties (Reynold, 2011).

Location of the study site and data acquisitionThe study site lies in the middle Alexandria City( at El-Shallalat) which is being considered as one of the most important archaeological sites in this historical city. Figure (1) shows the study site with layout of the measured Georadar profiles. Eleven Georadar profiles have been conducted using the LOZA-N system, which is characterized by its high resolution . These profiles extend to distances ranging between 24 to 204 m. The first three profiles run on Sultan Husein street in ad-jacent to a part of El-Shallalat and the other eight profiles were conducted inside the El-Shallaatl garden near Al-Khartoum square in Azarita area. The distribution of these profiles are marked on figure (1). Table (1) shows the profiles and the length of each.

Table (1): Profile numbers and its lengths

Analysis and DiscussionsEleven Geo-Radar sections were obtained , an example of these sections is given in figure (2). These profiles has been analysed in the following section:Profiles Sultan -1, -2 and 3: Inspection of these profiles shows the presence of many parabolic features distributed horizontaly and vertically along the three profiles. Lateral extensión of these objects ranges between 4 and 8m, while its vertical extensión ranges between 2 and 12m. The vertical distribution of the objects reflects different archaeological layers.

Profile number Length (m)

Sultan 1 100

Sultan 2 180

Sultan 3 60

Sultan 4 64

Sultan 5 68

Sultan 6 204

Sultan 7 24

Sultan 8 28

Sultan 9 196

Sultan 10 28

Sultan 11 28Figure 1. Layout of the measured profiles

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Profiles Sultan-4 , Sultan-5, Sultan-11, Sultan-10, Sultan-8 and Sultan-7: They are parallel and all show clear parabolic features distributed also at different depth levels.Profiles Sultan-6 and Sultan-9: They are parallel and represent the longest profiles as shwn in table (1). Many parabolic features are very clear and are distributed laterally and vertically along the two profiles.

ConclusionsThe results highlight the importance of using the GPR technique in archaelogical prospection. The results allover the measured GPR profiles show the presence of many probable archaeo-logical features specially if we know that, this site among Alexandria city represents one of the most important archaeological sites. Three depth levels extending between 2 to 12m under the ground surface are recognized.

REFERENCES:Abbas AM, Salah H, Massoud U, Fouad M, Abdel-Hafez M. 2015. GPR scan assessment at Mekaad Radwan Ottoman – Cairo, Egypt. NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics 4:106–116.Lacroix D. 2009. Master Thesis of computer simulations facilitating archaeological interpretations of Ground Penetrating Radar field data. University of CALGARY: 7- 27.Reynolds MJ. 2011. An introduction to applied and environmental geophysics. 2nd ed John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chichester. England: 535-537.Yelf RJ. 2007. Application of Ground Penetrating Radar to civil and geotechnical engineering. Electromagnetic phenomena (7) no.1 (18): 102-117.

Figure 2. Examples of the measured Georadar sections

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COSMO SKYMED FOR KNOWLEDGE, MONITORING AND PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND CASE STUDIES

Rosa Lasaponara *1 , Nicola Masini2

1 CNR-IMAA, Potenza, Italy2 CNR-IBAM, Potenza, Italy rosa.lasaponara@imaa.cnr.it; nicola.masini@cnr.it

EXTENDED ABSTRACTWith the development of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in terms of multi-band, multi-polarization and high-resolution data, space radar remote sensing for archaeology has opened new research fields. Actually, the use of satellite radar data in archaeological investigations can offer great poten-tial for site detection, documentation and monitoring particularly [1,2,3] in desert areas where op-tical data generally are strongly limited by their inability to penetrate soil couple with the absence of typical archaeological marks. Nevertheless, even if the capability of this technology is widely rec-ognized for monitoring (as in the case of interferometric applications, see for example, the Rome case study in [4], and references therein quoted) still today it has not been fully assessed for the de-tection of archaeological remains. This paper is one of the first pioneering efforts addressed to the assessment of the potential of satellite SAR X-band data in the detection of archaeological remains buried under diverse superficial characeristics and conditions (desert and Mediterranean areas) and typologies of archaeological marks (crop, soil and shadow).We focus on the results obtained from a collaborative contribution carried out by archaeologists and remote sensing experts in order to test the use of COSMO-SkyMed data in different con-texts and environmental conditions. The methodological approaches we adopted are based on two different feature-enhancement procedures: (i) multi-temporal analysis performed to reduce noise and highlight archaeological marks; (ii) single-date analysis to assess the ability of the single SAR scene to detect archaeological features (as usual using optical remote sensing). Results from multi-temporal data analysis, conducted using 40 scenes from COSMO-SkyMed X-band Stripmap data (27 February to 17 October 2013), enable us to detect unknown archaeological crop, soil, and shadow marks in Luoyang city (Henan- China), dating from the Eastern-Han to Northern-Wei Dy-nasties. Single-date analyses were conducted using COSMO-SkyMed Spotlight scenes acquired for Pelusium (Egypt), Nasca (Peru) and Metapontum (Southern Italy). These case studies were selected because they are characterized by diverse superficial conditions (desert and Mediterranean areas) and archaeological marks (crop, soil and shadow). Overall, the methodological approach adopted demonstrated that both multi-temporal and single-date analysis are suitable for the enhancement of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental features.

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KEYWORDS: Archaeology, COSMO-SkyMed, Luoyang (China), multi-temporal and single date analysis, Pelusium (Egypt).

REFERENCES:Chen F., You J., Tanh P., Zhou W., Masini N., Lasaponara R. (2018). Unique performance of spaceborne SAR remote sensing in cultural heritage applications: Overviews and perspectives. Archaeological Prospection, DOI: 10.1002/arp.159.Chen F., Lasaponara R., Masini N., An overview of satellite synthetic aperture radar remote sensing in archaeology: From site detection to monitoring, Journal of Cultural Heritage (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.05.003. Chen F., Masini N., Yang R., Milillo P., Feng D., Lasaponara R., 2014 A Space View of Radar Archaeological Marks: First Applications of COSMO-SkyMed X-Band Data. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 24-50; doi:10.3390/rs70100024.Cigna F., Lasaponara R., Masini N., Milillo P., Tapete D. 2014. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry processing of COSMO-SkyMed StripMap HIMAGE time series to depict deformation of the historic centre of Rome, Italy. Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 12593-12618; doi:10.3390/rs61212593.

Figure 1. up : COSMO-SkyMed View of Nasca line (Peru), bottom: Interferometry processing of COSMO-SkyMed for Rome (Italy)

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EXAMPLES OF SOME CONDUCTED PROJECTS AND RESEARCHES USING RADAR DATA IN (DRARSAD)

Ayman H. Nasr

Data Reception, Analysis, and Receiving Station Affairs Division (DRARSAD),National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), Egyptaymanasr@narss.sci.eg, aymanasr@hotmail.com

EXTENDED ABSTRACTNARSS is highly concerned with the new remote sensing applications and technologies. One of these technologies is the Radar technology. It is being used for prompt and accurate monitoring of different applications such as; land use/land cover, agriculture, disasters, environment, oceanogra-phy and archaeology. Radar technology is becoming increasingly important in the advancement of the overall spatial information industry associated with mapping, GIS and remote sensing.A new trend in NARSS towards studying and deepening the knowledge of Radar data processing and applications is being developed using different types of Radar data, acquired in multi-tempo-ral/multi-angular modes, such as: ERS 1/2, RADARSAT 1/2, Alos and Sentinel-1. The main objective of this presentation is to give an idea about the various projects and researches conducted by DRARDSAD using Radar imaging that demonstrate its developments and illustrate its multifaceted capabilities in practical applications.

KEYWORDS: Radar data, Data fusion, Interferometry, DEM, PolSAR, IHS transformations.

Figure 1. DEM perspective view Figure 2. Mineral Exploration

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ON THE EXPLOITATION OF SEQUENCES OF X-BAND COSMO-SKYMED SAR IMAGES FOR THE MONITORING OF EARTH’S SURFACE: APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Antonio Pepe*1, Giovanni Zeni1, Pietro Mastro2

1 National Council Research of Italy (CNR), IREA, via Diocleziano 328, 80125 Napoli, Italypepe.a@irea.cnr.it, zeni.g@irea.cnr.it2 Università degli Studi della Basilicata, viale dell’Ateneo Lucano Potenza, Italypietro.mastro@ieee.org

EXTENDED ABSTRACTOver the years, differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) (Massonnet, 1998) has demonstrated to be a valuable technique for the detection and monitoring of Earth’s surface deformations. In this context, the development of new advanced DInSAR algorithms (Ferretti et al, 2001; Berardino et al. 2002) based on the use of long sequences of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images as well the increasing availability of high-resolution SAR images have made it possi-ble to perform extended analyses. They are related to a heterogeneous class of deformation phenomena, such as earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and precursor deformation signals, soil consolidation in coastal regions, the deformation of buildings and historical sites in urban and peri-urban regions. Advanced multi-temporal DInSAR methods for the genera-tion of surface deformation time-series permit to detect and follow the deformation of the ground, they have a great scientific importance and are valuable for local authorities in charge of developing and maintain efficient risk prevention plans. Several publications described the main characteristics of these two classes of methods. Among them, the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) (Berardino et al., 2002) has assumed a key role for the study of deformation signals of distributed targets on the ground. This document provides some experimental results related to the use of DInSAR approaches as well some new methods for the noise filtering (Pepe et al., 2015, Pepe and Mastro et al. 2017), the generation of multi-platform displacement time-series (Pepe et al., 2016) based on the use of SAR data collected by the Cosmo-SkyMed constellation managed by the Italian Space Agency. Recently, new multi-temporal noise filtering methods applied to sequences of DInSAR interferograms have been proposed in the literature. The Extended-Minimum-Cost-Flow (EMCF) based SBAS processing chain (Pepe et al., 2015) was developed for improving the performance of conventional SBAS technique. Subsequently, a space-time adaptive multi-look technique (Pepe and Mastro, 2017) has been proposed. This new technique relies on the use of directional statistics to identify homogenous distributed scatterers. Figure 1 shows the comparison between the noise-filtered, adaptive multi-looked interferogram relevant to the couple of SAR images acquired by the CSK sensors on October

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24, 2009 and December 27, 2009. Clearly, the filtered interferogram is with a reduced level of noise. Some experiments are still in progress to evaluate in a systematic way the algorithm performance and it can be used to generate adaptive multi-look interferograms both at native grid of full-resolution data and/or at multi-look resolution scale. Generation of three-dimen-sional time-series by the combination of displacement time-series recovered through differ-ent sets of multi-platform/orbital SAR images has also proposed in (Pepe et al., 2016). An ex-ample of the mean deformation velocity maps of the East-West and Up-Down components of the deformation as seen by applying the multi-temporal minimum acceleration (MinA) com-

Figure 1. Unfiltered (left) and Adaptively filtered (right) interferogram of the Mt. Etna, Italy, between October 24, 2009 and December 27, 2009.

Figure 2. 2015-2016 East-West and Up-Down mean displacement map of the Shanghai area obtained by applying the MinA technique.

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bination technique to a set of CSK and Sentinel-1 SAR data has been shown in (Yu et al., 2017) and reproduced in Figure 2. The study area was the coastal region of Shanghai. Globally, the use of high-resolution SAR images can improve our capability to detect small deformation signals and provide new algo-rithms and methods. Future perspectives in the use of CSK data for advanced time-series anal-yses reside in the new possibilities offered by the forthcoming Cosmo-SkyMed second-gener-ation constellation.

KEYWORDS: Cosmo-SkyMed, Deformation, DInSAR, multi-temporal, noise-filtered. REFERENCES:Massonnet, D; Feigl, K.L., Radar Interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth’s surface. Rev. Geophysics 1998, 36, 441-500.Ferretti, A.; Prati, C; Rocca, F. Permanent Scatterers in SAR interferometry. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2001, 39, 8-20.Berardino, P.; Fornaro, G.; Lanari, R.; Sansosti, E. A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2002, 40, 2375-2383.Pepe, A; Yang, Y.; Manzo, M; and Lanari, R. Improved EMCF-SBAS Processing Chain Based on Advanced Techniques for the Noise-Filtering and Selection of Small Baseline Multi-look DInSAR Interferograms. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing., vol. 53, n°8, August 2015Pepe, A., Mastro, P. On the use of directional statistics for the adaptive spatial multi-looking of sequences of differential SAR interferograms. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2017.Pepe, A; Solaro, G; Calò, F; Dema, C. A Minimum Acceleration Approach for the Retrieval of Multi-Platform InSAR Deformation Time-Series. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 9, no 8, August 2016.Lei Yu, Yang, T; Zhao, Q; Liu M; Pepe, A. The 2015-2016 Ground Displacements of the Shanghai Coastal Area Inferred from a Combined COSMO-SkyMed/Sentinel-1 DInSAR Analysis, Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 1194.

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APPLICATIONS OF RADAR TECHNIQUES FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF GROUND-WATER DYNAMICS IN HYPER-ARID ENVIRONMENTS

Abotalib Z. Abotalib

Department of Physical Geology, National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Cairo, 1564, Egypt abotalib.zaki@narss.sci.eg

EXTENDED ABSTRACTThe present study briefly summarizes the role of radar applications in deciphering the ambi-guities associated with groundwater dynamics in the Saharan-Arabian desert, where the lack of appropriate hydrological datasets impedes a comprehensive understanding of the connec-tion between water-bearing horizons as well as the role of geological structures in controlling groundwater flow and the evolution of the landscape. Two case studies are investigated. In case 1, a Radarsat-1 mosaic of Egypt was used to map the paleo drainages that are currently obscured below a thin layer of wind-blown sandy sediments.

Figure 1. Radarsat-1 Mosaic of the Sahara show-ing distribution of paleo rivers

Figure 2. ALOS PalSAR (A) and Structural interpretation (B) in the Qatar Peninsula

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The paleo drainages are then correlated with stream networks derived from a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) mosaic, mapped paleolakes in Egypt and theater-headed valleys, which are indicative of groundwater sapping. The abovementioned spatial correlation togeth-er with isotopic and lithological analyses conclude that numerous paleolakes in the Sahara are linked to deep groundwater drainage rather than to surface river systems. In case (2), ALOS-PalSAR scenes correlated with field, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and isotopic data are used to map exposed and buried faults in the Qatar Peninsula and hence to assess the role of these faults in connecting aquifer systems and modifying the landscape. The results sug-gest that ENE-WSW oriented fold-related faults act as vertical conduits along which artesian upward leakages from the deep Aruma aquifer take place into the shallower main aquifer unit (i.e. Umm er Radhuma and Rus) in southern Qatar Peninsula. On the other hand, downward leakage from the freshwater lens in the Dammam aquifer take place in northern Qatar Penin-sula. The deep, brackish, and gaseous-rich waters ascending along faults in south Qatar Penin-sula, in addition to degrading the water quality in the main aquifer unit, enhance dissolution of carbonates and evaporites leading to strong karstification that produces abundant collapse features. These findings highlight the potential of radar applications in the betterment of our understanding of groundwater dynamics in hyper-arid areas.

The Saharan-Arabian desert is the largest hyper-arid area on Earth, receiving less than 5 mm of average annual precipitation over its core (New et al., 2000). Previous studies on the distri-bution and origin of fossil groundwater, fluvial landforms, and paleo-channel river systems, wind regimes, and deposits (e.g., tufa, playas, and cave fillings) indicate that paleoclimatic re-gimes of the North African Sahara alternated between dry and wet periods throughout the Quaternary (Szabo et al., 1995; Abotalib et al., 2016). During the wet periods the fossil aquifers were recharged. In case 1, inspection of Radar-sat mosaic (Fig. 1), indicate the presence of a major west to east paleo-drainage pattern (dark interconnected channel networks). Moreover, paleolakes can be classified into two groups: Group I are found within scarp-foot depressions along linear trends that run parallel and proximal (<25 km) to scarp faces, whereas Group II are distant (>25 km) from the scarp faces and proximal to the west–east trending paleo-chan-nel network (Fig. 1). Integration of these observations with isotopic and geomorphological datasets indicate that deep groundwater discharge from the Nubian aquifer modulated the landscape in the Sahara during the Quaternary. In case 2, (ALOS) PALSAR L-band dual-polar-ization (HH and HV) SAR images are used with Sentinel-2 Images to uncover the structural and geomorphological features that are partially or completely buried under aeolian sediments in southern Qatar. The mapping of faults is then validated using GPR surveys. Analysis of the PALSAR scenes indicate the presence of parallel/sub-parallel elongated belts that appear as dark zones on the radar images (Fig. 2). On the field, these dark zones appear as aligned resid-ual hills with scarps up to 8 meters and/or as elongated ridges up to 2 meters higher than the

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surroundings that extend for several kilometers. Radar observations (orbital and GPR) with isotopic data substantially contribute to the current understanding of groundwater dynamics and landscape evolution in the Qatar Peninsula.

KEYWORDS: Radarsat-1, ALOS PalSAR, GPR, groundwater dynamics, Sahara

REFERENCES: Abotalib, A., Sultan, M., Elkadiri, R. Groundwater processes in Saharan Africa: Implications for landscape evolution in arid environments. Earth-science reviews, 156, 108-136, 2016. New, M., Hulme, M., & Jones, P. Representing twentieth-century space–time climatevariability. Part II: Development of 1901–96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate. Journal of climate, 13(13), 2217-2238, 2000.Szabo, B.J., Haynes, C.V., Maxwell, T.A. Ages of Quaternary pluvial episodes determined by uranium-series and radiocarbon dating of lacustrine deposits of Eastern Sahara. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 113, 227–242, 1995.

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THE USE OF COSMO-SKYMED AND OTHER REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR THE PREVEN-TIVE CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES: THE NAIS OFFERING

A. Monteleone1, N. Dore*2, L. Benenati3, L. Bernardi4.

1, 2, 3, 4 NAIS s.r.l. (Nextant Applications and Innovative Solutions), Italyantonio.monteleone@nais-solutions.it, nicole.dore@nais-solutions.it, luca.benenati@nais-solutions.it, lorenzo.bernardi@nais-solutions.it

EXTENDED ABSTRACTItaly is a country with a rich and priceless estate of the past represented by cultural properties homogeneously distributed over the entire National territory. An indicative index of this trea-sure is represented by the 54 UNESCO sites (cultural and natural), which represent the high-est number of cultural properties held by a single country. This heritage needs to be preserved from hazards constantly threatening cultural properties, among which, geohazards (subsidence, bradyseism, landslides and earthquakes) are the most dangerous ones. Spaceborne differential interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR), Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) techniques have largely demonstrated their usefulness. This is re-lated to the measurement of surface ground deformation and to the monitoring of engineering structures (Gabriel et al., 1989, Ferretti et al., 2000, Crosetto et al, 2005, Lanari et al, 2004) and, more recently, for the monitoring of historical assets and supporting preventive diagnosis of monuments (Parcharidis et al., 2009, Tapete et al., 2012, Pratesi et al., 2015).

This paper wants to provide an example of use of COSMO-SkyMed data on Civita di Bagnore-gio village, one of the pilot sites of the ArTeK project, carried on by NAIS in the frame of ESA Business Applications program. Activities, performed in the frame of the project, included the monitoring of soil and buildings’ displacement of this fragile little village, located above a tuff rock laying over a bed of clay.

COSMO-SkyMed temporal series, used for the monitoring, covers a period spanning from 2010 to 2017, including an average of one image every two weeks. Both ascending and descending orbits were processed. A good number of Persistent Scatterers (PS) was detected, including a pair of PS near the Civita di Bagnoregio bridge, classified as unstable, and probably needing a deeper investigation with other instruments. Services developed during the project are dedi-cated to public institutions, generally not used to manage satellite data. For this reason, specif-ic thematic maps were produced to facilitate the interpretation of results. Buildings, as visible in Figure 1, are colour-coded to represent the presence of instable PS values with respect to

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buildings position. PS were considered stable if -1.5 ≤ vel (mm/year) ≤ 1.5. A monument is considered potentially in danger if it contains at least an unstable PS (Cigna et al. 2014). Thus, three different colours, going from green to red, represent the degree of potential instability for each analysed structure.Concluding, COSMO-SkyMed data are very important in the Cultural Heritage domain, where the precision of PS positioning, made possible thanks to the use of VHR images, is fundamental for a correct assessment of monuments potential structural instability, at single building-scale. They are also useful to cover wide areas without the need of monitoring every single building with expensive onsite sensors.

KEYWORDS: Cultural heritage, COSMO-SkyMed, thematic maps, monitoring.

Figure 1. PS information post-processing

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REFERENCES: A.K Gabriel, R.M. Goldstein, H.A. Zebker, Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9183-9191, 1989.A. Ferretti, C. Prati, F. Rocca, Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 38, 2202-2212, 2000.M. Crosetto, B. Crippa, E. Biescas, O. Monserrat, M. Agudo, P. Fernández, Land deformation monitoring using SAR interferometry: State-of-the-art, Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung, Geoinformation, 6, 497-510, 2005I. Parcharidis, M. Foumelis, P. Kourkouli, U. Wegmuller, Persistent scatterers InSAR to detect ground deformation over Rio-Antirio area (Western Greece) for the period 1992–2000, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 68, 348–355, 2009.D. Tapete, R. Fanti, R. Cecchi, P. Petrangeli, N. Casagli, Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring and early-stage warning of structural instability in archaeological sites, J. Geophys. Eng., 9, S10–S25, 2012.F. Pratesi, D. Tapete, G. Terenzi, C. Del Ventisette, S. Moretti, Rating health and stability of engineering structures via classification indexes of InSAR Persistent Scatterers, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 40¸81-90, 2015.R. Lanari, O. Mora, M. Manunta, J.J. Mallorquí, P. Berardino, E. Sansosti, A small-baseline approach for investigating deformations on full-resolution differential SAR interferograms, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 42, 1377-1386, 2004.F. Cigna; R. Lasaponara; N. Masini; P. Milillo; D. Tapete, Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Processing of COSMO-SkyMed StripMap HIMAGE Time Series to Depict Deformation of the Historic Centre of Rome, Remote Sensing, 6, 12593-12618, 2014.

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SHOW CASES OF POLARIMETRIC RADAR DATA APPLICATIONS IN GEOMORPHOLOGY AND INSAR DATA FOR LAND SUBSIDENCE

Islam Abou El-Magd*1, Hassan Mohy2 and Ayman Abdelhamid1

1 Environmental Studies Department, National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Egyptimagd@narss.sci.eg2 Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypthassanmohy654@yahoo.com

EXTENDED ABSTRACTThis abstract shows two cases of exploring the potentiality of radar data analysis. The first case study research explored the potentiality of utilizing RADARSAT-2 (polarimetric data) in integration with optical data from Landsat 8 and ASTER sensors for geomorphological map-ping in Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Data fusion of optical and radar remote sensing data using Color Normalization Transformation aided for characterizing the lithological units that were not clearly identified by only one sensor. The Freeman-Durden decomposition method used to determine the dominant scattering mechanisms and to outline the current state of the surface cover. Mapping and characterizing surface sediment of desert environments and the moisture contents in terms of their spectral and backscattering characteristics provide import-ant information on the geomorphology and depositional history to assess their potential use for economic development.

In open barren dry land such as Sinai Peninsula, the conventional methods of geological map-ping at large scales always fail to accurately differentiate between the sedimentological class-es. Optical remote sensing data could be to some extent to identify the boundaries between the different lithological units with some limitations (Bretschneider and Kao, 2000, Okada and Ishii 1993; Hewson et al. 2001). Integration of polarimetric SAR that is working on the rough-ness of the lithological units, as well as the composition with the optical data (van Zyl, 1989, Baghdadi et al., 2002; Moran et al., 2000; Ulaby et al. 1981). This approach of data fusion was able to maximize the value of combination between the two data sensors to improve the characterization and classification of the lithological units and sedimentological units. Data fusion of optical (ASTER and Landsat8) and radar data found to be an efficient approach of identifying different lithological units on the basis of their spectral characteristics and surface roughness, particularly in arid regions such as Sinai Peninsula. Landsat 8 and ASTER- RADAR-SAT-2 data fusion illustrates the usefulness of such methodology for mapping different litho-logical units. It is recommended that further research on remote predictive mapping of the

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various rock units with detailed ground geological data to improve the validation process and generically stabilize this model for lithology mapping.

Figure 1. Landsat 8 band ratio (6/2-6/7-6/5*4/5) with RADARSAT-2 band (T33) fused image (b) ASTER band ratio (6/3, 1/3, 9/5) with RADARSAT-2 band (T33) fused image (c) The Pauli RGB image (d) Freeman-Durden decomposition image

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The second case study research is about the land subsidence in the Nile delta, which shows various level of land subsidence either due to seismic activities or pumping of gas and oil from the subsurface reservoir. The large thickness of the top clay layer in the Nile Delta as a graven has also a major impact on the compaction of the clay creating land subsidence. One of major negative impacts of the land subsidence on the economic development is the deterioration of road networks and railways as well as buildings (Ali et al, 2014).

Core samples and carob 14 dating was used to conventionally measure the land subsidence that created minimum subsidence up to 2 mm/year to maximum of 10 mm/year (Stanley, 1990). However, this method shows high precision, it is very limited to the core sample lo-cation and cannot be easily generalized on the whole region. Interferometric radar shows a very effective tool to estimate the changes in the earth elevation features that enable for esti-mation the land subsidence (Becker and Sultan, 2009). In this research InSAR data analysis of Sentinel 1 data sensor in two image that estimated the land subsidence in the north eastern part of the Nile delta to nearly 2.6 mm/year. The value added of this tool is the spatial coverage and regional extension that could give wider perspective on the land subsidence area.

Figure 2. Infogram shows the level of land subsidence in the north eastern corner of the Nile Delta from Sentinel 1

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KEYWORDS: Data Fusion, InSAR, Geomorphological mapping, soil moisture, land subsidence

REFERENCES: Ali, M.H., Klein, A.G., Howard, A.Z and Giardino, J.R., Land subsidence in the Nile Delta of Egypt observed by persistent scatterer interferometry. Remote Sensing Letters, 3:7, 621-630, 2014.

Baghdadi, N., Gaultier, S., King, C., Retrieving surface roughness and soil moisture from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data using neural networks. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 28, 701–711, 2002.

Becker, R.H. and Sultan M., Land subsidence in the Nile Delta: inferences from radar interferometry. The Holocene 19, 6 pp. 949–954, 2009.

Bretschneider, T., Kao, O., Image fusion in remote sensing. In: Proceedings of the 1st Online Symposium of Electronic Engineers, pp.CD-ROM, 2000.

Hewson, R., Cudahy, T. and Huntington, J., Geologic and alteration mapping at Mt Fitton, south Australia, using ASTER satellite-borne data. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2: 724-726, 2001.

Moran, M.S., Hymer, D.C., Qi, J.G., Sano, E.E., Soil moisture evaluation usingmulti-temporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in semiarid rangeland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 105, 69–80, 2000.

Okada, K., Ishii, M., Mineral and lithological mapping using thermal infrared remotely sensed data from ASTER simulator. Int. Geosci. and Remote Sensing Symposium “Better Understand-ing of Earth Environment”, 93: 126–128, 1993.

Stanley, D., Recent subsidence and northeast tilting of the Nile delta, Egypt. Marine Geology, 94, pp. 147–154,1990.

Ulaby, F. T., Moore, R. K., & Fung, A. K., Microwave remote sensing: active and passive. Addison-Wesley; Remote Sensing Series 2, 1981.

VanZyl, J.J., Unsupervised classification of scattering behavior using radar polarimetry data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 27(1), 36–45, 1989.

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COSMO SKYMED AND PSP SAR INTERFEROMETRY FOR THE MONITORING OF GROUND AND STRUCTURE DEFORMATIONS IN THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE OF POMPEII

Margottini C. 1, 4*, Costantini M.2, De Nigris B.3, Francioni2, Iadanza C.4, Minati F.3, Paglia L.3, Spizzichino D.4, Trigila A.4

1, 4 Embassy of Italy in Egyp & ISPRA – Geological Survey of Italy, Roma, Italy *claudio.margottini@esteri.it2 MiBACT – Directorate General for Pompei, Italy3 e-GEOS – Italian Space Agency / Telespazio4 ISPRA – Geological Survey of Italy, Roma, Italy

EXTENDED ABSTRACTPompei was an ancient Roman city near modern Naples in Southern Italy,. Pompei, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. Many of the inhabitants died before they could escape and their bodies was also buried.The catastrophe was described in a surviving letter by Pliny the Younger who saw the eruption from a distance and described the death of his uncle Pliny the Elder, an admiral of the Roman fleet, who tried to rescue citizens. The site was eventually lost until its initial rediscovery in 1599 and broader rediscovery almost 150 years later by Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre in 1748. The excavated walls and construction of Pompei are now suffering for ageing and structural instabilities which may involve also the beautiful painted walls. The Italian Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities and Tourism (MiBACT) and Finmeccanica Group have sealed an agreement whereby the Finmeccanica Group will donate innovative tech-nologies and services for monitoring and protecting the archaeological site of Pompeii. More-over, the Italian Institute for Environment Protection and Research (ISPRA) – Geological Survey of Italy, was also involved to support the ground based analysis and interpretation of the mea-surements provided by the industrial team, in order to promote an interdisciplinary approach.In this work, we will focus on ground deformation measurements obtained by satellite SAR interferometry and on their interpretation. The satellite monitoring service is based on the processing of COSMO-SkyMed Himage data by the e-Geos proprietary Persistent Scatterer Pair (PSP) SAR interferometry technology. The PSP technique is a proven SAR interferometry technology characterized by the fact of exploiting in the processing only the relative proper-ties between close points (pairs) in order to overcome atmospheric artifacts (which are one of the main problems of SAR interferometry).

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Validations analyses [Costantini et al. 2015] settled that this technique applied to COS-MO-SkyMed Himage data is able to retrieve very dense (except of course on vegetated or cultivated areas) millimetric deformation measurements with sub-metric localization.By means of the COSMO-SkyMed PSP SAR interferometry processing, a historical analysis of the ground and structure deformations occurred over the entire archaeological site of Pom-peii in the period from May 2010 to March 2016 was initially performed, later on extended to 2016. Moreover, the deformation monitoring is continuing with monthly updates of the PSP analysis with new COSMO-SkyMed acquisitions both in ascending and descending geometry. The first results of the preliminary analysis over the archaeological site of Pompeii did not show large areas affected by deformations. However, the COSMO-SkyMed PSP SAR interfer-

Figure 2. Persistent scatterers exhibiting an acceleration trend in the latest measurements.

Figure 1. Cumulative displacement threshold: from thousands to hundreds target points.

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ometry analysis proved to be very efficient due to its capability of providing a large number of deformation measurements over the archaeological site and structures with relatively small impact and cost. Moreover, in areas affected by collapses in the recent past, deformations were detected. Recent instability processes, both for the unexcavated slopes and for the ar-chaeological structures, have promoted this low-impact analysis, aimed at identifying defor-mation paths and to prevent sudden collapses. Finally, the results obtained from the satellite techniques, will be also used to implement and improve the ground based geotechnical monitoring and warning system recently installed in selected case studies. Cross analysis between interferometric results, meteorological data and historical data of the site (e.g. collapses, works, etc.) are in progress in order to define provisional model aiming at an early identification of areas subjected to potential instability.

KEYWORDS: COSMO SkyMed, Heritage conservation, Persistent scatterer, Pompei.

REFERENCES:Costantini M., Francioni E., Paglia L., Minati F., Margottini C., Spizzichino D., Trigila A., Iadanza C., De Nigris B., PSP SAR interferometry monitoring of ground and structure deformations in the archeological site of Pompeii, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 18, EGU2016-15312-2, 2016, EGU General Assembly 2016

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MULTITUDE OF REMOTE SENSING AND GEOPHYSICS FOR THE SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE MAPPING OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL FEATURES IN EGYPT

Mohammed El Bastawesy

Professor of hydrogeology, Geological Application Division, National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), Egyptm.elbastawesy@narss.sci.eg

EXTENDED ABSTRACTUnderstanding of the hydrological setting within the dryland areas is of particular importance; due to the scarcity of fresh water resources available and the occasional development of relat-ed hazards. The development of flash floods can impose serious threat to the anthropogenic activities, and the development of water logging and ponding of groundwater fed-irrigation projects can negatively affect the sustainability of these projects themselves. Therefore, the abundance of remote sensing data offers measurable parameters of the hydrological setting, which are mostly absent for these fragile areas. The availability of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) filled the gap of missing detailed topographic data for large areas in the inhabitable desert areas. Various drainage basins parameters can be automatically derived from the DEM using several algorithms embedded into GIS platforms and software. The analyses of optical remote sensing images can be used to estimate the re-occurrence of flash floods given the distinctive spectral characteristics of recently inundat-ed channels than the usually dry channels with the drainage basins after significant rainfall events. Furthermore, transmission losses and potential recharge to the underlying alluvium aquifer can be estimated using the downstream reduction of active channels- cross section-al areas, which receive no lateral augmentation of tributary flows. Moreover, the geologic/tectonic evolution of these drainage basins can identify potential areas in which the alluvium deposits can be explored for groundwater occurrence. Thereafter, the geo-electric sounding methods can be deployed to map the subsurface layers within these basins in order to delin-eate the saturated zones, groundwater levels and extent. Thus, a quantitative assessment of existing groundwater deposits and areas of recharge/discharge can be obtained. The afore-mentioned integration of DEM hydrologic analyses, interpretation of optical satellite images can be of limited guidance to the geophysical measurements in areas covered by sand dunes and sheets. The Western Desert of Egypt is a typical example where the surface layers- pene-trating radar is needed as the hydrological features are now buried under sandy covers. The archaeological sites in Al Kharga area such as Ain Al Labkha and Umm el Dabadeb owed their existence in the first place to the natural discharges from the Nubian aquifer system. Cisterns

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and underground aqueducts have been cut to convey the water supplies from near-surface saturated aquifers to the key fortress and settlements. The surveyed geophysical 2D profiles in Ain Al Labkha clearly show the subsurface hydrological differences between source areas and outlets for some of these aqueducts (Fig 1). Indeed, regional subsurface imaging using penetrating radar is needed to explore archeological and man-made hydrological structures in these areas to better understand the interaction of hydrological processes and ancient oc-cupations.

KEYWORDS: Abstract, COD, Extended, TDS, Template, up to 5 words arranged in alphabetical order.

Figure 1. A surveyed 2D geo-electric profile in Ain Al Alabkha area, the Western Desert of Egypt. Roman aqueducts have been cut in the area to convey near-surface groundwater to the forts and fields.

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SATELLITE SAR INTERFEROMETRY HELPS MONITORING THE HEALTH OF OUR CULTURAL HERITAGE

J. Wasowski*1, R. Nutricato2, D.O. Nitti2, M.T. Chiaradia3, S. Samarelli4, V. Massimi4

1 CNR-IRPI (National Research Council – Research Institute for Geo-hydrological Protection, Italyj.wasowski@ba.irpi.cnr.it2 GAPsrl c/o Department of Physics, University/Polytechnics of Bari, Italyraffaele.nutricato@gapsrl.eu, davosnitti@gmail.com3 Department of Physics, University/Polytechnics of Bari, Italymariateresa.chiaradia@ba.infn.it4 Planetek Italia Srl, Italy info@planetek.it

EXTENDED ABSTRACTThe high spatial and temporal resolutions of the new generation satellite sensors imply now the possibility to derive very detailed information that fits the requirements of engineers and is relevant to many engineering geology and civil engineering investigations, in both research and practice (e.g., Wasowski et al., 2016). Here we focus on the information obtainable from high-resolution imagery which is acquired by the new generation satellite radar systems and processed using advanced synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) techniques (e.g., Bamler et al., 2009; Ferretti et al., 2011). In particular, multi-temporal interferometry (MTI) of-fers great potential for multi-scale ground and structural deformation monitoring because of wide-area coverage, regular schedule with increasing re-visit frequency, while maintaining high spatial resolution and mm precision of measurement. High-resolution MTI relies on persistent radar targets that remain measurable for significant periods (from months to years). Radar targets correspond mainly to human made objects (e.g., buildings and other engineered structures). Therefore, this technique is well suited for mon-itoring urbanized areas, where very high densities of radar targets (from hundreds to more than 10,000/km2) can be expected from the use of high-resolution radar imagery (e.g., Italian COSMO-SkyMed satellite constellation; Covello et al., 2009). In this work we solicit a widespread application of high-resolution MTI with emphasis on mon-itoring historic centers of towns and cities from the Meditterranean region and elsewhere in Europe, which represent an important part of our cultural heritage. This is done by presenting slected examples of MTI applied to detect and monitor behaviour of buildings and monu-ments of historical value (Fig. 1). Although aging structures can become unstable without any

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external loads, we stress that the structural instability hazards are expected to be more com-mon in seismically active regions or in areas prone to subsidence. It is concluded that MTI rep-resents cost-effective approach and offers complementary information with respect to often limited (in terms of frequency and areal coverage) and costly in situ controls and monitoring.

KEYWORDS: COSMO-SkyMed, Cultural heritage, Historic towns, Multi-temporal interferometry, Radar satellite

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) and Sentinel-1 data provided, respectively, by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and European Space Agency (ESA). CSK® Products© deliv-ered by ASI under a license to use.

REFERENCES: Bamler, R., Eineder, M., Adam, N., Gernhardt, S., Zhu, X., Interferometric Potential of High esolution Spaceborne SAR. Photogrammetrie – Fernerkundung – Geoinformation (PGF), 407-419, 5/2009. Covello, F., Battazza, F., Coletta, A., Manoni, G., Valentini, G., COSMO-SkyMed Mission Status: Three out of four Satellites in Orbit. IEEE Proceedings of IGRASS 2009, 12–17 July, 2009, Cape Town, South Africa.Ferretti, A., Fumagalli, A., Novali, F., Prati, C., Rocca, F., Rucci, A., A new algorithm for processing interferometric data-stacks: SqueeSAR. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 49 (9), 3460-3470, 2011.Wasowski, J., Bovenga, F., Nutricato, R., Nitti, D.O., Chiaradia, M.T., High resolution satellite multi temporal interferometry for monitoring infrastructure instability hazards. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 2:27, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-017-0077-4 Wasowski, J., Giordan, D., Singhroy, V., Remote sensing. In: Bobrowsky PT, Marker BR (eds). Encyclopedia of engineering geology-earth sciences series Springer Verlag, 1-4, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_235-1

Figure 1. Town of Pisa, Italy - distribution and average velocities of radar targets (color dots) in the Square of Miracles including the famous Leaning Tower. The results obtained from multi-temporal interferometry processing of COS-MO-SkyMed data indicate the stability of the area and its historic buildings(after Wasowski et al., 2017).