What is second law of thermodynamics?

(you know the answer, whether you know it or not)

“All matter tends toward lowest energy and highest disorder”

Q. What is life?

A. Information which uses captures energy to battle the second law of

thermodynamics

Order(Polymers)

Figure 5.17 Conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme

Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

Figure 1.5x DNA

Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain

DNA The information storehouse

RNA Information Transfer tools

Protein Working Cellular Machinery

Figure 17.3 The triplet code

DNA

Figure 19.x1a Chromatin

Figure 19.x1b Chromatin, detail

Thinking about the human genome

•3.2X109 bp

•If each base were one mm long…

•2000 miles, across the center of Africa

DNA Replication

(DNA -> DNA)

Figure 16.6 Base pairing in DNA

Figure 16.12 The two strands of DNA are antiparallel

3D Model

Figure 16.11 Incorporation of a nucleotide into a DNA strand

DNA Replication Animation

Thinking about the human genome•3.2X109 bp

•If each base were one mm long…

•2000 miles, across the center of Africa

•Average gene about 30 meters long

•Occur about every 270 meters between them

•Once spliced the message would only be ~1meter long

•Only 1.5% actually codes for protein

•About 10% falls in exons

•50% is high copy number repeats

RNA

Transcription

(DNA -> RNA)

Transcription Animation

Figure 17.9 RNA processing: RNA splicing

Figure 17.11 Correspondence between exons and protein domains

Figure 17.3 The triplet code

Translation

(RNA -> Protein)

Figure 17.22 Coupled transcription and translation in bacteria

Table 17.1 Types of RNA in a Eukaryotic Cell

3 Types of RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA)- carries information to be translated into amino acid sequences to the ribosome

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- the working “spine” of the ribosome

Transfer RNA (tRNA)- the “decoder keys” that will translate nucleic acids to amino acids.

Figure 17.4 The dictionary of the genetic code

Figure 17.0 Ribosome

Figure 17.13b The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA)

Figure 17.14 An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase joins a specific amino acid to a tRNA

Translation Animation

Figure 17.23 The molecular basis of sickle-cell disease: a point mutation

Figure 17.25 A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell

Figure 18.7x1 HIV infection

CD4 Gene Structure in the Human Genome

Figure 19.9 A model for enhancer action

2003 saw 5 million new HIV cases

3 million deaths from HIVAsia, Latin America

Figure 18.7x2 Couple at AIDS quilt