What Is Everything Made of?

If it has mass and volume it’s…

Examples of Matter.

What Is Not Matter.

• Energy (heat, light, electricity, etc).

• Forces (gravity magnetism and the nuclear forces)

• Space itself is a 3-D “fabric” but not matter.

Law of Conservation of Mass.• Matter cannot be created

nor destroyed, except in a nuclear reaction when it becomes energy E=mc2.

• A burning log does not disappear, collect all the smoke and ashes and the mass is the same.

Mass is a Measure of the Amount of Matter

• Mass is measured with a triple beam balance.

• Mass is measured in grams (g), a gram is the mass of 1cm3 of water and is about the mass of a paperclip

• 1000g = 1 kilogram (kg)

Volume

• Volume = measure of the amount of space a piece of matter occupies.

• 1 milliliter (mL) = 1cm3

• mL is used for liquids, cm3 is always right

• 1000mL = 1 liter (L)

Measuring Volume

• Use a graduated cylinder for liquids.

• Measure at the bottom of the meniscus

• Use an overflow can for oddly shaped objects

Measuring• Measure to 2 decimal places with a ruler or triple beam

balance• Measure to 1 decimal place with a graduated cylinder. • Last number is always a guess.• When calculating, your answer can never have more

decimals than your data.

Estimate the volume of each example

• 82.7 mL• 58.0 mL• 52.2 mL

You need this handout.

1. 4.532. 8.103. 2.454. 6.065. 0.866. 8.047. 5.00

Name ________________________________________________Date _____________ Period _______

Measurement Record the measurement indicated by each ruler. Each answer must have 2 decimal places.

1._______________

2. ______________

3. _______________

4. ______________

5. _______________

6. _________________

7. _________________

Dihydrogen Monoxide• Tare a container then measure mass every 10mL up

to 60mL. Graph your data• If you are accurate it will form a line, the more

accurate you are, the closer your data will be to a line.

• When real scientists do an experiment, their hope is their data will form a line or curve.

• Draw the line of best fit. Be sure to go through (x=0,y=0)

Mass vs Weight

All Matter has Gravity

• The elephant has more matter so it has more mass and more gravity.

• Even dust is matter so it has gravity.

The cause of gravity remains mysterious.

• It just never gives up.• Einstein described gravity as

matter warping the fabric of space.

• Quantum physics predicts a particle (graviton) could exist, but one has never been found.

Gravity Decreases With Distance

• As a square• So it drops

off quickly to next to nothing

Gravity isn’t the same everywhere on the Earth

• Gravity at any location depends upon many factors such as the makeup and thickness of the crust

• Imagine two gravity meters, the one on the ground is closer to the center of the Earth so it reads higher.

Weight is the Pull of Gravity

• Weight is a measure of the pull of gravity.

• Weight is measured with a spring that is compressed or stretched.

How can something be nothing?

• Far enough from the pull of a planet, an astronaut could become weightless.

• The astronaut and the space suit are made of something…

• but, according to weight they are nothing, which is impossible!

Another Problem

• Weight changes when you’re standing on a different planet or on the moon

• The Earth’s mass is six times the moons.• On Earth the astronaut weighs 185 lbs. • Moon has 1/6th the gravity so the

astronaut weighs only 31 lbs. • Weight is not about the astronaut, it’s

about what object they’re standing on.

• Read the instructions and fill in the top chart

Name (first, last) _________________________________________________ Period _____

How Much Would Suzie Weigh on Mars? Suzie is an astronaut, NASA may send her anywhere in the solar system or beyond. How much she weighs depends on the gravity where they send her. The table below show the force of gravity at different locations. Multiply Suzie’s “Earth weight” (150 lbs) by the value for each location’s gravity.

Location Gravity at Surface (when Earth=1)

Suzie’s Weight at That Location

Sun 27.072 Mercury 0.378 Venus 0.907 Moon 0.167 Mars 0.377 Jupiter 2.533 Saturn 1.064 Uranus 0.889 Neptune 1.125 Deep Space 0.0

Suzie’s mass is about 68 Kg. Mass is a comparison and it never changes. What would her mass at each location? Location Suzie’s Mass at

that Location Sun Mercury Venus Moon Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Deep Space

Weight changes in many situations.

When an elevator drops downward.

At the top of the roller coaster’s hill.

When an airplane flies a parabolic arc.

Skiers “unload” (flex downward at the knees) to reduce the effects of weight.

Mass is a Comparison

• Mass is measured with balance, it works like a teeter totter.

• Something is placed on one side a pumpkin.

• Something else is placed on the other side till it balanced.

• In the metric system everything is compared to water.

Mass Does Not Change• While on the Earth I will place

an object on one side of a balance and an equal amount of water on the other side.

• Now I will travel to the moon.• Once on the moon I will repeat

the experiment.• Although the moon pulls 1/6th

as hard on the object, it also pulls 1/6th as hard on the water, so it still balances.

• Fill in the bottom chart.

Name (first, last) _________________________________________________ Period _____

How Much Would Suzie Weigh on Mars? Suzie is an astronaut, NASA may send her anywhere in the solar system or beyond. How much she weighs depends on the gravity where they send her. The table below show the force of gravity at different locations. Multiply Suzie’s “Earth weight” (150 lbs) by the value for each location’s gravity.

Location Gravity at Surface (when Earth=1)

Suzie’s Weight at That Location

Sun 27.072 Mercury 0.378 Venus 0.907 Moon 0.167 Mars 0.377 Jupiter 2.533 Saturn 1.064 Uranus 0.889 Neptune 1.125 Deep Space 0.0

Suzie’s mass is about 68 Kg. Mass is a comparison and it never changes. What would her mass at each location? Location Suzie’s Mass at

that Location Sun Mercury Venus Moon Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Deep Space

Measuring Mass in Space

• All objects that have mass resist a change in motion (inertia)

• The more mass the more it resists moving.

• The space station uses a chair, that the astronaut must rock back and forth

Volume of Rectangular Objects• Measure length, width and height in centimeters

(cm)• Multiply length x width x height• Example: A block is 10 cm long, 2 cm wide and 3

cm tall. • Its volume is 10 cm x 2 cm x 3 cm = 60 cm3

D = m/v

• Denser things sink.• The density of pure water is 1.0

g/cm3 by definition.• Anything denser sinks; anything

less dense floats. • Saltwater is denser than fresh.• Density can be used to identify

substances.

Example: An object has a mass of 200.00g and a volume of 340.00 cm3. What is its

density and will it sink or will it float?

• D=m/v• D= 200.00g/340.0 cm3

• D=0.6g/cm3

• It will float because it’s density is less than 1.0 g/cm3

Significant digits• When you do operations (add, subtract, multiply,

divide) your answer can only have as many significant digits as your weakest data

• Numbers 1-9 are always significant• Zeros between numbers are always significant, but

for zeros before

Examples

Example 2: A graduated cylinder starts with 45.12 mL of water. An object with a mass of 12.30g is lowered into the water. The water in the cylinder goes up to 56.78 mL. What is the density of the object?

• Volume = 56.78mL - 45.12 mL• Volume = 11.66 ml• D= m/v• D= 12.30g/11.65cm3

• D=1.16g/cm3 (we only get to keep 1 decimal)

• All your measurements will be in cm.

• Your measurements must have 2 decimal places

Name (first, last) __________________________________________ Period _____

Calculating Density

Whenever you do math you must: 1. Show all work (formula, plug the numbers in, answer) 2. Indicate units for all numbers you use. 3. Round answers to significant decimal places.

Measure the length, width, and height of each object, calculate its volume, then calculate its density. 1.

Mass 75.00 g

What is density?

• Density is a comparison of how much matter there is in a certain amount of space.

• How big something is compared to how heavy it is.

Which one is more dense?

Which one is more dense?

Density explains why:

• hot air balloons take off before dawn.

• very light sand grains sink, while very heavy aircraft carriers float.

• the Earth has layers, and why land rises and sinks.

• we can separate things like crude oil into its parts (gasoline, diesel, etc.).

Liquid Layers

• If you pour together liquids that don’t mix and have different densities, they will form liquid layers.

• The liquid with the highest density will be on the bottom.

• The liquid with the lowest density will be on the top.

Liquid Layers• Imagine that the liquids have the

following densities: – 10g/cm3. 3g/cm3.– 6g/cm3. 5g/cm3.

• Which number would go with which layer?

Liquid Layers

• Imagine that the liquids on the right have the following densities:– 15g/cm3 10g/cm3

– 3g/cm3 9g/cm3

– 7g/cm3 12g/cm3

• Match the colors to the correct densities.

3g/cm3

7g/cm3

9g/cm3

10g/cm3

12g/cm3

15g/cm3

Review

• What is the formula for density?• What happens if you pour together liquids

that have different densities?• Will the liquid on the top have the highest or

lowest density?• Will the liquid on the bottom have the highest

or lowest density?

Air Pressure/Density

• Above your head is a column of air going all the way that column pushes down on everything including you.

• Air pressure makes a suction cup work.

• The air is densest near sea level and less dense at the top of a mountain

• Pressure decreases as altitude decreases

Air pressure affects the boiling of water

• Air pressure keeps water in a container, the movement of the molecules tries to.

• At sea level, the denser air pushes harder on the water so it has to reach a higher temperature to boil.

…but at the top of a mountain

• The air is less dense.

• Water boils at a lower temperature.

• You must cook food longer.

• Diffusion= movement of molecules from high concentration to low

• Air moves from areas of high density (pressure) to areas of low density (pressure)

• This causes winds

Matter Flashcards• mL = unit of liquid volume• 1.0 g/cm3 = density of fresh

water• > 1.0 g/cm3 = sinks in fresh water• < 1.0 g/cm3 = floats in fresh

water• 1g = mass of 1 cm3 of fresh water• L x W X H = formula for volume

of a rectangular solid• cm3 = unit of solid volume

matter Law of Conservationof Mass

mass mL

volume meniscus

L x w x H 1.0 g/cm3

1 g > 1.0 g/cm3

cm3 <1.0 g/cm3

density gravity

D= m÷v weight

Solid, Liquid, Gas

(a) Particles in solid (b) Particles in liquid (c) Particles in gas

Some Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape definite shape takes the shape of takes shape container of container

Volume definite volume definite volume expands or shrinks to fill the container

Compressible no no yes

Arrangement of Fixed, very close Random, close Random, far apartParticles

Plasma, the 4th State of Matter• Energy is so high, atoms

vibrate themselves into + and – charged pieces (ions)

• Fluorescent lights• Plasma TV’s• The sun• Plasma torches and

cutters

Phase Changes: a.k.a Changes of State

Plasma

Gas

Liquid

Solid

Energy

Order

ionization

Boiling Evaporation

melting

deposition

condensation

freezing

LOW

HIGH

Sublimation• When a solid goes

directly to a gas without ever becoming a liquid.

• Dry ice (solid CO2)

• Food in the freezer (freezer burn)

Boiling vs Evaporation• Evaporation happens only at the surface, when

the random motion makes a molecule pop out of the liquid.

• Boiling happens when molecules throughout the liquid can escape from the top, bubbles form.

Crystalline Solids• Crystals = solids with a

regular repeating lattice pattern

• Diamonds and graphite are made of the same stuff, the difference is their patterns

Amorphous Solids• A= not• Morphous = shape• Amorphous = no repeating

shape, not a crystal• Glass has no repeating

lattice pattern.• Wood, rubber, plastic, wax

and many solids are amorphous

Glass Crystal

Melting and Boiling Points• Every substance has a

melting and boiling point that can be used to identify it.

• Being frozen does not mean cold, tungsten stays frozen until it 5,555oC

• Boiling does not mean hot, helium boils at

-268oC.

Example: Nitrogen• Element # 7 on the Periodic

Chart• Pure nitrogen atoms travel as

twins that are almost impossible to separate.

• Only microbes (bacteria) can eat nitrogen from the air

• Your body needs nitrogen to make DNA, and muscles (among other things)

The air we breathe is mostly nitrogen.

• 78%N2

• 21% O2

• 1% other elements

Uses for Nitrogen• Fertilizer • Explosives• Car tires, nitrous• Freezing things

Properties of Nitrogen

• Colorless• Odorless• Will not burn• MELTING POINT: −210°C

BOILING POINT: −196°C DENSITY : 0.0012506 g/cm 3

Lauric Acid• Main acid in coconut oil

and palm kernel oil.• Antimicrobial • White, powdery solid with

faint odor of bay oil or soap.

• Used in many soaps and shampoos.

You will need this handout.• Record the

temperature every 30 seconds.

• Write an observation every thirty seconds

Name (first, last) _____________________________________________ Period ______

Freezing Lauric Acid I. Purpose: When most substances lose or absorb energy, one of two things happens to the substance: its temperature changes or its state changes. Normally changing the heat of a substance changes the speed at which the substances’ molecules move, as a result the temperature of the substance changes. But while a substance changes state, its temperature does not change until the change of state is complete. II. Procedures: 1. Lower the test tube into the hot water bath 2. Heat the tube until the white crystals (lauric acid) inside completely melt. 3. Raise the test tube out of the hot water and immediately start recording the temperature. 4. Record the temperature every 30 seconds until the temperature stops dropping or class ends. be sure to indicate the exact temperature when the lauric acid starts to crystallize. record the data with 1 decimal place (example 23.4 oC) 5. Make a graph of Time vs Temperature

Time Temperature (oC) Observations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

When finished….• Make a graph, give it a

title• Start labeling the Y axis

at 30oC.• Every on the X axis is

line is one minute• Don’t connect the dots.• Draw smooth lines and

curves

Cooling and Heating Curves• Cooling curve = temperature starts

high and goes down• Heating curve = temperature starts

low and goes up• Highest temp. step is

boiling/condensation point• Lower temp. step is

melting/freezing point• Temp. only goes up and down

during a phase, not during a phase change

Example

• What is the freezing point?• What is the melting point?• What is the boiling point?• Is the order increasing or

decreasing?• Could this substance be

water?• When is it a solid?• A liquid?• A gas?

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