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46 Abstracts / Journal of Science an

ent is not associated with muscle cramping. The tissue mostikely responsible for the pain is the parietal peritoneum, buthe mechanism by which it is irritated is uncertain. Further,here is evidence that spinal integrity may be implicated inhe pain. Discussion: Informed by the up-to-date knowledgef the condition – which is generally not well circulated –his symposium will conclude with a think-tank discussion ofotential prevention and treatment strategies. Opportunitiesor further research will also be explored.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.112

12

he use of visual and auditory biofeedback in the assess-ent, data collection, analysis and rehabilitation of the

ower limb

. Kaplan

Jerusalem Sports Medicine Institute, Lerner Sports Center,ebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

Aim: This workshop will expose the attendees to an inno-ative auditory and visual biofeedback measuring deviceesigned to help clinicians accurately assess and monitoratient status and enhance the recovery of lower limb weight-earing problems in the fields of orthopedics, neurologynd sports medicine. Clinical trials as well as evidence-ased practice will be reviewed. Learning objectives: (1)each participants how gait performances records can bebjectively analyzed, visually displayed and stored using aorce-sensing insole via a portable, miniature microproces-or control unit. (2) Teach participants using case historiesow lower-limb biofeedback can significantly and rapidlymprove gait function in standing, walking and step climbing.3) Let participants experience hands on practice of how totilize a computerized insole biofeedback device for measur-ng the progress and objectively monitoring weight-bearingn the lower limb. Summary: Physical therapy practice mustontinually keep up with the rapid advancement in modernechnology. This technology allows us not only to document

ore accurately and objectively the progress of our treat-ent plans and goals, but also as professionals to upgrade

ur standing in the world of science and medicine. Comput-rized insole biofeedback measuring provides objective andccurate weight-bearing data, as well as integrating the visualnd auditory senses. This ensures full recovery of gait per-ormance in a significantly shorter time period than any otherehabilitation method existing today. Conclusions: Use of theatient-customized auditory feedback device provides a moreccurate and rapid rehabilitation tool than previous methods.t was demonstrated that audio biofeedback was useful intimulating added weight-bearing in those cases where there

as a significant load difference between the affected andnaffected lower limb.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.113

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ine in Sport 12S (2009) S1–S83

13

oss of outer range isokinetic eccentric knee flexor torquen hamstring-injured athletes

. Sole 1,∗, H. Nicholson 2, S.Milosavljevic 1, J. Sullivan 1

School Of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, New ZealandDepartment of Anatomical and Structural Biology, Univer-ity of Otago, New Zealand

Introduction: Assessment of muscle strength has not con-istently differentiated athletes with a previous hamstringnjury from controls, or identified risk of incurring thisnjury. Aim: To determine whether surface electromyographicEMG) derived hamstrings activation and isokinetic torqueatterns could differentiate athletes who had incurred a ham-tring injury from uninjured control athletes. Methodology:lectromyographic activity of biceps femoris and medialamstrings was determined of 15 injured athletes (mean age3.4 years, range 19–32) and 15 control athletes (mean age1.7 years, range 18–36) during assessment of six individualepetitions of concentric and eccentric isokinetic knee flexortrength in a seated position, and knee range between 90◦ flex-on and full extension. Average isokinetic torque and EMGoot mean squares (RMS) were calculated in four move-ent quartiles and normalised to peak torque and peak EMG

mplitudes respectively. Results and discussion: Despite noignificant between-group differences for peak torque, thenjured limb of the hamstring-injured group (HG) gener-ted lower eccentric flexor torque towards the outer rangef motion in comparison to the HG uninjured limb (P < 0.04)nd the control group bilateral average (P < 0.03). The EMGMS decrease from the start to the end range of eccentricexor contraction was greater for the HG injured limb ham-trings than the control group bilateral average (P < 0.01).onclusion: Decreased EMG activity towards outer range

or the injured limbs may indicate a change in neuromuscu-ar control. Outer range assessment of isokinetic eccentricexor torque may be useful in determining risk of re-injuryr readiness for return to sports.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.114

14

eight-bearing deficits following anterior cruciate liga-ent reconstruction

. Kaplan

Jerusalem Sports Medicine Institute, Lerners Sports Center,ebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

Background: There are no short-term studies quantifying

eight-bearing deficits following anterior cruciate liga-ent reconstruction (ACLR), nor whether differences exist

etween various surgical procedures and replacement grafthoices in the acute-phase (0–3 weeks) post-surgery. Hypoth-

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sis: Weight-bearing is affected during gait in the acute-phase0–3 weeks) following ACLR. There exist different weight-earing deficits between various surgical procedures andeplacement graft choices in the acute-phase (0–3 weeks) fol-owing ACLR. Study design: Case series; level of evidence, 4.

ethods: A new, innovative computerized air-insole auditoryiofeedback system was utilized to measure weight-bearingnd gait characteristics in the acute post-surgical stage (0–3eeks) of 15 patients who had undergone ACLR. The entireroup was sub-grouped into those patients who underwenthamstrings graft reconstruction, those who underwent an

llograft reconstruction, and finally those who had a ham-tring graft reconstruction combined with a medial meniscusuture. Results: The average entire-foot, hind-foot and fore-oot percentage body-weight/weight-bearing (PBWV WB)alues of the operated group were all statistically significantlyower than the normal group (p < 0.05). The most marked dif-erence being that of the hind-foot PBWV WB value. Theombined hamstrings graft/medial meniscus repair groupxhibited a statistically significant difference in the percent-ge time spent in both the stance and swing phases, asompared to the norm (p < 0.05). The allograft group scoredhe best on all PBW/WB values. Conclusions: Cliniciansnvolved in post-ACLR rehabilitation should place moremphasis on encouraging hind-foot weight-bearing as earlyn as possible following ACLR. Initial results may suggesthe choice of the allograft over the other graft types vis-à-vis

ost-surgical pain and functional weight-bearing ability inhe short-term.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.115

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ine in Sport 12S (2009) S1–S83 S47

15

iomechanical response to hamstring muscle strainnjury: A single case study

. Schache 1,∗, T. Wrigley 2, R. Baker 3, M. Pandy 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University ofelbourne, AustraliaCentre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, The Uni-ersity of Melbourne, AustraliaHugh Williamson Gait Laboratory, Royal Children’s Hos-ital, Melbourne, Australia

Introduction: Hamstring strains are common injuries, theast majority of which occur whilst sprinting. In order tomprove rehabilitation specificity, an understanding of theiomechanical circumstances that cause the hamstrings to failuring sprinting is required. The purpose of the study waso therefore investigate the biomechanics of an acute ham-tring strain. Methodology: An elite-level male Australianules football player suffered a right hamstring strain whilsterforming 30 m sprints in a biomechanics laboratory. Tenprints were captured: nine pre-injury trials (7.44 ± 0.10 m/s)nd one injury trial (6.93 m/s). Kinematic and ground reac-ion force data were collected during each trial. Joint angles,orques and powers as well as hamstring muscle-tendonengths were computed using a 3D biomechanical model.esults and discussion: For the pre-injury trials, the right

eg compared to the left displayed: (i) greater knee exten-ion and hamstring muscle-tendon lengths during terminalwing; (ii) an increased vertical ground reaction force peaknd loading rate during initial stance; and (iii) an increasedeak hip extensor torque and peak hip power generation dur-ng terminal swing and initial stance. For the injury trial,ignificant biomechanical reactions were found to occur inesponse to the injury, most notably for the right leg dur-ng the swing phase after the injury had been detected. Thearliest kinematic reaction to the injury was displayed by the

runk and pelvis during right mid-stance. Taking into accounteuromuscular latencies and electromechanical delays, thetimulus for the injury most likely occurred during swingrior to right foot-strike.