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What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a fault

What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

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Page 1: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

What is an earthquake?

Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian GodsOr Poseidon getting angry???

An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a fault

Page 2: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

•Earthquake: Sudden release of strain energy caused by rock rupture when the stress is higher than the rock strength or the friction on the fault surface (faulting)

Causes for Earthquakes (2)

Page 3: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a
Page 4: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a
Page 5: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a
Page 6: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Extension:Normal fault

Compression:Thrust or Reverse fault

Conservative baoundary:Strike slip fault (transform fault)

Page 7: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a
Page 8: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Strain

1d change in relative length

Rigid translation do not give strain!

Page 9: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Strain2d more complex

Page 10: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Strain2d more complex

Page 11: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Strain2d more complex

Rigid translation do not give strain same for rigid rotation!

Page 12: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a
Page 13: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Stress

Body forces :gravitySurface forces: friction

Stress on a plane: tractionNormal and shear component

From Stein Wisession 2003

Page 14: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Konstanten von Lame

Für den Spezialfall eines isotropen Mediums vereinfacht sich das Hook’scheGesetz, wobei von den ursprünglich 36 (21) Proportionalitätskonstanten nur zweivoneinander unabhängige Konstanten bestehen bleiben:

Diese Konstanten sind die sog. Lame’schenKonstanten (G.Lame)

Unter Verwendung des Kronecker-Symbols

Hierbei bemisst die Lame’sche Konstante μ die Scherfestigkeit des Materials.Es ist also der sog. Schermodul.

Page 15: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Elastische Konstanten:Weitere oft verwendete elastische Module sind der sog. Young-Modul E, sowie dasPoisson’sche Verhältnis (σ) und der Kompressions-Modul K. Zunächst zum Young’schen Modul. E bemisst das Verhältnis von Zugspannung in x-Richtung zu relativer Längenänderung in einen Stab. In diesem Fall sind alle KomponentenAußer der x-Komponente identisch Null.

Nach Addition der Komponenten erhalten wir:

wobei die Auflösung nach der x-Komponente der Deformation ergibt:

Für den Allgemeinfall erhalten wir daraus für E (mit Dimension Pa = N/m**2):

Page 16: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Die Poisson’sche Zahl (σ):

Das Verhältnis von Poisson (franz. Mathematiker Simeon Denis Poisson) bemisst das (negative) Verhältnis von relativer Längenänderung (Deformation)in x-Richtung zum relativen Längenänderung in z-Richtung. σ ist alsoeine dimensionslose Zahl. (vergleiche Rayleigh-Zahl). Dabei wird wiederumein Zylinder unter Spannung in x-Richtung versetzt, und die Kontraktion inz-Richtung gemessen:

Beachte: Für Flüssigkeiten ergibt sich aus dieser Definition ein Poisson’schesVerhältnis von exakt 0.5. Aus seismischen Beobachtungen ist bekannte, dass die Poisson’sche Zahl für den festen inneren nahe an der Grenze zu 0.5 liegt.

Page 17: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Kompressions-Modul P:

Die Volumenänderung unter rein hydrostatischem Druck (keine Scherspannung)wird durch den Kompressionsmodul als Proportionalitätskonstante vermittelt.Im hydrostatischen Fall gilt:

Damit ergibt sich der Druck p aus den Lame’schen Konstanten:

Es gilt:

Page 18: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Waves

A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium.

Waves are very common in nature: light is a wave, sound is a wave, ocean surf is generated by waves, and even matter has wave-like properties. The "disturbance" can be an alternating electromagnetic field strength (light), a variation in water height (ocean waves), a variation in material density (sound waves), or a distortion of the shape of the ground (seismic waves).

If you've felt Earth shake during an earthquake or explosion then you've felt seismic waves. These vibrations travel outward in all directions from their source. Waves generated by large earthquakes can be detected throughout the world and are routinely recorded and analyzed by seismologists.

Page 19: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

Summe der angreifenden Kräfte

Page 20: What is an earthquake? Probably Namazu escaping at his guardian Gods Or Poseidon getting angry??? An earthquake is a release of strain accumulated on a

On board